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{{terrorism}}
The '''history of terrorism''' involves significant individuals, entities, and incidents associated with [[terrorism]]. Scholars often agree that terrorism is a [[definition of terrorism|disputed term]], and very few of those who are labeled terrorists describe themselves as such, it is common for opponents in a violent conflict to describe the opposing side as terrorists or as practicing terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Paul Reynolds |author2=quoting David Hannay |author3=Former UK ambassador |title= UN staggers on road to reform|quote= This would end the argument that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter...|work= BBC News|date= 14 September 2005|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4244842.stm|access-date= 2010-01-11}}</ref>
Depending on how broadly the term is defined, the roots and practice of terrorism can be traced at least to the 1st-century AD [[Sicarii Zealots]], though some dispute whether the group, which [[assassination|assassinated]] collaborators with Roman rule in the province of [[Judea]], were in fact terrorist. The first use in English of the term 'terrorism' occurred during the [[French Revolution]]'s [[Reign of Terror]], when the [[Jacobins]], who ruled the revolutionary state, employed violence, including mass executions by guillotine, to compel obedience to the state and intimidate state enemies.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/opinion/28furstenberg.html|title=Opinion - Bush's Dangerous Liaisons|first=François|last=Furstenberg|date=28 October 2007|access-date=10 January 2018|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The association of the term only with state violence and intimidation lasted until the mid-19th century, when it began to be associated with non-governmental groups. [[Anarchism]], often in league with rising [[nationalism]] and [[anti-monarchism]], was the most prominent ideology linked with terrorism. Near the end of the 19th century, anarchist groups or individuals committed assassinations of a Russian Tsar and a U.S. president.
In the 20th century, terrorism continued to be associated with a vast array of anarchist, socialist, fascist and nationalist groups, many of them engaged in '[[third world]]' independence struggles. Some scholars also labeled as terrorist the systematic internal violence and intimidation practiced by states such as the [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)|Stalinist Soviet Union]] and [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name="NaziTerror">{{Citation|title=Nazi Terror Begins |publisher=United States Holocaust Museum |date=20 June 2014 |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005686}}</ref><ref name="Foundations">{{cite book|author=Martin A. Miller|title=The Foundations of Modern Terrorism: State, Society and the Dynamics of Political Violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwyTC6riQDYC|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02530-1}}</ref>
==Definition==
{{See also|Definition of terrorism#Timeline of political definitions}}
[[Image:Girondists Harpers Weekly Aug 1881.jpg|thumb|"[[Enemy of the people|Enemies of the people]]" headed for the [[guillotine]] during the [[Reign of Terror]]]]
There is no scholarly consensus over the definition of the term "terrorism."<ref name=Record-p6-fn11>Jeffrey Record. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050916120837/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=207 Bounding the Global War on Terrorism], December 1, 2003, {{ISBN|1-58487-146-6}}. p. 6 (page 12 of the PDF document) citing in footnote 11: Walter Laqueur, ''The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction'', New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 6.</ref><ref>Angus Martyn, [http://www.aph.gov.au/library/Pubs/CIB/2001-02/02cib08.htm The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429023013/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/Pubs/CIB/2001-02/02cib08.htm |date=April 29, 2009 }} http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/CIB/cib0102/02CIB08, Australian Law and Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, February 12, 2002</ref> This in part derives from the fact that the term is politically and emotionally charged, "a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one's enemies and opponents."<ref name="Hoffman-1998-p32">Hoffman (1998), p. 32. See review in The [[New York Times]] [https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hoffman-terrorism.html Inside Terrorism]</ref>
The term "terrorist" is believed to have originated during the [[Reign of Terror]] (September 5, 1793{{snds}}July 28, 1794) in France. It was a period of eleven months during the [[French Revolution]] when the ruling [[Jacobin (politics)|Jacobins]] employed violence, including mass executions by [[guillotine]], in order to intimidate the regime's enemies and compel obedience to the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/sept_11/changing_faces_01.shtml|title=BBC - History - The Changing Faces of Terrorism|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> The Jacobins, most famously [[Maximilien Robespierre|Robespierre]], sometimes referred to themselves as "terrorists".<ref name="nytimes.com" /> Some modern scholars, however, do not consider the Reign of Terror a form of terrorism, in part because it was carried out by the French state.<ref>Hoffman, p.1</ref><ref>Chialand, p.6</ref> French historian [[Sophie Wahnich]] distinguishes between the [[revolutionary terror]] of the French Revolution and the terrorists of the September 11 attacks:
<blockquote>Revolutionary terror is not terrorism. To make a moral equivalence between the Revolution's year II and September 2001 is historical and philosophical nonsense ... The violence exercised on 11 September 2001 aimed neither at equality nor liberty. Nor did the preventive war announced by the president of the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wahnich |first=Sophie |date=2016 |title=In Defence of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution |page=108 |publisher=Verso |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-1-78478-202-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Scurr |first=Ruth |date=17 August 2012 |title=In Defence of the Terror: Liberty or Death in the French Revolution by Sophie Wahnich – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/aug/17/defence-terror-french-wahnich-review |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> </blockquote>The French Revolution also influenced conceptions of non-state terrorism in the 19th century. Although the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]] ended with the victory of autocracies opposed to France and with the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|restoration of the Bourbon dynasty]], European conservative rulers feared revolutionaries who would overthrow their governments or carry out similar forms of psychological violence. The late 18th and early 19th centuries did see the growth of [[Secret society|secret societies]] dedicated to beginning similar liberal revolutions to the French Revolution, causing conservative autocratic governments to become paranoid of radical terrorist conspiracies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Law |first=Randall D. |url= |title=Terrorism: A History |publisher=[[Polity Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-7456-9089-6 |edition=2 |___location=Cambridge, UK |pages=64–65 |language=en |oclc=935783894}}</ref>
==Early terrorism==
Scholars disagree about whether the roots of terrorism date back to the 1st century and the [[Sicarii Zealots]], to the 11th century and the [[Hashshashin]], to the 19th century and the [[Fenian Brotherhood]] and [[Narodnaya Volya (organization)|Narodnaya Volya]], or other eras.<ref name="cdi.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pogo.org/center-for-defense-information/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511140810/http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=1502|title=Center for Defense Information|archive-date=May 11, 2012|website=Project On Government Oversight}}</ref><ref>Hoffman 1998, p. 17</ref> The Sicarii and the Hashshashin are described below, while the Fenian Brotherhood and Narodnaya Volya are discussed in a later section. [[John Calvin]]'s rule of [[Geneva]] has been described as a reign of terror.<ref name="de Niet Paul 2009 p. 275">{{cite book | last1=de Niet | first1=J. | last2=Paul | first2=H. | title=Sober, Strict, and Scriptural: Collective Memories of John Calvin, 1800-2000 | publisher=Brill | series=Brill's Series in Church History | year=2009 | isbn=978-90-474-2770-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA275 | access-date=2022-10-21 | page=275}}</ref><ref name="Oechsli Paul Paul 1922 p. 166">{{cite book | last1=Oechsli | first1=W. | last2=Paul | first2=E. | last3=Paul | first3=C. | title=History of Switzerland, 1499-1914 | publisher=The University Press | series=Cambridge historical series | year=1922 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oS1pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA166 | access-date=2022-10-21 | page=166}}</ref><ref name="Association of American Law Schools 1916 p. 297">{{cite book | author=Association of American Law Schools | title=The Continental Legal History Series | publisher=Little, Brown, & Company | issue=v. 6 | year=1916 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eb3FqiVzLoC&pg=PA297 | access-date=2022-10-21 | page=297}}</ref> Other historical events sometimes associated with terrorism include the [[Gunpowder Plot]], an attempt to destroy the English [[Palace of Westminster|Parliament]] in 1605.<ref>http://www.berr.gov.uk/fireworks/download/FW1434_Keystage2_07.pdf http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090609003228/http://www.berr.gov.uk/fireworks/download/FW1434_Keystage2_07.pdf</ref>
During the 1st century AD, the [[Zealotry|Jewish Zealots]] in [[Judaea Province]] rebelled against the [[Roman Empire]], killing prominent collaborators such as the [[Sadducees]] running the [[Second Temple]] and the [[Hasmonean dynasty]].{{Sfn|Law|2016|p=28-31}}<ref name="cdi.org"/><ref>Hoffman 1998, p. 83</ref><ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.56</ref> In 6 AD, according to contemporary historian [[Josephus]], [[Judas of Galilee]] formed a small and more extreme offshoot of the Zealots, the [[Sicarii]] ("dagger men").<ref name="Chaliand, Gerard 2007. p.68"/> Their efforts were also directed against Jewish "collaborators," including temple priests, [[Sadducees]], [[Herodians]], and other wealthy elites.<ref>Hoffman 1998, p. 167</ref> According to Josephus, the Sicarii would hide short daggers under their cloaks, mingle with crowds at large festivals, murder their victims, and then disappear into the panicked crowds. Their most successful assassination was of the [[List of High Priests of Israel|High Priest of Israel]] [[Jonathan (High Priest)|Jonathan]].<ref name="Chaliand, Gerard 2007. p.68"/>
[[File:Assassination of Nizam al-Mulk.jpg|thumb|Assassination of the ''de facto'' [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq]] ruler [[Nizam al-Mulk]] by an [[Hashshashin|Assassin]] under [[Hassan-i Sabbah]]]]
The first group of people whose members were called terrorists in the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] were the [[Kharijites]], who declared that any Muslim, regardless of lineage or ethnicity, was eligible to serve as caliph as long as they were morally upright, according to the Kharijites. Muslims had a duty to rebel against and overthrow sinful caliphs. They consequently rose up in revolt against both the legitimate rulers and the Muslim rulers who did not uphold [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. The Kharijites were the first sect in Islamic history to practice [[takfir]], allowing them to use it as a defence for killing people they deemed to be heretics, they believed that heretics were apostates who were worthy of punishment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marie Nellis |first1=Ashley |title=Gender Differences in Fear of Terrorism |journal=Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice |date=May 14, 2009 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=322–340 |doi=10.1177/1043986209335012 |s2cid=144671000 }}</ref> The sect bears similarity with later "[[takfiri]]" doctrines of Islamism.{{Sfn|Law|2016|p=39}} In the late 11th century, the [[Hashshashin]] (a.k.a. the Assassins) arose, an offshoot of the [[Isma'ili]] sect of [[Shia]] [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="Rapoport, David 1984. p.658">Rapoport, David. "Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions." ''American Political Science Review'', 1984. p.658</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Laqueur |first1=Walter |title=A History of Terrorism |date=2001 |doi=10.4324/9781315083483|isbn=9781315083483 }}</ref> Led by [[Hassan-i Sabbah]] and opposed to [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] and [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq]] rule, the Hashshashin militia seized [[Alamut Castle|Alamut]] and other [[List of Ismaili castles|fortress strongholds]] across Persia.<ref>Willey, Peter. ''The Castles of the Assassins''. New York: Linden Press, 2001. p.19</ref> They briefly seized power in [[Isfahan]] before the populace revolted against their brutal rule.<ref>{{Harvp|Law|2016|p=41}}</ref> Hashshashin forces were too small to challenge enemies militarily, so they assassinated city governors and military commanders in order to create alliances with militarily powerful neighbors. For example, they killed Janah al-Dawla, ruler of [[Homs]], to please [[Ridwan of Aleppo]], and assassinated [[Mawdud]], [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]] emir of [[Mosul]], as a favor to the regent of [[Damascus]].<ref>Daftary, Farhad. ''The Assassin Legends: Myths of the Isma'ilis''. London: I. B. Tauris, 1995. p.42</ref> The Hashshashin also carried out assassinations as retribution.<ref>Hodgson, Marshall G. S. ''The Secret Order of Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizari Ismai'lis Against the Islamic World''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. p.83</ref> Under some definitions of terrorism, such [[assassinations]] do not qualify as terrorism, since killing a political leader does not intimidate political enemies or inspire revolt.<ref name="cdi.org"/><ref name="Chaliand, Gerard 2007. p.68">Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.68</ref><ref>Hoffman 1998, p. 84</ref> ''(see also [[List of assassinations by the Assassins]])''
The [[Sons of Liberty]] was a clandestine group that was formed in [[Boston]] and [[New York City]] in the 1770s. It had a political agenda of independence of [[Thirteen Colonies|Britain's American colonies]]. The groups engaged in several acts that could be considered terroristic and used the deeds for propaganda purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.varsitytutors.com/earlyamerica/early-america-review/volume-1/sons-liberty-patriots-terrorists|title=Sons of Liberty: Patriots or Terrorists? - Archiving Early America|website=www.varsitytutors.com|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>
==Gunpowder Plot==
{{See also|The Gunpowder Plot}}
[[File:Guy fawkes henry perronet briggs.jpg|thumb|right|alt=In a stone-walled room, several armed men physically restrain another man, who is drawing his sword.|''[[The Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot]]'' (c. 1823) by [[Henry Perronet Briggs]].]]
After Queen [[Elizabeth I]] restored the [[Church of England]] as the state church after years of persecution of Protestants under her sister [[Mary I of England|Mary I]], [[Pope Pius V]] excommunicated her and called on English Catholics to depose her. His successor [[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]] and King [[Philip II of Spain]] sponsored numerous plots against her which continued after she was succeeded by her cousin [[James VI and I]].<ref name=":0">{{Harvp|Law|2016|p=52-53}}</ref>
On November 5, 1605, a group of conspirators led by [[Robert Catesby]] attempted to destroy the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]] on its [[State Opening of Parliament|State Opening]] by King James I. They planned in secret to detonate a large quantity of [[gunpowder]] placed beneath the [[Palace of Westminster]]. The gunpowder was procured and placed by [[Guy Fawkes]]. The group intended to enact a coup by killing King James I and the members of both houses of Parliament. The conspirators planned to start a rebellion in the [[Midlands|English Midlands]],<ref name=":0" /> make one of the king's children a puppet monarch, and then restore the [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|Catholic faith]] to England.
