Processi alla Giunta greca: differenze tra le versioni

Contenuto cancellato Contenuto aggiunto
Nessun oggetto della modifica
no link esterni nel corpo della voce
 
(16 versioni intermedie di 10 utenti non mostrate)
Riga 1:
{{WIP|Andrys8}}
I '''processi della Giunta greca''' ({{Lang-el|Οι Δίκες της Χούντας}}) furono i [[Processo (diritto)|processi]] che coinvolsero i membri della [[Dittatura dei colonnelli|giunta militare]] che governò la Grecia dal 21 aprile 1967 al 23 luglio 1974. Questi processi riguardarono gli istigatori del colpo di stato e altri membri della giunta di vario grado che furono coinvolti agli eventi della [[rivolta del Politecnico di Atene]] e alla tortura dei cittadini.
 
I [[Colpo di Stato|capi militari del golpe]] furono formalmente arrestati durante il periodo della [[metapolitefsi]] che seguì la giunta, e all'inizio dell'agosto 1975 il governo di [[Kōnstantinos Karamanlīs|Konstantinos Karamanlis]] accusò [[Geōrgios Papadopoulos|Georgios Papadopoulos]] e altri cospiratori di [[Tradimento (reato)|alto tradimento]] e insurrezione.<ref name="Time Korydallos">[{{Cita web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917678,00.html|titolo=The Colonels on Trial|sito=TIME|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130557/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917678,00.html The Colonels on Trial]htm}} </ref> Il processo di massa, descritto come la "[[Processo di Norimberga|Norimberga]] greca" e noto anche come "Il processo agli istigatori", fu organizzato nella prigione di Korydallos in mezzo a una pesante rete di sicurezza.<ref name="Time Korydallos" /><ref name="Theodoracopulos1978">{{Cita libro|autore=Taki Theodoracopulos|titolo=The Greek Upheaval: Kings, Demagogues, and Bayonets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ|anno=1978|editore=Caratzas Bros.|p=248|citazione=The Greek Nuremberg, as the trial of the twenty-eight principals in the 1967 coup was dubbed, was the first to begin. Deyannis, the presiding judge, got rave notices from the press when he treated the accused with scorn while conducting ...|ISBN=978-0-89241-080-4}}</ref>
 
I principali capi del colpo di stato del 1967, [[Geōrgios Papadopoulos|Georgios Papadopoulos]], [[Stylianos Pattakos]] e [[Nikolaos Makarezos]], furono condannati a morte per alto tradimento, a seguito del processo.<ref name="Answering to History quote">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html Answering to History] </ref> Poco dopo la pronuncia delle sentenze, le condanne furono commutate in [[ergastolo]] dal governo di Karamanlis.
Riga 8 ⟶ 7:
Al processo degli istigatori seguì un secondo processo che indagò sugli eventi riguardanti la [[rivolta del Politecnico di Atene]] noto come "Il processo del Politecnico" e, infine, su una serie di processi relativi agli episodi di [[tortura]] conosciuti in Grecia come "I processi dei Torturatori".<ref>[http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=30&ct=19&artid=18751&enthDate=21042007 Book: The Trials of the Junta, 12 Volumes] Pericles Rodakis (publisher), The Trials of the Junta: A: The Trial of the Instigators, B: The Trial of the Polytechnic, C: The Trials of the Torturers {{Lang|el|(Περικλής Ροδάκης (εκδ.), Οι Δίκες της Χούντας: Α: Η Δίκη των Πρωταιτίων, Β: Η Δίκη του Πολυτεχνείου, Γ: Οι Δίκες των Βασανιστών, 12 τόμοι, Αθήνα 1975-1976)}}</ref>
 
La giornalista e autrice Leslie Finer, espulsa dalla giunta dalla Grecia nel 1968, nel 1975 riferendo sui processi per ''[[Nuova società|New Society]]'' scrisse: "Il processo a 20 capi del colpo di stato del 1967 è una prova di giustizia democratica. Tra le sue altre funzioni, questa è una modalità di esorcizzazione e di educazione."<ref name="New Society">{{Cita libro|titolo=New Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxIHAQAAIAAJ|anno=1975|editore=New Society Limited|p=415|volume=33|citazione=The Greek colonels on trial Leslie Finer The trial of 20 ringleaders of the 1967 coup is a test of democratic justice. Among its other functions, this is a mode of exorcism and education. Leslie Finer, author of Passport to Greece, was Athens ... But there is this difference: instead of being dead in his bunker, the "arch villain" George Papadopoulos is alive and reasonably well; so are his chief fellow-conspirators, now arrayed under close public scrutiny in the bare courtroom arranged...Leslie Finer, author of Passport to Greece, was Athens ...}}</ref> I processi misero in luce la meschinità, le cospirazioni, la corruzione e l'incompetenza, all'interno del regime, e servirono a demistificarlo e, con esso, a distruggere il mito dell'uomo forte della giunta. La corruzione, venuta alla luce durante i processi, era così diffusa da sorprendere anche i militari. I dettagli della tortura degli alti ufficiali da parte dei loro subordinati, rivelati durante i processi, offesero la classe degli ufficiali di carriera. L'invasione di Cipro fu l'ultima goccia che portò i militari a ritirare il loro sostegno alla giunta e ad abbandonare qualsiasi idea di sostenere qualsiasi militare che agisse come politico.<ref name="Kritz1995">{{Cita libro|autore=Neil J. Kritz|titolo=Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2c9E7TZXhEC&pg=PA266|anno=1995|editore=US Institute of Peace Press|ppp=266–266|ISBN=978-1-878379-44-3}}</ref>
 
== Contesto storico ==
Dopo la caduta della giunta nel luglio 1974, mentre il Paese entrava nel periodo della ''[[metapolitefsi]]'' e prima delle [[Elezioni parlamentari in Grecia del 1974|elezioni parlamentari]] nel novembre dello stesso anno, il governo di transizione guidato da Konstantinos Karamanlis fu oggetto di crescenti critiche da parte dell'opposizione, tra cui Georgios Mavros, il leader dell'[[Unione di Centro - Nuove Forze]] (il principale partito di opposizione all'epoca), sull'essere troppo indulgente nei confronti dei membri della giunta militare recentemente deposta.<ref name="Disappearance">[http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=115542 Η ανατολή της Δημοκρατίας] "The dawn of Democracy" Article quote: {{Lang|el|"«Εξηφανίσθη ο Ιωαννίδης, εξορία οι πέντε στην Κέα», είναι το πρώτο θέμα του «Βήματος» της 24ης Οκτωβρίου 1974, επειδή την προηγουμένη οι εξελίξεις περί τους πραξικοπηματίες επικάλυψαν την προεκλογική δραστηριότητα των κομμάτων."}} Translation: "Ioannidis has disappeared. In exile, the five, to Kea..." To Vima.gr published: 24/10/1999, 00:00, retrieved 12 September 2011</ref>
 
Mavros aveva chiesto l'arresto dei capi della giunta come condizione per ripulire la vita politica del Paese. All'epoca dichiarò che non appena il [[Parlamento ellenico|Parlamento]] fosse stato convocato dopo le elezioni del 1974, avrebbe proposto una [[Normazione|legge]] per annullare qualsiasi legge sull'immunità automatica che la giunta avrebbe potuto emanare per proteggere i suoi membri.<ref name="Disappearance">[http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=115542 Η ανατολή της Δημοκρατίας] "The dawn of Democracy" Article quote: {{Lang|el|"«Εξηφανίσθη ο Ιωαννίδης, εξορία οι πέντε στην Κέα», είναι το πρώτο θέμα του «Βήματος» της 24ης Οκτωβρίου 1974, επειδή την προηγουμένη οι εξελίξεις περί τους πραξικοπηματίες επικάλυψαν την προεκλογική δραστηριότητα των κομμάτων."}} Translation: "Ioannidis has disappeared. In exile, the five, to Kea..." To Vima.gr published: 24/10/1999, 00:00, retrieved 12 September 2011</ref>
 
I giornali inoltre, chiesero un'indagine sul ruolo del generale Ioannidis durante la repressione della rivolta del Politecnico, che la stampa definì un "massacro".<ref name="Disappearance">[http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=115542 Η ανατολή της Δημοκρατίας] "The dawn of Democracy" Article quote: {{Lang|el|"«Εξηφανίσθη ο Ιωαννίδης, εξορία οι πέντε στην Κέα», είναι το πρώτο θέμα του «Βήματος» της 24ης Οκτωβρίου 1974, επειδή την προηγουμένη οι εξελίξεις περί τους πραξικοπηματίες επικάλυψαν την προεκλογική δραστηριότητα των κομμάτων."}} Translation: "Ioannidis has disappeared. In exile, the five, to Kea..." To Vima.gr published: 24/10/1999, 00:00, retrieved 12 September 2011</ref> Ioannidis era il capo oscuro della fase finale della giunta ed era stato descritto dalla stampa come il ''dittatore invisibile''.<ref name="ekathimerini:0">[http{{Cita web|url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/society/329690/article/epikairothta/ellada/iwannidhsioannidis-o-aoratos-diktatwrdiktator/|titolo=Ιωαννίδης, ekathimerini]ο Ioannidis:«αόρατος Theδικτάτωρ» invisible{{!}} dictatorΗ Retrieved 15 August 2008ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ|autore=Newsroom|accesso=2021-12-11}}</ref>
 
Il governo di Karamanlis rispose a queste richieste e ordinò l'arresto dei capi della giunta Georgios Papadopoulos, Stylianos Pattakos, Nikolaos Makarezos, Ioannis Ladas e Michalis Roufogalis.<ref name="Disappearance">[http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=115542 Η ανατολή της Δημοκρατίας] "The dawn of Democracy" Article quote: {{Lang|el|"«Εξηφανίσθη ο Ιωαννίδης, εξορία οι πέντε στην Κέα», είναι το πρώτο θέμα του «Βήματος» της 24ης Οκτωβρίου 1974, επειδή την προηγουμένη οι εξελίξεις περί τους πραξικοπηματίες επικάλυψαν την προεκλογική δραστηριότητα των κομμάτων."}} Translation: "Ioannidis has disappeared. In exile, the five, to Kea..." To Vima.gr published: 24/10/1999, 00:00, retrieved 12 September 2011</ref>
 
Inoltre, a Georgios Papadopoulos, Dimitrios Ioannidis, Michalis Roufogalis, Nikolaos Dertilis, Vassilios Bouklakos e Elias Tsiaouris o Tsapouris (anche Tsiaparas), che erano anche responsabili degli eventi del Politecnico, fu vietato di lasciare il paese, poiché circolavano voci che stavano pianificando una fuga all'estero.<ref name="Disappearance">[http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=115542 Η ανατολή της Δημοκρατίας] "The dawn of Democracy" Article quote: {{Lang|el|"«Εξηφανίσθη ο Ιωαννίδης, εξορία οι πέντε στην Κέα», είναι το πρώτο θέμα του «Βήματος» της 24ης Οκτωβρίου 1974, επειδή την προηγουμένη οι εξελίξεις περί τους πραξικοπηματίες επικάλυψαν την προεκλογική δραστηριότητα των κομμάτων."}} Translation: "Ioannidis has disappeared. In exile, the five, to Kea..." To Vima.gr published: 24/10/1999, 00:00, retrieved 12 September 2011</ref>
 
Il 24 ottobre 1974, Georgios Papadopoulos, Stylianos Pattakos, Nikolaos Makarezos, Ioannis Ladas e Michalis Roufogalis furono arrestati e accusati nuovamente di cospirazione.<ref name="Disappearance">[http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=115542 Η ανατολή της Δημοκρατίας] "The dawn of Democracy" Article quote: {{Lang|el|"«Εξηφανίσθη ο Ιωαννίδης, εξορία οι πέντε στην Κέα», είναι το πρώτο θέμα του «Βήματος» της 24ης Οκτωβρίου 1974, επειδή την προηγουμένη οι εξελίξεις περί τους πραξικοπηματίες επικάλυψαν την προεκλογική δραστηριότητα των κομμάτων."}} Translation: "Ioannidis has disappeared. In exile, the five, to Kea..." To Vima.gr published: 24/10/1999, 00:00, retrieved 12 September 2011</ref> Successivamente furono inviati nell'isola di [[Ceo (Grecia)|Ceo]].<ref name="Revival and Revenge">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107195213/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946464-1,00.html Revival and Revenge] Time magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008</ref>
 
Ioannidis, in quel momento non fu arrestato, con la spiegazione ufficiale di non aver preso parte alla congiura del gruppo di Papadopoulos. Tuttavia i giornali, come ''[[To Vima]]'', affermarono, citando fonti attendibili, che Ioannidis fosse scomparso e che non fosse stato trovato.<ref name="Disappearance">[http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=115542 Η ανατολή της Δημοκρατίας] "The dawn of Democracy" Article quote: {{Lang|el|"«Εξηφανίσθη ο Ιωαννίδης, εξορία οι πέντε στην Κέα», είναι το πρώτο θέμα του «Βήματος» της 24ης Οκτωβρίου 1974, επειδή την προηγουμένη οι εξελίξεις περί τους πραξικοπηματίες επικάλυψαν την προεκλογική δραστηριότητα των κομμάτων."}} Translation: "Ioannidis has disappeared. In exile, the five, to Kea..." To Vima.gr published: 24/10/1999, 00:00, retrieved 12 September 2011</ref><ref name="Kritz1995">{{Cita libro|autore=Neil J. Kritz|titolo=Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2c9E7TZXhEC&pg=PA266|anno=1995|editore=US Institute of Peace Press|pp=266–|ISBN=978-1-878379-44-3}}</ref>
 
Subito dopo che il gruppo dei cinque fu [[Esilio|esiliato]] a Ceo, l'opposizione chiese di conoscere i dettagli delle azioni di Papadopoulos e dei suoi co-cospiratori prima del loro arresto, mentre il governo smentì le voci di manovre pro-giunta tra i militari.<ref name="Disappearance">[http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=115542 Η ανατολή της Δημοκρατίας] "The dawn of Democracy" Article quote: {{Lang|el|"«Εξηφανίσθη ο Ιωαννίδης, εξορία οι πέντε στην Κέα», είναι το πρώτο θέμα του «Βήματος» της 24ης Οκτωβρίου 1974, επειδή την προηγουμένη οι εξελίξεις περί τους πραξικοπηματίες επικάλυψαν την προεκλογική δραστηριότητα των κομμάτων."}} Translation: "Ioannidis has disappeared. In exile, the five, to Kea..." To Vima.gr published: 24/10/1999, 00:00, retrieved 12 September 2011</ref>
 
