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{{Short description|Specialization of some cognitive functions in one side of the brain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{redirect|Left brain|the musician Left Brain|Odd Future}}
[[File:Cerebral hemisphere - animation.gif|thumb|alt=Diagram of the human brain.|upright=1.2|The human brain is divided into two [[Cerebral hemisphere|hemispheres]]–left and right. Scientists continue to explore how some cognitive functions tend to be dominated by one side or the other; that is, how they are ''lateralized''.{{Legend|#F270F4|Right cerebral hemisphere}}{{Legend|#7086F4|Left cerebral hemisphere}}]]▼
The '''lateralization of brain function''' (or '''hemispheric dominance'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-24 |title=Left brain vs. right brain: How does one dominate? |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323892 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemispheric differences and hemispheric dominance (video) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/hemispheric-differences-and-hemispheric-dominance |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref>/ lateralization<ref>{{Cite web |title=Localisation of Function in the brain and Hemispheric Lateralisation: motor, somatosensory, visual, auditory and language centres; Broca's and Wernicke's areas, split brain research. Plasticity and Functional Recovery of the brain after trauma |url=https://www.psychologyhub.co.uk/student-resources/paper-2-biopsychology/brain-localisation-and-hemispheric-lateralisation/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Psychology Hub |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lateralization of Brain Function - Simply Psychology |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/brain-lateralization.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.simplypsychology.org}}</ref>) is the tendency for some neural functions or [[cognitive process]]es to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other. The [[median longitudinal fissure]] separates the [[human brain]] into two distinct [[cerebral hemisphere]]s
▲[[File:Cerebral hemisphere - animation.gif|thumb|alt=Diagram of the human brain.|upright=1.2|The human brain is divided into two hemispheres–left and right. Scientists continue to explore how some cognitive functions tend to be dominated by one side or the other; that is, how they are ''lateralized''.{{Legend|#F270F4|Right cerebral hemisphere}}{{Legend|#7086F4|Left cerebral hemisphere}}]]
Lateralization of brain structures
▲The '''lateralization of brain function''' (or '''hemispheric dominance'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-24 |title=Left brain vs. right brain: How does one dominate? |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323892 |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemispheric differences and hemispheric dominance (video) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/hemispheric-differences-and-hemispheric-dominance |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref>/ lateralization<ref>{{Cite web |title=Localisation of Function in the brain and Hemispheric Lateralisation: motor, somatosensory, visual, auditory and language centres; Broca's and Wernicke's areas, split brain research. Plasticity and Functional Recovery of the brain after trauma |url=https://www.psychologyhub.co.uk/student-resources/paper-2-biopsychology/brain-localisation-and-hemispheric-lateralisation/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Psychology Hub |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lateralization of Brain Function - Simply Psychology |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/brain-lateralization.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=www.simplypsychology.org}}</ref>) is the tendency for some neural functions or [[cognitive process]]es to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other. The [[median longitudinal fissure]] separates the [[human brain]] into two distinct [[cerebral hemisphere]]s, connected by the [[corpus callosum]]. Although the macrostructure of the two hemispheres appears to be almost identical, different composition of neuronal networks allows for specialized function that is different in each hemisphere.
The best example of an established lateralization is that of [[Broca's area|Broca's]] and [[Wernicke's area]]s, where both are often found exclusively on the left hemisphere. Function lateralization, such as [[semantics]], [[intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], [[accentuation]], and [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], has since been called into question and largely been found to have a neuronal basis in both hemispheres.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Riès SK, Dronkers NF, Knight RT | title = Choosing words: left hemisphere, right hemisphere, or both? Perspective on the lateralization of word retrieval | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 1369 | issue = 1 | pages = 111–131 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26766393 | pmc = 4874870 | doi = 10.1111/nyas.12993 | bibcode = 2016NYASA1369..111R }}</ref> Another example is that each hemisphere in the brain tends to represent one side of the body. In the [[cerebellum]], this is the
▲Lateralization of brain structures is based on general trends expressed in healthy patients; however, there are numerous counterexamples to each generalization. Each human's brain develops differently, leading to unique lateralization in individuals. This is different from specialization, as lateralization refers only to the function of one structure divided between two hemispheres. Specialization is much easier to observe as a trend, since it has a stronger [[Anthropology|anthropological history]].<ref name="Halpern 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halpern ME, Güntürkün O, Hopkins WD, Rogers LJ | title = Lateralization of the vertebrate brain: taking the side of model systems | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 25 | issue = 45 | pages = 10351–10357 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16280571 | pmc = 2654579 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3439-05.2005 }}</ref>
▲The best example of an established lateralization is that of [[Broca's area|Broca's]] and [[Wernicke's area]]s, where both are often found exclusively on the left hemisphere. Function lateralization, such as [[semantics]], [[intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], [[accentuation]], and [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], has since been called into question and largely been found to have a neuronal basis in both hemispheres.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Riès SK, Dronkers NF, Knight RT | title = Choosing words: left hemisphere, right hemisphere, or both? Perspective on the lateralization of word retrieval | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 1369 | issue = 1 | pages = 111–131 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26766393 | pmc = 4874870 | doi = 10.1111/nyas.12993 | bibcode = 2016NYASA1369..111R }}</ref> Another example is that each hemisphere in the brain tends to represent one side of the body. In the [[cerebellum]], this is the same body side, but in the [[forebrain]] this is predominantly the [[Contralateral brain|contralateral side]].