The conspirator leased a coal cellar beneath the [[House of Lords]] and began stockpiling gunpowder in 1604. As well as its primary targets, it would have killed hundreds, if not thousands, of Londoners – the most devastating act of terrorism in Britain's history, plunging the nation into a religious war. English spymasters uncovered the plot and caught Guy Fawkes with the gunpowder beneath Parliament. The other conspirators fled to [[Holbeach]] in [[Staffordshire]]. A shoot out on November 8 with authorities led to the deaths of [[Robert Catesby]], [[Thomas Percy (Gunpowder Plot)|Thomas Percy]] and the brothers [[John and Christopher Wright|Christopher and John Wright]]. The rest were captured. Fawkes and seven others were tried and executed in January 1606.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/simon-adams/gunpowder-plot-terror-and-toleration|title=The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Toleration - History Today|website=www.historytoday.com|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> The planned attack has become known as the Gunpowder Plot and is commemorated in Britain every [[Guy Fawkes Night|November 5]] with fireworks displays and large bonfires with effigies of Guy Fawkes and [[the Pope]] are often burned. Comparisons are often drawn between gunpowder plot and modern religious terrorism, such as the attacks in the US by Islamic terrorists on [[9/11]] 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1488402/Gunpowder-Plot-was-Englands-911-says-historian.html|title=Gunpowder Plot was England's 9/11, says historian|first=Nick|last=Britten|date=21 April 2005|access-date=10 January 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>The Gunpowder Plot: Terror and Faith in 1605; Author Antonia Fraser; published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson</ref>
==Emergence of modern terrorism==
Terrorism was associated with [[state terror]] and the [[Reign of Terror]] in France,<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/opinion/28furstenberg.html?em&ex=1193803200&en=62eaa390a911d2d4&ei=5087%0A | work=The New York Times | title=Bush's Dangerous Liaisons | first=François | last=Furstenberg | date=October 28, 2007 | access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> until the mid-19th century when the term also began to be associated with non-governmental groups.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/sept_11/changing_faces_02.shtml|title=BBC - History - The Changing Faces of Terrorism|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> Early non-governmental terrorist groups include the [[Italian nationalism|nationalist]] [[Carbonari]] who sought to [[Unification of Italy|unite the Italian Peninsula]] under a [[Liberal democracy|liberal democratic]] government and the [[Luddite]]s in [[Great Britain]] who sought to resist the [[Industrial Revolution]] by attacking mechanized textile plants. The term terrorism became increasingly used for acts of political violence from the 1840s onwards.<ref>{{Harvp|Law|2016|p=66-70}}</ref> [[Anarchism]], often in league with rising [[nationalism]], was the most prominent ideology linked with terrorism.<ref>The Dynamite Club by John Merriman</ref> Attacks by various anarchist groups led to the assassination of a Russian [[Tsar]] and a [[William McKinley assassination|U.S. President]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorism-research.com/history/early.php|title=Early History of Terrorism|work=terrorism-research.com|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>
In the 19th century, powerful, stable, and affordable explosives were developed, global integration reached unprecedented levels and often radical political movements became widely influential.<ref name="bbc.co.uk" /><ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.124</ref> The use of [[dynamite]], in particular, inspired anarchists and was central to their strategic thinking.<ref>{{cite book|author=Walter Laqueur|title=A History of Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlqQHKpLfL8C|year=2011|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-1611-3|page=92}}</ref>
===Ireland===
{{Main|Irish republicanism|Irish nationalism|Terrorism in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Fenian guy fawkesr1867reduced.png|thumb|250px|"The Fenian Guy Fawkes" by [[John Tenniel]], published in [[Punch magazine]], on 28 December 1867]]
One of the earliest groups to utilize modern terrorist techniques was arguably the [[Fenian Brotherhood]] and its offshoot the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucd.ie/adulted/coursesbycode/hn258|title=Terrorism: From the Fenians to Al Qaeda|access-date=2014-01-09}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; {{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/terrorism|title=Terrorism|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref> They were both founded in 1858 as revolutionary, militant nationalist and Catholic groups, both in Ireland and amongst the [[Irish Americans|émigré community in the United States]].<ref>Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books (2 November 2007), {{ISBN|0-330-42759-8}} p179</ref><ref>Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books (2 November 2007), {{ISBN|0-330-42759-8}} p. 180</ref>
After centuries of continued [[British rule in Ireland]], and being influenced most recently from the devastating effects of the 1840s [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]], these revolutionary fraternal organisations were founded with the aim of establishing an independent republic in Ireland, and began carrying out frequent acts of violence in metropolitan Britain to achieve their aims through intimidation.<ref>Irish Freedom, by Richard English Publisher: Pan Books (2 November 2007), {{ISBN|0-330-42759-8}} p3</ref>
In 1867, members of the movement's leadership were arrested and convicted for organizing an [[Fenian Rising|armed uprising]]. While being transferred to [[Belle Vue Gaol|prison]], the police van in which they were being transported was intercepted and a [[police]] sergeant was shot in the rescue. A bolder rescue attempt of another Irish radical incarcerated in [[Clerkenwell Prison]], was made in the same year: an explosion to demolish the prison wall killed 12 people and caused many injuries. The bombing enraged the British public, causing a panic over the Fenian threat.
Although the Irish Republican Brotherhood condemned the Clerkenwell Outrage as a "dreadful and deplorable event", the organisation returned to bombings in Britain in 1881 to 1885, with the [[Fenian dynamite campaign]], beginning one of the first modern terror campaigns.<ref>{{cite book|last=Whelehan|first=Niall|title=The Dynamiters: Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World 1867–1900|year=2012|___location=Cambridge}}</ref> Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on political assassination, this campaign used modern, timed explosives with the express aim of sowing fear in the very heart of metropolitan Britain, in order to achieve political gains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/02/13/one-skilled-scientist-is-worth-an-army-the-fenian-dynamite-campaign-1881-85/#.UkniH3-tbXQ|title=The Fenian Dynamite campaign 1881–85|access-date=2014-01-09}}</ref> ([[Prime minister]] [[William Ewart Gladstone]] was partly influenced to disestablish the [[Church of Ireland|Anglican Church in Ireland]] as a gesture by the Clerkenwell bombing.) The campaign also took advantage of the greater global integration of the times, and the bombing was largely funded and organised by the [[Fenian Brotherhood]] in the United States.
The first police unit to combat terrorism was established in 1883 by the [[Metropolitan Police]], initially as a small section of the [[Criminal Investigation Department]]. It was known as the [[Special Irish Branch]], and was trained in counter terrorism techniques to combat the Irish Republican Brotherhood. The unit's name was changed to Special Branch as the unit's remit steadily widened over the years.<ref>Secret War Exhibition, Imperial War Museum London</ref>
===Russia===
{{Main|Terrorism in Russia|Narodniks|Anarchism in Russia|Russian nihilist movement}}
[[File:I Grinevizky.jpg|170px|thumb|right|[[Ignacy Hryniewiecki]], a terrorist who assassinated Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia]]]]
From the 1860s onwards dissident elements of the [[Russian Empire]]'s [[intelligentsia]] became increasingly open to the idea of using political violence and terrorism to overthrow the [[Tsarist autocracy]] of the [[House of Romanov|Romanov dynasty]]. The [[Narodniks]] called for a violent revolution to redistribute land to the peasant communes. [[Nikolay Chernyshevsky]]'s novel [[What Is to Be Done? (novel)|''What Is to Be Done?'']] proved influential among the Narodniks, and his character [[Rakhmetov]] became a role model for Russian dissidents who resorted to terrorism.<ref name=":1">{{Harvp|Law|2016|p=72-74}}</ref>
The Narodniks drifted to [[anarchism]] or [[Marxism]] after the peasants failed to support the ideology.<ref name=":1" /> The anarchists developed the concept of "[[propaganda of the deed]]" (or "propaganda by the deed", from the French ''propagande par le fait'') advocated physical [[violence]] or other provocative public acts against political enemies in order to inspire mass rebellion or [[revolution]]. One of the first individuals associated with this concept, the Italian revolutionary [[Carlo Pisacane]] (1818–1857), wrote in his "Political Testament" (1857) that "ideas spring from deeds and not the other way around". [[Anarchist]] [[Mikhail Bakunin]] (1814–1876), in his "Letters to a Frenchman on the Present Crisis" (1870) stated that "we must spread our principles, not with words but with deeds, for this is the most popular, the most potent, and the most irresistible form of propaganda".<ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p. 116</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1870/letter-frenchman.htm|title=Works of Mikhail Bakunin 1870|author=Mikhail Bakunin|work=marxists.org|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> The French [[anarchist]] [[Paul Brousse]] (1844–1912) popularized the phrase "propaganda of the deed"; in 1877 he cited as examples the 1871 [[Paris Commune]] and a workers' demonstration in [[Bern]] provocatively using the socialist red flag.<ref>''[[Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas]]''</ref> By the 1880s, the slogan had begun to be used to refer to bombings, [[regicide]]s and [[tyrannicide]]s. Reflecting this new understanding of the term, in 1895 Italian anarchist [[Errico Malatesta]] described "propaganda by the deed" (which he opposed the use of) as violent communal insurrections meant to ignite an imminent revolution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm|title=Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume One - , - Black Rose Books|work=blackrosebooks.net|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-date=23 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923023949/http://blackrosebooks.net/anarism1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Founded in Russia in 1878, [[Narodnaya Volya (organization)|Narodnaya Volya]] (''Народная Воля'' in Russian; ''People's Will'' in English) was a revolutionary anarchist group inspired by [[Sergei Nechayev]] and by "propaganda by the deed" theorist Pisacane.<ref name="cdi.org" /><ref name="Hoffman, Bruce 1998. p. 5" /> The group developed ideas—such as [[targeted killing]] of the "leaders of oppression"—that would become the hallmark of subsequent violence by small non-state groups, and they were convinced that the developing technologies of the age—such as the invention of dynamite, which they were the first anarchist group to make widespread use of<ref>''A History of Terrorism'', by Walter Laqueur, Transaction Publishers, 2000, {{ISBN|0-7658-0799-8}}, p. 92 [https://books.google.com/books?id=RlqQHKpLfL8C&q=dynamite+terrorism+history]</ref>—enabled them to strike directly and with discrimination.<ref name="bbc.co.uk" /> Attempting to spark a popular revolt against Russian Tsardom, the group killed prominent political figures by gun and bomb in [[Saint Petersburg]]. They used the trials of captured members such as [[Vera Zasulich]] and [[Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky]] as propaganda.{{Sfn|Law|2016|p=77-80}} On March 13, 1881, the group succeeded in [[Assassination of Alexander II of Russia|assassinating Russia's Tsar Alexander II]].<ref name="cdi.org" /><ref name="Hoffman, Bruce 1998. p. 5">Hoffman 1998, p. 5</ref> The assassination, by a bomb that also killed the Tsar's attacker, [[Ignacy Hryniewiecki]], failed to spark the expected revolution, and an ensuing crackdown by the new Tsar [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]] brought the group to an end.<ref name=":2">{{Harvp|Law|2016|p=82-83}}</ref><ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.133</ref>
=== Spread to continental Europe ===
Individual Europeans also engaged in politically motivated violence. For example, in 1878 the Italian anarchist [[Giovanni Passannante]] wounded [[Umberto I of Italy]] and Prime Minister [[Benedetto Cairoli]] in a knife attack while other anarchists threw bombs at monarchist political rallies. That same year German anarchists [[Max Hödel]] and [[Karl Nobiling]] attempted to assassinate [[William I, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm I]], giving Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] a pretext to pass the [[Anti-Socialist Laws]] banning the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]].{{Sfn|Law|2016|p=96-97}} Anarchism spread to the United States with working-class European immigrants. Although it ceased to be a truly influential movement after the [[Haymarket affair]] in 1886, public fears of it continued to play a role in U.S. politics and weakened the [[Labor history of the United States|U.S. organized labor movement]].<ref>{{Harvp|Law|2016|p=111-115}}</ref> In 1893, [[Auguste Vaillant]], a French [[Anarchism|anarchist]], threw a bomb in the French [[Chamber of Deputies]] in which one person was injured.<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1894/02/06/archives/the-guillotines-sure-work-details-of-the-execution-of-vaillant-the.html The Guillotine's Sure Work; Details of the Execution of Vaillant, the Anarchist]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 1984-02-06.</ref> In reaction to Vaillant's bombing and other bombings and assassination attempts, the French government restricted [[freedom of the press]] by passing a set of [[law]]s that became pejoratively known as the ''[[lois scélérates]]'' ("villainous laws"). In the years 1894 to 1896 anarchists killed President of France [[Marie Francois Carnot]], Prime Minister of Spain [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]], and the Empress of Austria-Hungary, [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]].
===United States===
{{Main|Terrorism in the United States}}
Prior to the [[American Civil War]], [[abolitionism|abolitionist]] [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] (1800{{ndash}}1859) advocated and practiced armed opposition to [[slavery]], launching several attacks between 1856 and 1859, [[John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry|his most famous attack]] was launched against the [[Harpers Ferry Armory|armory]] at [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harpers Ferry]] in 1859. Local forces soon recaptured the fort and Brown was tried and executed for [[treason]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/04/22/AR2005042201172_pf.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=The Good Terrorist | first=David W. | last=Blight |access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> A biographer of Brown has written that Brown's purpose was "to force the nation into a new political pattern by creating terror."<ref>Otto Scott, ''The Secret Six: John Brown and the Abolitionist Movement'' (Murphys, Calif.: Uncommon Books, 1979, 1983), 3.</ref> In 2009, the 150th anniversary of Brown's death, prominent news publications debated over whether or not Brown should be considered a terrorist.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/michaeltomasky/2009/dec/02/john-brown-civil-war| work=The Guardian (UK) |title=Let's debate John Brown: terrorist, or no?| first=Michael|last=Tomasky|date=December 2, 2009|access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/02/opinion/02reynolds.html?ref=opinion&_r=0|work=New York Times| title=Freedom's Martyr|first=David S.|last=Reynolds|date=December 1, 2009|access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/02/opinion/02horwitz.html?ref=opinion|work=New York Times| title=The 9/11 of 1859|first=Tony|last=Horwitz|date=December 1, 2009|access-date=February 25, 2014}}</ref>
[[File: Battle of Lawrence.png|thumb|right|Massacre of the pro-Union inhabitants of [[Lawrence, Kansas]] by [[Quantrill's Raiders]] on August 21, 1863.]]
During the Civil War, pro-[[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Bushwhacker]]s and pro-[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[Jayhawker]]s in [[Missouri in the American Civil War|Missouri]] and [[Kansas in the American Civil War|Kansas]] respectively engaged in cross border raids, committed acts of violence against civilians and soldiers, stole goods and burned down farms. The most infamous event occurred in [[Lawrence, Kansas]] on August 21, 1863, when [[Quantrill's Raiders]] led by [[William Quantrill]] [[Lawrence Massacre|ransacked the town and murdered about 190 civilians]] because of the town's anti-slavery sentiment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/quantrills-raid-on-lawrence-kansas-1863/|title=THE LAWRENCE MASSACRE: QUANTRILL'S RAID ON LAWRENCE, KANSAS (1863)|author=Manos Karousos|date=February 8, 2022|publisher=[[BlackPast.org]]}}</ref>
On December 7, 1863, pro-Confederate British subjects from the [[Maritimes|Maritime Provinces]] [[Chesapeake Affair|hijacked the American steamer ''Chesapeake'']] off the coast of [[Cape Cod, Massachusetts]], killing a crew member and wounding three others in the ensuing gunfight. The intent of this hijacking was to use the ship as a [[blockade runner]] for the Confederacy under belief that they had an official Confederate [[letter of marque]]. The perpetrators had planned to re-coal at [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], and head south to [[Wilmington, North Carolina]].<ref>Hoy, p. 180</ref> Instead, the captors had difficulties at Saint John; so they sailed further east and re-coaled in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]. U.S. forces responded to the attack by trying to arrest the captors in Nova Scotian waters. All of the ''Chesapeake'' hijackers were able to escape [[extradition]] through the assistance of [[William Johnston Almon]], a prominent Nova Scotian and Confederate sympathizer.