Durante il suo soggiorno a Ceo, Papadopoulos sembrava fiducioso che a lui e ai membri della sua giunta sarebbe stata concessa l'[[amnistia]] e che alla fine si sarebbero candidati e sarebbero stati [[Elezione|eletti]].<ref name="Revival and Revenge">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107195213/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946464-1,00.html Revival and Revenge] Time magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008</ref> Tuttavia, dopo un soggiorno di tre mesi sull'isola, nel febbraio 1975, Papadopoulos e gli altri quattro capi della giunta furono trasportati da una [[torpediniera]] al porto del [[Il Pireo|Pireo]], diretti alla prigione di Korydallos.<ref name="Revival and Revenge">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107195213/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946464-1,00.html Revival and Revenge] Time magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008</ref> Ioannidis, essendo stato arrestato il 14 gennaio 1975,<ref name="ekathimerini">[http://www.kathimerini.gr/329690/article/epikairothta/ellada/iwannidhs-o-aoratos-diktatwr ekathimerini] Ioannidis: The invisible dictator Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) <br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_1_27/07/2008_279223&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: {{Lang|el|0"είχε κάνει κάτι πολύ χειρότερο: είχε προδώσει τον όρκο που είχε δώσει το καλοκαίρι του 1971 ενώπιον του Παπαδόπουλου και ακόμη 20 πραξικοπηματιών, σύμφωνα με τον οποίο αρχηγός της «Επανάστασης», όπως έλεγαν τη χούντα, παρέμενε ο παλιός φίλος του. Αυτήν την προδοσία δεν μπόρεσαν πολλοί να του τη συγχωρήσουν ποτέ. Ακόμη και σήμερα ο Ιωαννίδης αναθεματίζεται από ακροδεξιά έντυπα για την απόφασή του «να ρίξει τον Παπαδόπουλο»."}} Translation: "He had done something much worse: he had betrayed the oath he gave in the summer of 1971 in front of Papadopoulos and twenty more coupists according to which the leader of the "Revolution", as they called the junta, remained his old friend. This betrayal many could not forgive him for. Even to this day Ioannidis is cursed by right wing publications for his decision to overthrow Papadopoulos</ref> era già in carcere quando Papadopoulos e le sue coorti vi arrivarono.<ref name="Revival and Revenge" /><ref name="Ioannidis application">{{Cita web|url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/life/style/7/kala-christoygenna-apo-ton-john-lewis/|titolo=Καλά χριστούγεννα από τον John Lewis {{!}} Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ|autore=Newsroom|sito=www.kathimerini.gr|accesso=2021-12-11}}</ref>
 
== Gli istigatori ==
 
=== Processo agli istigatori del colpo di Stato del 21 aprile 1967 ===
Il 28 luglio 1975, il processo agli istigatori del colpo di stato ({{Lang-el|Η Δίκη των Πρωταιτίων}}) iniziò con Ioannis Deyannis in qualità di presidente del tribunale.<ref name="sentencing table">{{Cita web|url=http://www.phorum.gr/viewtopic.php?p=98590|titolo=Για να μπορέσετε να δείτε τις δημοσιεύσεις σε αυτή την Δ. Συζήτηση πρέπει να είστε εγγεγραμμένο μέλος και να έχετε συνδεθεί.|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033513/http://www.phorum.gr/viewtopic.php?p=98590|dataarchivio=4 marzo 2016}}</ref> Konstantinos Stamatis e Spyridon Kaninias erano i pubblici ministeri.<ref name="Newsbomb.gr">{{Cita news|url=http://www.newsbomb.gr/ellada/news/story/521957/h-diki-ton-syntagmatarxon|titolo=Πολυτεχνείο: Η δίκη των Συνταγματαρχών|pubblicazione=Newsbomb.gr|editore=|data=16 novembre 2014}}</ref>
 
Deyannis era stato nominato all'alta corte dalla ''[[Corte di Cassazione (Grecia)|Corte di Cassazione]]'' durante gli anni della giunta.<ref name="Obit.">[http://www.in.gr/news/article.asp?lngEntityID=710044 Deyannis obituary] </ref><ref name="Time Korydallos">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130557/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917678,00.html The Colonels on Trial] Time Magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: "Last week Papadopoulos himself, after seven months in Korydallos, became the principal defendant in a mass trial at the prison. Along with 19 other former members of the ousted military junta, the ex-dictator was charged with acts of high treason and insurrection that had subjected Greece to 7½ years of dictatorship, from 1967 to 1974." and "Fearful of both right-wing plots to spring the defendants from prison and left-wing assassination attempts, the democratic government of Premier Constantine Caramanlis staged an impressive show of military strength at a trial that had been described as "Greece's Nuremberg."" and "Exasperated, the president of the court, Yiannis Deyannis, who was appointed a high court judge under the junta, yelled, "Let all those who wish to leave—leave!"" also: "Loyal Officials. Kanellopoulos, a highly respected leader of the National Radical Union, told how he had been arrested at machine-gun point by junta soldiers and taken to the monarch in 1967. He urged the King, who was also commander in chief of the armed forces, to order loyal officers to crush the colonels' rebellion. The weak and inexperienced Constantine, then 27, refused, fearing bloodshed. Instead, he swore the colonels into office."</ref> Il mandato del processo era quello di esaminare gli eventi che circondarono il colpo di stato del 21 aprile 1967, per il quale Papadopoulos e oltre venti altri coimputati furono accusati di atti di [[Tradimento (reato)|alto tradimento]] e [[ammutinamento]].<ref name="Time Korydallos" /> La sicurezza intorno al processo era pesante: mille soldati armati di [[Mitra (arma)|mitra]] erano di guardia del perimetro del carcere, e le strade che portavano al carcere erano pattugliate da [[Carro armato|carri armati]].<ref name="Time Korydallos" />
 
Nonostante questi sviluppi, Papadopoulos espresse la sua fiducia ai giornalisti che non sarebbe rimasto in carcere a lungo.<ref name=":1">{{Cita web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html|titolo=Answering to History">[|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html Answering to History] Time magazine }}</ref> Si assunse anche la piena responsabilità del golpe di aprile, ma si rifiutò di difendersi. Seguendo l'esempio di Papadopoulos, Stylianos Pattakos, Nikolaos Makarezos e altri membri della giunta annunciarono che non avrebbero partecipato al processo. Dimitrios Ioannidis dichiarò che il processo "purtroppo non era interessante".<ref name="Time Korydallos">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130557/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917678,00.html The Colonels on Trial] Time Magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: "Last week Papadopoulos himself, after seven months in Korydallos, became the principal defendant in a mass trial at the prison. Along with 19 other former members of the ousted military junta, the ex-dictator was charged with acts of high treason and insurrection that had subjected Greece to 7½ years of dictatorship, from 1967 to 1974." and "Fearful of both right-wing plots to spring the defendants from prison and left-wing assassination attempts, the democratic government of Premier Constantine Caramanlis staged an impressive show of military strength at a trial that had been described as "Greece's Nuremberg."" and "Exasperated, the president of the court, Yiannis Deyannis, who was appointed a high court judge under the junta, yelled, "Let all those who wish to leave—leave!"" also: "Loyal Officials. Kanellopoulos, a highly respected leader of the National Radical Union, told how he had been arrested at machine-gun point by junta soldiers and taken to the monarch in 1967. He urged the King, who was also commander in chief of the armed forces, to order loyal officers to crush the colonels' rebellion. The weak and inexperienced Constantine, then 27, refused, fearing bloodshed. Instead, he swore the colonels into office."</ref>
 
La difesa annunciò che il motivo per il quale i loro clienti non partecipavano era che il governo di Karamanlis aveva pregiudicato l'esito del processo dichiarando il colpo di stato del 1967 un [[Crimine|reato]].<ref name="Time Korydallos">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130557/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917678,00.html The Colonels on Trial] Time Magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: "Last week Papadopoulos himself, after seven months in Korydallos, became the principal defendant in a mass trial at the prison. Along with 19 other former members of the ousted military junta, the ex-dictator was charged with acts of high treason and insurrection that had subjected Greece to 7½ years of dictatorship, from 1967 to 1974." and "Fearful of both right-wing plots to spring the defendants from prison and left-wing assassination attempts, the democratic government of Premier Constantine Caramanlis staged an impressive show of military strength at a trial that had been described as "Greece's Nuremberg."" and "Exasperated, the president of the court, Yiannis Deyannis, who was appointed a high court judge under the junta, yelled, "Let all those who wish to leave—leave!"" also: "Loyal Officials. Kanellopoulos, a highly respected leader of the National Radical Union, told how he had been arrested at machine-gun point by junta soldiers and taken to the monarch in 1967. He urged the King, who was also commander in chief of the armed forces, to order loyal officers to crush the colonels' rebellion. The weak and inexperienced Constantine, then 27, refused, fearing bloodshed. Instead, he swore the colonels into office."</ref> I legali di sedici degli [[Convenuto|imputati]] uscirono dall'aula il primo giorno del processo,<ref name="To Vima Rise of Democracy">[http://www.tovima.gr/opinions/article/?aid=125039 The Rise of Democracy] To vima online {{Lang|el|Η ανατολή της Δημοκρατίας}} ΧΡ. Ζ. ΚΑΡΑΝΙΚΑΣ Chr. Zakanikas Quote: {{Lang|el|"Νέα «παρασπονδία» Παπαδόπουλου φοβούνται οι δεκαέξι υπόλοιπες «κεφαλές» της χούντας, «που συναποφάσισαν μαζί του την τακτική της σιωπής, καθώς και οι συνήγοροί τους, οι οποίοι απεχώρησαν από το δικαστήριο την πρώτη ημέρα της διαδικασίας... Η πρώτη παρασπονδία του Παπαδόπουλου έγινε προχθές, όταν σηκώθηκε ξαφνικά και άρχισε να εκφωνή τη γνωστή δήλωσή του, ότι "αυτός είναι ο αρχηγός της επαναστάσεως και υπεύθυνος για όλα". Ο αιφνιδιασμός αυτός βρήκε απροετοίμαστους ακόμα και τον Παττακό και τον Μακαρέζο οι οποίοι πίστευαν ότι είχαν συμφωνήσει στο "βουβό θέατρο"... Στη σύσκεψη που είχε γίνει στον Κορυδαλλό πριν από την έναρξη της δίκης, οι περισσότεροι προσπάθησαν να πείσουν τον Παπαδόπουλο ότι δεν έχουν να κερδίσουν τίποτα αν επιτεθούν εναντίον των μαρτύρων κατηγορίας: "Στον στρατό δεν έχουμε πλέον ανθρώπους, στον λαό δεν έχουμε απήχηση. Τι θα κερδίσουμε με την πολιτικοποίηση της δίκης; "ήταν το επιχείρημά τους»."}} </ref> dichiarando di non poter svolgere le proprie funzioni in un clima di [[Terrorismo di Stato|terrore]] e [[violenza]], al quale il presidente del tribunale Ioannis Deyannis rispose: "Lascia che tutti quelli che desiderano partire, se ne vadano!".<ref name="Time Korydallos" />
 
Sebbene ci fosse un accordo tra gli imputati che avrebbero taciuto durante il processo e non avrebbero rilasciato dichiarazioni, Papadopoulos ruppe il silenzio e dichiarò alla Corte che: "Io sono il leader della Rivoluzione e sono responsabile di tutto".<ref name="To Vima Rise of Democracy">[http://www.tovima.gr/opinions/article/?aid=125039 The Rise of Democracy] To vima online {{Lang|el|Η ανατολή της Δημοκρατίας}} ΧΡ. Ζ. ΚΑΡΑΝΙΚΑΣ Chr. Zakanikas Quote: {{Lang|el|"Νέα «παρασπονδία» Παπαδόπουλου φοβούνται οι δεκαέξι υπόλοιπες «κεφαλές» της χούντας, «που συναποφάσισαν μαζί του την τακτική της σιωπής, καθώς και οι συνήγοροί τους, οι οποίοι απεχώρησαν από το δικαστήριο την πρώτη ημέρα της διαδικασίας... Η πρώτη παρασπονδία του Παπαδόπουλου έγινε προχθές, όταν σηκώθηκε ξαφνικά και άρχισε να εκφωνή τη γνωστή δήλωσή του, ότι "αυτός είναι ο αρχηγός της επαναστάσεως και υπεύθυνος για όλα". Ο αιφνιδιασμός αυτός βρήκε απροετοίμαστους ακόμα και τον Παττακό και τον Μακαρέζο οι οποίοι πίστευαν ότι είχαν συμφωνήσει στο "βουβό θέατρο"... Στη σύσκεψη που είχε γίνει στον Κορυδαλλό πριν από την έναρξη της δίκης, οι περισσότεροι προσπάθησαν να πείσουν τον Παπαδόπουλο ότι δεν έχουν να κερδίσουν τίποτα αν επιτεθούν εναντίον των μαρτύρων κατηγορίας: "Στον στρατό δεν έχουμε πλέον ανθρώπους, στον λαό δεν έχουμε απήχηση. Τι θα κερδίσουμε με την πολιτικοποίηση της δίκης; "ήταν το επιχείρημά τους»."}} (In Greek) [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.tovima.gr/print_article.php%3Fe%3DB%26f%3D13007%26m%3DA42%26aa%3D2&sa=X&oi Translation by Google]</ref> Pattakos, Makarezos e il resto dei membri della giunta rimasero sorpresi di sentire la dichiarazione di Papadopoulos perché credevano di avere un accordo basato sul fatto che non avrebbero politicizzato il processo in base alla loro convinzione di non avere nulla da guadagnare. Dal loro punto di vista il loro sostegno tra il popolo e nell'esercito era inesistente.<ref name="To Vima Rise of Democracy" />
 
L'accusa di ammutinamento fu contestata perché anche se i colonnelli avevano di fatto preso il potere illegalmente, lo fecero con l'approvazione del loro ufficiale superiore, il [[tenente generale]] Grigorios Spandidakis, che si unì anche al colpo di stato.<ref name="Time Korydallos">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130557/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917678,00.html The Colonels on Trial] Time Magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: "Last week Papadopoulos himself, after seven months in Korydallos, became the principal defendant in a mass trial at the prison. Along with 19 other former members of the ousted military junta, the ex-dictator was charged with acts of high treason and insurrection that had subjected Greece to 7½ years of dictatorship, from 1967 to 1974." and "Fearful of both right-wing plots to spring the defendants from prison and left-wing assassination attempts, the democratic government of Premier Constantine Caramanlis staged an impressive show of military strength at a trial that had been described as "Greece's Nuremberg."" and "Exasperated, the president of the court, Yiannis Deyannis, who was appointed a high court judge under the junta, yelled, "Let all those who wish to leave—leave!"" also: "Loyal Officials. Kanellopoulos, a highly respected leader of the National Radical Union, told how he had been arrested at machine-gun point by junta soldiers and taken to the monarch in 1967. He urged the King, who was also commander in chief of the armed forces, to order loyal officers to crush the colonels' rebellion. The weak and inexperienced Constantine, then 27, refused, fearing bloodshed. Instead, he swore the colonels into office."</ref> Inoltre lo stesso Karamanlis, accettando l'invito del presidente nominato dalla giunta [[Faidōn Gkizikīs|Phaedon Gizikis]] a tornare in Grecia, conferì una misura di legittimità alla giunta. Inoltre fu Gizikis a giurare a Karamanlis come [[Primo ministro della Grecia|primo ministro]].<ref name="Time Korydallos" />
 
