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{{short description|Educational programme}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{International Baccalaureate}}
The '''International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme''' ('''IBDP''') is a two-year [[Curriculum|educational programme]] primarily aimed at 16-to-19-year-olds in 140 countries around the world. The programme provides an internationally accepted qualification for entry into higher education and is recognized by many universities worldwide. It was developed in the early-to-mid-1960s in [[Geneva
Administered by the [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB), the IBDP is taught in schools in over 140 countries, in one of five languages: Chinese, English, French, German, or Spanish.<ref>[https://www.ibo.org/globalassets/new-structure/programmes/dp/pdfs/diploma-programme-final-statistical-bulletin-may-2021-assessment-session..pdf Diploma Programme Final Statistical Bulletin May 2021]</ref>
Generally, the IBDP has been well-received. It has been commended for introducing interdisciplinary thinking to students. In the United Kingdom, ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper claims that the IBDP is "more academically challenging and broader than three or four [[A-level (United Kingdom)|A-levels]]".<ref name="guardian-2009-02-10">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/feb/10/international-baccalaureate-moved-amsterdam |title=Leap from Cardiff to Amsterdam for Baccalaureate |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Jessica |last=Shepard |date=10 February 2009 |___location=London}}</ref>
==History and background==
In 1945, the "Conference of Internationally-minded Schools" asked the [[International School of Geneva]] (Ecolint) to create an international schools programme.<ref name="Peterson p. 17">Peterson p. 17</ref><ref>Fox p. 5</ref> When he became director of Ecolint's English division, [[Desmond Cole-Baker]] began to develop the idea, and in 1962, his colleague Robert Leach organized a conference in Geneva, at which the term "International Baccalaureate" was first mentioned.<ref name="Peterson p. 17"/><ref>Hill, 2007 p. 19</ref> An American social studies teacher, Leach organized the conference—with a $2500 grant from [[UNESCO]]—which was attended by observers from European schools and [[UNESCO]]. Writing about the genesis of the International Baccalaureate in ''Schools Across Frontiers'', [[Alec Peterson]] credits Leach as "the original promoter of the International Baccalaureate."<ref>Peterson p. 18</ref> At the end of the conference,
[[File:Ecolintchateau.jpg|thumb|right|Château at [[Ecolint]] where [[International Baccalaureate|IB]] was developed.]]
By 1964, international educators such as [[Alec Peterson]] (director of the Department of Education at [[Oxford University]]), [[Harlan Hanson]] (director of the [[
The Ford Foundation grant, secured in 1966, funded Peterson's study at Oxford University, which focused on three issues: a comparative analysis of "secondary educational programmes in European countries...in cooperation with the Council of Europe"; university expectations for secondary students intending to enter university; and a "statistical comparison of IB pilot examination results with...national school leaving examinations such as [[
In 1968, the IB headquarters were officially established in Geneva for the development and maintenance of the IBDP. Alec Peterson became IBO's first director general, and in 1968, twelve schools in twelve countries participated in the IBDP, including Atlantic College in Wales, Ecolint in Geneva, and UNIS of New York City.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/><ref name="Fox65-75"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwc.org/who_we_are/history/international_baccalaureate_development.aspx |work=uwc.org |title=International Baccalaureate history |access-date=25 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531030333/http://www.uwc.org/who_we_are/history/international_baccalaureate_development.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Peterson secured an audience with the Shah of Iran in 1969 and secured $100,000 grant for IB.<ref>Hill p. 65 </ref> --><!-- date needed for Hill for a source check --> The aim was to "provide an internationally acceptable university admissions qualification suitable for the growing mobile population of young people whose parents were part of the world of diplomacy, international and multi-national organizations."<ref>Hayden p. 94</ref>
The first six years of the IB Diploma Programme, with a limited number of students, are referred to as the "experimental period".<ref>Peterson pp. 61–98</ref> Each school was to be inspected by ISES or IBO and had to be approved by their government.<ref>Peterson, p. 31</ref> The experimental period ended in 1975, and in that year, the International Baccalaureate North America (IBNA) was established as a separate entity, allowing the funding for implementation of the IBDP to remain in the country rather than being sent to Geneva.<ref>Peterson, p. 141</ref> The first official guide to the programme containing its syllabus and official assessment information was published in 1970 and included the theory of knowledge course. The extended essay was introduced in 1978, but [[Creativity, action, service|creativity, action, service (CAS)]], although mentioned in guides beforehand, was not specifically identified in the guide until 1989.<ref name="Peterson18-26"/><ref>Hill pp. 27 et. seq.</ref>
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*[[IB Group 1 subjects|Group 1: Studies in language and literature]]. Taken at either SL or HL, this is generally the student's native [[language]], with over 80 languages available.<ref name="Schools p. 10">[[#refSchoolGuideDP2002|Schools' Guide to IBDP]], p. 10.</ref> As of courses starting in summer 2011, there are two options for Language A (previously A1): Literature, which is very similar to the old course, and Language and Literature, a slightly more challenging adaptation of the former Group 2 Language A2 subjects, which have been withdrawn. The interdisciplinary subject [[IB Group 1 subjects#Literature and performance|literature and performance]] can also be taken at SL.
