Manx language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:37, 24 September 2024

Latest revision as of 16:24, 28 July 2025

(40 intermediate revisions by 31 users not shown)

Line 11:

| extinct = 27 December 1974, with the death of [[Ned Maddrell]]

| ref = <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Broderick|first=George|date=2017|title=The Last Native Manx Gaelic Speakers. The Final Phase: 'Full' or 'Terminal' in speech?|url=https://journal.fi/scf/article/view/60553/38319|journal=Studia Celtica Fennic|volume=XIV|pages=18–57}}</ref>

| revived = {{Unbulleted list|'''[[First language]]:'''|23 speakers None<ref>{{SmallCitation |(2021)}}<reflast1=McNulty name|first1="2021Erin Census"|title=Manx Speakers, Language, and Identity |journal=Studia Celtica Posnaniensia |date=18 December 2023 |volume=8 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.14746/scp.2023.8.1 |url=https://sciendo.com/article/10.14746/scp.2023.8.1?utm |language=en |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> |'''[[Second language]]:'''|2,200023 speakers {{Small|(2021)}}<ref name="2021 Census"/>}}

| familycolor = Indo-European

| fam2 = [[Celtic languages|Celtic]]

Line 19:

| ancestor2 = [[Old Irish]]

| ancestor3 = [[Middle Irish]]

| dia1 = Northern [[Extinct language|†]]

| dia2 = Midlands (unattested)

| dia3 = Southern

Line 30:

| lingua = 50-AAA-aj

| map = Idioma manés.png

| map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg

| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Manx is classified as CriticallyDefinitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]<ref>{{cite'' UNESCO Atlas(2010)}}</ref>}}

| notice = IPA

| revived-cat = nocat<!--Suppressed because the category is already on [[Manx language revival]].-->

| glotto = manx1243

| glottorefname = Manx

| map2 = Lang_Status_20-CR.svg

| mapcaption2 = {{center|Manx is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]<ref>{{cite UNESCO Atlas}}</ref>}}

}}

{{Infobox ethnonym

{{Infobox ethnonym|person=[[Manx people|Manninagh]] | people= [[Manx people|Manninee]] |language= [[Manx language|Ghlare Vanninagh]] ([[wikt:Manninish|Manninish]])<br />[[British Sign Language|Ghlare Chowree]]|country= [[Isle of Man]] (Mannin, Ellan Vannin)}}

|person=[[Manx people|Manninagh]]

|people= [[Manx people|Manninee]]

|language= Gaelg/Glare Vanninagh ([[wikt:Manninish|Manninish]])<br />[[British Sign Language|Glare Chowree]]

|country= [[Isle of Man]] (Mannin, Ellan Vannin)

}}

[[File:WIKITONGUES- Owen speaking Manx.webm|thumb|A Manx speaker, recorded in the [[Isle of Man]]]]

'''Manx''' ({{lang-langx|gv|label=[[endonym]]|Gaelg}} or {{lang|gv|Gailck}}, {{IPA-|gv|ɡilɡ, geːlɡ|pron}} or {{IPA-|gv|gilk|}}),<ref>Jackson 1955, 49</ref> also known as '''Manx Gaelic''', is a [[Goidelic language|Gaelic language]] of the [[insular Celtic]] branch of the [[Celtic language family]], itself a branch of the [[Indo-European language family]]. Manx is the historical[[heritage language]] of the [[Manx people]].

Although few children native to the [[Isle of Man]] speak Manx as a [[first language]], there has been a steady increase in the number of speakers since the death of [[Ned Maddrell]] in 1974. He was considered to be the last speaker to grow up in a Manx-speaking community environment. Despite this, the language has never fallen completely out of use, with a minority having some knowledge of it as a [[heritage language]], and it is still an important part of the island's [[Culture of the Isle of Man|culture]] and [[cultural heritage]].

Line 51 ⟶ 57:

The [[Endonym and exonym|endonym]] of the language is {{wikt-lang|gv|Gaelg}}/{{wikt-lang|gv|Gailck}}, which shares the same etymology as the word "Gaelic", as do the endonyms of its [[sister language]]s: [[Irish language|Irish]] ({{lang|ga|Gaeilge}}; {{lang|ga|Gaoluinn}}, {{lang|ga|Gaedhlag}} and {{lang|ga|Gaeilic}}) and [[Scottish Gaelic]] ({{lang|gd|Gàidhlig}}). Manx frequently uses the forms {{lang|ga|y Ghaelg}}/{{lang|gv|y Ghailck}} (with [[definite article]]), as do Irish ({{lang|ga|an Ghaeilge}}) and Scottish Gaelic ({{lang|gd|a' Ghàidhlig}}).