Durante il processo, Spandidakis, [[Geōrgios Zōitakīs|Zoitakis]] e Stamatelopoulos differenziarono la loro posizione da quella degli altri membri della giunta. Questa divergenza dalla linea di difesa comune portò Papadopoulos a rimproverare severamente uno dei suoi avvocati difensori per aver tentato di interrogare uno dei testimoni di Zoitakis. Si dice che abbia esclamato: "Non è uno dei nostri testimoni. Non fargli [qualsiasi domanda]".<ref>[http://www.tovima.gr/opinions/article/?aid=125039 To Vima online] Christos Karanikas Quote: {{Lang|el|"Οι μάρτυρες του Ζωιτάκη οργίζουν τον Παπαδόπουλο στη δίκη των πρωταιτίων του πραξικοπήματος της 21ης Απριλίου που γίνεται στο Πενταμελές Εφετείο, στις Γυναικείες Φυλακές του Κορυδαλλού: «Το Σάββατο, κατά πάσαν πιθανότητα, θα αρχίσουν να απολογούνται οι πρωταίτιοι... Είναι βέβαιον ότι θα απολογηθούν οι κατηγορούμενοι που έχουν "διαχωρίσει" τη θέση τους, δηλαδή οι Σπαντιδάκης, Ζωιτάκης και Σταματελόπουλος. Βέβαιον επίσης είναι ότι θα απολογηθούν και οι Γκαντώνας και Καραμπέρης που μετέχουν στη διαδικασία... Χθες εξετάσθηκαν οι μάρτυρες υπερασπίσεως του Ζωιτάκη, οι οποίοι προκάλεσαν την έντονη αντίδραση του Γ. Παπαδόπουλου. Ετσι, όταν ο διωρισμένος συνήγορός τους άρχισε να θέτη ερωτήσεις, ο Παπαδόπουλος τον διέκοψε εκνευρισμένος: "Δεν είναι δικός μας μάρτυς. Μην τον ρωτάς" του είπε»."}} </ref>
Riga 48 ⟶ 47:
Ioannidis dichiarò alla corte: "Accetto la mia partecipazione alla rivoluzione del 21 aprile 1967. Sono sempre stato un soldato per tutta la vita e ho compiuto il mio dovere secondo coscienza. Non ho altro da aggiungere". Deyannis, commentò: "Non sei accusato di aver partecipato alla rivoluzione. Sei accusato di due reati –non temere il termine– alto tradimento, questo termine non è molto onorevole da attribuirti, e il secondo crimine per il quale sei accusato è l'ammutinamento. Per questi due crimini sei accusato. A proposito di rivoluzione, non sei accusato. Cosa supplichi?" Ioannidis rispose poi: "Accetto la mia partecipazione alla rivoluzione e le eventuali conseguenze che ne derivano".<ref name="eneteleftherotypia">{{Cita news|cognome=ΒΙΚΤΩΡΑΣ ΝΕΤΑΣ|url=http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=193644|titolo=Αμετανόητος συνωμότης και βιαστής της Δημοκρατίας|pubblicazione=eleftherotypia|citazione={{lang|el|«Αποδέχομαι την συμμετοχήν μου εις την επανάστασιν της 21ης Απριλίου 1967. Εις όλην μου την ζωήν υπήρξα στρατιώτης και ενήργησα το καθήκον μου σύμφωνα με την συνείδησίν μου. Ουδέν έτερον έχω να προσθέσω». Ο πρόεδρος του δικαστηρίου Ιωάννης Ντεγιάννης παρατήρησε: «Δεν κατηγορείσθε διά συμμετοχήν εις την επανάστασιν. Κατηγορείσθε διά δύο αδικήματα -μη σας τρομάζει η λέξις- εσχάτη προδοσία, αυτή η λέξις δεν είναι και πολύ τιμητική να σας αποδίδεται, και δεύτερον αδίκημα διά το οποίον κατηγορείσθε είναι η στάσις. Δι' αυτά τα δύο κατηγορείσθε. Δι' επανάστασιν δεν κατηγορείσθε. Τι αποδέχεσθε;». Πιεζόμενος ο Ιωαννίδης, απάντησε τελικά: «Δέχομαι την συμμετοχήν μου εις την επανάστασιν και τας εκ ταύτης συνεπείας»}}.}}</ref>
 
[[Panagiōtīs Kanellopoulos|Panagiotis Kanellopoulos]], l'ultimo legittimo Primo Ministro della Grecia prima del colpo di stato, in qualità di testimone per l'[[Pubblico ministero|accusa]], testimoniò come fu arrestato dai [[Mitragliatrice|soldati armati di mitra]] e trasportato al palazzo per incontrare il re [[Costantino II di Grecia|Costantino]]. Aggiunse che durante l'incontro esortò il re a usare il suo status di [[comandante in capo]] dell'esercito greco per ordinare agli ufficiali fedeli di schiacciare il colpo di stato. Dichiarò che Costantino si rifiutò di farlo perché temeva spargimenti di sangue.<ref name="Time Korydallos">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130557/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917678,00.html The Colonels on Trial] Time Magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: "Last week Papadopoulos himself, after seven months in Korydallos, became the principal defendant in a mass trial at the prison. Along with 19 other former members of the ousted military junta, the ex-dictator was charged with acts of high treason and insurrection that had subjected Greece to 7½ years of dictatorship, from 1967 to 1974." and "Fearful of both right-wing plots to spring the defendants from prison and left-wing assassination attempts, the democratic government of Premier Constantine Caramanlis staged an impressive show of military strength at a trial that had been described as "Greece's Nuremberg."" and "Exasperated, the president of the court, Yiannis Deyannis, who was appointed a high court judge under the junta, yelled, "Let all those who wish to leave—leave!"" also: "Loyal Officials. Kanellopoulos, a highly respected leader of the National Radical Union, told how he had been arrested at machine-gun point by junta soldiers and taken to the monarch in 1967. He urged the King, who was also commander in chief of the armed forces, to order loyal officers to crush the colonels' rebellion. The weak and inexperienced Constantine, then 27, refused, fearing bloodshed. Instead, he swore the colonels into office."</ref>
 
Kanellopoulos affermò inoltre al processo che, contro il suo parere, il re Costantino giurò nel governo dei colonnelli, un'azione che aveva contribuito a legittimare il loro governo.<ref name="Time Korydallos">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081213130557/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917678,00.html The Colonels on Trial] Time Magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: "Last week Papadopoulos himself, after seven months in Korydallos, became the principal defendant in a mass trial at the prison. Along with 19 other former members of the ousted military junta, the ex-dictator was charged with acts of high treason and insurrection that had subjected Greece to 7½ years of dictatorship, from 1967 to 1974." and "Fearful of both right-wing plots to spring the defendants from prison and left-wing assassination attempts, the democratic government of Premier Constantine Caramanlis staged an impressive show of military strength at a trial that had been described as "Greece's Nuremberg."" and "Exasperated, the president of the court, Yiannis Deyannis, who was appointed a high court judge under the junta, yelled, "Let all those who wish to leave—leave!"" also: "Loyal Officials. Kanellopoulos, a highly respected leader of the National Radical Union, told how he had been arrested at machine-gun point by junta soldiers and taken to the monarch in 1967. He urged the King, who was also commander in chief of the armed forces, to order loyal officers to crush the colonels' rebellion. The weak and inexperienced Constantine, then 27, refused, fearing bloodshed. Instead, he swore the colonels into office."</ref> La testimonianza di Kanellopoulos ebbe l'effetto di minare l'accusa di ammutinamento.<ref name="Time Korydallos" /> Kanellopoulos, durante la sua testimonianza, accettò anche la sua responsabilità "prima della storia" per non aver anticipato il golpe. Testimoniò che non vi era alcuna indicazione che i colonnelli stessero complottando "alle spalle" dei più alti gradi della leadership dell'esercito.<ref name="Reportage">[http://www.rwf-archive.gr/interviews_senaria-new.php?id=189&interview=1&interview_id=698 Reportage without frontiers (archive)] The unknown resistance against the dictatorship Quote: {{Lang|el|"Έναντι της ιστορίας είμαι υπόλογος εγώ, γιατί ως πρωθυπουργός της χώρας δεν κατόρθωσα να προλάβω αυτό το οποίο έγινε. Και δεν κατόρθωσα να το προλάβω διότι δεν υπήρξε καμία ένδειξη ότι πίσω από τις πλάτες της ανωτάτης στρατιωτικής ιεραρχίας, μερικοί συνταγματάρχες σχεδίαζαν ένα πραξικόπημα"}} <br /><br /> Traduzione: citazione: "Data la storia sono responsabile, perché come primo ministro del paese non sono riuscito a catturare quello che era. E siamo riusciti a prenderlo perché non c'era alcuna indicazione che dietro le spalle della più alta gerarchia militare, alcuni colonnelli stessero pianificando un colpo di stato»."</ref>
 
Papadopoulos rifiutò di testimoniare e si limitò a dichiarare: "Risponderò solo alla storia e al popolo greco";<ref name="Answering to History:1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html Answering to History] Time magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008</ref> al quale il presidente della giustizia Deyannis ribatté: "Pensa che la storia sia assente da quest'aula?"<ref name="Answering to History:1" /> Papadopoulos non rispose.<ref name="Answering to History:1" />
 
La questione del coinvolgimento della [[Central Intelligence AgencyCIA]] (CIA) nel colpo di stato, credenza ampiamente diffusa in Grecia, non trovò risposta al processo.<ref name="Answering to History:1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html Answering to History] Time magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008</ref> Deyannis proibì ogni discussione sull'argomento con l'osservazione che il processo si era limitato a scoprire i fatti coinvolti il giorno del colpo di stato.<ref name="Answering to History:1" /> L'unica testimonianza sul coinvolgimento della CIA fu data da [[Andreas Papandreou]], il quale insistette sul fatto che i colonnelli lavorassero a stretto contatto con la CIA.<ref name="Answering to History:1" />
 
=== Verdetto ===
Il processo ai mandanti terminò il 23 agosto 1975.<ref name="Answering to History:1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081212222634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947162,00.html Answering to History] Time magazine Retrieved 15 August 2008</ref><ref name="sentencing table">{{Cita web|url=http://www.phorum.gr/viewtopic.php?p=98590|dataaccesso=2008-08-24}}</ref> Papadopoulos, Nikolaos Makarezos e Stylianos Pattakos furono condannati a morte tramite [[fucilazione]], mentre Dimitrios Ioannidis ebbe l'ergastolo.<ref name="Answering to History:1" /> Altri sette furono condannati a pene che andavano dai 5 ai 20 anni e due vennero assolti.<ref name="Answering to History:1" /> I crimini erano ritenuti "momentanei" e non "continui" e considerati durati solo tra il 20 e il 21 aprile 1967. Il verdetto rese impossibile perseguire i collaboratori della giunta.<ref name="Ethnos">{{Cita news|url=http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22733&subid=2&pubid=133204&tag=8967|titolo=1974 - 1980: Η μεταπολίτευση Οι πολλοί είχαν διαφύγει.|pubblicazione=Ethnos|citazione={{lang|el|Το έγκλημα του επτάχρονου βιασμού της λαϊκής θέλησης είχε κριθεί από το ανώτατο δικαστήριο «στιγμιαίο». Αρχισε και τελείωσε τη νύχτα, 20 προς 21 Απριλίου. Που σήμαινε ότι οι συνειδητοί συνεργάτες της χούντας δεν είχαν διαπράξει αδίκημα.}}}}</ref>
 
Questa è la tabella dettagliata delle sentenze principali:<ref name="Kritz1995 with quote">{{Cita libro|autore=Neil J. Kritz|titolo=Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon With Former Regimes : Country Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2c9E7TZXhEC&pg=PA266|anno=1995|editore=US Institute of Peace Press|pp=253–282253-282|citazione="Ioannidis could not be found" p. 263|ISBN=978-1-878379-44-3}}</ref><ref>[http://www.athensinfoguide.com/history/t9-98lastdecades.htm History of Athens] </ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="590" |Membro della Giunta
Riga 103 ⟶ 102:
 
=== Processo del Politecnico ===
Il 16 ottobre 1975, alle 9 del mattino, il secondo processo, che indagò sugli eventi che circondarono la [[rivolta del Politecnico di Atene]] ({{Lang-el|Η Δίκη του Πολυτεχνείου, tradotto come "Il Processo del Politecnico"}}) ebbe inizio nella stessa aula del primo processo e durò complessivamente cinquantasette giorni.<ref name="Markoulakis:2">[{{Cita web|url=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=16.11.2003,id=21990732|titolo=«Φοβισμένα Eleftherotypia]ανθρωπάκια {{Webarchiveέδειχναν οι σφαγείς»...|urlurlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615174350/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cdt%3D16.11.2003%2Cid%3D21990732|data=2008-06-15}} Interview with Judge of the Polytechneion trial Georgios Markoulakis Retrieved 15 August 2008 </ref><ref name="Unrepetant">[https://archive.todayis/20130217215014/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=23.07.2008,id=2496400,10059024,24232592 Eleftherotypia] Unrepentant for the Dictatorship Retrieved 15 August 2008 (in greco) Citazione: {{Lang|el|"«Τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1973 εκάλεσα στο γραφείο μου τον Ιωαννίδη, επειδή υπήρχαν πληροφορίες ότι σχεδιάζει την ανατροπή της κυβέρνησης. Μετά λόγου στρατιωτικής τιμής, με διαβεβαίωσε ότι είναι υπέρ του συντάγματος και των εκλογών», είχε δηλώσει ο επί χρόνια αντιπρόεδρος της χούντας, Στυλιανός Πατακός. «Γνωρίζω πολύ καλά, επίσης, ότι το απόγευμα της 24ης Νοεμβρίου 1973 ο ίδιος ο Ιωαννίδης εκλήθη από τον Παπαδόπουλο και παρουσία του Μακαρέζου διέψευσε κατηγορηματικά τις σχετικές φήμες». Λίγες ώρες αργότερα, όμως, στις 3.30 τα ξημερώματα, τα τανκς κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους στο κέντρο της Αθήνας. Νωρίς το πρωί ορκίζεται πρόεδρος της «δημοκρατίας» ο στρατηγός Φαίδων Γκιζίκης»."}}<br /></ref> C'erano trentatré incriminati tra cui Papadopoulos, Ioannidis, M. Roufogalis, Vassilios Bouklakos, Elias Tsiaouris o Tsiaparas e [[Dittatura dei colonnelli|Nikos Dertilis]].<ref name="Unrepetant" /> Papadopoulos, Ioannidis, Roufogalis e Nikos Dertilis erano già stati condannati e scontavano le loro condanne dal primo processo.<ref name="Unrepetant" />
 