On October 19, 1864, Confederate agents operating from Canada [[St. Albans Raid|raided the border town]] of [[St. Albans (city), Vermont|St. Albans, Vermont]], robbing $208,000 from three banks, holding [[hostage]]s, killing a civilian and wounding two others, attempting to burn the entire town with [[Greek fire]], then escaping back to Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stalbansraid.com/history/the-raid/|title=The Raid: The Northernmost Land Action of the Civil War|website=www.stalbansraid.com}}</ref> The raiders were then arrested by British authorities under an [[extradition]] request from the U.S. government, but were later freed by a Canadian court on the grounds that they were considered combatants rather than criminals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2014/05/14/the-st-albans-raid-the-confederate-raid-on-small-town-vermont/|title=The St. Albans Raid – The Confederate 'Invasion' of Vermont|author=Cathryn J. Prince|date=May 14, 2014|publisher=Military History Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stalbansraid.com/history/the-aftermath/|title=The Aftermath|website=www.stalbansraid.com}}</ref>
[[File:Kkk-carpetbagger-cartoon.jpg|thumb|right|A cartoon threatening that the KKK will [[lynching in the United States|lynch]] [[carpetbagger]]s, in the ''Independent Monitor'', [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]], 1868]]
After the Civil War, on December 24, 1865, six Confederate veterans founded the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK).<ref>Horn, 1939, p. 9.</ref> The KKK used violence, lynching, murder and acts of intimidation to oppress [[African Americans]] in particular, and it created a sensation with its masked forays' dramatic nature.<ref name="Jackson 1992 ed., pp. 241-242"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/filelink.html?file=/publications/terror/terror2000_2001.pdf|title=Terrorism 2000/2001|access-date=2009-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320174902/https://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terror2000_2001.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-20}}</ref> Under President Ulysses Grant the federal government suppressed the Klan in the early 1870s, and it disappeared by the mid-1870s.<ref>H.W. Brands, ''The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace'' (2013) pp. 463-479.</ref>
The Second KKK of the 1920s was an entirely new organization that used the old costumes and keywords. It added [[cross burning]] as a ritual. The group's politics were [[white supremacy|white supremacist]], [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]], [[racism|racist]], [[anti-Catholicism|anti-Catholic]], and [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]].<ref name="Jackson 1992 ed., pp. 241-242">Jackson 1992 ed., pp. 241–242.</ref> A KKK founder boasted that it was a nationwide organization of 550,000 men and that it could muster 40,000 Klansmen within five days' notice, but as a secret or "[[Invisible dictatorship|invisible]]" group with no membership rosters, it was difficult to judge the Klan's actual size. It was politically powerful at times, especially in [[Tennessee]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Indiana]], [[Alabama]] and [[South Carolina]].<ref>Marty Gitlin, ''The Ku Klux Klan: A Guide to an American Subculture'' (2009)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/library/2848.htm|title=ISL: Ku Klux Klan in Indiana|website=www.in.gov|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>
===The Ottoman Empire===
{{Main|Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire}}
Several nationalist groups used violence against an [[Ottoman Empire]] in apparent decline. One was the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] (in Armenian ''Dashnaktsuthium'', or "The Federation"), an [[Armenian nationalism|Armenian nationalist]] revolutionary movement founded in [[Tiflis]] ([[Russian Transcaucasia]]) in 1890 by [[Christapor Mikaelian]]. Many members had been part of [[Narodnaya Volya (organization)|Narodnaya Volya]] or the [[Hunchakian Revolutionary Party]].<ref>Balakian, Peter. ''The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response.'' New York: Harper Perennial, 2004. p.104</ref> The group published newsletters, smuggled arms, and hijacked buildings as it sought to bring in European intervention that would force the Ottoman Empire to surrender control of its Armenian territories.<ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.193</ref> On August 24, 1896, 17-year-old Babken Suni led twenty-six members in [[1896 Ottoman Bank Takeover|capturing the Imperial Ottoman Bank in Constantinople]]. The group demanded European intervention in order to stop the [[Hamidian massacres]] and the creation of an Armenian state, but backed down on a threat to blow up the bank. An ensuing security crackdown destroyed the group.<ref>Hoffman, Bruce. ''Inside Terrorism''. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. Page 51.</ref>
Also inspired by Narodnaya Volya, the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] (IMRO) was a [[Macedonian nationalism|Macedonian nationalist]] revolutionary movement founded in 1893 by [[Hristo Tatarchev]] in the [[North Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman-controlled Macedonian territories]].<ref name="Ross, Jeffrey Ian 2006. p.34">Ross, Jeffrey Ian. ''Political Terrorism: An Interdisciplinary Approach''. New York: Peter Lang Press, 2006. p.34</ref><ref>Hoffman 1998, p. 11</ref><ref>Kaplan, Robert. ''Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History''. New York: Picador, 2005. p.56</ref> Through assassinations and by provoking uprisings, the group sought to coerce the Ottoman government into creating a Macedonian nation.<ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.189</ref> On July 20, 1903, the group incited the Ilinden uprising in the Ottoman [[Manastir vilayet]]. The IMRO declared the town's independence and sent demands to the [[European Powers]] that all of Macedonia be freed.<ref>Danforth, Loring. ''The Macedonian Conflict.'' Princeton University Press, 1997. p.87</ref> The demands were ignored and [[Ottoman Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman Army]] troops crushed the 27,000 rebels in the town two months later.<ref>Kaplan, Robert. ''Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History''. New York: Picador, 2005. p.57</ref>
==Early 20th century==
[[File:Minutos previos al atentado en Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|The assassination of the heir to the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] throne, [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]], precipitated a [[First World War|global war]]]]
[[File:Nathuram godse.jpg|thumb|[[Nathuram Godse]], the assassin of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1948 in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUYyhMxHqnQC&q=godse+first+Terrorist&pg=PA238|title=Terrorist's Creed: Fanatical Violence and the Human Need for Meaning|first=Roger|last=Griffin|date=19 September 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|access-date=25 February 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9780230241299}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-mumbai-edition/20170725/281762744320909 |title=Godse India's first terrorist |newspaper=The Times of India (Mumbai edition) |via=PressReader |access-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014603/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-mumbai-edition/20170725/281762744320909 |archive-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>]]
[[Revolutionary nationalism]] continued to motivate political violence in the 20th century, much of it directed against Western powers. The [[Irish Republican Army]] campaigned against the British in the 1910s and their tactics inspired Zionist groups such as the [[Hagannah]], [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] to in their guerilla war against the [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine Mandate]] throughout the 1930s.<ref>Bell, J. Bowyer. ''Terror Out of Zion: Irgun Zvai Leumi, Lehi and the Palestine Underground, 1929–1949''. Avon, 1985. p.14</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://guardian.150m.com/palestine/jewish-terrorism.htm|title= Jewish-Zionist Terror|work= 150m.com|access-date= 27 November 2015|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151208133639/http://guardian.150m.com/palestine/jewish-terrorism.htm|archive-date= 8 December 2015}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=October 2017}} Like the IRA and the Zionist groups, the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt used bombings and assassinations as part of their tactics.<ref name="Lia, Brynjar 2006. p.53">Lia, Brynjar. ''The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement 1928–1942''. Ithaca Press, 2006. p.53</ref>
[[Militant]] [[suffragettes]] of the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] carried out a series politically motivated [[Suffragette bombing and arson campaign|bombing and arson attacks]] nationwide as part of their campaign for [[women's suffrage]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Suffragettes, violence and militancy |url=https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy |website=British Library |access-date=8 October 2021 |date=6 February 2018 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203912/https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy |url-status=dead }}</ref> There were three phases of WSPU militancy in 1905, 1908, and, most significantly, between 1912 and 1914. These action ranged from civil disobedience and destruction of public property to arson and bombings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suffragettes, violence and militancy|url=https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy|access-date=2020-08-09|website=The British Library|archive-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910203912/https://www.bl.uk/votes-for-women/articles/suffragettes-violence-and-militancy|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most notably, The WSPU bombed Government Minister and future Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]]'s house<ref>{{cite book|last= Rowland|first= Peter|author-link= Peter Rowland|title= David Lloyd George:a biography|publisher= Macmillan|page= 228|year= 1978|isbn= 9780026055901|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=u5WfAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
Political assassinations continued, resulting in the assassination of King Umberto I of Italy in July 1900. The Polish-American anarchist [[Leon Czolgosz]] was inspired to by the killing to carry out the [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassination of US President William McKinley]] in [[Buffalo, New York]], September 1901. Despite the fact that Czolgosz had been a [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|native-born citizen]], the [[United States Congress]] responded by passing a law banning anarchists from [[Immigration to the United States|immigrating to the United States]]. Despite the ban the [[Galleanisti|Galleanist]] anarchists mostly consisting of [[Italian Americans]] continued to be active in the United States. In 1914 three Galleanists were found to be collaborating with [[Alexander Berkman]] in plotting an assassination of [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] in retaliation for the [[Ludlow Massacre]]. Berkman had previously tried to assassinate Henry Clay Frick in retaliation for the [[Homestead strike]]. After the [[American entry into World War I]] Congress additionally passed the [[Immigration Act of 1917]] allowing for the [[Deportation and removal from the United States|deportation]] of resident aliens who promoted assassinations. Despite this Galleanists successfully sent [[letter bomb]]s to industrialists and politicians while paranoia over [[American Left|left-wing political radicalism]] escalated when the [[Bolsheviks]] seized power in the [[Russian Revolution]]. After a letter bomb detonated at the home of Attorney General [[A. Mitchell Palmer]], it caused the [[First Red Scare]]. The [[United States Department of Justice]] destroyed left-wing and radical political movements, including Marxism, anarchism, and the [[Industrial Workers of the World]], through the [[Palmer Raids]] led by [[J. Edgar Hoover]].{{Sfn|Law|2016|p=111-119}}
After several decades of stability, political violence in the Russian Empire resumed in the 1890s due to the repressive policies of Alexander III and [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], [[Pogroms in the Russian Empire|anti-Semitic pogroms]], and the government's poor response to the [[Russian famine of 1891–1892]].<ref name=":2" /> Political violence became especially widespread in [[Imperial Russia]], and several ministers were killed in the opening years of the 20th century. The [[Socialist Revolutionary Party]], founded in 1901 with the intent of starting an agrarian socialist revolution, founded the Combat Organization specifically to carry out acts of terrorism.{{Sfn|Law|2016|p=84-85}} The highest-ranking assassinated official was prime minister [[Pyotr Stolypin]], killed in 1911 by Dmitry Bogrov, a spy for the secret police in several anarchist, socialist and other revolutionary groups.<ref>Fontanka 16: The Tsars' Secret Police, by Charles A. Ruud, Sergei A. Stepanov</ref> Violent attacks by anarchists, Marxists, and SRs escalated during the [[1905 Russian Revolution]] and its aftermath before declining in the ten years after 1907.<ref>{{Harvp|Law|2016|p=87-93}}</ref>
On June 28, 1914, [[Gavrilo Princip]], one of a group of six assassins, shot and killed [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]], heir to the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] throne, and his wife, [[Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg]], in [[Sarajevo]], the capital of the [[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. The [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|assassinations]] produced widespread shock across Europe,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/100-years-since-the-assassination-of-archduke-franz-ferdinand-the-shot-that-sparked-the-first-world-9570029.html|title=100 years since the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: How did|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=28 June 2014|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> setting in motion the [[July Crisis]] which led to [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/08/first-world-war-franz-ferdinand-sarajevo|title=First World War: Reports of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo|date=8 November 2008|access-date=10 January 2018|via=www.theguardian.com|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>
In the 1930s and 1940s, [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]] practiced [[state terror]] systematically and on a massive and unprecedented scale.<ref>{{cite magazine|title= Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Was Worse?|magazine= New York Review of Books|date= 27 January 2011|url= http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/jan/27/hitler-vs-stalin-who-was-worse/}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin|Stalin regime]] branded its opponents with the label "terrorist".<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
| last1 = Getty
| first1 = J. Arch
| author-link1 = J. Arch Getty
| chapter = 2: The Politics of Repression Revisited
| editor1-last = Getty
| editor1-first = John Arch
| editor1-link = J. Arch Getty
| editor2-last = Thompson Manning
| editor2-first = Roberta
| title = Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NWYvGYcxCjYC
| ___location = Cambridge
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| publication-date = 1993
| page = 57
| isbn = 9780521446709
| quote = [...] V. I. Nevskii, former head of the Lenin Library, directly accused Bukharin of leading a 'terrorist center.' [...] [[Nikolai Yezhov|Ezhov]] gave a report summarizing the mounting 'evidence' against Bukharin as leader of the 'terrorist plot' along with the Trotskyists.
| date = 1993-06-25
}}
</ref>
===Suffragette bombing and arson campaign===
Suffragettes in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] orchestrated a [[Suffragette bombing and arson campaign|bombing and arson campaign between 1912 and 1914]]. The campaign was instigated by the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] (WSPU), and was a part of their wider campaign for [[Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom|women's suffrage]]. The campaign, led by key WSPU figures such as [[Emmeline Pankhurst]], targeted infrastructure, government, churches and the general public, and saw the use of improvised explosive devices, arson, letter bombs, assassination attempts and other forms of direct action and violence. At least 5 people were killed in such attacks (including one suffragette), and at least 24 were injured (including two suffragettes). The campaign was halted at the [[British entry into World War I]] in August 1914 without having brought about votes for women, as suffragettes pledged to pause their campaigning to aid the [[United Kingdom in World War I|nation's war effort]].
The campaign has seen classification as a terrorist campaign, with both suffragettes themselves and the authorities referring to arson and bomb attacks as terrorism. Contemporary press reports also referred to attacks as "terrorist" incidents in both the United Kingdom and in the United States,
[[File:Portsmouth Semaphore Tower.jpg|thumb|left|A fire started by [[suffragettes]] at the [[semaphore tower]], [[Portsmouth dockyard]], in December 1913 killed 2 men]]
In one of the more serious suffragette attacks, During the [[suffragette bombing and arson campaign]] of 1912–1914 a major [[terrorist]] incident occurred in the Portsmouth in 1913, which led to the deaths of two men. a fire was purposely started at [[Portsmouth dockyard]] on 20 December 1913, in which 2 sailors were killed after it spread through the industrial area.<ref name="Portsmouth">{{Cite news |last=New York Times |date=1913-12-22 |title=Big Portsmouth Fire Loss; $1,000,000 Damage and Two Deaths – Suffragettes Suspected |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/12/22/archives/big-portsmouth-fire-loss-1000000-damage-and-two-deaths-suffragettes.html |access-date=2021-10-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Webb">{{Cite book |last=Webb |first=Simon |title=The Suffragette Bombers: Britain's Forgotten Terrorists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xrVzQEACAAJ |year=2021 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-78340-064-5 |language=en |pages=133–135}}</ref><ref name="Bearman">{{Cite journal |last=Bearman |first=C. J. |year=2005 |title=An Examination of Suffragette Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3490924 |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=120 |issue=486 |page=383 |doi=10.1093/ehr/cei119 |jstor=3490924 |issn=0013-8266|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The fire spread rapidly as there were many old wooden buildings in the area, including the historic semaphore tower which dated back to the eighteenth century which was completely destroyed.<ref name="Webb"/> The damage to the dockyard area cost the city £200,000 in damages, equivalent to £23,600,000 today.<ref name="Webb"/> In the midst of the firestorm, a battleship, ''[[HMS Queen Mary]]'', had to be towed to safety to avoid the flames.<ref name="Webb"/>
The attack was notable enough to be reported on in the press in the [[United States]], with the ''[[New York Times]]'' reporting on the disaster two days after with the headline "Big Portsmouth Fire Loss".<ref name="Portsmouth"/> The report also disclosed that at a previous police raid on a suffragette headquarters, "papers were discovered disclosing a plan to fire the yard".<ref name="Portsmouth"/>
The campaign in part provided the inspiration for later bombing and terrorist campaigns in Britain, such as those conducted by the [[Irish Republican Army|Irish Republican Army (IRA)]].{{sfn|Walker|2020|p=61}} The [[S-Plan]] of 1939 to 1940 utilised the tactic of undertaking [[incendiary device|incendiary]] attacks on pillar boxes, and also saw the planting of explosive devices.{{sfn|Walker|2020|p=61}} The tactic of packing nuts and bolts into bombs to act as [[fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]], often regarded as a later twentieth-century IRA invention, was also first employed by the suffragettes.{{sfn|Walker|2020|p=58}} Several suffragette bombings, such as the attempted bombing of [[Liverpool Street station]] in 1913, saw the use of this method.{{sfn|Walker|2020|p=58}} The combination of high explosive bombs, incendiary devices and letter bombs used by suffragettes also provided the pattern for the IRA campaigns of the 1970s and 1980s.{{sfn|Webb|2014|p=xi}} Unknown to many, the first terrorist bomb to explode in [[Northern Ireland]] in the twentieth century was not detonated by the IRA but [[Lillian Metge#Suffragette activism|by the suffragettes at Lisburn Cathedral]] in August 1914.{{sfn|Webb|2014|p=xi}} Suffragette tactics also provided a template for more contemporary attacks in Britain.{{sfn|Walker|2020|p=56}}
===Irish independence===
{{Main|Irish revolutionary period}}
In an action called the [[Easter Rising]] or [[Easter Rebellion]], on April 24, 1916, members of the [[Irish Volunteers]] and the [[Irish Citizen Army]] seized the [[General Post Office (Dublin)|Dublin General Post Office]] and several other buildings, proclaiming an independent [[Irish Republic]].<ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.185</ref> The rebellion failed militarily but was a success for [[physical force Irish republicanism]], leaders of the uprising becoming heroes in Ireland after their eventual sentence of capital punishment by the British government.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/aftermath/af01.shtml|title= BBC - History - 1916 Easter Rising - Aftermath - The Executions|work= bbc.co.uk|access-date= 27 November 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|left|thumb|Rubble in the Sackville Street of [[Dublin]] after the failed [[Easter Rising]] in 1916.]]