To distinguish it from the two other forms of Gaelic, the phrases {{lang|gv|Gaelg/Gailck Vannin}} "Gaelic of [[Isle of Man|Mann]]" and {{lang|gv|Gaelg/Gailck Vanninnagh}} "Manx Gaelic" are also used. In addition, the nickname {{lang|gv|Çhengey ny Mayrey}} "the mother tongue", lit. "the mother's tongue" is occasionally used.

===In English===

The language is usually referred to in English as "Manx". The term "Manx Gaelic" is often used, for example when discussing the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx) or to avoid confusion with [[Manx English]], the form of English spoken on the island. A feature of Manx English deriving from Gaelic<!--- not really a calque---> is the use of the definite article, e.g. "the Manx", "the Gaelic", in ways not generally seen in standard English.<ref name="Moore">{{cite book |last=Moore |first=A.W. |author-link=Arthur William Moore |year=1924 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/am1924/index.htm |title=A Vocabulary of the Anglo-Manx Dialect}}</ref>

The word "Manx", often spelled historically as "Manks" (particularly by natives of the island), means "Mannish" and originates from [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|*manskr}}.<ref>{{Citation |title=Manx |date=5 March 2022 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Manx&oldid=66078540 |work=Wiktionary |language=en |access-date=9 April 2022}}</ref> The [[Isle of Man]] is named after the Irish god [[Manannán mac Lir]], thus {{lang|gv|Ellan Vannin}} ("Mannanán's Island", {{Lang-Langx|ga|Oileán Mhannanáin}} "Mannanán's Island").<ref>{{Cite book |title=Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-1851094400 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |volume=2 |pages=673–690}}</ref>

== History ==

Line 66 ⟶ 72:

Manx is a [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic language]], closely related to [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]]. On the whole it is partially [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] with these, and native speakers of one find it easy to gain passive, and even spoken, competency in the other two.

It has been suggested that a little-documented [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic language]] (i.e. related to modern [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]] and [[Breton language|Breton]]) may have been spoken on the Isle of Man before the arrival of Christian missionaries from Ireland in the early Middle Ages.<ref>{{CitationCite neededweb |date=2025-01-02 |title=Manx language {{!}} Manx Dialect, Celtic Language, Isle of Man {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manx-language |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=JanuaryMay 20232025}} However, there is little surviving evidence about the language spoken on the island at that time.

The basis of the modern Manx language is [[Primitive Irish]] (like modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic). The island either lends its name to or takes its name from ''[[Manannán mac Lir|Manannán]]'', the Brythonic and Gaelic sea god who is said in myth to have once ruled the island. [[Primitive Irish]] is first attested in [[Ogham]] inscriptions from the 4th century AD. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of [[Great Britain]]. Primitive Irish transitioned into [[Old Irish]] through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the [[Latin script]] and is attested primarily in [[marginalia]] to Latin manuscripts, but there are no extant examples from the Isle of Man.

Latin was used for ecclesiastical records from the establishment of Christianity in the Isle of Man in the 5th century AD. Many lexical itemswords concerning religion, writing and record keeping entered Manx at this time.

The Isle of Man was conquered by [[Vikings|Norse Vikings]] in the 9th century. Although there is some evidence in the form of [[runic inscriptions]] that [[Old Norse|Norse]] was used by some of these settlers, the Vikings who settled around the [[Irish Sea]] and West Coast of Scotland soon became Gaelic speaking [[Norse–Gaels]]. During the 9th century AD, the Gaelic of the inhabitants of the Isle of Man, like those of Scotland and the North of Ireland, may have been significantly influenced by Norse speakers. While Norse had very little impact on the Manx language overall,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Language death in the Isle of Man : an investigation into the decline and extinction of Manx Gaelic as a community language in the Isle of Man |last=Broderick |first=George |date=1999 |publisher=Niemeyer |isbn=9783110911411 |oclc=300505991}}</ref> a small number of modern place names on the Isle of Man are Norse in origin, e.g. [[Laxey]] (Laksaa) and [[Ramsey, Isle of Man|Ramsey]] (Rhumsaa). Other Norse legacies in Manx include [[loanword]]s and [[personal name]]s.

Line 76 ⟶ 82:

By the 10th century, it is supposed that [[Middle Irish]] had emerged and was spoken throughout Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.

The island came under Scottish rule in 1266, and alternated between Scottish and English rule until finally becoming the feudal possession of the [[Stanley family]] in 1405. It is likely that until that point, except for scholarly knowledge of [[Latin]] and courtly use of [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]], Manx was the only language spoken on the island. Since the establishment of the Stanleys on the Isle of Man, first Anglo-Norman and later the [[English language]] have been the chief external factors in the development of Manx, until the 20th century, when Manx speakers became able to access Irish and Scottish Gaelic media.