L'unico imputato non presente al processo del Politecnico era Elias Tsiaouris o Tsiaparas, accusato di omicidio, sfuggito alla custodia perché latitante.<ref name=":2" /> Vi era un totale di 237 testimoni per l'accusa e la difesa e circa 50 avvocati.<ref name="Unrepetant" />
L'unico imputato non presente al processo del Politecnico era Elias Tsiaouris o Tsiaparas, accusato di omicidio, sfuggito alla custodia perché latitante.<ref name="Markoulakis">[http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=16.11.2003,id=21990732 Eleftherotypia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615174350/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cdt%3D16.11.2003%2Cid%3D21990732|data=2008-06-15}} Interview with Judge of the Polytechneion trial Georgios Markoulakis Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: {{Lang|el|"»Στο σημείο αυτό το δικαστήριο διέκοψε τη συνεδρίαση και αποσύρθηκε σε διάσκεψη. Μετά την επανάληψη της διαδικασίας το Εφετείο ανακοίνωσε την παμψηφεί απόρριψη της ένστασης με την εξής ιστορική απόφαση: "Το στασιαστικό κίνημα της 21ης Απριλίου, έργον ομάδας αξιωματικών και η εκ τούτου κατάστασις μέχρι της 23ης Ιουλίου απετέλεσε πραξικόπημα, δι' ου εσκοπείτο ο σφετερισμός της εξουσίας και των κυριαρχικών δικαιωμάτων του λαού. Αι εξ αυτού απορρεύσασαι κυβερνήσεις ήσαν κυβερνήσεις βίας. »Επομένως σαφώς συνάγεται ότι άπαντες οι ασκήσαντες καθήκοντα κυβερνητικής εξουσίας υφ' οιοανδήποτε ιδιότητα ως και τοιαύτην ανωτάτου άρχοντος, δεν ήσκησαν πράγματι νόμιμον εξουσίαν και συνεπώς δεν προστατεύονται διά τας κατά την άσκησιν της εξουσίας ταύτης πράξεις των, υπό των διατάξεων των καθοριζουσών το ανεύθυνον. »Κατά συνέπειαν και ο ιστάμενος κατηγορούμενος Γεώργιος Παπαδόπουλος, ασκήσας καθήκοντα προέδρου της δημοκρατίας κατά τον χρόνο καθ' ον ετελέσθησαν αι εις αυτόν αποδιδόμεναι διά του παραπεμπτικού βουλεύματος πράξεις, δεν ήτο νόμιμος πρόεδρος της δημοκρατίας και συνεπώς δεν προστατεύεται υπό των διατάξεων περί ανευθύνου"."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110,dt%3D16.11.2003,id%3D21990732&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "»Then the counsel of the accused Ioannidis C. Alfantakis has objected separation and postponement of the trial because the judgement is fully justified in enacting this voulefmatos states that urged the Ioannidis and convinced dioikitas units to commit crimes, but no mention what exactly encouraged and convinced. And the complaint was dismissed by the court, arguing that he can set aside the judgement</ref> C'eraun totale di 237 testimoni per l'accusa e la difesa e circa 50 avvocati.<ref name="Unrepetant">[https://archive.today/20130217215014/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=23.07.2008,id=2496400,10059024,24232592 Eleftherotypia] Unrepentant for the Dictatorship Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) Quote: {{Lang|el|"«Τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1973 εκάλεσα στο γραφείο μου τον Ιωαννίδη, επειδή υπήρχαν πληροφορίες ότι σχεδιάζει την ανατροπή της κυβέρνησης. Μετά λόγου στρατιωτικής τιμής, με διαβεβαίωσε ότι είναι υπέρ του συντάγματος και των εκλογών», είχε δηλώσει ο επί χρόνια αντιπρόεδρος της χούντας, Στυλιανός Πατακός. «Γνωρίζω πολύ καλά, επίσης, ότι το απόγευμα της 24ης Νοεμβρίου 1973 ο ίδιος ο Ιωαννίδης εκλήθη από τον Παπαδόπουλο και παρουσία του Μακαρέζου διέψευσε κατηγορηματικά τις σχετικές φήμες». Λίγες ώρες αργότερα, όμως, στις 3.30 τα ξημερώματα, τα τανκς κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους στο κέντρο της Αθήνας. Νωρίς το πρωί ορκίζεται πρόεδρος της «δημοκρατίας» ο στρατηγός Φαίδων Γκιζίκης»."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D112,dt%3D23.07.2008,id%3D2496400&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "«I saw the Ntertili to make the peristrofo and kills a young onto DMST. Μετά, σαν να μη συνέβαινε τίποτε, μπήκε στο τζιπ και χτυπώντας με στην πλάτη μού είπε: "Με παραδέχεσαι, ρε; Με τη μια τον πέτυχα στο κεφάλι", κατέθεσε ο Αντώνης Αγριτέλης, οδηγός στο τζιπ του Ν. Ντερτιλή, κατά τη διάρκεια της δίκης του Πολυτεχνείου. Then, as if it were nothing, joined in with jeeps and beating back told me: "With paradechesai Stupid? With one was getting in the head", said Anthony Agritelis, driver of the jeep N. Ntertili, during the trial of the Polytechnic."</ref>
 
L'indagine preliminare per le vicende del Politecnico fu condotta dal procuratore Dimitrios Tsevas, che il 14 ottobre 1974 presentò i risultati della sua indagine all'ufficio del procuratore generale. Nel suo rapporto, Tsevas stabilì che Ioannidis e il suo vice Roufogalis erano sulla scena durante gli eventi e diressero i loro uomini con lo scopo di creare, attraverso sparatorie e violenze, le condizioni che avrebbero beneficiato del previsto colpo di stato di Ioannidis contro Papadopoulos.<ref name="Tsevas">[http://www.vrahokipos.net/old/history/gr/polytexneio/Tsevas.htm Tsevas report] Citazione: {{Lang|el|"Οι Ιωαννίδης και Ρουφογάλης, δια των εις αυτούς πιστών Αξιωματικών και πρακτόρων, επηρεάζουν σοβαρώς και σαφώς την όλην επιχείρησιν, εξαπολύοντες κύμα βιαιοτήτων και πυροβολισμών, επί τω τέλει της δημιουργίας ευνοϊκών δια την προαποφασισθείσαν κίνησιν συνθηκών ασφαλείας, αναταραχής και συγκρούσεων."}}</ref>
 
Ioannidis e Papadopoulos, anche se erano seduti vicini, non si scambiarono mai uno sguardo.<ref name="Unrepetant">[https://archive.today/20130217215014/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=23.07.2008,id=2496400,10059024,24232592 Eleftherotypia] Unrepentant for the Dictatorship Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) Quote: {{Lang|el|"«Τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1973 εκάλεσα στο γραφείο μου τον Ιωαννίδη, επειδή υπήρχαν πληροφορίες ότι σχεδιάζει την ανατροπή της κυβέρνησης. Μετά λόγου στρατιωτικής τιμής, με διαβεβαίωσε ότι είναι υπέρ του συντάγματος και των εκλογών», είχε δηλώσει ο επί χρόνια αντιπρόεδρος της χούντας, Στυλιανός Πατακός. «Γνωρίζω πολύ καλά, επίσης, ότι το απόγευμα της 24ης Νοεμβρίου 1973 ο ίδιος ο Ιωαννίδης εκλήθη από τον Παπαδόπουλο και παρουσία του Μακαρέζου διέψευσε κατηγορηματικά τις σχετικές φήμες». Λίγες ώρες αργότερα, όμως, στις 3.30 τα ξημερώματα, τα τανκς κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους στο κέντρο της Αθήνας. Νωρίς το πρωί ορκίζεται πρόεδρος της «δημοκρατίας» ο στρατηγός Φαίδων Γκιζίκης»."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D112,dt%3D23.07.2008,id%3D2496400&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "«I saw the Ntertili to make the peristrofo and kills a young onto DMST. Μετά, σαν να μη συνέβαινε τίποτε, μπήκε στο τζιπ και χτυπώντας με στην πλάτη μού είπε: "Με παραδέχεσαι, ρε; Με τη μια τον πέτυχα στο κεφάλι", κατέθεσε ο Αντώνης Αγριτέλης, οδηγός στο τζιπ του Ν. Ντερτιλή, κατά τη διάρκεια της δίκης του Πολυτεχνείου. Then, as if it were nothing, joined in with jeeps and beating back told me: "With paradechesai Stupid? With one was getting in the head", said Anthony Agritelis, driver of the jeep N. Ntertili, during the trial of the Polytechnic."</ref> Durante il secondo processp fu proiettato un film documentario, girato da [[Giornalista|giornalisti]] [[olandesi]], che mostrò le vicende della tre giorni incentrate sulla [[Università tecnica nazionale di Atene|Scuola Politecnica]] dall'ingresso degli studenti fino allo sfondamento dei cancelli del Politecnico da parte dei carri armati.<ref name="Unrepetant" /> Durante la proiezione, Papadopoulos non prestò attenzione alla proiezione, per lo più guardando in basso, mentre Ioannidis guardò il film, secondo quanto riferito in modo imperturbabile.<ref name="Unrepetant" />
 
Antonis Agritelis, autista della [[Jeep (azienda)|jeep]] di Dertilis, testimoniò di aver visto Dertilis giustiziare un giovane al viale Patission.<ref name="Unrepetant">[https://archive.today/20130217215014/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=23.07.2008,id=2496400,10059024,24232592 Eleftherotypia] Unrepentant for the Dictatorship Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) Quote: {{Lang|el|"«Τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1973 εκάλεσα στο γραφείο μου τον Ιωαννίδη, επειδή υπήρχαν πληροφορίες ότι σχεδιάζει την ανατροπή της κυβέρνησης. Μετά λόγου στρατιωτικής τιμής, με διαβεβαίωσε ότι είναι υπέρ του συντάγματος και των εκλογών», είχε δηλώσει ο επί χρόνια αντιπρόεδρος της χούντας, Στυλιανός Πατακός. «Γνωρίζω πολύ καλά, επίσης, ότι το απόγευμα της 24ης Νοεμβρίου 1973 ο ίδιος ο Ιωαννίδης εκλήθη από τον Παπαδόπουλο και παρουσία του Μακαρέζου διέψευσε κατηγορηματικά τις σχετικές φήμες». Λίγες ώρες αργότερα, όμως, στις 3.30 τα ξημερώματα, τα τανκς κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους στο κέντρο της Αθήνας. Νωρίς το πρωί ορκίζεται πρόεδρος της «δημοκρατίας» ο στρατηγός Φαίδων Γκιζίκης»."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D112,dt%3D23.07.2008,id%3D2496400&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "«I saw the Ntertili to make the peristrofo and kills a young onto DMST. Μετά, σαν να μη συνέβαινε τίποτε, μπήκε στο τζιπ και χτυπώντας με στην πλάτη μού είπε: "Με παραδέχεσαι, ρε; Με τη μια τον πέτυχα στο κεφάλι", κατέθεσε ο Αντώνης Αγριτέλης, οδηγός στο τζιπ του Ν. Ντερτιλή, κατά τη διάρκεια της δίκης του Πολυτεχνείου. Then, as if it were nothing, joined in with jeeps and beating back told me: "With paradechesai Stupid? With one was getting in the head", said Anthony Agritelis, driver of the jeep N. Ntertili, during the trial of the Polytechnic."</ref> Secondo la testimonianza di Agritelis, dopo l'esecuzione, Dertilis rientrò nella jeep e si vantò della sua abilità nel [[Marksman|tiro]].<ref name="Unrepetant" /> Dertilis contestò la testimonianza di Agritelis, ma la Corte lo condannò in parte sulla base di questa testimonianza.<ref name="Dertilis">[http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_100044_27/07/2008_279222 Nikolaos Dertilis Article on e-kathimerini] 27-07-2008</ref>
 
Pattakos testimoniò di aver chiamato Ioannidis nel suo ufficio nel settembre 1973 a causa delle voci secondo cui stava pianificando il rovesciamento del regime di Papadopoulos. Ioannidis smentì le voci e anzi rassicurò Pattakos, sul suo "onore militare", di essere un sostenitore della Costituzione e delle riforme di Papadopoulos.<ref name="Unrepetant">[https://archive.today/20130217215014/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=23.07.2008,id=2496400,10059024,24232592 Eleftherotypia] Unrepentant for the Dictatorship Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) Quote: {{Lang|el|"«Τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1973 εκάλεσα στο γραφείο μου τον Ιωαννίδη, επειδή υπήρχαν πληροφορίες ότι σχεδιάζει την ανατροπή της κυβέρνησης. Μετά λόγου στρατιωτικής τιμής, με διαβεβαίωσε ότι είναι υπέρ του συντάγματος και των εκλογών», είχε δηλώσει ο επί χρόνια αντιπρόεδρος της χούντας, Στυλιανός Πατακός. «Γνωρίζω πολύ καλά, επίσης, ότι το απόγευμα της 24ης Νοεμβρίου 1973 ο ίδιος ο Ιωαννίδης εκλήθη από τον Παπαδόπουλο και παρουσία του Μακαρέζου διέψευσε κατηγορηματικά τις σχετικές φήμες». Λίγες ώρες αργότερα, όμως, στις 3.30 τα ξημερώματα, τα τανκς κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους στο κέντρο της Αθήνας. Νωρίς το πρωί ορκίζεται πρόεδρος της «δημοκρατίας» ο στρατηγός Φαίδων Γκιζίκης»."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D112,dt%3D23.07.2008,id%3D2496400&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "«I saw the Ntertili to make the peristrofo and kills a young onto DMST. Μετά, σαν να μη συνέβαινε τίποτε, μπήκε στο τζιπ και χτυπώντας με στην πλάτη μού είπε: "Με παραδέχεσαι, ρε; Με τη μια τον πέτυχα στο κεφάλι", κατέθεσε ο Αντώνης Αγριτέλης, οδηγός στο τζιπ του Ν. Ντερτιλή, κατά τη διάρκεια της δίκης του Πολυτεχνείου. Then, as if it were nothing, joined in with jeeps and beating back told me: "With paradechesai Stupid? With one was getting in the head", said Anthony Agritelis, driver of the jeep N. Ntertili, during the trial of the Polytechnic."</ref> Pattakos affermò anche di sapere molto bene che nel pomeriggio del 24 novembre 1973 Ioannidis era stato chiamato dallo stesso Papadopoulos e, con la presenza di Makarezos, negò nuovamente con veemenza qualsiasi voce sulla pianificazione di un colpo di stato. Pattakos aggiunse che poche ore dopo quell'incontro, intorno alle 3:30 il giorno dopo, i carri armati apparvero per le strade di Atene e [[Faidōn Gkizikīs|Phaedon Gizikis]] prestò giuramento quella mattina presto come prestanome del presidente della Repubblica.<ref name="Unrepetant" />
 