Shortly after the rebellion, [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]] and others founded the [[Irish Republican Army]] (IRA), which from 1916 to 1923 <ref>Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland by Richard English, ISBN 9780330427593</ref> carried out numerous attacks against the British authorities. For example, it attacked over 300 police stations simultaneously just before Easter 1920,<ref>Chaliand, p.185: "Just before Easter 1920, the IRA simultaneously attacked more than 300 police stations..."</ref> and, in November 1920, publicly killed a dozen police officers and burned down the Liverpool docks and warehouses, an action that became known as [[Bloody Sunday (1920)|Bloody Sunday]].<ref>Hart, Peter. ''Mick: The Real Michael Collins''. p.241</ref>
After years of warfare, London agreed to the 1921 [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] creating an [[Irish Free State]] encompassing 26 of the island's 32 counties.<ref>Coogan, Tim. ''Michael Collins: The Man Who Made Ireland.'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. p.92</ref> IRA tactics were an inspiration to other groups, including the [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine Mandate]]'s [[Zionism|Zionists]],<ref name="Colin Shindler p.177">Colin Shindler, ''The Land Beyond Promise:Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream'', I.B.Tauris, 2001 p.177</ref> and to [[Special Operations Executive|British special operations]] during World War II.<ref name="ReferenceB">Hugh Dalton letter to Lord Halifax 2/7/1940</ref><ref name="thefirstpost.co.uk">[http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/5754,opinion,how-churchill-helped-britain-perfect-terrorism] article by Matthew Carr Author The Infernal Machine: A History of Terrorism {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202161231/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/5754,opinion,how-churchill-helped-britain-perfect-terrorism|date=December 2, 2008}}</ref>
The IRA are considered by some the innovators of modern insurgency tactics as the British would replicate and build upon the tactics used against them in World War II against the Germans and Italians. [[Tony Geraghty]] in ''The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence'' wrote:
{{blockquote|The Irish [thanks to the example set by Collins and followed by the SOE] can thus claim that their resistance provide the originating impulse for resistance to tyrannies worse than any they had to endure themselves. And the Irish resistance as Collins led it, showed the rest of the world an economical way to fight wars the only sane way they can be fought in the age of the Nuclear bomb.<ref name=FootGeraghty>Geraghty (1998), p.347</ref>|[[M. R. D. Foot]], who wrote several official histories of SOE}}
From January 1939 to March 1940, the [[Irish Republican Army (1922-1969)|Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) carried out a campaign of bombing and [[sabotage]] against the civil, economic, and military infrastructure of Britain. It was known as the [[S-Plan|S-Plan or Sabotage Campaign]]. During the campaign, the IRA carried out almost 300 attacks and acts of sabotage in the [[United Kingdom]], killing seven people and injuring 96.<ref>Dingley, James. ''The IRA: The Irish Republican Army''. ABC-CLIO, 2012. p.82</ref> Most of the casualties occurred in the [[1939 Coventry bombing|Coventry bombing]] on 25 August 1939.
===Mandatory Palestine===
{{see also|Jewish insurgency in Palestine|1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine|List of killings and massacres in Mandatory Palestine}}
Following the [[1929 Hebron massacre]] of 67 Jews in the [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate of Palestine]], the [[Zionism|Zionist]] militia [[Haganah]] transformed itself into a paramilitary force. In 1931, however, the more militant [[Irgun]] broke away from Haganah, objecting to Haganah's policy of [[Havlagah|restraint]].<ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. P. 212-213.</ref> Founded by [[Avraham Tehomi]],<ref>Zadka, Saul. ''Blood in Zion: How the Jewish Guerrillas Drove the British Out of Palestine.'' London: Brassey Press, 2003. P. 42.</ref><ref>Juergensmeyer, Mark. ''Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. '' Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001. P. 64.</ref> Irgun sought to aggressively defend Jews from Arab attacks. Its tactic of attacking Arab communities, including the bombing of a crowded Arab market, is among the first examples of terrorism directed against civilians.<ref name=hoffman1998-26>Hoffman 1998, P. 26.</ref> After the British published the [[White Paper of 1939]], which placed strict restrictions on [[Aliyah|Jewish immigration into Palestine]] (which was seen as unacceptable to Zionist groups),<ref>Ehud Sprinzak, [https://books.google.com/books?id=M23n0qDTvkQC&pg=PA35 ''Brother Against Brother: Violence and Extremism in Israeli Politics from Altalena to the Rabin Assassination,''] Simon and Schuster, 1999 p.35.</ref> the Irgun began a campaign against the British authorities by assassinating police, capturing British government buildings and arms, and sabotaging railways.<ref name="Sachar, Howard 2007. P. 247.">Sachar, Howard. ''A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time''. New York: Knopf, 2007. P. 247.</ref> [[King David Hotel bombing|Irgun's best-known attack]] targeted the [[King David Hotel]] in Jerusalem, parts of which housed the headquarters of the British civil and military administrations. The bombing, in 1946, killed ninety-one people and injured forty-six, making it the most deadly attack during the Mandate era. This attack was sharply condemned by the organized leadership of the [[Yishuv]], and further widened the gulf between [[David Ben-Gurion]]'s [[Hagana]] and Begin's Irgun. Following the bombing, Ben-Gurion called Irgun an "enemy of the Jewish people".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.jpost.com/Features/In-Thespotlight/This-Week-in-History-The-King-David-Hotel-bombing|title= This Week in History: The King David Hotel bombing|work= The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com|access-date= 27 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="tclarke81">[[Thurston Clarke|Clarke, Thurston]]. ''By Blood and Fire'', G. P. Puttnam's Sons, New York, 1981</ref> After the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] in 1948, [[Menachem Begin]] (Irgun leader from 1943 to 1948) transformed the group into the political party [[Herut]], which later became part of [[Likud]] in an alliance with the center-right [[Gahal]], [[Liberal Party (Israel)|Liberal Party]], [[Free Centre]], [[National List]], and [[Movement for Greater Israel]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://likud.org.il/en/about-the-likud/history-of-the-movement|title= History of the Movement|work= likud.org.il|access-date= 27 November 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151205110850/https://www.likud.org.il/en/about-the-likud/history-of-the-movement|archive-date= 5 December 2015|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Sachar, Howard. ''A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time''. New York: Knopf, 2007. pp. 265–266</ref> On the 60th anniversary of the bombing, a plaque was unveiled at the hotel.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Quetteville|first1=Harry de|title=Israel celebrates Irgun hotel bombers|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1524552/Israel-celebrates-Irgun-hotel-bombers.html|access-date=29 December 2017|date=21 July 2006}}</ref>
[[File:King david hotel bombing1.jpg|170px|thumb|The [[King David Hotel]], Mandatory Palestine, after the 1946 bombing.]]
Operating in the [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine Mandate]] in the 1930s, [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]] (1882–1935) organized and established the [[Black Hand (Palestine)|Black Hand]], a [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist]] militia. He recruited and arranged military training for [[peasant]]s, and by 1935 had enlisted between 200 and 800 men. Al-Qassam obtained a [[fatwa]] from Shaykh Badr al-Din al-Taji al-Hasani, the [[Mufti]] of [[Damascus]], authorizing an armed insurgency against the British and against the Jews of Palestine. Black Hand cells were equipped with bombs and firearms, which they used to kill Jews.<ref name=segev>{{cite book |last= Segev |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Segev |title= One Palestine, Complete |year= 1999 |publisher= Metropolitan Books |isbn= 0-8050-4848-0 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/onepalestinecomp00sege/page/360 360–362] |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/onepalestinecomp00sege/page/360 }}</ref><ref>Shai Lachman, "Arab Rebellion and Terrorism in Palestine 1929-39: The Case of Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam and His Movement", in ''Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel'', edited by Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim, Frank Cass, London, 1982, p. 55.</ref> Although al-Qassam's revolt was unsuccessful in his lifetime, many organizations gained inspiration from his example.<ref name=segev/> He became a popular hero and an inspiration to subsequent Arab militants, who in the [[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936{{ndash}}39 Arab revolt]], called themselves Qassamiyun, followers of al-Qassam. The [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], the military wing of [[Hamas]], as well as the [[Qassam rocket|rockets]] they developed, take their names after Qassam.
[[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] (''Lohamei Herut Yisrael'', a.k.a. "Freedom Fighters for Israel", a.k.a. the Stern Gang) was a [[Revisionist Zionism|revisionist Zionist]] group that splintered off from [[Irgun]] in 1940.<ref name=hoffman1998-26/> [[Abraham Stern]] formed Lehi from disaffected Irgun members after Irgun agreed to a truce with Britain in 1940.<ref name="Sachar, Howard 2007. P. 247."/> Lehi assassinated prominent politicians as a strategy. For example, on November 6, 1944, [[Lord Moyne]], the British Minister of State for the Middle East, was assassinated.<ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. P. 213.</ref> The act was controversial among Zionist militant groups, [[Hagannah]] sympathizing with the British in this instance and launching [[the Hunting Season|a massive man-hunt]] against members of Lehi and Irgun. After Israel's 1948 founding, Lehi formally dissolved and its members became integrated into the [[Israeli Defense Forces]].<ref>Pedahzur, Ami. ''The Israeli Response to Jewish terrorism and violence. Defending Democracy''. New York: Manchester University Press, 2002. P. 77.</ref>
===Resistance during World War II===
{{expand section|date=October 2017}}
{{Main|Resistance during World War II}}
Some of the tactics of the [[Resistance during World War II|guerrilla, partisan, and resistance movements]] organised and supplied by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] during [[World War II]], according to historian M. R. D. Foot, can be considered terrorist.<ref>Resistance - An Analysis of European Resistance to Nazism 1940–1945, by M. R. D. Foot</ref><ref>John Keegan as quoted in The Irish War, by Tony Geraghty</ref> [[Colin Gubbins]], a key leader within the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE), made sure the organization drew much of its inspiration from the IRA.<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="thefirstpost.co.uk" />
On the eve of [[Normandy landings|D-Day]], the SOE organised with the [[French Resistance]] the complete destruction of the rail<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/c-d/cross.html|title= Programmes - Most Popular - All 4|work= Channel 4|access-date= 27 November 2015}}</ref> and communication infrastructure of western France<ref>SOE in France. An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations Executive in France 1940–1944. By M. R. D. Foot (1966).</ref> the largest coordinated attack of its kind in history<ref name="Secret">Churchill's Secret Army, Carlton UK, Channel 4, 2000</ref> Allied supreme commander [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] later wrote that "the disruption of enemy rail communications, the harassing of German road moves and the continual and increasing strain placed on German security services throughout [[German-occupied Europe|occupied Europe]] by the organised forces of Resistance, played a very considerable part in our complete and final victory".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news|title=Home - BBC News|website=BBC News}}</ref> The SOE also conducted operations in Africa, the Middle East and the Far East.<ref name="Secret" />
The SOE working with Norwegian resistance was vital in ending [[Norwegian heavy water sabotage|Germany's nuclear weapons programme]]. After repeated attacks on heavy water production facilities in Norway Germany sought to ship the last of the heavy water back to Germany in 1944. It would initial cross Lake Tinn by civilian ferry [[SF Hydro]]. The ferry was to carry railway cars with heavy water drums from the Vemork hydroelectric plant, where they were produced, across Lake Tinn so they could be shipped to Germany. The operatives planted explosives on the ferry the night before, and timed the explosives to sink and the deepest part of the lake. Despite the intention to minimize casualties, 18 people were killed. Twenty-nine survived. The dead comprised 14 Norwegian civilians and four German soldiers. Its sinking effectively ended Nazi nuclear ambitions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/sinking-of-df-hydro-70th-anniversary | title=Sinking of DF Hydro 70th anniversary events in Norway }}</ref><ref>Payton, Gary & Lepperød, Trond (1995). Rjukanbanen på sporet av et industrieventyr. Rjukan: Maana Forlag</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22298739 | title=Last hero of Telemark: The man who helped stop Hitler's A-bomb | work=BBC News | date=25 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>''The Saboteurs of Telemark'', BBC (1973)</ref><ref>Crowdy, Terry (2008) ''SOE Agent:Churchill's Secret Warriors. pg 42''</ref><ref>Bailey, Roderick (2008) ''Forgotten Voices of the Secret War: An Inside History of Special Operations in the Second World War'', pg 140–141</ref>
The work of the SOE received recognition in 2009 with a memorial in London, however there are differing views on the morality of the SOE's actions; the British military historian [[John Keegan]] writing:
{{blockquote|We must recognise that our response to the scourge of terrorism is compromised by what we did through SOE. The justification ... That we had no other means of striking back at the enemy ... is exactly the argument used by the Red Brigades, the Baader-Meinhoff gang, the PFLP, the IRA and every other half-articulate terrorist organisation on Earth. Futile to argue that we were a democracy and Hitler a tyrant. Means besmirch ends. SOE besmirched Britain.<ref>
Geraghty (1998), p.346
</ref>}}
==Post-war period and Cold War proxies==
{{Main|Origins of the Cold War}}
{{Further|List of conflicts related to the Cold War|Timeline of events in the Cold War}}
[[File:1964 Brinks Hotel bombing.JPG|thumb|right|Aftermath of the [[1964 Brinks Hotel bombing]] in Vietnam]]
In the [[aftermath of World War II]], largely successful campaigns for independence were launched against the collapsing European empires, as many World War II resistance groups became militantly [[Nationalism|nationalistic]]. The [[Viet Minh]], for example, which had fought against the [[Empire of Japan]], now fought against the returning [[First Indochina War|French]] colonists. In the [[Middle East]], the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] used bombings and assassinations against the British in Egypt.<ref name="Lia, Brynjar 2006. p.53"/> Also during the 1950s, the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] (FLN) in [[French Algeria|French-controlled Algeria]] and the [[EOKA|Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston]] (EOKA) in [[Cyprus#Cyprus under the British Empire|British-controlled Cyprus]] waged [[guerrilla]] and open war against the authorities.<ref name="Hoffman, Bruce 1998. p. 33">Hoffman 1998, p. 33</ref>
In the 1960s, inspired by [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] and [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuban revolution]] of 1959, national independence movements often fused nationalist and [[Socialism|socialist]] impulses. This was the case with Spain's [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]], the [[Front de libération du Québec]], and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]{{Clarify|date=April 2009}}.<ref name="Chaliand, Gerard 2007. p.227">Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. p.227</ref> In the late 1960s and 1970s, violent [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] militant and revolutionary groups were on the rise, sympathizing with [[Third World]] guerrilla movements and seeking to spark [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] revolts. Such groups included Armenia's [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]],<ref name="Chaliand, Gerard 2007. p.227"/> the [[Japanese Red Army]], the West German [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF), the [[Montoneros]], the Italian [[Red Brigades]] (BR),<ref name="Drake 2021">{{cite book |last=Drake |first=Richard |year=2021 |orig-date=1989 |chapter=The Two Faces of Italian Terrorism: 1969–1974 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xG0cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36 |title=The Revolutionary Mystique and Terrorism in Contemporary Italy |___location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |edition=2nd |pages=36–53 |isbn=9780253057143 |lccn=2020050360}}</ref> and, in the United States, the [[Weather Underground]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} Nationalist groups such as the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]] and the [[Tamil tigers]] also began operations at this time.