===17th to 19th centuries===

Manx had diverged considerably from the Gaelic languages of Scotland and Ireland between 1400 and 1900. The 17th century [[Plantation of Ulster]], the decline of Irish in [[Leinster]] and the extinction of [[Galwegian Gaelic|Galloway Gaelic]] led to the geographic isolation of Manx from other dialects of Gaelic. The development of a separate [[orthography]] also led Manx to diverge from Irish and Scottish Gaelic.<ref name=":1" />

Line 84 ⟶ 91:

[[Thomas Wilson (bishop)|Thomas Wilson]] began his tenure as Bishop of Mann in 1698 and was succeeded by Mark Hildesley. Both men held positive views of Manx; Wilson was the first person to publish a book in Manx, a translation of ''The Principles and Duties of Christianity'' ({{Lang|gv|Coyrie Sodjey}}), and Hildesley successfully promoted the use of Manx as the language of instruction in schools. The New Testament was first published in Manx in 1767. In the late 18th century, nearly every school was teaching in English. This decline continued into the 19th century, as English gradually became the primary language spoken on the Isle of Man.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2"/>

In 1848, J.G. Cumming wrote, "there are ... few persons (perhaps none of the young) who speak no English." [[Henry Jenner]] estimated in 1874 that about 30% of the population habitually spoke Manx (12,340 out of a population of 41,084). According to official census figures, 9.1% of the population claimed to speak Manx in 1901; in 1921 the percentage was only 1.1%.<ref name=":3">Gunther 1990, 59–60</ref> Since the language was used by so few people, it had low linguistic "[[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]]", and parents tended to not to teach Manx to their children, thinking it would be useless to them compared with English.<ref name=":2"/>

According to [[Brian Stowell]], "In the 1860s there were thousands of Manx people who couldn't speak English, but barely a century later it was considered to be so backwards to speak the language that there were stories of Manx speakers getting stones thrown at them in the towns."<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 January 2013|title=Manx: Bringing a language back from the dead|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21242667|access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>

=== Revival ===

Following the decline in the use of Manx during the 19th century, {{lang|gv|[[Manx Gaelic Society|Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh]]}} (The Manx Language Society) was founded in 1899. By the middle of the 20th century, only a few elderly [[native speaker]]s remained (the last of them, [[Ned Maddrell]], died on 27 December 1974), but by then a scholarly revival had begun and a few people had started teaching it in schools. The Manx Language Unit was formed in 1992, consisting of three members and headed by Manx Language Officer [[Brian Stowell]], a language activist and fluent speaker, "which was put in charge of all aspects of Manx language teaching and accreditation in schools."<ref name=":1">Ager, Simon. "A Study of Language Death and Revival with a Particular Focus on Manx Gaelic." Master's Dissertation University of Wales, Lampeter, 2009. PDF.</ref> This led to an increased interest in studying the Manx language and encouraged a renewed sense of ethnic identity. The revival of Manx was aided by the recording work done in the 20th century by researchers. Most notably, the [[Irish Folklore Commission]] was sent in with recording equipment in 1948 by [[Éamon de Valera]]. Also important in preserving the Manx language was work conducted by the late Brian Stowell, who is considered personally responsible for the current revival of the Manx language.<ref name=graun /> The Manx Language Strategy was released in 2017, outlining a five-year plan for the language's continued revitalisation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.im/news/2017/dec/01/five-year-strategy-salutes-and-celebrates-manx-language/ |title=Isle of Man Government - Five year strategy salutes and celebrates Manx language |website=www.gov.im |language=en-GB |access-date=6 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theworldweekly.com/reader/view/magazine/2018-01-04/lifelines-for-indigenous-languages/10437 |title=Lifelines for indigenous languages {{!}} The World Weekly |website=www.theworldweekly.com |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107232933/https://www.theworldweekly.com/reader/view/magazine/2018-01-04/lifelines-for-indigenous-languages/10437/ |url-status=deadusurped }}</ref> [[Culture Vannin]] employs a Manx Language Development Officer ({{Lang-Langx|gv|Yn Greinneyder}}) to encourage and facilitate the use of the language.

In 2009, [[UNESCO]]'s ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' declared Manx an [[extinct language]], despite the presence of hundreds of speakers on the Isle of Man.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/isle_of_man/7901763.stm |title=UN declares Manx Gaelic 'extinct' |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=20 February 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref> Historian and linguist [[Jennifer Kewley Draskau]] reacted to this declaration, saying that saying that "Unesco ought to know better than to declare Manx a dead language. There are hundreds of speakers of Manx and while people are able to have productive conversations in the language then it is very much alive and well."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-02-20 |title=UN declares Manx Gaelic 'extinct' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/7901763.stm |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Since then, UNESCO's classification of the language has changed to "critically endangered".<ref name=graun>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/apr/02/how-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man |title=How the Manx language came back from the dead |last1=Whitehead |first1=Sarah |date=2 April 2015 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref>