Il secondo giorno del processo, gli avvocati difensori di Papadopoulos Karagiannopoulos, Papaspyrou e Steiropoulos sollevarono l'obiezione che la corte non aveva autorità giurisdizionale sul loro cliente per quanto riguarda le vicende del Politecnico, perché aveva l'[[Irresponsabilità regia|immunità]] presidenziale come [[Presidente della Repubblica Ellenica|Presidente della Grecia]] durante il periodo degli eventi e chiese un'immediata sentenza al tribunale.<ref name=":2" /> Il tribunale fu immediatamente interrotto per ulteriori delibere. Una volta ripreso il procedimento, la Corte enunciò la sua decisione ritenendo che Papadopoulos non fosse immune dall'accusa come Presidente della Repubblica al momento dei fatti perché il colpo di stato del 21 aprile 1967 avviò la violenza contro lo Stato greco e usurpò il potere e l'autorità legale del popolo. Tutti i successivi governi del giunta furono quindi considerati dalla corte come prodotti di violenza.<ref name=":2" /> Di conseguenza, la Corte giudicò che Papadopoulos non fosse un legittimo Presidente della Repubblica all'epoca e, in quanto tale, non immune da azioni penali.<ref name=":2" />
Il secondo giorno del processo, gli avvocati difensori di Papadopoulos Karagiannopoulos, Papaspyrou e Steiropoulos sollevarono l'obiezione che la corte non aveva autorità giurisdizionale sul loro cliente per quanto riguarda le vicende del Politecnico, perché aveva l'[[Irresponsabilità regia|immunità]] presidenziale come [[Presidente della Repubblica Ellenica|Presidente della Grecia]] durante il periodo degli eventi e chiese un'immediata sentenza al tribunale.<ref name="Markoulakis">[http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=16.11.2003,id=21990732 Eleftherotypia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615174350/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cdt%3D16.11.2003%2Cid%3D21990732|data=2008-06-15}} Interview with Judge of the Polytechneion trial Georgios Markoulakis Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: {{Lang|el|"»Στο σημείο αυτό το δικαστήριο διέκοψε τη συνεδρίαση και αποσύρθηκε σε διάσκεψη. Μετά την επανάληψη της διαδικασίας το Εφετείο ανακοίνωσε την παμψηφεί απόρριψη της ένστασης με την εξής ιστορική απόφαση: "Το στασιαστικό κίνημα της 21ης Απριλίου, έργον ομάδας αξιωματικών και η εκ τούτου κατάστασις μέχρι της 23ης Ιουλίου απετέλεσε πραξικόπημα, δι' ου εσκοπείτο ο σφετερισμός της εξουσίας και των κυριαρχικών δικαιωμάτων του λαού. Αι εξ αυτού απορρεύσασαι κυβερνήσεις ήσαν κυβερνήσεις βίας. »Επομένως σαφώς συνάγεται ότι άπαντες οι ασκήσαντες καθήκοντα κυβερνητικής εξουσίας υφ' οιοανδήποτε ιδιότητα ως και τοιαύτην ανωτάτου άρχοντος, δεν ήσκησαν πράγματι νόμιμον εξουσίαν και συνεπώς δεν προστατεύονται διά τας κατά την άσκησιν της εξουσίας ταύτης πράξεις των, υπό των διατάξεων των καθοριζουσών το ανεύθυνον. »Κατά συνέπειαν και ο ιστάμενος κατηγορούμενος Γεώργιος Παπαδόπουλος, ασκήσας καθήκοντα προέδρου της δημοκρατίας κατά τον χρόνο καθ' ον ετελέσθησαν αι εις αυτόν αποδιδόμεναι διά του παραπεμπτικού βουλεύματος πράξεις, δεν ήτο νόμιμος πρόεδρος της δημοκρατίας και συνεπώς δεν προστατεύεται υπό των διατάξεων περί ανευθύνου"."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110,dt%3D16.11.2003,id%3D21990732&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "»Then the counsel of the accused Ioannidis C. Alfantakis has objected separation and postponement of the trial because the judgement is fully justified in enacting this voulefmatos states that urged the Ioannidis and convinced dioikitas units to commit crimes, but no mention what exactly encouraged and convinced. And the complaint was dismissed by the court, arguing that he can set aside the judgement</ref> Il tribunale fu immediatamente interrotto per ulteriori delibere. Una volta ripreso il procedimento, la Corte enunciò la sua decisione ritenendo che Papadopoulos non fosse immune dall'accusa come Presidente della Repubblica al momento dei fatti perché il colpo di stato del 21 aprile 1967 avviò la violenza contro lo Stato greco e usurpò il potere e l'autorità legale del popolo. Tutti i successivi governi del giunta furono quindi considerati dalla corte come prodotti di violenza.<ref name="Markoulakis" /> Di conseguenza, la Corte giudicò che Papadopoulos non fosse un legittimo Presidente della Repubblica all'epoca e, in quanto tale, non immune da azioni penali.<ref name="Markoulakis">[http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=16.11.2003,id=21990732 Eleftherotypia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615174350/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cdt%3D16.11.2003%2Cid%3D21990732|data=2008-06-15}} Interview with Judge of the Polytechneion trial Georgios Markoulakis Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: {{Lang|el|"»Στο σημείο αυτό το δικαστήριο διέκοψε τη συνεδρίαση και αποσύρθηκε σε διάσκεψη. Μετά την επανάληψη της διαδικασίας το Εφετείο ανακοίνωσε την παμψηφεί απόρριψη της ένστασης με την εξής ιστορική απόφαση: "Το στασιαστικό κίνημα της 21ης Απριλίου, έργον ομάδας αξιωματικών και η εκ τούτου κατάστασις μέχρι της 23ης Ιουλίου απετέλεσε πραξικόπημα, δι' ου εσκοπείτο ο σφετερισμός της εξουσίας και των κυριαρχικών δικαιωμάτων του λαού. Αι εξ αυτού απορρεύσασαι κυβερνήσεις ήσαν κυβερνήσεις βίας. »Επομένως σαφώς συνάγεται ότι άπαντες οι ασκήσαντες καθήκοντα κυβερνητικής εξουσίας υφ' οιοανδήποτε ιδιότητα ως και τοιαύτην ανωτάτου άρχοντος, δεν ήσκησαν πράγματι νόμιμον εξουσίαν και συνεπώς δεν προστατεύονται διά τας κατά την άσκησιν της εξουσίας ταύτης πράξεις των, υπό των διατάξεων των καθοριζουσών το ανεύθυνον. »Κατά συνέπειαν και ο ιστάμενος κατηγορούμενος Γεώργιος Παπαδόπουλος, ασκήσας καθήκοντα προέδρου της δημοκρατίας κατά τον χρόνο καθ' ον ετελέσθησαν αι εις αυτόν αποδιδόμεναι διά του παραπεμπτικού βουλεύματος πράξεις, δεν ήτο νόμιμος πρόεδρος της δημοκρατίας και συνεπώς δεν προστατεύεται υπό των διατάξεων περί ανευθύνου"."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110,dt%3D16.11.2003,id%3D21990732&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "»Then the counsel of the accused Ioannidis C. Alfantakis has objected separation and postponement of the trial because the judgement is fully justified in enacting this voulefmatos states that urged the Ioannidis and convinced dioikitas units to commit crimes, but no mention what exactly encouraged and convinced. And the complaint was dismissed by the court, arguing that he can set aside the judgement</ref>
 
La decisione piena, unanime, della Corte, che respinse la richiesta di immunità di Papadopoulos, dichiarò quanto segue:<ref name="Markoulakis">[http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=16.11.2003,id=21990732 Eleftherotypia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615174350/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cdt%3D16.11.2003%2Cid%3D21990732|data=2008-06-15}} Interview with Judge of the Polytechneion trial Georgios Markoulakis Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: {{Lang|el|2"»Στο σημείο αυτό το δικαστήριο διέκοψε τη συνεδρίαση και αποσύρθηκε σε διάσκεψη. Μετά την επανάληψη της διαδικασίας το Εφετείο ανακοίνωσε την παμψηφεί απόρριψη της ένστασης με την εξής ιστορική απόφαση: "Το στασιαστικό κίνημα της 21ης Απριλίου, έργον ομάδας αξιωματικών και η εκ τούτου κατάστασις μέχρι της 23ης Ιουλίου απετέλεσε πραξικόπημα, δι' ου εσκοπείτο ο σφετερισμός της εξουσίας και των κυριαρχικών δικαιωμάτων του λαού. Αι εξ αυτού απορρεύσασαι κυβερνήσεις ήσαν κυβερνήσεις βίας. »Επομένως σαφώς συνάγεται ότι άπαντες οι ασκήσαντες καθήκοντα κυβερνητικής εξουσίας υφ' οιοανδήποτε ιδιότητα ως και τοιαύτην ανωτάτου άρχοντος, δεν ήσκησαν πράγματι νόμιμον εξουσίαν και συνεπώς δεν προστατεύονται διά τας κατά την άσκησιν της εξουσίας ταύτης πράξεις των, υπό των διατάξεων των καθοριζουσών το ανεύθυνον. »Κατά συνέπειαν και ο ιστάμενος κατηγορούμενος Γεώργιος Παπαδόπουλος, ασκήσας καθήκοντα προέδρου της δημοκρατίας κατά τον χρόνο καθ' ον ετελέσθησαν αι εις αυτόν αποδιδόμεναι διά του παραπεμπτικού βουλεύματος πράξεις, δεν ήτο νόμιμος πρόεδρος της δημοκρατίας και συνεπώς δεν προστατεύεται υπό των διατάξεων περί ανευθύνου"."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110,dt%3D16.11.2003,id%3D21990732&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "»Then the counsel of the accused Ioannidis C. Alfantakis has objected separation and postponement of the trial because the judgement is fully justified in enacting this voulefmatos states that urged the Ioannidis and convinced dioikitas units to commit crimes, but no mention what exactly encouraged and convinced. And the complaint was dismissed by the court, arguing that he can set aside the judgement</ref><blockquote>L'ammutinamento del 21 aprile 1967, l'azione di un gruppo di ufficiali e la situazione che ne derivò fino al 23 luglio [1974] costituirono un [[colpo di Stato]], attraverso il quale si intendeva usurpare l'autorità ei diritti sovrani del popolo. I governi conseguenti furono governi di violenza. Pertanto si conclude chiaramente che chiunque abbia esercitato funzioni di autorità di governo sotto qualsiasi ufficio, compreso quello di capo dello Stato, non ha in realtà esercitato l'autorità legale e di conseguenza non è protetto per le sue azioni durante l'esercizio di tale autorità ai sensi delle norme che definiscono l'immunità. Pertanto la posizione dell'imputato Georgios Papadopoulos, avendo esercitato funzioni di Presidente della Repubblica nel periodo in cui sono stati compiuti i fatti a lui attribuiti dall'atto d'accusa, non era il legittimo Presidente della Repubblica e quindi non è tutelato ai sensi delle sezioni di immunità.</blockquote>A seguito della sentenza sull'immunità, l'avvocato di Ioannidis, Giorgos Alfatakis, presentò una mozione per scindere e rinviare il processo sulla base del fatto che l'atto d'accusa non aveva una logica completa: sebbene fosse menzionato nell'ordine che Ioannidis incoraggiava e persuadeva i comandanti di unità della sicurezza forze ad agire in modo criminale durante la repressione della rivolta, i nomi dei comandanti non furono menzionati nell'atto d'accusa. Il tribunale respinse l'istanza in quanto non poteva annullare l'atto d'accusa.<ref name="Markoulakis">[http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=110,dt=16.11.2003,id=21990732 Eleftherotypia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615174350/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110%2Cdt%3D16.11.2003%2Cid%3D21990732|data=2008-06-15}} Interview with Judge of the Polytechneion trial Georgios Markoulakis Retrieved 15 August 2008 Quote: {{Lang|el|2"»Στο σημείο αυτό το δικαστήριο διέκοψε τη συνεδρίαση και αποσύρθηκε σε διάσκεψη. Μετά την επανάληψη της διαδικασίας το Εφετείο ανακοίνωσε την παμψηφεί απόρριψη της ένστασης με την εξής ιστορική απόφαση: "Το στασιαστικό κίνημα της 21ης Απριλίου, έργον ομάδας αξιωματικών και η εκ τούτου κατάστασις μέχρι της 23ης Ιουλίου απετέλεσε πραξικόπημα, δι' ου εσκοπείτο ο σφετερισμός της εξουσίας και των κυριαρχικών δικαιωμάτων του λαού. Αι εξ αυτού απορρεύσασαι κυβερνήσεις ήσαν κυβερνήσεις βίας. »Επομένως σαφώς συνάγεται ότι άπαντες οι ασκήσαντες καθήκοντα κυβερνητικής εξουσίας υφ' οιοανδήποτε ιδιότητα ως και τοιαύτην ανωτάτου άρχοντος, δεν ήσκησαν πράγματι νόμιμον εξουσίαν και συνεπώς δεν προστατεύονται διά τας κατά την άσκησιν της εξουσίας ταύτης πράξεις των, υπό των διατάξεων των καθοριζουσών το ανεύθυνον. »Κατά συνέπειαν και ο ιστάμενος κατηγορούμενος Γεώργιος Παπαδόπουλος, ασκήσας καθήκοντα προέδρου της δημοκρατίας κατά τον χρόνο καθ' ον ετελέσθησαν αι εις αυτόν αποδιδόμεναι διά του παραπεμπτικού βουλεύματος πράξεις, δεν ήτο νόμιμος πρόεδρος της δημοκρατίας και συνεπώς δεν προστατεύεται υπό των διατάξεων περί ανευθύνου"."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D110,dt%3D16.11.2003,id%3D21990732&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "»Then the counsel of the accused Ioannidis C. Alfantakis has objected separation and postponement of the trial because the judgement is fully justified in enacting this voulefmatos states that urged the Ioannidis and convinced dioikitas units to commit crimes, but no mention what exactly encouraged and convinced. And the complaint was dismissed by the court, arguing that he can set aside the judgement</ref>
 
=== Verdetto ===
Il 31 dicembre 1975, il tribunale di cinque membri di Atene condannò 20 dei 32 accusati e giudicò Ioannidis l'unica persona moralmente responsabile degli eventi.<ref name="Unrepetant" />
Il 31 dicembre 1975, il tribunale di cinque membri di Atene condannò 20 dei 32 accusati e giudicò Ioannidis l'unica persona moralmente responsabile degli eventi.<ref name="Unrepetant">[https://archive.today/20130217215014/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=23.07.2008,id=2496400,10059024,24232592 Eleftherotypia] Unrepentant for the Dictatorship Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) Quote: {{Lang|el|"«Τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1973 εκάλεσα στο γραφείο μου τον Ιωαννίδη, επειδή υπήρχαν πληροφορίες ότι σχεδιάζει την ανατροπή της κυβέρνησης. Μετά λόγου στρατιωτικής τιμής, με διαβεβαίωσε ότι είναι υπέρ του συντάγματος και των εκλογών», είχε δηλώσει ο επί χρόνια αντιπρόεδρος της χούντας, Στυλιανός Πατακός. «Γνωρίζω πολύ καλά, επίσης, ότι το απόγευμα της 24ης Νοεμβρίου 1973 ο ίδιος ο Ιωαννίδης εκλήθη από τον Παπαδόπουλο και παρουσία του Μακαρέζου διέψευσε κατηγορηματικά τις σχετικές φήμες». Λίγες ώρες αργότερα, όμως, στις 3.30 τα ξημερώματα, τα τανκς κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους στο κέντρο της Αθήνας. Νωρίς το πρωί ορκίζεται πρόεδρος της «δημοκρατίας» ο στρατηγός Φαίδων Γκιζίκης»."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D112,dt%3D23.07.2008,id%3D2496400&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "«I saw the Ntertili to make the peristrofo and kills a young onto DMST. Μετά, σαν να μη συνέβαινε τίποτε, μπήκε στο τζιπ και χτυπώντας με στην πλάτη μού είπε: "Με παραδέχεσαι, ρε; Με τη μια τον πέτυχα στο κεφάλι", κατέθεσε ο Αντώνης Αγριτέλης, οδηγός στο τζιπ του Ν. Ντερτιλή, κατά τη διάρκεια της δίκης του Πολυτεχνείου. Then, as if it were nothing, joined in with jeeps and beating back told me: "With paradechesai Stupid? With one was getting in the head", said Anthony Agritelis, driver of the jeep N. Ntertili, during the trial of the Polytechnic."</ref>
 