Throughout the [[Cold War]], both the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] made extensive use of violent nationalist organizations to carry on a war by proxy. For example, [[Soviet Armed Forces]] and [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese People's Liberation Army]] advisers provided training and support to the [[Viet Cong]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Vietnam: A History, Stanley Karnow,1983</ref> The Soviet Union also provided military support to the [[PLO]] during the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]],<ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/12/how-the-soviet-union-transformed-terrorism How the Soviet Union Transformed Terrorism]/250433/</ref> and [[Fidel Castro]] during the [[Cuban Revolution]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98822/Fidel-Castro|title=Fidel Castro|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> The United States funded groups such as the [[Contras]] in Nicaragua.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/PS157/assignment%20files%20public/TOWER%20EXCERPTS.htm|title=Tower Commission Report Excerpts|work=ucsb.edu|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214214336/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/PS157/assignment%20files%20public/TOWER%20EXCERPTS.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Mujahadeen]] of the late 20th and early 21st century had been funded in the 1980s by the United States and other Western powers because they were fighting the USSR in Afghanistan.<ref>''The Power of Nightmares'', BBC, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Crile|first=George|title=Charlie Wilson's War|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/charliewilsonswa00geor/page/111 111–112]|isbn=0-8021-4124-2|url=https://archive.org/details/charliewilsonswa00geor/page/111}}</ref>
===Middle East===
Founded in 1928 as a nationalist social-welfare and political movement in the [[Kingdom of Egypt]], the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] began to attack [[British Armed Forces]] soldiers and police stations in the late 1940s.<ref>Lia, Brynjar. ''The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement 1928–1942''. Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 2006. P. 35.</ref> Founded and led by [[Hassan al-Banna]], it also assassinated politicians seen as collaborating with [[British Egypt|British rule]],<ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley, US: University of California Press, 2007. P. 274.</ref> most prominently Egyptian Prime Minister [[Mahmoud El Nokrashy Pasha]] in 1948.<ref>Mitchell, Richard. ''The Society of the Muslim Brothers''. Oxford University Press, 1993. P. 74.</ref> In 1952 a military coup overthrew British rule, and shortly thereafter the Muslim Brotherhood went underground in the face of a massive crackdown.<ref>"The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood." Robert S. Leiken & Steven Brooke, ''Foreign Affairs Magazine''.</ref> Though sometimes banned or otherwise oppressed by the [[Government of Egypt|Egyptian government]], the group continues to exist in present-day Egypt.
The [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] (FLN) was an [[Algerian nationalism|Algerian nationalist]] group founded in [[French Algeria|French-controlled Algeria]] in 1954.<ref>Stora, Benjamin. ''Algeria, 1830–2000: A Short History''. Cornell University Press, 2004. P. 36.</ref> The group became a large-scale resistance movement against French rule, with terrorism only part of its operations. The FLN leadership took inspiration from the [[Viet Minh]] rebels who had made [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] troops withdraw from Vietnam in the [[First Indochina War]].<ref>Galula, David. ''Pacification in Algeria, 1956–1958''. RAND Corporation Press, 2006. P. 14.</ref> The FLN was one of the first anti-colonial groups to use large-scale compliance violence. The FLN would establish control over a rural village and coerce its peasants to execute any French loyalists among them.<ref name="Hoffman, Bruce 1998. p. 33"/> On the night of October 31, 1954, in a coordinated wave of seventy bombings and shootings known as the [[Toussaint attacks]], the FLN attacked [[French Armed Forces]] installations and the homes of Algerian loyalists.<ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. P. 216.</ref> In the following year, the group gained significant support for an uprising against loyalists in [[Philippeville]]. This uprising, and the heavy-handed response by the French, convinced many Algerians to support the FLN and the independence movement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Jennifer |title=The Battle for Algeria: Sovereignty, Health Care, and Humanitarianism |date=2016 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |pages=72–90}}</ref> The FLN eventually secured Algerian independence from France in 1962, and transformed itself into Algeria's ruling party.<ref>Millar, S.N. 'Arab Victory: Lessons from the Algerian War (1954–62)', British Army Review No 145 Autumn 2008, p. 49</ref>
[[File:Connollystraße 31 - Gedenktafel.jpg|thumb|left|Plaque commemorating the eleven Israeli athletes killed during the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre.]]
[[Fatah]] was organized as a [[Palestinian nationalism|Palestinian nationalist]] group in 1954, and exists today as a political party in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. In 1967 it joined the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO), an umbrella organization for secular Palestinian nationalist groups formed in 1964. The PLO began its own armed operations in 1965.<ref>Rubin, Barry. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zbQKILIgAwQC Revolution Until Victory?: The Politics and History of the PLO]''. Harvard University Press, 1996. P. 7.</ref> The PLO's membership comprises separate and possibly contending paramilitary and political factions, the largest of which include [[Fatah]], the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP), and the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (DFLP).<ref>Hoffman 1998, P. 47.</ref><ref name=irp-plo>Pike, J. [https://fas.org/irp/world/para/plo.htm Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)]. ''Intelligence Resource Program''. Federation of American Scientists, 1998-08-08.</ref> Factions of the PLO have advocated or carried out acts of terrorism.<ref name=irp-plo/> [[Abu Iyad]] organized the Fatah splinter group [[Black September (group)|Black September]] in 1970; the group is arguably best known for seizing eleven Israeli athletes as hostages at the September [[1972 Summer Olympics]] in Munich. All the athletes and five Black September operatives died during a gun battle with the West German police in what later became known as the [[Munich massacre]].<ref>Reeve, Simon. ''One Day in September: The Full Story of the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and the Israeli Revenge Operation''. Arcade Publishing, 2006. P. 32.</ref> The PFLP, founded in 1967 by [[George Habash]],<ref>Hoffman, p. 46.</ref>{{year missing|note=either 1998 or 2006|date=May 2013}} on September 6, 1970 [[aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] three international passenger planes, landing two of them in Jordan and blowing up the third.<ref>Cobban, Helena.''The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power and Politics''. Cambridge University Press, 1984. P. 147.</ref> Fatah leader and PLO chairman [[Yasser Arafat]] publicly renounced terrorism in December 1988 on behalf of the PLO, but Israel has stated that it has proof that Arafat continued to sponsor terrorism until his death in 2004.<ref name=irp-plo/><ref>Council on Foreign Relations. [http://www.cfr.org/palestinian-authority/terrorism-havens-palestinian-authority/p9515 Terrorism Havens: Palestinian Authority] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414050848/http://www.cfr.org/palestinian-authority/terrorism-havens-palestinian-authority/p9515 |date=2013-04-14 }} ''Council on Foreign Relations''. December 2005</ref>
In the 1974 [[Ma'alot massacre]], 22 Israeli high-school students, aged 14 to 16 from [[Safed]] were killed by three members of the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]].<ref name=Haaretz2007>Khoury, Jack. [https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/833554.html "U.S. filmmakers plan documentary on Ma'alot massacre"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309172029/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/833554.html |date=2007-03-09 }}, ''[[Haaretz]]'', March 7, 2007.</ref> Before reaching the school, the trio shot and killed two Arab women, a Jewish man, his pregnant wife, and their 4-year-old son, and wounded several others.<ref name=Time1972>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024010855/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911276,00.html?iid=chix-sphere "Bullets, Bombs and a Sign of Hope"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', May 27, 1974.</ref>
In the 1960s and 1970s, various Middle Eastern terrorist groups sent their members to the [[Soviet Union]] for training in what was euphemistically called "low-intensity warfare" – essentially a softer term for terrorism. Over the span of nearly a decade, terrorism cultivated and backed by the Soviet Union operated freely in the Middle East and, to a limited extent, in Europe. The Soviets saw terrorism as compatible with their support for national liberation wars, even though it contradicted traditional [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninist ideas]] about [[Class conflict|class struggle]] and violence against civilians. The Soviets also hoped that backing [[Palestinian terrorism]] against Israel would strengthen their position in the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kushner |first=Harvey W. |title=Encyclopedia of terrorism |date=2003 |publisher=SAGE publications |isbn=978-0-7619-2408-1 |___location=Thousand Oaks (Calif.) London |pages=xxiv}}</ref>
The [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] (PMOI) or [[Mujahedin-e Khalq]] (founded in 1965), is an Islamic group that opposed [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|the Shah]] and later [[w:1979 Iranian Revolution|Khomeini's rule]] in Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ali-safavi/mujahedin-e-khalq-pmoimek_b_482770.html|title= Reality Check: Understanding the Mujahedin-e Khalq (PMOI/MEK)|work= The Huffington Post|date= 2 May 2010|access-date= 27 November 2015}}</ref> The group would go on to play an important role in the Shah's overthrow but was unable to capitalize on this in the following power-vacuum. The group renounced violence in 2003 and became protected persons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1394212018ENGLISH.PDF |title=URGENT ACTION DETAINEES HELD INCOMMUNICADO RISK TORTURE|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBLA646389 |title=FACTBOX-Who are the People's Mujahideen of Iran?|website=[[Reuters]]|date=26 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="Runner">{{cite web|last=Runner|first=Philippa |url=http://euobserver.com/9/27472|title=EU ministers drop Iran group from terror list|date=26 January 2009|publisher=Euobserver|access-date=2012-09-29}}</ref><ref name="Reuters2009">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKLQ200287 |work=Reuters|first=Mark|last=John|title=EU takes Iran opposition group off terror list|date=26 January 2009}}</ref>
In 1975, [[Hagop Tarakchian]] and [[Hagop Hagopian (guerilla)|Hagop Hagopian]], with the help of sympathetic Palestinians, founded the [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]] (ASALA) in [[Beirut]] during the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. At that time, Turkey was embroiled in political turmoil, and Hagopian believed that the time was right for his organization to avenge the Armenians who died during the [[Armenian genocide]] and force the Turkish government to cede the territory of [[Wilsonian Armenia]] to the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]] so it could incorporate the territory of Wilsonian Armenia into it and establish a nation state. In its [[Esenboga airport attack]], on 7 August 1982, two ASALA rebels opened fire on civilians in a waiting room at the [[Esenboga International Airport]] in [[Ankara]]. Nine people died and 82 were injured. By 1986, the ASALA had virtually ceased all attacks.<ref>{{cite book|last= Roy|first= Olivier|title= Turkey Today: A European Nation?|year= 2005|publisher= Anthem Press|___location= London|page= 170|author-link =Olivier Roy (professor)}}</ref>
The "Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan" ([[Kurdistan Workers Party]] or PKK) was established in Turkey in 1978 as a Kurdish nationalist party. Founder [[Abdullah Ocalan]] was inspired by the [[Maoism|Maoist]] theory of [[people's war]]. At that time the group sought to create an independent Kurdish Nation State consisting of parts of [[Southeastern Anatolia Region|south-eastern Turkey]], [[Iraqi Kurdistan|north-eastern Iraq]], [[Syrian Kurdistan|north-eastern Syria]] and [[Iranian Kurdistan|north-western Iran]]. In 1984, the PKK transformed itself into a paramilitary organization and launched conventional attacks as well as bombings of Turkish governmental installations. In 1999, Turkish authorities captured Öcalan in Kenya.<ref>
{{cite web
|last= Zeidan |first= Adam
|title= Kurdistan Workers' Party
|website= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
|date= 2019-08-27
|url= https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kurdistan-Workers-Party
}}
</ref> He was tried in Turkey and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name=peterson>
{{cite news
|last= Peterson |first= Scott
|author-link= Scott Peterson (writer)
|title= Turkish Kurds: some back the state
|work= [[Christian Science Monitor]]
|date= 2007-07-06
|url= https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0706/p06s02-wosc.html
}}
</ref> Since then, the PKK has gone through a series of name and ideological changes. From prison in 2004, [[Abdullah Ocalan]] announced the PKK's adoption of a new ideology which he named [[Jineology]] (the Science and history of women) radically diverging from the PKK's Marxist-Leninist roots. The ideology proposed the establishment of a system of [[Democratic confederalism]] without the existence of a central Nation State government. Women have played a very important role in the development of this ideology during the 1990s and they have also formed an army which is named the [[YPJ]] (Women's Protection Units) and its purpose is to defend this new society. Since then, the European Court Of Justice has annulled the decision to classify the PKK as a terrorist group on the grounds that "sufficient arguments were not presented".<ref>
{{cite web
|website= [[Court of Justice of the European Union]]
|date= 2018-11-15
|title= JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Third Chamber, Extended Composition)
|url= https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=207801&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=3705858
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news|last=Schomberg|first=William|date=3 April 2008|title=EU was wrong to include PKK on terror list|work=|publisher=Reuters (UK)|editor=Robert Woodward|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-eu-turkey/eu-was-wrong-to-include-pkk-on-terror-list-court-idUKL0367279920080403|access-date=5 February 2014}}
</ref>
===Europe===
{{Main|Terrorism in Europe}}
Founded in 1959<ref>{{cite news|title= ETA: from student group to Basque bombers|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8839645/ETA-from-student-group-to-Basque-bombers.html|access-date= 12 May 2019|newspaper= The Daily Telegraph|date= 20 October 2011 | quote = Nationalist students in Bilbao, frustrated by the moderate, non-violent stance of the Basque nationalist party PNV, founded Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and Freedom) on July 31, 1959.}}</ref> and functioning until 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/02/basque-separatist-group-eta-announces-dissolution|title= Basque separatist group Eta announces dissolution|last= Jones|first= Sam|date= 2018-05-02|website= The Guardian|language= en|access-date= 2019-05-12 | quote = The Basque separatist group Eta, which killed more than 800 people during its 40-year terror campaign, has announced its full dissolution [...]. In a letter dated 16 April, but published by a Spanish online newspaper on Wednesday, the group informed Basque institutions and civil society groups that it had come to the end of its existence.}}</ref> the [[Euskadi Ta Askatasuna]] (or ETA - [[Basque language|Basque]] for "Basque Homeland and Freedom", pronounced {{IPA|eu|ˈeta|}}) was an armed [[Basque nationalist]] separatist organization.<ref>Kurlansky, Mark. ''The Basque History of the World: The Story of a Nation''. New York: Penguin, 2001. P. 224.</ref> Formed in response to the suppression of the [[Basque language]] and culture under the [[Francoist Spain|régime of General Francisco Franco]] (in power 1939–1975) in Spain, ETA evolved from an advocacy group for traditional [[Basque culture]] into an armed [[Marxism|Marxist]] group demanding [[Basque independence]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.goizargi.com/2003/queeselmlnv3.htm|title= Goiz Argi|work= goizargi.com|access-date= 27 November 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201128/http://www.goizargi.com/2003/queeselmlnv3.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Many ETA victims were government officials; the group's first known victim, a police chief, died in 1968. In 1973 [[Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco|ETA operatives killed Franco's apparent successor]], Admiral [[Luis Carrero Blanco]], by planting an underground bomb under his habitual parking-spot outside a Madrid church.<ref>Hoffman 1998, P. 191.</ref> In 1995 an ETA car-bomb nearly killed [[José María Aznar]], then the leader of the conservative [[People's Party (United States)|People's Party]], and in the same year investigators disrupted a plot to assassinate King [[Juan Carlos I]].<ref>Weinberg, Leonard. ''Global Terrorism: A Beginner's Guide''. New York: Oneworld, 2008. P. 43.</ref> Efforts by Spanish governments to negotiate with the ETA failed, and in 2003 the [[Supreme Court of Spain|Spanish Supreme Court]] banned the [[Batasuna]] political party, which was determined to be the political arm of ETA.<ref>Chaliand, Gerard. ''The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to al Qaeda''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. P. 251.</ref>