In the 2011 census, 1,823 out of 80,398 Isle of Man residents, or 2.27% of the population, claimed to have knowledge of Manx,<ref name=Gov.im>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/census2011reportfinalresized.pdf |title=Isle of Man Census Report 2011 |publisher=Isle of Man Government Treasury |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108113021/http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/census2011reportfinalresized.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2012}}</ref> an increase of 134 people from the 2001 census.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manx Gaelic Revival 'Impressive'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/4271840.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=22 September 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603070631/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/4271840.stm |archive-date= Jun 3, 2023 }}</ref> These individuals were spread roughly uniformly over the island: in [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] 566 people professed an ability to speak, read or write Manx; 179 in [[Peel, Isle of Man|Peel]], 146 in [[Onchan]], and 149 in Ramsey.<ref name="Gov.im"/>

Line 101 ⟶ 108:

| caption= {{legend|1f77b4|Isle of Man population}}

{{legend|ff7f0e|Manx speakers}}

| content = {{Graph#chart:ChartEstimated Manx speakers (since 1871).chart}}

'''[[:c:Data:Estimated Manx speakers (since 1871).tab|Raw data]]'''

| width = 400

| height = 200

| type = line

| xAxisMin=1870

| xAxisMax=2030

| yAxisMax=85000

| showSymbols =

| x = 1871,1874,1901,1911,1921,1931,1951,1961,1971,1991,2001,2011,2015,2021

| y1 = 54000,,54752,52016,60284,49308,50253,48133,54481,71267,78266,84497,88000,84069

| y2 = ,16200,4419,2382,915,529,355,165,284,643,1500,1650,1800,2223

|vAnnotatonsLine=1974

|vAnnotatonsLabel=Last native speaker dies

}}

}}

{| class="wikitable"

Line 172 ⟶ 167:

|0.52%

|54,481

|<ref>{{Cite book |title=Census of the Isle of Man, 1971 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office}}</ref>

|{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

|-

| 1974

Line 214 ⟶ 209:

Manx is not [[Official language|officially recognised]] by any national or regional government, although its contribution to [[Culture of the Isle of Man|Manx culture]] and tradition is acknowledged by some governmental and non-governmental bodies.

The Standing Orders of the [[House of Keys]] provide that: "The proceedings of the House shall be in English; but if a Member at any point pronounces a customary term or sentence in Manx Gaelic or any other language, the Speaker may call upon the Member for a translation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tynwald.org.im/business/sto/Documents/20180604_PP2018-0067_KSO.pdf |title=Standing Orders of the House of Keys |access-date=15 June 2018 |pages=17}}</ref> An example was at the sitting on 12 February 2019, when an MHK used the expression {{lang|gv|boghtnid}},<ref>http{{Cite web |date=2019-02-12 |title=House of Keys Official Report |url=https://www.tynwald.org.im/spfile?file=/business/hansard/20002020/k190212.pdf House of Keys Hansard|website=tynwald.org}}</ref> stated to mean "nonsense".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asmanxasthehills.com/kathleen-faragher-list-of-manx-words-and-manx-dialect-words/ |title=Kathleen Faragher's Manx Words & Manx Dialect Words |date=18 January 2015}}</ref><ref>However this word appears to have been adopted into Manx English, see [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWxpnBogU6c] Braaid Eisteddfod: A poem by Annie Kissack (at 20 seconds)</ref>

Manx is used in the annual [[Tynwald]] ceremony and Manx words are used in official Tynwald publications.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tynwald - the Parliament of the Isle of Man |url=http://www.tynwald.org.im/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

Line 237 ⟶ 232:

== Classification and dialects ==

{{IPA notice}}

Manx is one of the three [[daughter language]]s of [[Old Irish]] (via [[Middle Irish]]), the other two being [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]]. It shares a number of developments in phonology, vocabulary and grammar with its [[Sister language|sisters]] (in some cases only with certain dialects) and shows a number of unique changes. There are two attested historical dialects of Manx, Northern Manx and [[Southern Manx Dialect|Southern Manx]].<ref>Broderick 1984–86, 1:xxvii–xxviii, 160</ref> A third dialect may have existed in-between, around Douglas{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}.

===Similarities to and differences from Irish and Scottish Gaelic===

Line 259 ⟶ 254:

===Dialects===

[[File:Manx dialects.png|thumb|left|Historical dialect map of Manx (boundaries are approximate)]]

Linguistic analysis of the last few dozen native speakers reveals a number of [[dialect]]al differences between the North and the South of the island. Northern Manx ({{Lang-Langx|gv|Gaelg Hwoaie}}) was spoken from [[Maughold (parish)|Maughold]] in the northeast to [[Peel, Isle of Man|Peel]] on the west coast. Southern Manx was spoken in the [[sheading]] of [[Rushen]]. It is possible that written Manx represents a 'midlands' dialect of [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] and surrounding areas.