Le sentenze principali sono riportate nella tabella seguente:<ref name="sentencing table">{{Cita web|url=http://www.phorum.gr/viewtopic.php?p=98590|dataaccesso=2008-08-24}}</ref><ref name="patris.gr">{{Cita news|lingua=el|cognome=Με τον Κώστα Μπογδανίδη|url=http://www.patris.gr/articles/21474?PHPSESSID=#.UU6O4xec7g0|titolo=Ξεφυλίζοντας την Ιστορία: ... Κι ύστερα ήρθε ο Ιωαννίδης|pubblicazione=patris.gr}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="225" |Membro della Giunta
Riga 155 ⟶ 154:
 
=== Processi ai torturatori ===
Oltre ai due [[Processo (diritto)|processi civili]] dei mandanti e alle vicende del Politecnico, vi furono altri sei processi, che riguardavano l'uso della tortura da parte del regime ({{Lang-el|Οι Δίκες των Βασανιστών}} , "I Processi dei torturatori").<ref name="Torture Trials" /> Due dei processi hanno coinvolsero la [[corte marziale]] dei membri della polizia militare EAT/ESA.<ref name="rizo">[http://www1.rizospastis.gr/page.do?publDate=9/12/2000&id=1484&pageNo=2&direction=1 Rizospastis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724130122/http://www1.rizospastis.gr/page.do?publDate=9%2F12%2F2000&id=1484&pageNo=2&direction=1|data=2011-07-24}}</ref> Il primo processo iniziò il 7 agosto 1975 presso la Corte marziale permanente di Atene,<ref name="Amnesty 3">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur25/007/1977/en/ Torture in Greece The First Torturers' Trial] Pubblicato da Amnesty International Publications 1977 p.13 Prima pubblicazione aprile 1977 {{ISBN|0-900058-42-0}}, AI Index Number: PUB 61/00/77</ref> e il secondo processo il 13 ottobre 1975, con sentenza pronunciata il 9 dicembre 1975.<ref name="sentencing table">{{Cita web|url=http://www.phorum.gr/viewtopic.php?p=98590|dataaccesso=2008-08-24}}</ref><ref name="rizo" /> In totale, gli imputati erano 18 ufficiali e 14 soldati di grado sottufficiale che affrontarono tutti le accuse derivanti dall'uso della tortura durante gli interrogatori. Il secondo processo indagò sulle accuse di tortura incentrate sulla prigione di Bogiati e sulle unità dell'esercito situate nella prefettura dell'Attica.<ref name="sentencing table" /><ref name="rizo" /> Questi processi furono seguiti da altri quattro processi riguardanti le accuse di tortura nei confronti dei membri delle forze di sicurezza e della polizia.<ref name="Torture Trials">{{Cita web|url=https://www.asda.gr/sdpeper/BasanistiriaGallia.htm|titolo=ΒΑΣΑΝΙΣΤΗΡΙΑ- ΑΠΟΜΟΝΩΣΗ|sitoaccesso=2021-12-11|dataarchivio=1 dicembre 2022|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201222027/https://www.asda.gr/sdpeper/BasanistiriaGallia.htm|accessourlmorto=2021-12-11}}</ref> L'ultimo dei processi di tortura iniziò nel novembre 1976.<ref name="Torture Trials" /> Complessivamente vi furono dai cento ai quattrocento processi ai torturatori. Il numero è incerto perché non sono state conservate registrazioni centralizzate dettagliate del numero dei processi.<ref name="Amnesty">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur25/007/1977/en/ Torture in Greece The First Torturers' Trial] Pubblicato da Amnesty International Publications 1977 p. 63 Quote: "Mr Panayotis Lambrias, the Assistant Minister to the Office of the Prime Minister, told Mr James Becket that there had been approximately 100 trials of torturers (see International Herald Tribune, 27 April 1976, letters to the editor)" First published April 1977 {{ISBN|0-900058-42-0}}, AI Index Number: PUB 61/00/77</ref>
 
Le accuse durante il primo processo ai torturatori dell'ESA furono:<ref name="Amnesty 3">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur25/007/1977/en/ Torture in Greece The First Torturers' Trial] Published by Amnesty International Publications 1977 p.13 First published April 1977 {{ISBN|0-900058-42-0}}, AI Index Number: PUB 61/00/77</ref>
{{Citazione|Abuso ripetuto di autorità, violenza contro un ufficiale superiore, detenzione incostituzionale, lesioni fisiche ordinarie e gravi, insulti ripetuti a un superiore e responsabilità morale ricorrente per lesioni fisiche ordinarie o gravi.}}
Ogni imputato fu accusato in misura diversa, ma l'unico ufficiale a dichiararsi colpevole di tutte le accuse fu il [[sergente]] Michail Petrou, un ex guardia della sede centrale dell'ESA ad Atene, che tornò in Grecia dall'estero per essere processato.<ref name="Amnesty 3">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur25/007/1977/en/ Torture in Greece The First Torturers' Trial] Published by Amnesty International Publications 1977 p.13 First published April 1977 {{ISBN|0-900058-42-0}}, AI Index Number: PUB 61/00/77</ref>
 
Un problema per l'accusa fu il [[furto]] e la distruzione dei documenti dell'ESA, che venne descritto come "all'ingrosso".<ref name=":3">{{Cita libro|nome=Mika|cognome=Haritos-Fatouros|titolo=The Psychological Origins">[ of Institutionalized Torture|url=https://books.google.comit/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Amnesty+International+EAT+ESA&source=web&ots=suW8_xklG_&sig=II8tWuSqFP9hWXiw8xoZsdOlVvU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnumct=1result&ctredir_esc=resulty#PPA29,M1 The Psychological Origins of Institutionalized Torture] By Mika Haritos|accesso=2021-Fatouros Published by Routledge, 12-11|data=2003|editore=Psychology {{Press|lingua=en|pp=28-29|ISBN|=978-0-415-28276-5}}. 270 pages pp. 28-29, anche [https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA29&dq=wholesale+destruction+of+documents+Fatouros&sig=ACfU3U0G3_v4kNycV2TT9PV8ePvwHotnlg Wholesale destruction of records p. 29], [https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA30&dq=Mysteriously,+these+documents+vanished+from+the+courthouse&sig=ACfU3U2VoEPXRDq9WCuj4DY2ZXdY--zA7w Vanished documents p. 30.] e [https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA35&dq=dereliction+of+his+medical+responsibilities&sig=ACfU3U1EN6PWHe0CBK5rSS9eRGniG_2Bdw Dereliction of duty p. 35].</ref> Questi documenti non furono mai recuperati e non furono utilizzati in nessuna delle prove.<ref name="Psychological Origins:3" /> Infatti, i documenti che inizialmente erano stati esibiti in tribunale da alti funzionari dell'ESA svanirono senza essere mai trovati.<ref name="Psychological Origins:3" />
 
Durante i processi EAT/ESA, Theodoros Theophilogiannakos supplicò la leadership dell'esercito di non condannare nessuno dei membri accusati del personale EAT/ESA di grado inferiore. Nella sua logica queste condanne avrebbero incoraggiato il [[Partito Comunista di Grecia|Partito Comunista]] appena legalizzato a minacciare di punizione gli uomini EAT/ESA nel caso in cui i soldati avessero eseguito gli ordini legalmente dubbi. Ciò avrebbe demoralizzato gli uomini e facendogli ricredere la legalità di ogni ordine a loro impartito. I soldati avrebbero quindi disobbedito a qualsiasi ordine emesso dai loro comandanti, qualora fossero stati in dubbio sulla legittimità di quell'ordine. Rifiutarsi di obbedire a un ordine sarebbe stato illegale dal punto di vista dell'esercito e avrebbe scosso la disciplina dei militari, dal punto di vista di Theophilogiannakos.<ref name="Transcript 3" /> Proseguì affermando: "Condannate a morte noi comandanti, se volete. L'importante è salvare lo Stato».<ref name="Transcript 3">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1uQKblHDhVkC&pg=PA17&dq=Sentence+us,+the+commanding+officers,+to+death+if+you+like&sig=ACfU3U3pDy8kjP97ogoJRDvtaLBtdI9srQ Repression and Repressive Violence:] Proceedings of the 3rd International Working Conference on Violence and Non-violent Action in Industrialized Societies By Marjo Hoefnagels Published by Transaction Publishers, 1977 {{ISBN|978-90-265-0256-9}}. p. 17.</ref>
 
Il pubblico ministero su Theophilogiannakos riferì alla Corte:<ref name="Transcript 2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1uQKblHDhVkC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=EAT+ESA+trials&source=web&ots=dkXS84ApCu&sig=WBoRw-EhDNq03q4KLcJZzv4pwEM&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPA15,M1 Repression and Repressive Violence:] Proceedings of the 3rd International Working Conference on Violence and Non-violent Action in Industrialized Societies By Marjo Hoefnagels Pubblicato da Transaction Publishers, 1977 {{ISBN|978-90-265-0256-9}}. p. 15.. Quote: "The prosecutor in the Athens trial complained that some of the defendants had presented the EAT/ESA not as a place of torture but as a national reformatory." </ref><blockquote>Guidato da un cieco [[anticomunismo]], attribuì al “dito comunista” anche la minima opposizione al regime dittatoriale.</blockquote>Durante il secondo processo Theophilogiannakos chiese alla corte di non accettare la testimonianza di [[Kostas Kappos]], un membro comunista del Parlamento, sulla base del fatto che era [[Ateismo|ateo]]. Spanos, invece di testimoniare, dichiarò che la "Rivoluzione" era stata tradita come [[Invasione turca di Cipro|Cipro]], mentre Hadjizisis affermò che gli interrogatori dell'ESA attraversarono un calvario peggiore delle reali [[Vittimologia|vittime]] dell'[[interrogatorio]] .<ref name="rizo">[http://www1.rizospastis.gr/page.do?publDate=9/12/2000&id=1484&pageNo=2&direction=1 Rizospastis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724130122/http://www1.rizospastis.gr/page.do?publDate=9%2F12%2F2000&id=1484&pageNo=2&direction=1|data=2011-07-24}}</ref>
 
Uno degli accusati, Dimitrios Kofas, era noto come il "medico del succo d'arancia" perché prescriveva il succo d'arancia come panacea per qualsiasi disturbo, compresi quelli derivanti dalla tortura. Nel caso di un paziente che coinvolgeva l'ufficiale dell'aeronautica Nikolaos Stapas, Kofas prescrisse succo d'arancia per l'[[ematuria]] causata da gravi torture. Il medico fu condannato per undici casi documentati di abbandono dei suoi doveri medici.<ref name="Psychological Origins">[https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Amnesty+International+EAT+ESA&source=web&ots=suW8_xklG_&sig=II8tWuSqFP9hWXiw8xoZsdOlVvU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA29,M1 The Psychological Origins of Institutionalized Torture] By Mika Haritos-Fatouros Published by Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-415-28276-5}}. 270 pages pp. 28-29, Quote: 3"Under the 1967-1874 military dictatorship in Greece, torture had two primary functions: the gathering of information to use against its opponents, and the intimidation of dissidents and anyone who might contemplate becoming a dissident. The military police, ESA, were responsible for most of the torture. Their headquarters and major center of interrogation in Athens was called EAT/ESA a place deliberately created to "make all Greece tremble"and "In 1975 shortly after the fall of the military regime, two trials of EAT/ESA soldiers and conscript soldiers were held in Athens. Those trials offered the first, full public disclosure of the effect of the culture of torture on both the victims and the victimizers. As two of only a very few public trials of torturers in human history, these are known as the Criminals' Trials (Amnesty International (1977b))" also [https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA29&dq=wholesale+destruction+of+documents+Fatouros&sig=ACfU3U0G3_v4kNycV2TT9PV8ePvwHotnlg Wholesale destruction of records page 29] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA30&dq=Mysteriously,+these+documents+vanished+from+the+courthouse&sig=ACfU3U2VoEPXRDq9WCuj4DY2ZXdY--zA7w Vanished documents page 30] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA35&dq=dereliction+of+his+medical+responsibilities&sig=ACfU3U1EN6PWHe0CBK5rSS9eRGniG_2Bdw Dereliction of duty page 35] By Google Books</ref>
 
Le osservazioni conclusive del pubblico ministero in uno dei processi EAT/ESA furono:<ref name="Transcript 2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1uQKblHDhVkC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=EAT+ESA+trials&source=web&ots=dkXS84ApCu&sig=WBoRw-EhDNq03q4KLcJZzv4pwEM&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPA15,M1 Repression and Repressive Violence:] Proceedings of the 3rd International Working Conference on Violence and Non-violent Action in Industrialized Societies By Marjo Hoefnagels Published by Transaction Publishers, 1977 {{ISBN|978-90-265-0256-9}}. 194 pages Page 15. Quote: "The prosecutor in the Athens trial complained that some of the defendants had presented the EAT/ESA not as a place of torture but as a national reformatory." by Google books</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jYYYQYK6FAYC&pg=RA2-PA452&dq=EAT+ESA&sig=ACfU3U1e1587y69_SzUCl_FP_wOhRnQ4vQ Spymaster:] Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service By Frederic E. Wakeman, ebrary, Inc Published by University of California Press, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-520-23407-9}}. 650 pages p. 452 by Google Books</ref><ref name="Amnesty 2">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur25/007/1977/en/ Torture in Greece The First Torturers' Trial] Pubblicato da Amnesty International Publications 1977 p. 14 Prima pubblicazione aprile 1977 {{ISBN|0-900058-42-0}}, AI Index Number: PUB 61/00/77</ref><blockquote>I torturatori volevano presentare l'EAT/ESA non come un luogo di tortura ma come un riformatorio nazionale. Riservandosi modestamente l'infallibilità del giudizio, cercarono di seguire le orme della [[Inquisizione|Santa Inquisizione]].</blockquote>
 
=== Verdetto ===
Tabella di condanna per i due processi dell'ESA:<ref name="sentencing table">{{Cita web|url=http://www.phorum.gr/viewtopic.php?p=98590|dataaccesso=2008-08-24}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="300" |Membro EAT/ESA
Riga 200 ⟶ 199:
 
== Incarcerazione ==
In carcere i capi della giunta si rivolgevano a vicenda usando i loro precedenti titoli come "ministro" e "presidente" e mostravano grande deferenza nei confronti di Papadopoulos. Tuttavia, Papadopoulos non socializzò facilmente e preferì cenare da solo.<ref name="Posh Prison">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101125113230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921781,00.html Posh Prison] Time Magazine</ref> L'allora guardiano del carcere di Korydallos, Yannis Papathanassiou pubblicò in seguito il libro ''Prison Diary: Korydallos 1975&#x2013;''79 dove descrisse i servizi che i membri della giunta incarcerati godettero, come ad esempio i [[Condizionatore d'aria|condizionatori d'aria]], [[Televisore|televisori]] e [[Campo da tennis|campi da tennis]].<ref name="Posh Prison">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101125113230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921781,00.html Posh Prison] Time Magazine</ref>
 