The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) was an [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalist]] movement founded in December 1969 when several militants, including [[Seán Mac Stíofáin]], broke off from the [[Official IRA]] and formed a new organization.<ref>Chaliand, p. 250</ref> Led by Mac Stíofáin in the early 1970s and by a group around [[Gerry Adams]] since the late 1970s, the Provisional IRA sought to bring about an [[United Ireland|all-island Irish state]]. Between 1969 and 1997, during a period known as [[the Troubles]], the group conducted an [[Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997|armed campaign]], including bombings, gun attacks, assassinations and even a [[Downing Street mortar attack|mortar attack on 10 Downing Street]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cfr.org/publication/9240/#5|title= Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) (aka, PIRA, "the provos," Óglaigh na hÉireann) (UK separatists)|work= Council on Foreign Relations|access-date= 27 November 2015|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100607135530/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9240/#5|archive-date= 7 June 2010}} http://www.cfr.org/separatist-terrorism/provisional-irish-republican-army-ira-aka-pira-provos-oglaigh-na-heireann-uk-separatists/p9240 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424072519/http://www.cfr.org/separatist-terrorism/provisional-irish-republican-army-ira-aka-pira-provos-oglaigh-na-heireann-uk-separatists/p9240 |date=2016-04-24 }}</ref> On July 21, 1972, in an attack later dubbed [[Bloody Friday (1972)|Bloody Friday]], the group set off twenty-two bombs, killing nine and injuring 130. On July 28, 2005, the Provisional IRA Army Council announced an end to its armed campaign.<ref>Chaliand, p. 251</ref><ref>Coogan, p. 356</ref> The IRA has links with and has provided military training to groups such as the [[FARC]] in Colombia<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/suspected-ira-men-arrested-in-colombia-751521.html |work= The Independent |___location= London |title= Suspected IRA men arrested in Colombia |first= Nigel |last= Morris |date= August 14, 2001 |access-date= May 4, 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090322025746/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/suspected-ira-men-arrested-in-colombia-751521.html |archive-date= March 22, 2009 }}</ref> and the PLO.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1387326/IRA-link-to-PLO-examined-in-hunt-for-deadly-sniper.html | work= The Daily Telegraph | ___location= London | title= IRA link to PLO examined in hunt for deadly sniper | first= Sean | last= Rayment | date= March 10, 2002 | access-date= May 4, 2010}}</ref> In the case of the latter there has been a long-standing solidarity movement, as evidenced by many murals around [[Belfast]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/as-three-men-go-before-a-colombian-judge-today-will-their-fate-seal-the-course-of-peace-in-ireland-607796.html |work= The Independent |___location= London |title= As three men go before a Colombian judge today, will their fate seal the course of peace in Ireland? |first= David |last= McKittrick |date= October 4, 2002 |access-date= May 4, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205095353|title = Republican (Catholic) Wall Murals in West Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1982}}</ref>
[[File:Ulrike Meinhof als junge Journalistin (retuschiert).jpg|thumb|right|150px| Ulrike Meinhof]]
The [[Red Army Faction]] (RAF) was a [[New Left]] group founded in 1968 by [[Andreas Baader]] and [[Ulrike Meinhof]] in West Germany. Inspired by [[Che Guevara]], [[Maoism|Maoist]] socialism, and the [[Vietcong]], the group sought to raise awareness of the Vietnamese and Palestinian independence movements through kidnappings, taking embassies hostage, bank robberies, assassinations, bombings, and attacks on [[United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa|U.S. Air Force]] bases. The group became arguably best known for 1977's "[[German Autumn]]". The buildup leading to German Autumn began on April 7, when the RAF shot Federal Prosecutor [[Siegfried Buback]]. On July 30, it shot [[Jürgen Ponto]], then head of the Dresdner Bank, in a failed kidnapping attempt; on September 5, the group kidnapped [[Hanns Martin Schleyer]] (a former SS officer and an important West German industrialist), executing him on October 19.<ref>Blumenau, Bernhard. "The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s", Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, ch. 1. {{ISBN| 978-1-137-39196-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7745705.stm | work= BBC News | title= Red Army Faction boss to be freed | date= November 24, 2008 | access-date= May 4, 2010}}</ref> The hijacking of the [[Lufthansa]] jetliner [[Lufthansa Flight 181|"Landshut"]] in October 1977 by the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], a Palestinian group allied with the Red Army Faction, also forms part of the German Autumn.<ref>Blumenau, Bernhard. "The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s", Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, ch. 2. {{ISBN| 978-1-137-39196-4}}</ref>
The [[Red Brigades]], a New Left group founded by [[Renato Curcio]] and [[Alberto Franceschini]] in 1970 and based in Italy, sought to create a revolutionary state. The group carried out a series of bombings and kidnappings until the arrests of Curcio and Franceschini in the mid-1970s. Their successor as [[leader]], [[Mario Moretti]], led the group toward more militarized and violent actions, including the kidnapping of former [[Prime Minister of Italy|Italian Prime Minister]] [[Aldo Moro]] on March 16, 1978. Moro was killed 56 days later. This led to an all-out assault on the group by Italian law-enforcement and security forces and condemnation from Italian left-wing radicals and even from imprisoned ex-leaders of the Brigades.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} The group lost most of its social support and public opinion turned strongly against it. In 1984 the group split, the majority faction becoming the Communist Combatant Party (Red Brigades-PCC) and the minority faction reconstituting itself as the Union of Combatant Communists (Red Brigades-UCC). Members of these groups carried out a handful of assassinations before almost all were arrested in 1989.<ref>
[[Ed Vulliamy]], [http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/vinciguerra.p2.etc_graun_5dec1990.html Secret agents, freemasons, fascists... and a top-level campaign of political 'destabilisation'], ''[[The Guardian]]'', December 5, 1990.
</ref>
===The Americas===
{{Main|Terrorism in the United States|Terrorism in Canada|Colombian conflict}}
The ''[[Front de libération du Québec]]'' (FLQ) was a Marxist [[Quebec nationalism|Quebec nationalist]] group that sought to create an independent, socialist [[Quebec]].<ref>Hoffman, p.16</ref> [[Georges Schoeters]] founded the group in 1963 and was inspired by [[Che Guevara]] and Algeria's FLN.<ref>Chaliand, p.227</ref> The group was accused of bombings, kidnappings, and assassinations of politicians, soldiers, and civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/domesticmissions/flqcrisis.htm|title=www.canadiansoldiers.com|website=www.canadiansoldiers.com|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> On October 5, 1970, the FLQ kidnapped [[James Richard Cross]], the British Trade Commissioner, and on October 10, the Minister of Labor and Vice-Premier of Quebec, [[Pierre Laporte]]. Laporte was killed a week later. After these events support for violence in order to attain Quebec's independence declined, and support increased for the [[Parti Québécois]], which took power in the [[1976 Quebec general election]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/front-de-liberation-du-quebec|title=Front de libération du Québec|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=September 9, 2019}}</ref>
In Colombia [[Narcoterrorism|several paramilitary and guerrilla groups]] formed during the 1960s and afterwards. In 1983, President [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] of Peru described armed attacks on his nation's anti-narcotics police as "[[narcoterrorism]]", i.e., which refers to "violence waged by drug producers to extract [[concession (politics)|political concessions]] from the government."{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} [[Pablo Escobar]]'s ruthless violence in his dealings with the Colombian and Peruvian governments has been probably two of the best known and best documented examples of narcoterrorism.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Paramilitary groups associated with narcoterrorism include the [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|Ejército de Liberación Nacional]] (ELN), the [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia]] (FARC), and the [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia|Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia]] (AUC). While the ELN and FARC were originally left wing revolutionary groups and the AUC was originally a right-wing paramilitary, all have conducted numerous attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure and engaged in the drug trade. The U.S. and some European governments consider them terrorist organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |title=Council decision of 21 December 2005 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Decision 2005/848/EC |access-date=April 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614012844/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-14 }}</ref><ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)]. [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm]</ref>
The [[Jewish Defense League]] (JDL) was founded in 1969 by Rabbi [[Meir Kahane]] in [[New York City]], with its declared purpose being the protection of Jews from harassment and [[antisemitism]].<ref name="backgrounder">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp|title=Backgrounder:The Jewish Defense League|work=adl.org|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-date=13 December 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011213010948/http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] statistics state that, from 1980 to 1985, 15 attacks which the FBI classified as acts of terrorism were attempted in the U.S. by members of the JDL.<ref>{{cite book
|title=The Achille Lauro Hijacking: Lessons in the Politics and Prejudice of Terrorism
|first=Michael K.
|last=Bohn
|page=67
|year=2004
|publisher=Brassey's Inc.}}
</ref> The [[Terrorism Knowledge Base|National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism]] states that, during the JDL's first two decades of activity, it was an "active terrorist organization.".<ref name="backgrounder" /><ref name="MIPT">{{Cite web |url=http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=183 |title=JDL group profile from ''National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism'' |access-date=2009-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828165700/http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=183 |archive-date=2010-08-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kahane later founded the far-right Israeli political party [[Kach and Kahane Chai|Kach]], which was banned from elections in Israel on the ground of racism.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/06/world/israel-bans-kahane-party-from-election.html | work=The New York Times | title=Israel Bans Kahane Party From Election | first=Joel | last=Brinkley | date=October 6, 1988 | access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> The JDL's present-day website condemns all forms of terrorism.<ref>[http://www.jdl.org/index.php/ideology-advocacy/anti-terrorism-racism/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416122624/http://www.jdl.org/index.php/ideology-advocacy/anti-terrorism-racism/|date=April 16, 2009}}</ref>
The ''[[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña|Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional]]'' (FALN, "Armed Forces of National Liberation") is a nationalist group founded in Puerto Rico in 1974. Over the decade that followed the group used bombings and targeted killings of civilians and police in pursuit of an [[Independence movement in Puerto Rico|independent Puerto Rico]]. The FALN in 1975 took responsibility for four nearly simultaneous bombings in New York City.<ref>Gina M. Pérez. [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/489.html ''Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN)'']. [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/ Encyclopedia of Chicago]. Retrieved on 2007-09-05</ref> The United States [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) has classified the FALN as a terrorist organization.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress01/freeh051001.htm| title=Congressional testimony of Louis J. Freeh| publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation| date= 2001-05-10| access-date=2007-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008233253/https://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress01/freeh051001.htm |archive-date=2007-10-08}}</ref>
The [[Weather Underground]] (a.k.a. the Weathermen) began as a militant faction of the leftist [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) organization, and in 1969 took over the organization. Weathermen leaders, inspired by China's [[Maoism|Maoists]], the [[Black Panthers]], and the [[May 1968 in France|1968 student revolts in France]], sought to raise awareness of its revolutionary anti-capitalist and [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam War]] platform by destroying symbols of government power. From 1969 to 1974 the Weathermen bombed corporate offices, police stations, and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] government sites such as the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]]. After the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, most of the group disbanded.<ref name="The Weather Underground">''[[The Weather Underground (film)|The Weather Underground]]'', produced by Carrie Lozano, directed by Bill Siegel and Sam Green, New Video Group, 2003, DVD.</ref>
===Asia===
{{Main|Terrorism in Asia}}
The [[Japanese Red Army]] was founded by [[Fusako Shigenobu]] in Japan in 1971 and attempted to overthrow the Japanese government and start a world revolution. Allied with the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP), the group committed assassinations, hijacked a commercial Japanese aircraft, and sabotaged a Shell oil refinery in Singapore. On May 30, 1972, [[Kōzō Okamoto]] and other group members launched a machine gun and grenade attack at Israel's [[Ben Gurion Airport|Lod Airport]] in Tel Aviv, killing 26 people and injuring 80 others. Two of the three attackers then killed themselves with grenades.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=59 Japanese Red Army (JRA) Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428235505/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=59 |date=2009-04-28 }} http://www.start.umd.edu/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=59 The [[National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism]] Terrorism Knowledge Base (online)</ref>
Founded in 1976, the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]], (also called "LTTE" or Tamil Tigers) was a militant [[Tamil nationalism|Tamil nationalist]] political and paramilitary organization based in northern Sri Lanka.<ref>Richardson, John. ''Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Terrorism and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars''. International Center for Ethnic Studies, 2005. p.29</ref> From its founding by [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]], it waged a [[secessionist]] resistance campaign that sought to create an independent Tamil state in the northern and eastern regions of Sri Lanka.<ref>Hoffman, p.139</ref> The conflict originated in measures the majority [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] took that were perceived as attempts to marginalize the Tamil minority.<ref name="ReferenceC">Globalisation, Democracy and Terror, Eric Hobsbawm</ref> The resistance campaign evolved into the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]], one of the longest-running armed conflicts in Asia.<ref>Chaliand, p.353</ref> The group carried out many bombings, including an April 21, 1987, car bomb attack at a [[Colombo]] bus terminal that killed 110 people.<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/srilanka/thestory.html |title=Sri Lanka - Living With Terror |date = May 2002|publisher=PBS |work=Frontline |access-date=2009-02-09}}</ref> In 2009 the Sri Lankan military launched a major military offensive against the secessionist movement and claimed that it had effectively destroyed the LTTE.
===Africa===
In Kenya, because of the seeming ongoing failure of the [[Kenya African Union|Kenyan African Union]] to obtain political reforms from the British government through peaceful means, radical activists within the KAU set up a splinter group and organised a more militant kind of nationalism. By 1952 the [[Mau Mau rebellion|Mau Mau]] consisted of [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] fighters, along with some [[Embu people|Embu]] and [[Meru people|Meru]] recruits. The Mau Mau carried out attacks on political opponents, loyalist villages, raiding white farms and destroying livestock. The [[Kenya Colony|colonial administration]] declared a state of emergency and British forces were sent to Kenya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1952/oct/21/mau-mau-terrorism-in-kenya|title=MAU MAU TERRORISM IN KENYA|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=21 October 1952|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> The majority of fighting was between loyalist and Mau Mau Kikuyu, so many scholars today now consider it a Kikuyu civil war. The [[Government of Kenya|Kenyan Government]] considers the [[Mau Mau Uprising]] a key step towards Kenya's eventual independence in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-12997138|title=Mau Mau uprising: Bloody history of Kenya conflict|date=2011-04-07|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/kenya/10103371/The-British-must-not-rewrite-the-history-of-the-Mau-Mau-revolt.html|title=The British must not rewrite the history of the Mau Mau revolt|date=6 June 2013|work=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=27 November 2015|last1=Stanley|first1=Tim}}</ref> Many Mau Mau members provided reports of torture and abuse suffered by them to foreign journalists,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/profiles/blogs/talking-with-terrorists-conversations-with-the-mau-mau |title=Talking with Terrorists: Conversations with the Mau Mau - Peace and Collaborative Development Network |access-date=2015-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122132/http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/profiles/blogs/talking-with-terrorists-conversations-with-the-mau-mau |archive-date=2015-12-08 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/profiles/blogs/talking-with-terrorists-conversations-with-the-mau-mau |title=Talking with Terrorists: Conversations with the Mau Mau - Peace and Collaborative Development Network |access-date=2015-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122132/http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/profiles/blogs/talking-with-terrorists-conversations-with-the-mau-mau |archive-date=2015-12-08 }}</ref> though the British forces did have strict orders not to mistreat Mau Mau terrorists.<ref>{{cite book|author=Huw Bennett|title=Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea0guu42mQEC&pg=PA147|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02970-5|page=147}}</ref>
Founded in 1961, [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] (MK) was the military wing of the [[African National Congress]]; it waged a [[Internal resistance to apartheid|guerrilla campaign]] against the South African [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid]] regime and was responsible for many bombings.<ref name=mk>{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html |title=Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe|publisher=[[African National Congress]]|date=16 December 1961|access-date=2006-12-30 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061217090228/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-12-17}}</ref> MK launched its first [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla attacks]] against government installations on 16 December 1961. The South African government subsequently banned the group after classifying it as a terrorist organization. MK's first leader was [[Nelson Mandela]], who was tried and imprisoned for the group's acts.<ref name=mandela>[http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/rivonia.html Statement of Nelson Mandela at Rivonia trial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221095404/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/rivonia.html |date=2009-02-21 }} {{cite web |url=http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=3430 |title=Nelson Mandela's Statement from the Dock at the Rivonia Trial |access-date=2015-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320024433/http://anc.org.za/show.php?id=3430 |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> With the end of apartheid in South Africa, Umkhonto we Sizwe was incorporated into the [[South African National Defence Force]].