In Southern Manx, older {{vr|á}}, and in some cases {{vr|ó}}, became {{IPA|[æː]}}. In Northern Manx the same happened, but {{vr|á}} sometimes remained {{IPA|[aː]}} as well, e.g. {{lang|gv|laa}} "day" (cf. Irish {{lang|ga|lá}}) was {{IPA|[læː]}} in the South but {{IPA|[læː]}} or {{IPA|[laː]}} in the North. Old {{vr|ó}} is always {{IPA|[æː]}} in both dialects, e.g. {{lang|gv|aeg}} "young" (cf. Irish {{lang|ga|óg}}) is {{IPA|[æːɡ]}} in both dialects.<ref>Broderick 1984–8,6 1:160</ref> {{vr|á, ó}} and lengthened {{vr|a}} before {{vr|rt, rd, rg}} became {{IPA|/œː/}}, as in ''paayrt'' '"part" {{IPA|/pœːrt/}}, ''ard'' "high" {{IPA|/œːrd/}}, ''jiarg'' "red" {{IPA|/dʒœːrɡ/}}, ''argid'' "money, silver" {{IPA|/œːrɡid/}} and ''aarey'' "gold [[Genitive case|gen.]]" {{IPA|/œːrə/}}.

Line 285 ⟶ 280:

=== Consonants ===

The [[consonant]] phoneme inventory of Manx:<ref>ThomsonLewin 1992, 128–292020; Broderick 1993,Lewin 234(Forthcoming)</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

Line 299 ⟶ 294:

|-

! [[Plosive]]

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|p}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|b}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|t̪}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|d̪}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | ({{IPAlinkIPA link|kt̠}}) || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ({{IPAlinkIPA link|ɡd̠}})

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|kʲtʲ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|ɡʲdʲ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|tʲkʲ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|dʲɡʲ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp;{{IPA link|k}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;{{IPA link|ɡ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlink|kʲ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ɡʲ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlink|k}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ɡ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

|-

! [[Fricative]]

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|f}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|v}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|s}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|ʃ}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|xʲç}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ɣʲ}}&nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|x}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|ɣ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|h}} || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

|-

! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|m}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|n}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | ({{IPAlinkIPA link|ŋn̠}})

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|ŋʲnʲ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|nʲŋʲ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;{{IPA link|ŋ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ŋʲ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlink|ŋ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

|-

Line 331 ⟶ 326:

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|r}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;{{IPA link|rʲ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

Line 340 ⟶ 335:

! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|l}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;({{IPA link|l̠}})

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|lʲ}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

Line 353 ⟶ 348:

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|j}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | {{IPAlinkIPA link|w}}

| style="border-right-width: 0;" | &nbsp; || style="border-left-width: 0;" | &nbsp;

|}

Line 381 ⟶ 376:

* {{IPA|/ʃ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}}: {{lang|gv|aashagh}} {{IPA|[ˈɛːʒax]}} "easy"

* {{IPA|/ʃ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}} > {{IPA|[j]}}: {{lang|gv|toshiaght}} {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɔʒax, -jax]}} "beginning"

* {{IPA|/x/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}}: {{lang|gv|beaghey}} {{IPA|[ˈbɛːɣəˈbeːɣə]}} "live"

* {{IPA|/x/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}} > ∅: {{lang|gv|shaghey}} {{IPA|[ʃaː]}} "past"

Line 410 ⟶ 405:

|-

! [[Close vowel|Close]]

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|i}} || {{IPAlinkIPA link|iː}}

| ||

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|u}} || {{IPAlinkIPA link|uː}}

|-

! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|e}} || {{IPAlinkIPA link|eː}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|ə}} || {{IPAlinkIPA link|øː}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|o}} || {{IPAlinkIPA link|oː}}

|-

! [[Open vowel|Open]]

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|æ}} || {{IPAlinkIPA link|æː}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|a}} || {{IPAlinkIPA link|aː}}

| {{IPAlinkIPA link|ɔ}} || {{IPAlinkIPA link|ɔː}}

|}

Line 946 ⟶ 941:

|-

| one

| {{lang|gv|un}} {{IPA-|gv|æːn, oːn, uːn|}}<br />{{lang|gv|nane}} {{IPA-|gv|neːn|}}

| {{lang|ga|aon}} {{IPA-|ga|eːnˠ, iːnˠ|}}, (Northwest Ulster) {{IPA|ga|ɯːnˠ|}}

| {{lang|gd|aon}} {{IPA-|gd|ɯːn|}}

|-

| two

| {{lang|gv|daa}} {{IPA-|gv|d̪æː|}}, {{lang|gv|ghaa}} {{IPA-|gv|ɣæː|}}, <br />{{lang|gv|jees}} {{IPA-|gv|dʒiːs|}}

| {{lang|ga|dó}} {{IPA-|ga|d̪ˠoː|}}, {{lang|ga|d(h)á}} {{IPA-|ga|ɣaː/d̪ˠaː|}},(people only) {{lang|ga|dís}} {{IPA-|ga|dʲiːʃ|}}*