== Lateralized functions==
===
[[Language]] functions
Meaning of words, called [[lexicon]], is processed bilaterally which has been tested through the [[word superiority effect]]. This finding is consistent with the distributed memory and knowledge systems required for lexical entries; however, each hemisphere's lexicon is considered unique since it may be organized and accessed differently.<ref name=":2" /> For example, the right hemisphere lacks letter recognition, and cannot judge lexical relationships such as superordinate words or [[antonyms]].<ref name=":2" />
The permitted organization of words, called [[grammar]], is lateralized in only one hemisphere, typically the left one. These functions include "understanding verbs, pluralizations, the possessive, and active-passive differences" and understanding changes in meaning due to word order.<ref name=":2" /> However, the right hemisphere is able to judge when a sentence is grammatically correct, which may indicate that patterns of speech are learned by rote rather than applied through understanding rules.<ref name=":2" />
[[Speech]] production and language comprehension are specialized in [[Broca's area|Broca's]] and [[Wernicke's area|Wernicke's]] areas respectively, which are located in the left hemisphere for 96% of right-handers and 70% of left-handers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Griggs2012">{{cite book |title=Psychology : a concise introduction |vauthors=Griggs RA |date=2012 |publisher=Worth Publishers |isbn=978-1429261555 |edition=3rd |___location=New York, NY}}</ref> However, there are some cases in which speech is produced in both hemispheres in split-brain patients, also lateralization can shift due to [[Neuroplasticity|plasticity]] over time.<ref name=":2" /> The emotional content of language, called [[emotional prosody]], is right-lateralized.<ref name=":2" />
In [[writing]], studies attempting to isolate the linguistic component of written language in terms of brain lateralization could not provide enough evidence of a difference in the relative activation of the brain hemispheres between left-handed and right-handed adults.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Papadopoulou AK, Samsouris C, Vlachos F, Badcock N, Phylactou P, Papadatou-Pastou | title = Exploring cerebral laterality of writing and the relationship to handedness: a functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound investigation | journal = Laterality | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 117–150 | date = November 2023 | doi = 10.1080/1357650X.2023.2284407| pmid = 38112692 }}</ref>
===Sensory processing===
Because of
==== Vision ====
[[File:Optic processing human brain.jpg|thumb|340x340px|Lateralization of the left and right visual hemifields due to decussation.]]