==Late 20th century==
In the 1980s and 1990s, [[Islamic]] militancy in pursuit of religious and political goals increased,{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} many militants drawing inspiration from Iran's 1979 Islamic Revolution.<ref name="meforum.org">{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/1826/contrasting-secular-and-religious-terrorism|title=Contrasting Secular and Religious Terrorism|author=Jonathan Fine|date=January 2008|journal=Middle East Forum|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> In the 1990s, well-known violent acts that targeted civilians were the [[World Trade Center bombing]] by Islamic terrorists on February 26, 1993, the [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway]] by [[Aum Shinrikyo]] on March 20, 1995, and the [[Oklahoma City bombing|bombing of Oklahoma City's Murrah Federal Building]] by [[Timothy McVeigh]] a month later that same year. This period also saw the rise of what is sometimes categorized as [[Single issue terrorism]]. If terrorism is the extension of domestic politics by other means, just as war is for diplomacy, then this represents the extension of [[pressure groups]] into violent action. Notable examples that grow in this period are [[Anti-abortion terrorism]] and [[Eco-terrorism]].
===The Americas===
[[Contras|The Contras]] were a counter-revolutionary militia formed in 1979 to oppose Nicaragua's [[Sandinista]] government. The [[Catholic Institute for International Relations]] asserted the following about contra operating procedures in 1987: "The record of the contras in the field... is one of consistent and bloody abuse of human rights, of murder, torture, mutilation, rape, arson, destruction and kidnapping."<ref name=CIIR>{{cite news|title=Right to Survive: Human Rights in Nicaragua|type=print|author=The Catholic Institute for International Relations|publisher=The Catholic Institute for International Relations|year=1987}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch|Americas Watch]]{{nsmdns}}subsequently folded into [[Human Rights Watch]]{{nsmdns}}accused the Contras of targeting health care clinics and health care workers for assassination; kidnapping civilians, torturing civilians; executing civilians, including children, who were captured in combat; raping women; indiscriminately attacking civilians and civilian houses; seizing civilian property; and burning civilian houses in captured towns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Nicaragu.htm|title=NICARAGUA|work=hrw.org|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> The contras disbanded after the election of [[Violetta Chamorro]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Turnover in Nicaragua; NICARAGUAN OPPOSITION ROUTS SANDINISTAS; U.S. PLEDGES AID, TIED TO ORDERLY TURNOVER
| newspaper = New York Times
| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEFDF173DF934A15751C0A966958260
| date = February 27, 1990
| first=Mark A.
| last=Uhlig
| access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref>
The April 19, 1995, [[Oklahoma City bombing]] was directed at the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]], according to the prosecutor at the murder trial of [[Timothy McVeigh]], who was convicted of carrying out the crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mcveigh/prosecutionopen.html|title=Opening statement of prosecutor Joseph Hartzler in the Timothy McVeigh trial|author=Douglas O. Linder|work=umkc.edu|access-date=27 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125093859/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mcveigh/prosecutionopen.html|archive-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> The bombing of the [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]] in downtown Oklahoma City claimed 168 lives and left over 800 people injured.<ref>[http://www2.indystar.com/library/factfiles/crime/national/1995/oklahoma_city_bombing/ok.html The Oklahoma City Bombing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522072328/http://www2.indystar.com/library/factfiles/crime/national/1995/oklahoma_city_bombing/ok.html |date=2013-05-22 }}, 2004-8-9</ref> McVeigh, who was convicted of first degree murder and [[Capital punishment in the United States|executed]], said his motivation was revenge for U.S. government actions at [[Waco Siege|Waco]] and [[Ruby Ridge]].<ref>"McVeigh Remorseless About Bombing", The Associated Press, March 29, 2001</ref>
Pyroterrorism is an emerging threat for many areas of dry woodlands.
===Middle East===
{{Further|Lebanese Civil War|Terrorism in Egypt|Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}[[File:Beirutbarracks bombing 2.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Explosion at [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] [[peacekeeping]] [[barracks]] in Beirut, Lebanon, 1983]]
659 people died in Lebanon between 1982 and 1986 in 36 suicide attacks directed against American, French and Israeli forces, by 41 individuals with predominantly leftist political beliefs who were adherents of both the Christian and Muslim religions.<ref>[http://amconmag.com/2005_07_18/article.html "... eight were Islamic fundamentalists. Twenty-seven were Communists and Socialists. Three were Christians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105211139/http://amconmag.com/2005_07_18/article.html |date=2009-01-05 }} http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-logic-of-suicide-terrorism/. The American Conservative, July 18, 2005. Verified 22 June 2008.</ref>{{dubious|date=September 2017}} The [[1983 Beirut barracks bombing]] (by the [[Islamic Jihad Organization]]), which killed 241 U.S. and 58 French [[Multinational Force in Lebanon]] peacekeepers and six civilians at the peacekeeping barracks in Beirut, was particularly deadly.<ref name="cfr hezbollah">[http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/#6 Hezbollah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927093727/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/ |date=2006-09-27 }} The US [[Council on Foreign Relations]], 2006-07-17</ref><ref>Sites, Kevin (Scripps Howard News Services). "[http://www.redding.com/redd/nw_columnists/article/0,2232,REDD_17528_4389698,00.html Hezbollah denies terrorist ties, increases role in government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604015350/http://www.redding.com/redd/nw_columnists/article/0%2C2232%2CREDD_17528_4389698%2C00.html |date=2008-06-04 }} " 2006-01-15</ref><ref>"[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/cron.html Frontline: Target America: Terrorist attacks on Americans, 1979–1988]", PBS News, 2001. Accessed 4 February 2007</ref><ref name="leb1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lebanon.com/news/local/2003/3/20.htm|title=Lebanon.com Newswire - Local News March 20 2003|work=lebanon.com|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> [[Hezbollah]] ("Party of God") is an [[Islamist]] movement and political party officially founded in Lebanon in 1985, ten years after the outbreak of that country's [[Lebanese Civil War|civil war]]. Inspired by [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]] and the [[Iranian revolution]], the group originally sought an Islamic revolution in Lebanon{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} and has long fought for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon. Led by Sheikh Sayyed [[Hassan Nasrallah]] since 1992, the group has captured Israeli soldiers and carried out missile attacks and suicide bombings against Israeli targets.<ref name="HG20Ak02">{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720154531/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=2006-07-20 |title=Hezbollah's transformation |first=Dahr |last=Jamail |publisher=Asia Times |date=2006-07-20 |access-date=2007-10-23}}</ref>
[[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] (a.k.a. ''[[Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya|Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiyya]]'') is a militant Egyptian [[Islamist]] movement dedicated to the establishment of an [[Islamic republic|Islamic state]] in Egypt. The group was formed in 1980 as an umbrella organization for militant student groups which were formed after the leadership of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] renounced violence. It is led by [[Omar Abdel-Rahman]], who has been accused of participation in the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]]. In 1981, the group assassinated Egyptian president [[Anwar Sadat]]. On November 17, 1997, in what became known as the [[Luxor massacre]], it attacked tourists at the [[Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut]] ([[Deir el-Bahri]]); six men dressed as police officers machine-gunned 58 Japanese and European vacationers and four Egyptians.<ref>Wright, Lawrence, ''Looming Tower'', Knopf, 2006, p. 123</ref>
[[File:PA103cockpit4.png|thumb|left|Nose section of [[Pan Am Flight 103]]]]
On December 21, 1988, [[Pan Am Flight 103]], a [[Pan American World Airways]] flight from London's [[Heathrow International Airport]] to [[New York City]]'s [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], was destroyed mid flight over the [[Scotland|Scottish]] town of [[Lockerbie]], killing 270 people, including 11 on the ground. On January 31, 2001, Libyan [[Abdelbaset al-Megrahi]] was convicted by a panel of three Scottish judges of bombing the flight, and was sentenced to 27 years imprisonment. In 2002, Libya offered financial compensation to victims' families in exchange for lifting of UN and U.S. sanctions. In 2007 Megrahi was granted leave to appeal against his conviction, and in August 2009 was released on compassionate grounds by the [[Scottish Government]] due to his terminal cancer.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/8197370.stm | work=BBC News | title=Lockerbie bomber freed from jail | date=August 20, 2009 | access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref>
The first Palestinian [[suicide attack]] took place in 1989 when a member of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] ignited a bomb onboard [[Tel Aviv Jerusalem bus 405 attack|Tel Aviv bus]], killing 16 people.<ref>Moshe Elad, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3563322,00.html Why were we surprised?], Ynet News 07-02-2008</ref> In the early 1990s another group, [[Hamas]], also became well known for suicide bombings. Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]], [[Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi]] and [[Mohammad Taha (Hamas)|Mohammad Taha]] of the Palestinian wing of Egypt's [[Muslim Brotherhood]] had created Hamas in 1987, at the beginning of the [[First Intifada]], an uprising against Israeli rule in the Palestinian Territories which mostly consisted of civil disobedience but sometimes escalated into violence.<ref>Chaliand, p.356</ref> Hamas's militia, the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], began its own [[Suicide attack|suicide bombings]] against Israel in 1993, eventually accounting for about 40% of them.<ref>Levitt, Matthew ''Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad''. Yale University Press, 2007.</ref> Palestinian militant organizations have been responsible for [[Palestinian rocket attacks|rocket attacks]] on Israel, [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] attacks, shootings, and stabbings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hamas.htm|title=HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement)|author=John Pike|work=globalsecurity.org|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> After winning legislative elections, Hamas since June 2007 has governed the [[Gaza Strip|Gaza portion]] of the [[Palestinian Territories]]. Hamas is [[List of designated terrorist organizations|designated as a terrorist organization]] by the [[European Union]],<ref name="EUkeeps">
* [http://www.euractiv.com/sections/global-europe/eu-keeps-hamas-terror-list-despite-court-ruling-313341 EU keeps Hamas on terror list despite court ruling], 27/03/2015
* [http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2015/150119_01_en.htm Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini on the decision to appeal the Judgment regarding Hamas], 19/01/2015</ref><ref>See also: [[Hamas#Terrorist designation]]</ref> Canada,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-eng.aspx|title=Currently listed entities|publisher=Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness|date=November 22, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209042421/http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-eng.aspx|archive-date=February 9, 2009}}http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx</ref> Israel, Japan,<ref name="fox1">[https://www.foxnews.com/story/israel-at-war-to-the-bitter-end-strikes-key-hamas-sites Israel At 'War to the Bitter End,' Strikes Key Hamas Sites] December 29, 2008, Fox News</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13331522|title=Profile: Hamas Palestinian movement|work=BBC News|date=9 May 2011 |access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/comment/faq/area/middleeast.html#10 問10．ハマスとは何ですか]。Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.' 日本は、ハマスを、国連安保理決議1373に基づいて、外国為替及び外国貿易法（外為法）に基づく資産凍結措置の対象としています。'On the basis of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373]], Japan applies to Hamas the frozen assets measures in accordance with its Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law (Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law).'</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/terro/kyoryoku_05.html|title=テロ資金対策|work=外務省|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref><ref>According to Michael Penn, ([https://books.google.com/books?id=ly8zBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA205 ''Japan and the War on Terror: Military Force and Political Pressure in the US-Japanese Alliance''], I.B. Taurus 2014 pp.205–206), Japan initially welcomed the democratic character of the elections that brought Hamas to power, and only set conditions on its aid to Palestine, after intense pressure was exerted by the Bush Administration on Japan to alter its policy.</ref> and the United States.<ref name=SD1>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/65462.pdf|title=Country reports on terrorism 2005|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> Australia and the United Kingdom have designated the military wing of Hamas, the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], as a terrorist organization.<ref>[http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/HamassIzzal-Dinal-QassamBrigades.aspx 'Hamas's Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107134024/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/HamassIzzal-Dinal-QassamBrigades.aspx |date=2015-01-07 }},' Australian National Security:'Like its parent, Hamas is a multifaceted, well organised and relatively moderate organisation renowned for its extensive social service networks in the Palestinian Territories.'</ref><ref name="Proscribed Terrorist Organisations">{{cite web|title=Proscribed Terrorist Organisations |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/324603/20140627-List_of_Proscribed_organisations_WEBSITE_final.pdf |website=UK Home Office |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630031633/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups |archive-date=30 June 2006 }}</ref> The organization is banned in Jordan.It is not regarded as a terrorist organization by Iran, Russia,<ref>{{unfit|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100320022328/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2007/06/How-to-Confront-Russias-Anti-American-Foreign-Policy "How to Confront Russia's Anti-American Foreign Policy"]}} The Heritage Foundation. June 27, 2007</ref> Norway,<ref>Richard Boudreaux, [http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Palestinian-parliament-OKs-coalition-government-2577767.php 'Palestinian parliament OKs coalition government / Norway announces recognition, will restore ties cut in '06 ,'] [[San Francisco Chronicle]] 18 March 2007</ref> Switzerland,<ref>Daniel Möckli, [http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CSS-Analyses-35.pdf 'Switzerland's Controversial Middle East Policy,'] Center for Security Studies, Zurich Vol.3, No. 35, June 2008</ref> Brazil,<ref>
Juliana Barbassa, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/03/brazil-terrorists_n_947784.html 'Brazil Terrorism Laws: No One Is A Terrorist,'] [[Huffington Post]] 3 September 2015.</ref> Turkey,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10236884 |title=Gaza flotilla: Turkey threat to Israel ties over raid |work=BBC News |date=June 4, 2010 |access-date=January 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126175319/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10236884 |archive-date=January 26, 2011}}</ref> China,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-china-bank-is-not-the-issue-here-dude/ | title=The China bank is not the issue here, dude |work=The Times of Israel | date=December 18, 2013 | access-date=30 March 2014 | author=Joshua Davidovich}}</ref><ref name="China's Palestine Policy">{{cite news|last=Zambelis |first=Chris |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=34662 |title=China's Palestine Policy |newspaper=Jamestown |publisher=Jamestown.org |access-date=2014-08-02}}</ref> and Qatar.<ref>Mirren Gidda,[https://time.com/3033681/hamas-gaza-palestine-israel-egypt/ 'Hamas Still Has Some Friends Left,'] [[Time (magazine)|Time]] 25 July 2014.</ref> As well as Hamas, the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], [[Palestinian Liberation Front]], [[PFLP-General Command]], and the [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade]] were all listed as terrorist organizations by the [[US State Department]] in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>
On February 25, 1994, [[Baruch Goldstein]], an American-born Israeli physician, perpetrated the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]] in the city of [[Hebron]], Goldstein shot and killed between 30 and 54 Muslim worshippers inside the [[Ibrahimi Mosque]] (within the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]]), and wounded another 125 to 150.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/25/newsid_4167000/4167929.stm 1994: Jewish settler kills 30 at holy site] ''BBC'' On This Day</ref> Goldstein, who after the shooting was found beaten to death with iron bars in the mosque,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> was a supporter of [[Kach and Kahane Chai|Kach]], an Israeli political party founded by Rabbi [[Meir Kahane]] that advocated the expulsion of Arabs from Israel and the [[Palestinian Territories]].<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/kach.cfm In the Spotlight: Kach and Kahane Chai ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061122094511/http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/kach.cfm |date=2006-11-22 }} ''Center for Defense Information'' October 1, 2002</ref> In the aftermath of the Goldstein attack and Kach statements praising it, Kach was outlawed in Israel.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Today, [[Kach and Kahane Chai|Kach]] and a breakaway group, [[Kahane Chai]], are considered [[terrorist organisations]] by Israel,<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=technology&res=9402E7DD1339F93AA25751C1A9669C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fK%2fKahane%2c%20Meir Terror Label No Hindrance To Anti-Arab Jewish Group] New York Times, 19 December 2000</ref> Canada,<ref>[http://www.psepc-sppcc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#kach26 Kahane Chai (KACH)] Public Safety Canada {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306164558/http://www.psepc-sppcc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#kach26 |date=March 6, 2007 }}</ref> the [[European Union]],<ref>[http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf Council Decision of 21 December 2005 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Decision 2005/848/EC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107142924/http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/l_340/l_34020051223en00640066.pdf |date=7 January 2006 }} Official Journal of the European Union, 23 December 2005</ref> and the United States.<ref name="USSD">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)] [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm U.S. Department of State], 11 October 2005</ref> The far-right anti-[[miscegenation]] group [[Lehava]], headed by former Kach member [[Ben-Zion Gopstein|Bentzi Gopstein]], is politically active inside Israel and its [[Palestinian territories|occupied territories]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.724886| title=How Israel Must Fight Violent Jewish Extremists|work=[[Haaretz]]| date=June 14, 2016 | access-date=10 July 2016| author=Alona Ferber}}</ref>
===Asia===
[[Aum Shinrikyo]], now known as Aleph, was a Japanese [[New religious movement|religious group]] founded by [[Shoko Asahara]] in 1984 as a yogic meditation group. Later, in the [[1990 Japanese general election]], Asahara and 24 other members campaigned for election to the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] under the banner of Shinri-tō (Supreme Truth Party). None were voted in, and the group began to militarize. Between 1990 and 1995, the group attempted several apparently unsuccessful [[biological terrorism|violent attacks]] using the methods of [[biological warfare]], using [[Botulinum toxin|botulin toxin]] and [[anthrax]] spores.<ref name=olson/> On June 28, 1994, Aum Shinrikyo members released sarin gas from several sites in the Kaichi Heights neighborhood of [[Matsumoto, Nagano|Matsumoto]], Japan, killing eight and injuring 200 in what became known as the [[Matsumoto incident]].<ref name=olson>[https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol5no4/olson.htm CDC website], [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], ''Aum Shinrikyo: Once and Future Threat?'', Kyle B. Olson, Research Planning, Inc., [[Arlington, Virginia]]</ref> Seven months later, on March 20, 1995, Aum Shinrikyo members released [[Sarin|sarin gas]] in a coordinated attack on five trains in the [[Tokyo subway|Tokyo subway system]], killing 12 commuters and damaging the health of about 5,000 others<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4365417.stm | work=BBC News | title=Sarin attack remembered in Tokyo | date=March 20, 2005 | access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> in what became known as the [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway|subway sarin incident]] (地下鉄サリン事件, chikatetsu sarin jiken). In May 1995, Asahara and other senior leaders were arrested and the group's membership rapidly decreased.