| {{lang|gd|dà}} {{IPA-|gd|t̪aː|}}

|-

| three

| {{lang|gv|tree}} {{IPA-|gv|t̪riː|}}

| {{lang|ga|trí}} {{IPA-|ga|tʲrʲiː|}}

| {{lang|gd|trì}} {{IPA-|gd|t̪ʰɾiː|}}

|-

| four

| {{lang|gv|kiare}} {{IPA-|gv|kʲæːə(r)|}}

| {{lang|ga|ceathair}} {{IPA-|ga|cahərʲ|}}, {{lang|ga|ceithre}} {{IPA-|ga|ˈcɛɾʲə|}}

| {{lang|gd|ceithir}} {{IPA-|gd|ˈkʲʰehɪɾʲ|}}

|-

| five

| {{lang|gv|queig}} {{IPA-|gv|kweɡ|}}

| {{lang|ga|cúig}} {{IPA-|ga|kuːɟ|}}

| {{lang|gd|còig}} {{IPA-|gd|kʰoːkʲ|}}

|-

| six

| {{lang|gv|shey}} {{IPA-|gv|ʃeː|}}

| {{lang|ga|sé}} {{IPA-|ga|ʃeː|}}

| {{lang|gd|sia}} {{IPA-|gd|ʃiə|}}

|-

| seven

| {{lang|gv|shiaght}} {{IPA-|gv|ʃæːx|}}

| {{lang|ga|seacht}} {{IPA-|ga|ʃaxt̪ˠ|}}

| {{lang|gd|seachd}} {{IPA-|gd|ʃɛxk|}}, {{IPA-|gd|ʃaxk|}}

|-

| eight

| {{lang|gv|hoght}} {{IPA-|gv|hoːx|}}

| {{lang|ga|ocht}} {{IPA-|ga|ɔxt̪ˠ|}}

| {{lang|gd|ochd}} {{IPA-|gd|ɔxk|}}

|-

| nine

| {{lang|gv|nuy}} {{IPA-|gv|nɛi, nøi, niː|}}

| {{lang|ga|naoi}} {{IPA-|ga|n̪ˠiː (n̪ˠɰiː)|}}

| {{lang|gd|naoi}} {{IPA-|gd|n̪ˠɤi|}}

|-

| ten

| {{lang|gv|jeih}} {{IPA-|gv|dʒɛi|}}

| {{lang|ga|deich}} {{IPA-|ga|dʲɛç, -ɛh, -ɛi|}}*

| {{lang|gd|deich}} {{IPA-|gd|tʲeç|}}

|-

| eleven

| {{lang|gv|nane jeig}} {{IPA-|gv|neːn dʒeɡ|}}

| {{lang|ga|aon déag}} {{IPA-|ga|eːnˠ/iːnˠ dʲeːɡ|}}*

| {{lang|gd|aon deug/diag}} {{IPA-|gd|ɯːn dʲeːk|}}, {{IPA-|gd|ɯːn dʲiək|}}

|-

| twelve

| {{lang|gv|daa yeig}} {{IPA-|gv|d̪eiɡʲ|}}

| {{lang|ga|dó dhéag}} {{IPA-|ga|d̪ˠoː jeːg|}}, {{lang|ga|d(h)á dhéag}} {{IPA-|ga|ɣaː/d̪ˠaː jeːɡ|}}

| {{lang|gd|dà dheug/dhiag}} {{IPA-|gd|t̪aː ʝeːk|}}, {{IPA-|gd|t̪aː ʝiək|}}

|-

| thirteen

| {{lang|gv|tree jeig}} {{IPA-|gv|t̪ri dʒeɡ|}}

| {{lang|ga|trí déag}} {{IPA-|ga|tʲrʲiː dʲeːɡ|}}*

| {{lang|gd|trì deug/diag}} {{IPA-|gd|t̪ʰɾiː tʲeːk|}}, {{IPA-|gd|t̪ʰɾiː tʲiək|}}

|-

| twenty

| {{lang|gv|feed}} {{IPA-|gv|fiːdʒ|}}

| {{lang|ga|fiche}} {{IPA-|ga|fʲɪçə, -hə|}}; {{lang|ga|fichid}} (sing. [[Dative case|dat.]]) {{IPA-|ga|ˈfʲɪçədʲ, -ɪhə-|}}*