In [[visual perception|vision]], [[retinal ganglion cell]]s undergo partial decussation at the [[optic chiasm]], where [[axon]]s from the nasal retinas cross to the opposite hemisphere, while axons from the temporal retinas remain on the [[Ipsilateral|ipsilateral side]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theodora.com/anatomy/the_optic_nerve.html|title = The Optic Nerve - Human Anatomy | work = Photius Coutsoukis }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Bear |first1=Mark F. |title=Neuroscience: exploring the brain |last2=Connors |first2=Barry W. |last3=Paradiso |first3=Michael A. |date=2016 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer |isbn=978-0-7817-7817-6 |edition=4th |___location=Philadelphia}}</ref> As a result, visual input from the left visual hemifields are processed by the right hemisphere's [[visual cortex]], while input from the right visual hemifields are processed by the left hemisphere's visual cortex.<ref name=":0" />
==== Hearing ====
In [[hearing]], [[spiral ganglion]] neurons in the [[vestibulocochlear nerve]] project to the ipsilateral [[Cochlear nucleus|cochlear nuclei]] in the [[Medulla oblongata|medulla]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=From neuron to brain |date=2012 |publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc |isbn=978-0-87893-609-0 |editor-last=Nicholls |editor-first=John G. |edition=5th |___location=Sunderland, Mass}}</ref> However, second-order axons from the [[ventral cochlear nucleus]] branch to both the ipsilateral and contralateral [[Superior olivary complex|superior olivary complexes]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Consequently, hearing is strongly lateralized only at the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei, while further processing in the [[Inferior colliculus|inferior colliculi]], the [[medial geniculate nucleus]] of the [[thalamus]], and the [[auditory cortex]] occurs bilaterally with a slight contralateral dominance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> This lateralization explains why damage to one cochlear nucleus causes [[deafness]] in the ipsilateral ear, whereas damage above the cochlear nucleus typically results in only slight hearing loss.<ref name=":0" />
When tasked to repeat words in a [[dichotic listening]] task, individuals tend to say words played in their right ear, a phenomenon called right-ear advantage.<ref name=":2" /> Since hearing is slightly contralateral dominant, this effect is consistent with the left hemisphere lateralization of language.<ref name=":2" /> When tasked to recall melodies in a dichotic listening task, people instead tend to have a left-ear advantage.<ref name=":2" />
==== Touch ====
In the [[somatosensory system]], sensations of touch, vibration, pressure, pain, and temperature are primarily processed in the contralateral [[Somatosensory system|somatosensory cortex]] of the brain. [[Mechanoreceptor|Mechanoreceptors]] responsible for touch and [[vibration]] transmit signals through the [[Dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway|dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway]], where they decussate at the [[dorsal column nuclei]] in the medulla before ascending.<ref name=":0" /> Touch from the face and top of the head follows the [[Trigeminal nerve|trigeminal touch pathway]], where second-order neurons decussate at the [[Trigeminal nerve nuclei|trigeminal nucleus]].<ref name=":0" />
[[Pain]] and [[temperature]] signals from [[Nociceptor|nociceptors]] travel a different pathway, the [[Spinothalamic tract|spinothalamic pathway]], where second-order neurons decussate earlier in the spinal cord.<ref name=":0" /> For pain and temperature in the face and top of the head, second-order neurons decussate at the [[spinal trigeminal nucleus]] of the brainstem.<ref name=":0" /> The earlier decussation of pain signals compared to touch explains [[Brown-Séquard syndrome]], a condition in which damage to one half of the spinal cord leads to ipsilateral insensitivity to touch but contralateral insensitivity to pain and temperature.<ref name=":0" />
=== Motor system ===
Voluntary movement is lateralized to the contralateral [[motor cortex]], so the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, while the left hemisphere controls the right side.
In the two lateral pathways, the [[corticospinal tract]] is responsible for control of distal muscles and begins at the contralateral motor cortex or contralateral somatosensory areas, and decussates between the medulla and spinal cord.<ref name=":0" /> The [[rubrospinal tract]] responsible for distal muscle and posture begins at the contralateral [[red nucleus]] and quickly decussates in the [[pons]].<ref name=":0" />
In the four ventromedial pathways, the [[vestibulospinal tract]] responsible for head balance begins at the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus of the medulla and splits into a bilateral and ipsilateral path. The bilateral path controls neck and back muscles for head balance, while the ipsilateral path maintains upright posture of the legs.<ref name=":0" /> The [[tectospinal tract]] responsible for orienting the head toward sensory stimuli begins at the contralateral [[superior colliculus]] and quickly decussates at the red nucleus.<ref name=":0" /> The [[reticulospinal tracts]] responsible for controlling muscles against gravity begin at the ipsilateral [[reticular formation]] and do not decussate.
