Sublimation (phase transition): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Transition from solid to gas without melting}}

{{Redirect|Sublimates||Sublimation (disambiguation){{!}}Sublimation}}

{{distinguish|subliminal stimuli}}

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(top left of solid in phase diagram)

These three cases jointly exhaust the solid space in the phrase diagram. This makes sense, after all, technically, all solids sublime (depending mostly on vapour pressure, which is very situational).

One may notice there is a fourth case in the solid space, that is, at the solid-liquid boundary. It is uncertain if the solid is still defined as subliming WHILE melting, and in case it is, it would be subliming graduallyrapidly.

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[[File:Nickelocen an einem Kühlfinger.jpg|thumb|right|Dark green [[crystals]] of [[nickelocene]], sublimed and freshly deposited on a [[cold finger]]]]

[[File:Sublimation of iodine.webm|thumb|Sublimation of [[iodine]]]]

'''Sublimation''' is the [[Phase transition|transition of a substance]] directly from the [[solid]] to the [[gas]] state, without passing through the [[liquid]] state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitten |first1=Kenneth W. |last2=Gailey |first2=Kenneth D. |last3=Davis |first3=Raymond E. |title=General chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0 |url-access=registration |date=1992 |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |isbn=0-03-072373-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0/page/475 475] |edition=4th}}</ref> The verb form of sublimation is ''sublime'', or less preferably, ''sublimate''.<ref name=":0">{{cite Merriam-Webster|Sublimate}}</ref> ''Sublimate'' also refers to the product obtained by sublimation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sublimate "Sublimate"]. [[Collins English Dictionary#CollinsDictionary.com|CollinsDictionary.com Dictionary]].</ref> The point at which sublimation occurs rapidly (for further details, see [[#False correspondence with vaporization|below]]) is called critical sublimation point, or simply sublimation point. Notable examples include sublimation of [[dry ice]] at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and that of solid [[iodine]] with heating.

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The reverse process of sublimation is [[deposition (phase transition)|''deposition'']] (also called ''desublimation''), in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase, without passing through the liquid state.<ref name="DepositionDef">{{cite journal |title=Controlling condensation and frost growth with chemical micropatterns |first1=Jonathan B. |last1=Boreyko |first2=Ryan R. |last2=Hansen |first3=Kevin R. |last3=Murphy |first4=Saurabh |last4=Nath |first5=Scott T. |last5=Retterer |first6=C. Patrick |last6=Collier |journal=Scientific Reports |year=2016 |volume=6 |pages=19131 |doi=10.1038/srep19131 |pmid=26796663 |pmc=4726256 |bibcode=2016NatSR...619131B}}</ref>

AllTechnically, all solids may sublime, though most sublime at extremely low rates that are hardly detectable under usual conditions. At [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure|normal pressures]], most [[chemical compound]]s and [[chemical element|elements]] possess three different states at different [[temperature]]s. In these cases, the transition from the [[solid]] to the [[gas]] state requires an intermediate liquid state. The pressure referred to is the ''[[partial pressure]]|''partial'' pressure]] of the substance, not the ''total'' (e.g. atmospheric) pressure of the entire system. Thus, any solid can sublime if its [[vapour pressure]] is higher than the surrounding partial pressure of the same substance, and in some cases, sublimessublimation occurs at an appreciable rate (e.g. water ice just below 0&nbsp;°C).

For some substances, such as [[carbon]] and [[arsenic]], sublimation from solid state is much more achievable than [[evaporation]] from liquid state and it is difficult to obtain them as liquids. This is because the pressure of their [[triple point]] in its [[phase diagram]] (which corresponds to the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid) is very high.

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===Water===

[[Snow]] and [[ice]] sublime gradually at temperatures below the solid-liquid boundary (melting point) (generally 0&nbsp;°C), and at partial pressures below the triple point pressure of {{convert|612|Pa|atm|abbr=on}}, at a low rate.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fassnacht |first=S. R. |year=2004 |title=Estimating Alter-shielded gauge snowfall undercatch, snowpack sublimation, and blowing snow transport at six sites in the coterminous USA |journal=Hydrol. Process. |doi=10.1002/hyp.5806 |bibcode=2004HyPr...18.3481F |volume=18 |issue=18 |pages=3481–3492|s2cid=129927018 }}</ref> In [[freeze-drying]], the material to be dehydrated is frozen and its water is allowed to sublime under reduced pressure or vacuum. The loss of snow from a [[snowfield]] during a cold spell is often caused by sunshine acting directly on the upper layers of the snow. Sublimation of ice is a factor to the erosive wear of [[glacier ice]], alsoknown calledas [[ablation]] in [[glaciology]].<ref>{{citationCite web needed|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=ablation&submit=Search |title=''Glossary of Meteorology'' |access-date=October2010-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917232831/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=ablation&submit=Search |archive-date=2011-09-17 |url-status=dead 2021}}</ref>

===Naphthalene===

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[[File:Camphor sublimation 1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Camphor]] subliming in a [[cold finger]]. The crude product in the bottom is dark brown; the white purified product on the bottom of the cold finger above is hard to see against the light background.]]

At [[Arsenicatmospheric pressure]], [[arsenic]] sublimes gradually upon heating at [[atmospheric pressure]], and sublimes rapidly at {{convert|887|K|C}}.<ref name="Holl3">{{cite book |last=Holleman |first=Arnold F. |title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils |date=1985 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-007511-3 |edition=91–100 |pages=675–681 |language=de |chapter=Arsen}}</ref>

[[Cadmium]] and [[zinc]] sublime much more than other common materials, so they are not suitable [[materials for use in vacuum]].{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

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The result of the sublimation process is a nearly permanent, high resolution, full color print. Because the dyes are infused into the substrate at the molecular level, rather than applied at a topical level (such as with screen printing and direct to garment printing), the prints will not crack, fade or peel from the substrate under normal conditions.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

==Table of phase transitions of matter==

{{Table of phase transitions}}

==See also==

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*[[Phase diagram]]

*[[Phase transition|Phase transitions]]

==Table of phase transitions of matter==

{{Table of phase transitions}}

{{Clear}}

==References==