*[[IB Group 2 subjects|Group 2: Language acquisition]]. An additional language, taken at the following levels: [[IB Group 2 subjects#Language B SL and HL|Language B (SL or HL)]], or [[IB Group 2 subjects#Language ab initio SL|Language ab initio (SL only)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group2/|title=Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 2, Second Language|publisher=ibo.org|access-date=3 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722210036/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group2/|archive-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> Language B courses are meant for students with some prior experience in the language, while Language ab initio is meant to be taken by pupils who are complete beginners, with almost no experience. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-28 |title=Diploma language acquisition |url=https://www.ibo.org/programmes/diploma-programme/curriculum/language-acquisition/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=International Baccalaureate® |language=en}}</ref> Latin and Classical Greek are also offered and may be taken at SL or HL.<ref name="Schools p. 10"/> Following the replacement of the Language A2 option with the Group 1 Language and Literature offering for courses starting in summer 2011, the Language B syllabus was changed: the coursework is now more rigorous, and at HL, there is the compulsory study of two works of literature (although this is for comprehension rather than analysis and is only assessed through coursework). In addition, B SL students can study one of the texts as a replacement for the optional topics. Students may choose to take an additional Group 1 course in place of a Group 2 course.<ref>>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibo.org/about-the-ib/what-it-means-to-be-an-ib-student/recognizing-student-achievement/about-assessment/dp-passing-criteria/|title=
DP passing criteria|publisher=ibo.org|access-date=2025-07-07}}</ref>
*[[IB Group
*[[IB Group 4 subjects|Group 4: Experimental sciences]]. Five courses are offered at both SL and HL: [[IB Group 4 subjects#Chemistry|chemistry]], [[IB Group 4 subjects#Biology|biology]], [[IB Group 4 subjects#Physics|physics]], [[Design and Technology#International Baccalaureate|design technology]] and [[IB Group 4 subjects#Computer science|computer science]]. The course [[IB Group 4 subjects#Sport.2C exercise and health science|Sport, Exercise and Health Science]] is offered at both SL and HL. The interdisciplinary course Nature of Science is offered at SL only, while [[IB Group 4 subjects#Environmental systems and societies|Environmental Systems and Societies]] is offered at SL or HL.
*[[IB Group 5 subjects|Group 5: Mathematics]]. All students hoping to graduate with an IB Diploma must take a math class, with courses available at different levels and with different focus. There are two distinct IB Math courses, both available at standard or higher level: ''Mathematics: Analysis and Approaches,'' with an emphasis on algebraic methods, calculus, and mathematical thinking, and ''Mathematics: Applications and Interpretation'', with an emphasis on modelling and statistics, and with a focus on using technology to solve problems with real-world applications. These curricula were introduced in major changes in 2019 and 2021'','' replacing the previous curricula with a new structure. Under the 2019 course changes, Further Mathematics were dropped entirely.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/university-admission/recognition-of-the-ib-diploma-by-countries-and-universities/latest-curriculum-updates/mathematics-curriculum-changes/|title=Mathematics curriculum changes|website=International Baccalaureate®|language=en|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524035047/https://www.ibo.org/university-admission/recognition-of-the-ib-diploma-by-countries-and-universities/latest-curriculum-updates/mathematics-curriculum-changes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Finding the best fit: New DP mathematics courses |url=https://blogs.ibo.org/blog/2019/06/20/mathematics-subject-breakdown/ |website=The IB Community Blog |publisher=ibo.org |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003050/https://blogs.ibo.org/blog/2019/06/20/mathematics-subject-breakdown/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brading |first=Gareth |title=Exploring the changes to the DP Mathematics course structure : Secondary: Oxford University Press |url=https://global.oup.com/education/content/secondary/key-issues/new-ib-dp-mathematics-syllabus/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=global.oup.com |language=en}}</ref> Before 2019,
*[[IB Group 6 subjects|Group 6: The arts]]. There are five Courses offered at both SL and HL: [[Dance]], [[IB Group 6 subjects#Music SL & HL|Music]], [[IB Group 6 subjects#Theater SL and HL|Theatre]], [[IB Group 6 subjects#Visual Arts SL & HL|Visual Arts]], and [[IB Group 6 subjects#Film SL and HL|Film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/|title=Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 6, The Arts|publisher=ibo.com|access-date=1 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034850/http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
Environmental Systems and Societies SL or HL is an interdisciplinary course designed to meet the diploma requirements for groups 3
=== Online Diploma Programme and pilot courses ===
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==Application and authorization==