| {{lang|gd|fichead}} {{IPA-|ga|fiçət̪|}}

|-

| hundred

| {{lang|gv|keead}} {{IPA-|gv|kiːəd|}}

| {{lang|ga|céad}} {{IPA-|ga|ceːd̪ˠ, ciːa̯d̪ˠ|}}

| {{lang|gd|ceud, ciad}} {{IPA-|gd|kʲʰeːt̪|}}, {{IPA-|gd|kʲʰiət̪|}}

|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>In the northern dialects of Irish [[Help:IPA/Irish|/dʲ tʲ/]] may be affricated to {{IPA|[{{IPAlinkIPA link|dʒ}} {{IPAlinkIPA link|tʃ}}]}} or {{IPA|[{{IPAlinkIPA link|dʑ}} {{IPAlinkIPA link|tɕ}}]}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=de Búrca |first=Seán |date=1958 |title=The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |isbn=0-901282-49-9 |pages=24–25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mhac an Fhailigh |first=Éamonn |date=1968 |title=The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |isbn=0-901282-02-2 |pages=36–37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wagner |first=Heinrich |date=1959 |title=Gaeilge Theilinn |language=Irish |trans-title=Telin Irish |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |isbn=1-85500-055-5 |pages=9–10}}</ref>

== Orthography ==

Manx [[orthography]] is based on [[Elizabethan English]], and to a lesser extent [[Middle Welsh]], developed by people who had an education in English (and Welsh until the 16th century).<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Kelly|1870|p=xiii}} footnote in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NZENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13 Spoken Sound as a Rule for Orthography]'', credited to W. Mackenzie.</ref> The result is an inconsistent and only partially phonemic spelling system, similar to [[English orthography]] and completely incomprehensible to readers of [[Irish orthography|Irish]] and [[Scottish Gaelic orthography|Scottish Gaelic]]. This is because both Irish and Scottish Gaelic use spelling systems derived from [[Classical Irish|Classical Gaelic]], the common [[literary language]] of Man, Ireland, and Scotland until the Bardic schools closed down in the 17th century, which makes them very [[Etymology|etymological]]. Both Irish and Scottish Gaelic use only 18 letters to represent around 50 phonemes. While Manx uses 24 letters (the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]], excluding {{angbr|x}} and {{angbr|z}}), covering a similar range of phonemes, all three make use of many [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] and [[Trigraph (orthography)|trigraphs]]. In 1932, [[Celticist]] [[T. F. O'Rahilly]] expressed the opinion that Manx orthography is inadequate, as it is neither traditional nor phonetic. Therefore, if a form of Classical Gaelic orthography adapted to Manx had survived or if one based on the reforms of [[Theobald Stapleton]] were to be developed and introduced, the very close relationship between Manx, Irish, and Scottish Gaelic would be obvious to readers at first sight and Manx would be much easier for other Gaels to read and understand.{{sfn|O'Rahilly|1932|p=128}}

There is noHowever, evidence, however, of [[Gaelic type]] ever having been used on the island has not been found.

=== Spelling to sound correspondences ===

Line 2,198 ⟶ 2,193:

=== Literature ===

{{Main|Manx literature|Gaelic literature}}

Manx never had a large number of speakers, so it would not have been practical to mass-produce written literature. However, a body of oral literature did exist. The "[[Fianna]]" tales and others like them are known, including the Manx ballad {{lang|gv|Fin as Oshin}}, commemorating [[Finn MacCool|Finn MacCumhail]] and [[Ossian|Oisín]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/mb1896/p002.htm |title=pp2/5 Manx Ballads - Fin as Oshin |publisher=Isle-of-man.com |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> With the coming of Protestantism, Manx spoken tales slowly disappeared, while a tradition of carvals, Christian ballads, developed with religious sanction.{{When|date=February 2009}}Even so, Bishop [[Mark Hildesley]], after his gardener overheard him discussing the ''[[Ossian]]'' poems of [[James Macpherson]] and admitted to known of Fionn and Oisin, the Bishop collected from the local [[oral tradition]] multiple lays in Manx from the [[Fenian Cycle]] of [[Celtic Mythology]], which were accordingly preserved for the future.<ref>''Mannanan's Cloak: An Anthology of Manx Literature'' by [[Robert Corteen Carswell]], London: Francis Boutle Publishers, 2010, pp. 80–86. (translation by Robert Corteen Carswell)</ref>

There is no record of literature written distinctively in Manx before the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]]. By that time, any presumed literary link with Ireland and Scotland, such as through Irish-trained priests, had been lost. The first published literature in Manx was ''The Principles and Duties of Christianity ({{lang|gv|Coyrie Sodjey}})'', translated by [[Bishop of Sodor and Man]] [[Thomas Wilson (bishop)|Thomas Wilson]].<ref name=":1" />

Line 2,208 ⟶ 2,203:

Other works produced in the 18th and 19th centuries include catechisms, hymn books and religious tracts. A translation of ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' was made by Rev. Thomas Christian of Marown in 1796.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shenn Recortyssyn |url=https://www.learnmanx.com/learning/recordings-archive/pargys-caillit/ |website=learnmanx.com |access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref>