Papathanassiou nel suo libro descrisse come il ministero della Giustizia, sotto la pressione dei simpatizzanti della giunta, avesse ordinato queste disposizioni speciali per i prigionieri. Papathanassiou dettagliò anche la sua continua vigilanza cercando di scoprire trame di fuga. Rivelò anche come, attraverso i loro avvocati, i prigionieri siano stati coinvolti nelle [[Elezioni parlamentari in Grecia del 1977|elezioni parlamentari greche]] del 1977 a sostegno di un partito di destra. La popolazione normale della prigione si infuriò così tanto per il trattamento preferenziale riservato ai membri della giunta che si ribellarono.<ref name="Posh Prison">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101125113230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921781,00.html Posh Prison] Time Magazine retrieved 15 August 2008</ref>
 
Un piano per concedere l'[[amnistia]] ai capi della giunta da parte del [[Kōnstantinos Mītsotakīs|governo Konstantinos Mitsotakis]] nel 1990 fu annullato dopo le [[Contestazione|proteste]] di [[Conservatorismo|conservatori]], [[Socialismo|socialisti]] e [[Comunismo|comunisti]].<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7DF163FF932A05751C1A966958260 Greece Cancels Plan to Pardon Ex-Junta Members] Time Magazine 31 December 1990 Retrieved 15 August 2008</ref>
 
Papadopoulos e altri sette membri della giunta furono alloggiati nel blocco A di massima sicurezza. Papadopoulos risiedeva al secondo piano del complesso insieme agli altri membri del suo regime, mentre Ioannidis risiedeva al piano terra.<ref name="Posh Prison">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101125113230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921781,00.html Posh Prison] Time Magazine retrieved 15 August 2008</ref>
 
Sebbene Pattakos e Makarezos vennero rilasciati in anticipo per motivi di salute, Papadopoulos non chiese mai la clemenza e rimase in carcere fino alla sua morte.<ref name="Ind. obit.">[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990628/ai_n14226232/pg_2 Obituary: George Papadopoulos Independent, The (London), Jun 28, 1999 by Robert Shannan Peckham] Quote: "Unlike Makarezos and Pattakos, who were let out of prison early on grounds of ill-health, Papadopoulos never asked for clemency. At his trial he refused to plead or give evidence. As Seferis observed in March 1969, speaking out against the Colonels, in a statement broadcast by the BBC: "In dictatorial regimes the beginning may seem easy, yet tragedy waits at the end inescapably." Georgios Papadopoulos, soldier and politician: born Eleochorion, Greece 5 May 1919; Minister to Prime Minister's Office 1967, Prime Minister of Greece and Minister of Defence 1967-73, Minister of Education 1969-70, Minister of Foreign Affairs 1970-73, Regent 1972- 73, President 1973; married 1941 Nekee Vassiliadis (two children; marriage dissolved), 1970 Despina Gaspari (one daughter); died Athens 27 June 1999."</ref> Morì in ospedale il 27 giugno 1999, dopo essere stato trasferito da Korydallos.<ref name="Ind. obit." />
 
Durante la sua incarcerazione, fu riferito che Ioannidis leggeva libri militari e libri sulla CIA. A causa del suo coinvolgimento nel rovesciamento di Papadopoulos fu accusato dalla destra di aver tradito il giuramento prestato nell'estate del 1971che riconobbe Papadopoulos come il leader della "Rivoluzione" davanti loallo stesso Papadopoulos e ad altri venti membri della giunta", ovvero la giunta, e fu quindi ritenuto responsabile degli eventi successivi, in particolare del crollo definitivo del regime.<ref name="ekathimerini">[http://www.kathimerini.gr/329690/article/epikairothta/ellada/iwannidhs-o-aoratos-diktatwr ekathimerini] Ioannidis: The invisible dictator Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) <br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_1_27/07/2008_279223&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: {{Lang|el|0"είχε κάνει κάτι πολύ χειρότερο: είχε προδώσει τον όρκο που είχε δώσει το καλοκαίρι του 1971 ενώπιον του Παπαδόπουλου και ακόμη 20 πραξικοπηματιών, σύμφωνα με τον οποίο αρχηγός της «Επανάστασης», όπως έλεγαν τη χούντα, παρέμενε ο παλιός φίλος του. Αυτήν την προδοσία δεν μπόρεσαν πολλοί να του τη συγχωρήσουν ποτέ. Ακόμη και σήμερα ο Ιωαννίδης αναθεματίζεται από ακροδεξιά έντυπα για την απόφασή του «να ρίξει τον Παπαδόπουλο»."}} Translation: "He had done something much worse: he had betrayed the oath he gave in the summer of 1971 in front of Papadopoulos and twenty more coupists according to which the leader of the "Revolution", as they called the junta, remained his old friend. This betrayal many could not forgive him for. Even to this day Ioannidis is cursed by right wing publications for his decision to overthrow Papadopoulos</ref> Di conseguenza, non entrò in contatto con Papadopoulos e degli altri membri della giunta intorno a lui e trascorse la maggior parte del suo tempo da solo in una cella isolata.<ref name="Posh Prison">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101125113230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921781,00.html Posh Prison] Time Magazine retrieved 15 August 2008</ref> Nonostante ciò, a volte organizzava feste a cui partecipavano membri della polizia militare dell'ESA, che risiedeva al terzo piano del complesso.<ref name="Posh Prison" />
 
Ioannidis e il co-cospiratore Nikos Dertilis non chiesero mai la grazia. Alla fine del 2005, gli avvocati che rappresentavano Ioannidis e Dertilis presentarono una petizione alla corte per il loro rilascio, ma allo stesso tempo Ioannidis dichiarò di non pentirsi di nessuna delle sue azioni. La Corte di giustizia del Pireo rifiutò la sua petizione, sulla base della sua mancanza di rimorso. Nel 2008, Ioannidis fu trasferito al General State Hospital di [[Nikaia (Attica)|Nikaia]] da Korydallos a causa di una malattia.<ref name="ekathimerini">[http://www.kathimerini.gr/329690/article/epikairothta/ellada/iwannidhs-o-aoratos-diktatwr ekathimerini] Ioannidis: The invisible dictator Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) <br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://news.kathimerini.gr/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_1_27/07/2008_279223&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: {{Lang|el|0"είχε κάνει κάτι πολύ χειρότερο: είχε προδώσει τον όρκο που είχε δώσει το καλοκαίρι του 1971 ενώπιον του Παπαδόπουλου και ακόμη 20 πραξικοπηματιών, σύμφωνα με τον οποίο αρχηγός της «Επανάστασης», όπως έλεγαν τη χούντα, παρέμενε ο παλιός φίλος του. Αυτήν την προδοσία δεν μπόρεσαν πολλοί να του τη συγχωρήσουν ποτέ. Ακόμη και σήμερα ο Ιωαννίδης αναθεματίζεται από ακροδεξιά έντυπα για την απόφασή του «να ρίξει τον Παπαδόπουλο»."}} Translation: "He had done something much worse: he had betrayed the oath he gave in the summer of 1971 in front of Papadopoulos and twenty more coupists according to which the leader of the "Revolution", as they called the junta, remained his old friend. This betrayal many could not forgive him for. Even to this day Ioannidis is cursed by right wing publications for his decision to overthrow Papadopoulos</ref> Ioannidis morì il 16 agosto 2010 per problemi respiratori, essendo trasportato in ospedale la notte precedente.<ref>[http://news.in.gr/greece/article/?aid=1231055423 "Πέθανε σε ηλικία 87 ετών ο δικτάτορας Δ.Ιωαννίδης"] (in Greek), 16 August 2010.</ref> Rimase incarcerato fino alla morte.
 
Stylianos Pattakos, anche in carcere, mostrò una devozione continua a Papadopoulos.<ref name="Posh Prison">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101125113230/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921781,00.html Posh Prison] Time Magazine retrieved 15 August 2008</ref> Si dice che gli piaceva ascoltare la musica religiosa fornitagli da un monaco e nelle sue memorie carcerarie descrive come si divertisse a curare un piccolo giardino e un laghetto con 21 [[Carassius auratus|pesci rossi]].<ref name="Posh Prison" /><ref name="irreparable">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1996/ios19961117a.htm The old men of the dictatorship] from Ios Press ([[Eleutherotypia|Eleftherotypia]]) Citazione: {{Lang|el|"Το μόνο που τον ενοχλούσε ήταν ότι "το σχήμα της λιμνούλας είναι ένα δρεπάνι, με σφυρί την βρύσιν, επί του βάθρου της"}}</ref> Le due cose che menziona nei suoi scritti che non gli piacevano erano [[Inquinamento acustico|l'inquinamento acustico]] in prigione, che descrive come "tortura", e che la forma della combinazione di stagno e rubinetto sembrava una [[falce e martello]].<ref name="irreparable" />
 
In un altro segmento delle sue memorie carcerarie, Pattakos menzionò anche un incidente che coinvolse il generale Odysseas Angelis (il capo delle forze armate sotto gran parte della dittatura) e una guardia carceraria. Secondo Pattakos, la guardia carceraria aveva il volume della radio alto e Angelis supplicò a guardia di abbassarlo. La guardia non solo non obbedì, ma alzò il volume. Angelis chiese quindi a Pattakos di intervenire in suo favore e di chiedere nuovamente alla "nobile guardia carceraria".<ref name="irreparable">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1996/ios19961117a.htm The old men of the dictatorship] from Ios Press ([[Eleutherotypia|Eleftherotypia]]) Quote: {{Lang|el|"Το μόνο που τον ενοχλούσε ήταν ότι "το σχήμα της λιμνούλας είναι ένα δρεπάνι, με σφυρί την βρύσιν, επί του βάθρου της"}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.iospress.gr/ios1996/ios19961117a.htm&sa=X&oi Translation by Google] Quote: ""Εις το βόρειον τμήμα υπάρχει τεχνητή λιμνούλα μικρού μεγέθους, με βρύσιν και έγχρωμα μικρά ψαράκια, 21 τον αριθμόν", γράφει ο Στυλιανός Παττακός, ο οποίος έχει αποφυλακιστεί με "ανήκεστο βλάβη" από τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1990. "In the voreion section is small artificial pond, with vrysin and coloured smaller fish, 21 the number", writes Stylianos Pattakos, who has been released with "irreversible impact" since September 1990." and "The only "torture", the noise pollution. "Ο στρατηγός Αγγελής με παρεκάλεσε μίαν ημέραν να επέμβω εις τον "ευγενή" δεσμοφύλακα, να κατεβάση τον τόνο του θορυβούντος ραδιοφώνου του. Τον είχε παρακαλέσει ο ίδιος, αλλά όχι μόνον δεν συνήνεσεν, αλλά και αντέδρασε βαρβαρικά και τον τόνον του ραδιοφώνου εδυνάμωσεν!" "General Angelis with parekalese to a day to intrude in the" noble "desmofylaka, katevasi the tone of thoryvountos radio. Ton had asked himself, but not only syninesen, but also reacted varvarika and tonon radio edynamosen!" Κατά τα άλλα, "εφυτεύσαμεν όχι μόνον οπωροφόρα, αλλά και καλλωπιστικά. Είναι πολύ ωραία η γεωργική απασχόλησις αυτή, διά τέρψιν εκτελουμένη.""</ref>
 
Il 23 marzo 1987 Angelis si suicidò nella sua cella, all'età di 75 anni.<ref name="Unrepetant" /><ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEED6173DF930A15750C0A961948260 New York Times] Leading Greek Junta Member Is Found Hanged in His Cell 23 March 1987 Retrieved 18 August 2008</ref> Pattakos fu rilasciato dal carcere nel settembre 1990 a causa di "danni irreparabili alla sua salute".<ref name="irreparable" />
Il 23 marzo 1987 Angelis si suicidò nella sua cella, all'età di 75 anni.<ref name="Unrepetant">[https://archive.today/20130217215014/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=23.07.2008,id=2496400,10059024,24232592 Eleftherotypia] Unrepentant for the Dictatorship Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) Quote: {{Lang|el|"«Τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1973 εκάλεσα στο γραφείο μου τον Ιωαννίδη, επειδή υπήρχαν πληροφορίες ότι σχεδιάζει την ανατροπή της κυβέρνησης. Μετά λόγου στρατιωτικής τιμής, με διαβεβαίωσε ότι είναι υπέρ του συντάγματος και των εκλογών», είχε δηλώσει ο επί χρόνια αντιπρόεδρος της χούντας, Στυλιανός Πατακός. «Γνωρίζω πολύ καλά, επίσης, ότι το απόγευμα της 24ης Νοεμβρίου 1973 ο ίδιος ο Ιωαννίδης εκλήθη από τον Παπαδόπουλο και παρουσία του Μακαρέζου διέψευσε κατηγορηματικά τις σχετικές φήμες». Λίγες ώρες αργότερα, όμως, στις 3.30 τα ξημερώματα, τα τανκς κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους στο κέντρο της Αθήνας. Νωρίς το πρωί ορκίζεται πρόεδρος της «δημοκρατίας» ο στρατηγός Φαίδων Γκιζίκης»."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D112,dt%3D23.07.2008,id%3D2496400&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "«I saw the Ntertili to make the peristrofo and kills a young onto DMST. Μετά, σαν να μη συνέβαινε τίποτε, μπήκε στο τζιπ και χτυπώντας με στην πλάτη μού είπε: "Με παραδέχεσαι, ρε; Με τη μια τον πέτυχα στο κεφάλι", κατέθεσε ο Αντώνης Αγριτέλης, οδηγός στο τζιπ του Ν. Ντερτιλή, κατά τη διάρκεια της δίκης του Πολυτεχνείου. Then, as if it were nothing, joined in with jeeps and beating back told me: "With paradechesai Stupid? With one was getting in the head", said Anthony Agritelis, driver of the jeep N. Ntertili, during the trial of the Polytechnic."</ref><ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEED6173DF930A15750C0A961948260 New York Times] Leading Greek Junta Member Is Found Hanged in His Cell 23 March 1987 Retrieved 18 August 2008</ref> Pattakos fu rilasciato dal carcere nel settembre 1990 a causa di "danni irreparabili alla sua salute".<ref name="irreparable">[http://www.iospress.gr/ios1996/ios19961117a.htm The old men of the dictatorship] from Ios Press ([[Eleutherotypia|Eleftherotypia]]) Quote: {{Lang|el|"Το μόνο που τον ενοχλούσε ήταν ότι "το σχήμα της λιμνούλας είναι ένα δρεπάνι, με σφυρί την βρύσιν, επί του βάθρου της"}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.iospress.gr/ios1996/ios19961117a.htm&sa=X&oi Translation by Google] Quote: ""Εις το βόρειον τμήμα υπάρχει τεχνητή λιμνούλα μικρού μεγέθους, με βρύσιν και έγχρωμα μικρά ψαράκια, 21 τον αριθμόν", γράφει ο Στυλιανός Παττακός, ο οποίος έχει αποφυλακιστεί με "ανήκεστο βλάβη" από τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1990. "In the voreion section is small artificial pond, with vrysin and coloured smaller fish, 21 the number", writes Stylianos Pattakos, who has been released with "irreversible impact" since September 1990." and "The only "torture", the noise pollution. "Ο στρατηγός Αγγελής με παρεκάλεσε μίαν ημέραν να επέμβω εις τον "ευγενή" δεσμοφύλακα, να κατεβάση τον τόνο του θορυβούντος ραδιοφώνου του. Τον είχε παρακαλέσει ο ίδιος, αλλά όχι μόνον δεν συνήνεσεν, αλλά και αντέδρασε βαρβαρικά και τον τόνον του ραδιοφώνου εδυνάμωσεν!" "General Angelis with parekalese to a day to intrude in the" noble "desmofylaka, katevasi the tone of thoryvountos radio. Ton had asked himself, but not only syninesen, but also reacted varvarika and tonon radio edynamosen!" Κατά τα άλλα, "εφυτεύσαμεν όχι μόνον οπωροφόρα, αλλά και καλλωπιστικά. Είναι πολύ ωραία η γεωργική απασχόλησις αυτή, διά τέρψιν εκτελουμένη.""</ref>
 