▲Because of this functional division of the left and right sides of the body and of the space that surrounds it, the processing of information in the sensory cortices is essentially identical. That is, the processing of visual and auditory stimuli, spatial manipulation, [[face perception|facial perception]], and artistic ability are represented bilaterally.<ref name = Beaumont /> Numerical estimation, comparison and online calculation depend on bilateral parietal regions<ref name=Dehaene2>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dehaene S, Spelke E, Pinel P, Stanescu R, Tsivkin S | title = Sources of mathematical thinking: behavioral and brain-imaging evidence | journal = Science | volume = 284 | issue = 5416 | pages = 970–974 | date = May 1999 | pmid = 10320379 | doi = 10.1126/science.284.5416.970 | url = http://www.unicog.org/publications/DehaeneSpelke_ExactApprox_Science1999.pdf | url-status = live | df = dmy-all | bibcode = 1999Sci...284..970D | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225033/http://www.unicog.org/publications/DehaeneSpelke_ExactApprox_Science1999.pdf | archive-date = 19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name=Dehaene2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dehaene S, Piazza M, Pinel P, Cohen L | title = Three parietal circuits for number processing | journal = Cognitive Neuropsychology | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 487–506 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 20957581 | doi = 10.1080/02643290244000239 | url = http://www.unicog.org/publications/DehaeneEtAl_3parietalCircuits_CogNeuropsy2003.pdf | url-status = live | s2cid = 13458123 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.4.8178 | df = dmy-all | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224955/http://www.unicog.org/publications/DehaeneEtAl_3parietalCircuits_CogNeuropsy2003.pdf | archive-date = 19 July 2011 }}</ref> while exact calculation and fact retrieval are associated with left parietal regions, perhaps due to their ties to linguistic processing.<ref name="Dehaene2" /><ref name="Dehaene2003" />
===Value systems===
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==Clinical significance==
Depression is linked with a hyperactive right hemisphere, with evidence of selective involvement in "processing [[negative emotion]]s, pessimistic thoughts and unconstructive thinking styles", as well as vigilance, arousal and self-reflection, and a relatively hypoactive left hemisphere, "specifically involved in processing pleasurable experiences" and "relatively more involved in decision-making processes".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hecht D | title = Depression and the hyperactive right-hemisphere | journal = Neuroscience Research | volume = 68 | issue = 2 | pages = 77–87 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20603163 | doi = 10.1016/j.neures.2010.06.013
[[File:Blausen 0101 Brain LateralView.png|thumb|Lateral view of the Brain]]
=== Hemisphere damage ===
Damage to either the right or left hemisphere, and its resulting deficits provide insight into the function of the damaged area. There is truth to the idea that some brain functions reside more on one side of the brain than the other. We know this in part from what is lost when a stroke affects a particular part of the brain. Left hemisphere damage has many effects on language production and perception. Damage or lesions to the right hemisphere can result in a lack of [[emotional prosody]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Sona |last2=Oishi |first2=Kenichi |last3=Wright |first3=Amy |last4=Sutherland-Foggio |first4=Harry |last5=Saxena |first5=Sadhvi |last6=Sheppard |first6=Shannon M. |last7=Hillis |first7=Argye E. |date=2018 |title=Right Hemisphere Regions Critical for Expression of Emotion Through Prosody |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |volume=9 |page=224 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2018.00224
Right hemisphere damage also has grave effects on understanding discourse. People with damage to the right hemisphere have a reduced ability to generate inferences, comprehend and produce main concepts, and a reduced ability to manage alternative meanings. Furthermore, people with right hemisphere damage often exhibit discourse that is abrupt and perfunctory or verbose and excessive. They can also have pragmatic deficits in situations of turn taking, topic maintenance and shared knowledge. .<ref name="Zickert 107884"/> Although both sides of the hemisphere has different responsibilities and tasks, they both complete each other and create a bigger picture'''.'''<ref
Lateral brain damage can also affect visual perceptual spatial resolution. People with left hemisphere damage may have impaired perception of high resolution, or detailed, aspects of an image. People with right hemisphere damage may have impaired perception of low resolution, or big picture, aspects of an image. === Plasticity ===
If a specific region of the brain, or even an entire hemisphere, is injured or destroyed, its functions can sometimes be assumed by a neighboring region in the same hemisphere or the corresponding region in the other hemisphere, depending upon the area damaged and the patient's age.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pulsifer MB, Brandt J, Salorio CF, Vining EP, Carson BS, Freeman JM | title = The cognitive outcome of hemispherectomy in 71 children | journal = Epilepsia | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 243–254 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15009226 | doi = 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.15303.x
=== Broca's aphasia ===
Broca's aphasia is a specific type of [[expressive aphasia]] and is so named due to the aphasia that results from damage or lesions to the [[Broca's area]] of the brain, that exists most commonly in the left inferior frontal hemisphere. Thus, the aphasia that develops from the lack of functioning of the Broca's area is an expressive and non-fluent aphasia. It is called 'non-fluent' due to the issues that arise because Broca's area is critical for language pronunciation and production. The area controls some motor aspects of speech production and articulation of thoughts to words and as such lesions to the area result in specific non-fluent aphasia.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Pinel PJ |title=Biopsychology |date=2011 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |isbn=978-0-205-83256-9 |edition=8th}}{{page needed|date=October 2024}}</ref>
=== Wernicke's aphasia ===
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===Possible misapplication===
[[File:RightBrainDominant.jpg|thumb|alt=Gross oversimplification of hemisphericity|Oversimplification of hemisphericity]]
The concept of "right-brained" or "left-brained" individuals is considered a widespread myth which oversimplifies the true nature of the brain's cerebral hemispheres (for a recent counter position, though, see below). Proof leading to the "mythbuster" of the left-/right-brained concept is increasing as more and more studies are brought to light. Harvard Health Publishing includes a study from the University of Utah in 2013, that exhibited brain scans revealing similarity on both sides of the brain, personality and environmental factors aside.