A considerable amount of secular literature has been produced in the 20th and 21st centuries as part of the language revival. In 2006, the first full-length novel in Manx, {{lang|gv|Dunveryssyn yn Tooder-Folley}} ("The Vampire Murders") was published by Brian Stowell, after being serialised in the press. There is an increasing amount of literature available in the language, and recent publications include Manx versions of the ''Gruffalo'' and ''Gruffalo's Child''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturevannin.im/cms/publication_type_index_1475.html |title=Books - Lioaryn &#124; Culture Vannin &#124; Isle of Man |website=[[Culture Vannin]] |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802203910/http://www.culturevannin.im/cms/publication_type_index_1475.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]'s ''[[The Little Prince]]'' was translated into Manx by Rob Teare in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://petit-prince-collection.com/lang/show_livre.php?lang=en&id=5326 |title=Antoine de Saint-Exupery - "The Little Prince" / Gaelic Manx / 2019, Edition Tintenfass, Neckarsteinach |website=petit-prince-collection.com}}</ref>

Line 2,231 ⟶ 2,226:

[[File:St Mary’s Cathedral, Douglas Isle Man.jpeg|left|thumb|[[St. Mary of the Isle Church|St. Mary of the Isle Cathedral]], [[Douglas, Isle of Man]].]]

In a move towards the [[Catholic Church in the Isle of Man]] having a Bishop of its own, in September 2023 [[St. Mary of the Isle Church]] in [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] was granted Co-[[Cathedral]] status by [[Pope Francis]]. During the [[Mass of Paul VI|Mass]] of dedication by [[Malcolm McMahon]], the [[Archbishop of Liverpool]], the [[Lord's Prayer]] was recited in Manx and the [[Manx National Anthem]] was also performed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Curphey |first=Tom |date=2023-09-22 |title=Pope Francis grants 'rare honour' to Douglas church after 'year long process' |url=https://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/pope-francis-grants-rare-honour-to-douglas-church-after-year-long-process-640101 {{Bare URL inline|datewebsite=AugustIsle 2024of Man Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathedral Status for St Mary of the Isle, Douglas |url=https://manxcatholic.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Cathedral-press-statement-for-Manx-media-22-Sept-23.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|datewebsite=August 2024manxcatholic.org.uk}}</ref><ref>[https://universecatholicweekly.co.uk/isle{{Cite web |last1=Drozdziak |first1=Andy |date=2023-of10-man/27 |title=Joy for Isle of Man Catholics as cathedral date confirmed], [[|url=https://universecatholicweekly.co.uk/isle-of-man/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511184736/https://universecatholicweekly.co.uk/isle-of-man/ |archive-date=2024-05-11 |website=Universe Catholic Weekly]].}}</ref>

==See also==

Line 2,257 ⟶ 2,252:

* <!--Jackson 1955-->{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Kenneth Hurlstone |title=Contributions to the Study of Manx Phonology |author-link=Kenneth H. Jackson |publisher=Nelson |___location=Edinburgh |year=1955}}

* {{cite book |last=Kelly |first=John |year=1870 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=William |title=A Practical Grammar of the Antient Gaelic, or Language of the Isle of Man, Usually Called Manks |publisher=[[The Manx Society]] |publication-date=1870 |___location=Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZENAAAAYAAJ}}

* <!--Kewley-Draskau 2008-->{{cite book |last=Kewley-Draskau |first=Jennifer |author-link=Jennifer Kewley Draskau |title=Practical Manx |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84631-131-4}}

* <!--Kneen 1911-->{{cite book |last=Kneen |first=John J. |title=A Grammar of the Manx Language |author-link=John J. Kneen |publisher=Ams Pr Inc |___location=Edinburgh |year=1911 |isbn=978-0-404-17564-1}}

* <!--Lewin 2020-->{{cite thesis |last= Lewin|first= Christopher|date= 2020|title= Aspects of the historical phonology of Manx|doi=10.7488/era/557 |degree=PhD |___location=Edinburgh |publisher=University of Edinburgh |access-date=}}

* <!--Lewin (forthcoming)-->{{cite book|last=Lewin|first=Christopher|date= |title=Sheean as Screeu|___location=St John's|publisher=Culture Vannin}}

* <!--Macbain 1911-->{{cite book |last=Macbain |first=Alexander |title=An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language |edition=2nd |year=1911 |___location=Stirling |publisher=E. Mackay. Reprinted 1998, New York: Hippocrene |isbn=0-7818-0632-1}}

* <!--Mhac an Fhailigh 1968-->{{cite book |last=Mhac an Fhailigh |first=Éamonn |year=1968 |title=The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo |publisher=[[Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies]] |isbn=0-901282-02-2}}

Line 2,295 ⟶ 2,292:

[[Category:Manx language| ]]

[[Category:Languages of dependent territories of the United Kingdom]]

[[Category:Goidelic languages]]

[[Category:Languages of Europe]]