To offer the IB Diploma Programme, an institution must go through an application process, and during that period the teachers are trained in the IB. At the end of the application process, IB conducts an authorisation visit.<ref name=IBNAfees>{{cite web|title=North America Diploma Programme Application Process and Fees For schools seeking to start implementation in the Fall Term of 2011 and later|url=http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/documents/DiplomaApplicationProcessandFees.pdf|publisher=International Baccalaureate North America|access-date=2 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616002011/http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/documents/DiplomaApplicationProcessandFees.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Once a school is authorized to offer the programme, an annual fee ensures ongoing support from the IB, legal authorization to display the IB logo, and access to the Online Curriculum Centre (OCC) and the IB Information System (IBIS).<ref name=IBNAfees/> The OCC provides information, resources, and support for IB teachers and coordinators. IBIS is a database employed by IB coordinators.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual School Fees |url=http://www.ibo.org/become/fees/assessmentfees/ |publisher=ibo.org |access-date=16 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615164110/http://ibo.org/become/fees/assessmentfees/ |archive-date=15 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other IB fees also include student registration and individual diploma subject examination fees.<ref name=IBNAfees/>
==University recognition==
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The IBDP was described as "a rigorous, off-the-shelf curriculum recognized by universities around the world" on 10 December 2006, edition of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine, in an article titled "How to bring our schools out of the 20th century".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1568480-3,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214153158/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1568480-3,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2006|title=How to bring our schools out of the 20th Century|magazine=Time|access-date=16 July 2009|last=Wallis|first=Claudia|date=10 December 2006}}</ref> It was also featured in the summer 2002 edition of ''American Educator,'' where Robert Rothman described it as "a good example of an effective, instructionally sound, exam-based system".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/summer2002/testworthteaching.html |title=A test worth teaching to |work=American Educator |last=Rothman |first=Robert |date=Summer 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904031506/http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/summer2002/testworthteaching.html |archive-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Howard Gardner]], a professor of educational psychology at [[Harvard University]], said that the IBDP curriculum is "less parochial than most American efforts" and helps students "think critically, synthesize knowledge, reflect on their own thought processes and get their feet wet in interdisciplinary thinking".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/nyregion/diploma-for-the-top-of-the-top-international-baccalaureate-gains-favor-in-region.html?pagewanted=all |last=Gross |first=Jane |date=21 June 2003 |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Diploma for the 'Top of the Top'; International Baccalaureate Gains Favor in Region |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-date=19 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119060957/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/nyregion/diploma-for-the-top-of-the-top-international-baccalaureate-gains-favor-in-region.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> An admissions officer at [[Brown University]] has claimed the IBDP garners widespread respect.<ref name="Lewin"/>
In the United Kingdom, the IBDP is "regarded as more academically challenging but broader than three or four [[
In the United States, criticism of the IBDP has centered on the vague claim that it is anti-American, according to parents anonymously quoted in ''[[The New York Times]]'', who objected to the program's funding from [[UNESCO]] in its early years. The base cost is considered to be higher than other programs.<ref name="Lewin">{{cite news |title=International Program Catches on in US Schools |first=Tamar |last=Lewin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 July 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/03/education/03baccalaureate.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1 |access-date=5 July 2010 |archive-date=8 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208040307/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/03/education/03baccalaureate.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, the school board in [[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho|Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA]], voted to eliminate all IB programmes in the district because of low participation and high costs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/aug/06/ib-program-booted-coeur-dalene-school-district/ |title=IB program booted from Coeur d'Alene School District |first=Scott |last=Maben |work=The Spokesman Review |date=6 August 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013 |archive-date=10 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810154247/http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/aug/06/ib-program-booted-coeur-dalene-school-district/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<!-- Parents in Incline Village, Nevada, defeated the implementation of IB in its schools after an 18 month battle. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tahoebonanza.com/article/20110330/NEWS/110339992/1061&ParentProfile=1050/|title=: International Baccalaureate will no longer be pursued in Incline Village|first=Matthew|last=Renda|work=North Lake Tahoe Bonanza|date=30 March 2011}} </ref> -->
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