[[Terence Hines]] states that the research on brain lateralization is valid as a research program, though commercial promoters have applied it to promote subjects and products far outside the implications of the research.<ref name=Hines>{{cite journal | author-link = Terence Hines | vauthors = Hines T |year= 1987 |title= Left Brain/Right Brain Mythology and Implications for Management and Training |journal= The Academy of Management Review |volume= 12 |issue= 4 |pages= 600–606 |doi= 10.2307/258066 |jstor= 258066 }}</ref> For example, the implications of the research have no bearing on psychological interventions such as [[eye movement desensitization and reprocessing]] (EMDR) and [[neurolinguistic programming]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Drenth JD | year = 2003 | title = Growing anti-intellectualism in Europe; a menace to science | journal = Studia Psychologica | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–13 }}, available in [http://www.allea.org/Pages/ALL/4/881.bGFuZz1FTkc.pdf ''ALLEA Annual Report 2003''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616080310/http://www.allea.org/Pages/ALL/4/881.bGFuZz1FTkc.pdf |date=16 June 2011 }}, pp. 61–72</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nielsen JA, Zielinski BA, Ferguson MA, Lainhart JE, Anderson JS | title = An evaluation of the left-brain vs. right-brain hypothesis with resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 8 | pages = e71275 | date = 2013-08-14 | pmid = 23967180 | pmc = 3743825 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0071275 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...871275N | doi-access = free }}</ref> brain-training equipment, or management training.<ref>
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=== Popular psychology ===
{{Further|Popular psychology}}[[File:Brain Lateralization.svg|thumb|right|Oversimplification of lateralization in pop psychology. This belief was widely held even in the scientific community for some years.]]
Some popularizations oversimplify the science about lateralization, by presenting the functional differences between hemispheres as being more absolute than is actually the case.<ref name="Westen 2006">{{cite book| vauthors = Westen D, Burton L, Kowalski K |title=Psychology : Australian and New Zealand edition|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|___location=Milton, Qld.|isbn=9780470805527}}</ref>{{rp|107}}<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Toga AW, Thompson PM | title = Mapping brain asymmetry | journal = Nature Reviews
===Sex differences===
{{See also|Neuroscience of sex differences}}
In the 19th century and to a lesser extent the 20th, it was thought that each side of the brain was associated with a specific gender: the left corresponding with masculinity and the right with femininity and each half could function independently.<ref>{{
==History==
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== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Functional specialization (brain)]]
* [[Alien hand syndrome]]
* [[Ambidexterity]]
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* [[Laterality]]
* [[Left brain interpreter]]
* ''[[The Master and His Emissary]]''
* [[Parallel computing]]
* [[Psychoneuroimmunology]]
* [[Right hemisphere brain damage]]
* [[Of Two Minds (book)|''Of Two Minds'' (book)]]
* [[Wada test]]
* [[Yakovlevian torque]]
{{Div col end}}
== References ==
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{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = McGilchrist I | author-link = Iain McGilchrist | title = The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World | title-link = The Master and His Emissary | publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | ___location = US | date = 9 October 2009 | edition = Hardcover | isbn = 978-0-300-14878-7 }}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1016/C2021-0-02209-4 |title=The Lateralized Brain |date=2024 |isbn=978-0-323-99737-9 |first1=Sebastian |last1=Ocklenburg |first2=Onur |last2=Güntürkün }}
{{Refend}}
== Further resources ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Josse G, Tzourio-Mazoyer N | title = Hemispheric specialization for language | journal = Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–12 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14739000 | doi = 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.10.001
* {{cite book | author-link = John Cutting (psychiatrist) | vauthors = Cutting J | title = A Critique of Psychopathology | publisher = Parodos Verlag | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-3-938880-51-7 }}
* {{cite book | author-link = Robert E. Ornstein | vauthors = Ornstein R | title = The Right Mind: Making Sense of the Hemispheres | publisher = Harcourt Brace International | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-15-600627-9 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Jill Bolte |authorlink1=Jill Bolte Taylor |title=My Stroke of Insight: A Brain Scientist's Personal Journey |title-link=My Stroke of Insight |date=2008 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-02074-4 }}
{{Refend}}
{{Laterality}}
{{Authority control}}
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