Dertilis fu l'ultimo membro della giunta rimasto in carcere.<ref name="Unrepetant" /> Morì il 28 gennaio 2013 all'età di 94 anni.<ref name="Washington Post">{{Cita news|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-28/local/36593206_1_golden-dawn-party-korydallos-prison-junta|titolo=Nikolaos Dertilis, member of Greek junta, dies at 94|pubblicazione=Washington Post|data=January 28, 2013|accesso=23 March 2013|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419213029/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-28/local/36593206_1_golden-dawn-party-korydallos-prison-junta}}</ref>
Dertilis fu l'ultimo membro della giunta rimasto in carcere.<ref name="Unrepetant">[https://archive.today/20130217215014/http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=112,dt=23.07.2008,id=2496400,10059024,24232592 Eleftherotypia] Unrepentant for the Dictatorship Retrieved 15 August 2008 (In Greek) Quote: {{Lang|el|"«Τον Σεπτέμβριο του 1973 εκάλεσα στο γραφείο μου τον Ιωαννίδη, επειδή υπήρχαν πληροφορίες ότι σχεδιάζει την ανατροπή της κυβέρνησης. Μετά λόγου στρατιωτικής τιμής, με διαβεβαίωσε ότι είναι υπέρ του συντάγματος και των εκλογών», είχε δηλώσει ο επί χρόνια αντιπρόεδρος της χούντας, Στυλιανός Πατακός. «Γνωρίζω πολύ καλά, επίσης, ότι το απόγευμα της 24ης Νοεμβρίου 1973 ο ίδιος ο Ιωαννίδης εκλήθη από τον Παπαδόπουλο και παρουσία του Μακαρέζου διέψευσε κατηγορηματικά τις σχετικές φήμες». Λίγες ώρες αργότερα, όμως, στις 3.30 τα ξημερώματα, τα τανκς κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους στο κέντρο της Αθήνας. Νωρίς το πρωί ορκίζεται πρόεδρος της «δημοκρατίας» ο στρατηγός Φαίδων Γκιζίκης»."}}<br /><br /> [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D112,dt%3D23.07.2008,id%3D2496400&sa=X&oi English translation by Google] Quote: "«I saw the Ntertili to make the peristrofo and kills a young onto DMST. Μετά, σαν να μη συνέβαινε τίποτε, μπήκε στο τζιπ και χτυπώντας με στην πλάτη μού είπε: "Με παραδέχεσαι, ρε; Με τη μια τον πέτυχα στο κεφάλι", κατέθεσε ο Αντώνης Αγριτέλης, οδηγός στο τζιπ του Ν. Ντερτιλή, κατά τη διάρκεια της δίκης του Πολυτεχνείου. Then, as if it were nothing, joined in with jeeps and beating back told me: "With paradechesai Stupid? With one was getting in the head", said Anthony Agritelis, driver of the jeep N. Ntertili, during the trial of the Polytechnic."</ref> Morì il 28 gennaio 2013 all'età di 94 anni.<ref name="Washington Post">{{Cita news|url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-28/local/36593206_1_golden-dawn-party-korydallos-prison-junta|titolo=Nikolaos Dertilis, member of Greek junta, dies at 94|pubblicazione=Washington Post|data=January 28, 2013|accesso=23 March 2013|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419213029/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-01-28/local/36593206_1_golden-dawn-party-korydallos-prison-junta|dataarchivio=April 19, 2013}}</ref>
 
Stamatelopoulos fu graziato nell'aprile 1977.
 
== Eredità ==
Il successo della perseguimento della giunta e le pesanti condanne imposte ai capi della giunta inviarono un messaggio ai potenziali cospiratori all'interno dei ranghi dell'esercito che l'era dell'immunità dalle trasgressioni costituzionali da parte dei militari era irreversibilmente finita.<ref name="NIEEP">[http://www.eliamep.gr/old-site/eliame-old/eliamep/www.eliamep.gr/eliamep/content/home/media/opinions/latest_opinions/greek_american_relations_1974_1999/el/index.html Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.todayis/20110928062755/http://www.eliamep.gr/old-site/eliame-old/eliamep/www.eliamep.gr/eliamep/content/home/media/opinions/latest_opinions/greek_american_relations_1974_1999/el/index.html|data=2011-09-28}} Citazione: {{Lang|el|"Οι δίκες των πρωταιτίων της χούντας με αυστηρότατες ποινές (ισόβια δεσμά) πέρασαν το μήνυμα στις ένοπλες δυνάμεις ότι η περίοδος της ατιμωρησίας των αντισυνταγματικών παρεμβάσεων του στρατού στην πολιτική είχε περάσει ανεπιστρεπτί."}} Traduzione: "I processi ai principali mandanti della Giunta sfociati in pene molto severe (ergastolo) hanno passato il messaggio alle forze armate che il periodo di impunità delle trasgressioni anticostituzionali da parte dell'esercito in politica era passato irrimediabilmente."</ref><ref name="Kouloumbis">[http://news.kathimerini.gr/4Dcgi/4Dcgi/_w_articles_civ_12_05/01/2008_254501 Ελληνοαμερικανικές σχέσεις 1974-1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807121243/http://news.kathimerini.gr/4Dcgi/4Dcgi/_w_articles_civ_12_05/01/2008_254501|data=2011-08-07}} Tου Θεοδωρου Κουλουμπη Articolo di Theodoros Kouloumbis da ekathimerini</ref>
 
I processi di tortura EAT/ESA furono riconosciuti da [[Amnesty International]] come i primi processi a livello internazionale, dopo i [[Processo di Norimberga|processi di Norimberga]], a coinvolgere il perseguimento della tortura.<ref name="sentencing table">{{Cita web|url=http://www.phorum.gr/viewtopic.php?p=98590|dataaccesso=2008-08-24}}</ref><ref name="Psychological Origins">[https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Amnesty+International+EAT+ESA&source=web&ots=suW8_xklG_&sig=II8tWuSqFP9hWXiw8xoZsdOlVvU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA29,M1 The Psychological Origins of Institutionalized Torture] By Mika Haritos-Fatouros Published by Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-415-28276-5}}. 270 pages pp. 28-29, Quote: 3"Under the 1967-1874 military dictatorship in Greece, torture had two primary functions: the gathering of information to use against its opponents, and the intimidation of dissidents and anyone who might contemplate becoming a dissident. The military police, ESA, were responsible for most of the torture. Their headquarters and major center of interrogation in Athens was called EAT/ESA a place deliberately created to "make all Greece tremble"and "In 1975 shortly after the fall of the military regime, two trials of EAT/ESA soldiers and conscript soldiers were held in Athens. Those trials offered the first, full public disclosure of the effect of the culture of torture on both the victims and the victimizers. As two of only a very few public trials of torturers in human history, these are known as the Criminals' Trials (Amnesty International (1977b))" also [https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA29&dq=wholesale+destruction+of+documents+Fatouros&sig=ACfU3U0G3_v4kNycV2TT9PV8ePvwHotnlg Wholesale destruction of records page 29] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA30&dq=Mysteriously,+these+documents+vanished+from+the+courthouse&sig=ACfU3U2VoEPXRDq9WCuj4DY2ZXdY--zA7w Vanished documents page 30] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=X-66WuGiGsEC&pg=PA35&dq=dereliction+of+his+medical+responsibilities&sig=ACfU3U1EN6PWHe0CBK5rSS9eRGniG_2Bdw Dereliction of duty page 35] By Google Books</ref> I processi EAT/ESA sono anche tra i pochissimi processi ai torturatori nella storia umana e sono indicati da Amnesty International come "Processi dei criminali".<ref name="Psychological Origins:3" /><ref name="Transcript">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1uQKblHDhVkC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=Amnesty+International+EAT+ESA&source=web&ots=dkXS76vwFq&sig=T8gVqsDgUPqNvq2YGRdwp-WL__s&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result Repression and Repressive Violence:] Proceedings of the 3rd International Working Conference on Violence and Non-violent Action in Industrialized Societies By Marjo Hoefnagels Published by Transaction Publishers, 1977 {{ISBN|978-90-265-0256-9}}. p. 23. Quote: "Note 13: I am grateful to Amnesty International for making available to me unpublished reports of the trials of fourteen officers and eighteen other ranks of the EAT/ESA that took place during August and September 1975. Because it is so rare for a country to bring torturers to trial, these reports constitute an invaluable resource.</ref> Perché era raro per un paese di perseguire i torturatori, questi processi sono divenuti oggetto di [[Metodo scientifico|ricerca scientifica]] e sono stati pubblicati [[Editoria accademica|paper]] sulla base dei loro procedimenti giudiziari.<ref name="Transcript" /><ref>{{Cita pubblicazione|nome=Mika|cognome=Haritos-Fatouros|data=1988-10|titolo=The Official Torturer: A Learning Model for Obedience to the Authority of Violence|rivista=Journal of Applied Social Psychology|volume=18|numero=13|pp=1107–11201107-1120|lingua=en|accesso=2021-12-11|doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01196.x|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01196.x}}</ref><ref name="The Phenomenon of Torture">[https://books.google.com/books?id=RSvAKgxEhuwC&pg=PA121&dq=EAT+ESA&sig=ACfU3U1ioPDSLnBTeSpGs4tFpdPslSt8Gg#PPA121,M1 The Phenomenon of Torture:] Readings and Commentary
By William F. Schulz, Juan E. Mendez Contributor William F. Schulz, Juan E. Mendez Published by University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-8122-1982-1}}. 389 pages p. 121</ref><ref name="Amnesty International">[https://books.google.com/books?id=MRAvAAAAMAAJ&q=EAT+ESA&dq=EAT+ESA&pgis=1 Voices for Freedom:] An Amnesty International Anthology By Amnesty International, Amnesty International Published by Amnesty International Publications, 1986 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized Mar 27, 2007 {{ISBN|978-0-939994-20-5}}. 208 pages</ref>
 
Nel 1977, Amnesty International pubblicò un rapporto sul primo processo ai torturatori in Grecia con il duplice scopo di documentare l'uso della tortura in un moderno regime oppressivo e utilizzarlo come esempio di perseguimento dei funzionari che torturano, sulla base della convinzione che l'esperienza greca può giovare al resto del mondo.<ref name="Amnesty 4">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur25/007/1977/en/ Torture in Greece The First Torturers' Trial] Pubblicato da by Amnesty International Publications 1977 p.61 Prima pubblicazione aprile 1977 {{ISBN|0-900058-42-0}}, AI Index Number: PUB 61/00/77</ref>
 
I processi alla giunta servirono anche a demistificare il mito del militare competente, professionale, incorruttibile ed etico.<ref name="Kritz1995">{{Cita libro|autore=Neil J. Kritz|titolo=Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2c9E7TZXhEC&pg=PA266|anno=1995|editore=US Institute of Peace Press|pp=266–|ISBN=978-1-878379-44-3}}</ref><ref name="CareyGibney2010">{{Cita libro|autore=Sabine C. Carey|autore2=Mark Gibney|autore3=Steven C. Poe|titolo=The Politics of Human Rights: The Quest for Dignity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UP3XCGyeVYwC&pg=PA209|data=14 October 2010|editore=Cambridge University Press|pp=209–210209-210|citazione=[T]he trials, which received widespread radio, television, and press coverage, served to demystify the dictatorship. The trials made possible the exposure of seven years of maladministration, repression, scandal, corruption, and conspiracies and depicted a regime much worse than even the military had imagined. The details of torture, particularly of distinguished senior military officers by subordinates, were most offensive to the professional officer class. The statements and the demeanor of the accused revealed to many their pettiness and their incompetence and destroyed within seconds the military image of the strong man. The trials exposed the 'supermen' without their clothes, and what the public and the officer corps saw, they did not like.|ISBN=978-1-139-49333-8}}</ref> Secondo i libri ''The Politics of Human Rights: The Quest for Dignity'' and ''Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon With Former Regimes: Country Studies'':
{{Citazione|I processi, che hanno ricevuto un'ampia copertura radiofonica, televisiva e stampa, sono serviti a demistificare la dittatura. I processi hanno reso possibile la denuncia di sette anni di cattiva amministrazione, repressione, scandalo, corruzione e cospirazioni e hanno rappresentato un regime molto peggiore di quanto persino i militari avessero immaginato. I dettagli della tortura, in particolare di illustri alti ufficiali militari da parte di subordinati, erano molto offensivi per la classe degli ufficiali professionisti. Le dichiarazioni e il comportamento degli accusati hanno rivelato a molti la loro meschinità e la loro incompetenza e hanno distrutto in pochi secondi l'immagine militare dell'uomo forte. I processi hanno esposto i "superuomini" senza i loro vestiti, e ciò che il pubblico e il corpo degli ufficiali hanno visto, non gli è piaciuto. Se a questo aggiungiamo la loro responsabilità per la tragedia di Cipro, possiamo comprendere la disillusione del corpo degli ufficiali con i militari come politici e il loro desiderio di separarsi dal regime della fenice e della baionetta.<ref name="Kritz1995"/ ><ref name="CareyGibney2010"/>}}
 
== Riferimenti nella cultura di massa ==
 
* ''[[imdbtitle:0255935|I diki tis hountas: Korydallos '75]]'' film documentario IMDB. Diretto da T. Theodosopoulos, prodotto da Maggos Theodosopoulos, Musiche di G. Yiannoulatos e Canzoni di Alkestis Protopsalti.
* ''Prison Diary: Korydallos 1975-79'' book. Yannis Papathanassiou
* ''The Trial'', book. Ioannis Deyannis. Gnosi publications 1990<ref>[http://www.enet.gr/online/online_text/c=113,dt=03.06.2006,id=13566628 Eleftherotypia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214165622/http://enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D113%2Cdt%3D03.06.2006%2Cid%3D13566628|data=2009-02-14}} Article on Ioannis Deyannis the judge and author <br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20110907193327/http://archive.enet.gr/online/online_text/c%3D113%2Cdt%3D03.06.2006%2Cid%3D13566628 Archiviato]</ref>
* ''[[imdbtitle:0255937|I Diki ton vasaniston: EAT/ESA 1967-74, I (1982) (Trial of the torturers on IMDB)]]''
* ''[http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=30&ct=19&artid=18751&enthDate=21042007 Book: The Trials of the Junta, 12 Volumes] (Pericles Rodakis (publisher), The Trials of the Junta: A: The Trial of the Instigators, B: The Trial of the Polytechnic, C: The Trials of the Torturers) [Περικλής Ροδάκης (εκδ.), Οι Δίκες της Χούντας: Α: Η Δίκη των Πρωταιτίων, Β: Η Δίκη του Πολυτεχνείου, Γ: Οι Δίκες των Βασανιστών, 12 τόμοι, Αθήνα 1975-1976]''