In 1985, [[Air India Flight 182]] flying from Canada was blown up by a bomb while in Irish airspace, killing 329 people, including 280 Canadian citizens, [[Indo-Canadians|mostly of Indian birth or descent]], and 22 Indians.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/airindia/victims.html In Depth: Air India] http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/memorial-for-air-india-victims-unveiled-1.681526 – The Victims, CBC News Online, 16 March 2005</ref> The incident was the deadliest act of air terrorism before 9/11, and the first bombing of a [[Boeing 747]] which would set a pattern for future air terrorism plots. The crash occurred within an hour of the fatal [[1985 Narita International Airport bombing|Narita Airport Bombing]] which also originated from Canada without the passenger for the bag that exploded on the ground. Evidence from the explosions, witnesses and wiretaps of militants pointed to an attempt to actually blow up two airliners simultaneously by members of the [[Babbar Khalsa]] [[Khalistan movement]] militant group based in Canada to punish India for [[Operation Blue Star|attacking the Golden Temple]].
===Europe===
The [[Iranian Embassy siege]] took place in 1980, after a group of six armed men stormed the [[Embassy of Iran, London|Iranian embassy]] in [[South Kensington]], London. The government ordered the [[Special Air Service]] (SAS), a [[special forces]] regiment of the British Army, to conduct an assault—[[Operation Nimrod]]—to rescue the remaining hostages. This response set the tone for how Western governments would respond to terrorism. Replacing an era of negotiation with one of military intervention.<ref>McNee, p. 146.</ref><ref>6 Days, Director: Toa Fraser, Writer: Glenn Standring, 2017</ref>
[[File:Beslan school no 1 victim photos.jpg|thumb|right|Hostage crisis victim photos, on the walls of the former School Number One]]
[[Chechnya|Chechen]] separatists, led by [[Shamil Basayev]], carried out several attacks on Russian targets between 1994 and 2006.<ref>Hoffman, p.154</ref> In the June 1995 [[Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis]], Basayev-led separatists took over 1,000 civilians hostage in a hospital in the [[southern Russia]]n city of [[Budyonnovsk]]. When Russian special forces attempted to free the hostages, 105 civilians and 25 Russian troops were killed.<ref>Smith, Sebastian. ''Allah's Mountains: The Battle for Chechnya''. Tauris, 2005. p.200</ref>
==21st century==
Major events - most deadly (300 deaths or more) or most covered - after the [[September 11 attacks|2001 September 11 attacks]] include the [[Akshardham Temple attack|2002 Akshardham temple attack]], [[Moscow Theatre Siege|2002 Moscow Theatre Siege]], the [[2003 Istanbul bombings]], the [[11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings|2004 Madrid train bombings]], the [[Beslan school hostage crisis|2004 Beslan school hostage crisis]], the [[July 2005 London bombings|2005 London bombings]], the [[29 October 2005 Delhi bombings|2005 New Delhi bombings]], the [[2007 Yazidi communities bombings]], the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 Mumbai Hotel Siege]], the [[Makombo massacre|2009 Makombo massacre]], the [[2011 Norway attacks]], the [[May 2013 Iraq attacks|2013 Iraq attacks]], the [[Camp Speicher massacre|2014 Camp Speicher massacre]], the [[2014 Gamboru Ngala attack]], the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|2015 Paris attacks]], the [[2016 Karrada bombing]], the [[2016 Mosul massacre]], the [[Hamam al-Alil massacre|2016 Hamam al-Alil massacre]], the [[14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings|2017 Mogadishu bombings]], the [[2017 Sinai attack]] and the [[October 7 attacks]].
In the 21st century, most victims of terrorist attacks have been killed in Iraq, Afghanistan,<ref>START (Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism), «[https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_MassCasualtyExplosivesAttacksIraqAfghanistan_BackgroundReport_June2017.pdf Mass Casualty Explosives Attacks in Iraq and Afghanistan]», University of Maryland, June 2017 : “terrorist violence in Iraq and Afghanistan has accounted for a substantial proportion of terrorism worldwide in the 21st century. The total number of deaths caused by terrorist attacks in these two countries comprised nearly half (46%) of all fatalities worldwide between 2004 and 2016.”</ref> Nigeria, Syria, Pakistan, India, Somalia or Yemen.
===Europe===
{{Main|Islamic terrorism in Europe}}
The [[Moscow theatre hostage crisis]] was the seizure of a crowded [[Moscow]] theatre on 23 October 2002 by some 40 to 50 armed [[Chechen people|Chechens]] who claimed allegiance to the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Islamist militant separatist movement in Chechnya]]. They took 850 hostages and demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from [[Chechnya]] and an end to the [[Second Chechen War]]. The siege was officially led by [[Movsar Barayev]]. After a two-and-a-half-day siege, Russian [[Spetsnaz]] forces pumped an [[Moscow hostage crisis chemical agent|unknown chemical agent]] (thought to be fentanyl, [[3-methylfentanyl]]), into the building's [[Mechanical ventilation|ventilation]] system and raided it.<ref>[https://academic.oup.com/jat/article/36/9/647/785132 Analysis of Clothing and Urine from Moscow Theatre Siege Casualties Reveals Carfentanil and Remifentanil Use], Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20 September 2012.</ref> Officially, 39 of the attackers were killed by Russian forces, along with at least 129 and possibly many more of the hostages (including nine foreigners). All but a few of the hostages who died were killed by the gas pumped into the theatre,<ref name="bbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2365383.stm Gas "killed Moscow hostages"], BBC News, 27 October 2002.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2602945.stm "Moscow court begins siege claims"], [[BBC News]], 24 December 2002</ref> and many condemned the use of the gas as heavy handed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2371691.stm|title=Moscow siege gas 'not illegal'|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> Roughly, 170 people died in all.
On September 1, 2004, in what became known as the [[Beslan school hostage crisis]], 32 Chechen separatists took 1,300 children and adults hostage at [[Beslan]]'s School Number One. When Russian authorities did not comply with the rebel demands that Russian forces withdraw from Chechnya, 20 adult male hostages were shot. After two days of stalled negotiations, Russian special forces stormed the building. In the ensuing melee, over 300 hostages died, along with 19 Russian servicemen and all but perhaps one of the rebels. Basayev is believed to have participated in organizing the attack.<ref name="g">{{cite news | title=Shamil Basayev – Chechen politician seeking independence through terrorism | author=Jonathan Steele | publisher=[[Guardian Unlimited]] | work=Obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/chechnya/Story/0,,1817558,00.html |date=July 11, 2006 |quote=one-time guerrilla commander who turned into a mastermind of spectacular and brutal terrorist actions ... served for several months as prime minister | ___location=London}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=April 2009}}.
The [[2004 Madrid train bombings]] (also known in Spain as 11-M) were nearly simultaneous, coordinated bombings against the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid, Spain, on the morning of 11 March 2004{{nsmdns}}three days before Spain's general elections and two and a half years after the September 11 attacks in the United States. The explosions killed 191 people and wounded 1,800. It was concluded that the bombs were carried on the trains hidden in backpacks, While many went off three were found later that did not detonate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/terrorists-bomb-trains-in-madrid|title=Terrorists bomb trains in Madrid - Mar 11, 2004 - HISTORY.com|date=9 February 2010 |access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> The official investigation by the Spanish judiciary found that the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell. ETA and al Qaeda were the original suspects cited by the Spanish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/04/europe/spain-train-bombings-fast-facts|title=Spain Train Bombings Fast Facts|author=((CNN Editorial Research))|date=4 November 2013|work=CNN|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>
The [[7 July 2005 London bombings]] (often referred to as 7/7) were a series of coordinated suicide bomb attacks in [[central London]] which targeted civilians using the public transport system during the morning rush hour. On the morning of Thursday, 7 July 2005, four [[Islamic extremism in the United Kingdom|Islamist extremists]] separately detonated three bombs in quick succession aboard [[London Underground rolling stock|London Underground]] trains across the city and, later, a fourth on a double-decker bus in [[Tavistock Square]]. Fifty-two civilians were killed and over 700 more were injured in the attacks. Later a dozen unexploded bombs were found in a car located in [[North London]]. 3 out of the 4 suspects were identified [[Mohammad Sidique Khan|Mohammed Silique Khan]], [[Germaine Lindsay|Germaine Morris Lindsay]], Shahzad Tawnier where they are found to be in cohorts with [[Osama bin Laden|Osama Bin Laden]] and eventually documents are leaked showing that Osama bin laden and Rashid Ruff planned the London bombings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/06/world/europe/july-7-2005-london-bombings-fast-facts/|title=July 7 2005 London Bombings Fast Facts|author=((CNN Editorial Research))|website=[[CNN]]|date=6 November 2013|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>
In Norway in 2011 [[2011 Norway attacks|two sequential lone wolf terrorist attacks]] by right-wing extremist [[Anders Behring Breivik]] were carried out against the government, the civilian population, and a [[Workers' Youth League (Norway)|Workers' Youth League]] (AUF)-run summer camp in Norway on 22 July 2011. The attacks claimed a total of 77 lives. The first part of the attack was a van bomb in [[Oslo]]. The van was placed in front of the office block housing the office of [[Prime Minister of Norway|Prime Minister]] and other government buildings. The explosion killed eight people and injured at least 209 people, twelve of them seriously. He followed this attack by impersonating a police officer to access the island on which the AUF summer camp was being held and proceeded to go on a shooting spree that killed 69 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/29/norway.attacks/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120065515/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/29/norway.attacks/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 20, 2015|title=Norway honors victims of terrorist attacks|work=CNN|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref>
In 2013 the British government branded the [[murder of Lee Rigby|killing of a serviceman]] in a [[Woolwich]] street, a terrorist attack. One of his attackers made political statements which were later broadcast with blood still on his hands from the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2013-05-22/exclusive-video-man-with-bloodied-hands-speaks-at-woolwich-scene/|title=Exclusive video: Man with bloodied hands speaks at Woolwich scene|work=ITV News|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> The two men responsible for the attack remained on the scene until incapacitated by armed police. They were later tried and found guilty of murder.
[[File:Je suis Charlie.svg|thumb|right|220px|The ''[[Je suis Charlie]]'' ("I am Charlie") slogan became an endorsement of freedom of speech and press]]
From 7 January to 9 January 2015, a [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|series of five terrorist attacks]] occurred across the [[Île-de-France]] region, particularly in [[Paris]]. The attacks killed a total of 17 people, in addition to the three perpetrators of the attack,<ref name=yahoo>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/brothers-past-draws-scrutiny-french-manhunt-enters-day-073049780.html|title=French security forces kill gunmen, end terror rampage|access-date=15 January 2015|date=9 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113074036/http://news.yahoo.com/brothers-past-draws-scrutiny-french-manhunt-enters-day-073049780.html|archive-date=13 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=startribunenews>{{cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/world/288018961.html|title=French security forces kill gunmen to end terror rampage; 20 dead in 3 days of violence|access-date=15 January 2015|date=9 January 2015|archive-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112005126/http://www.startribune.com/world/288018961.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.startribune.com/french-security-forces-kill-gunmen-end-terror-rampage/288018961/ |title=French security forces kill gunmen, end terror rampage - StarTribune.com |website=[[Star Tribune]] |access-date=2015-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119180807/http://www.startribune.com/french-security-forces-kill-gunmen-end-terror-rampage/288018961/ |archive-date=2015-11-19 }}</ref> and wounded 22 others, some of whom are in critical condition {{As of|2015|1|16|lc=yes}}. A fifth shooting attack did not result in any fatalities. Numerous other smaller incidents of attacks on mosques have been reported, but have not yet been directly linked to the attacks. The group that claims responsibility for the attacks, [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]], claimed that the attack had been planned for years ahead.<ref name=CNN>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/14/europe/charlie-hebdo-france-attacks/|title=Al Qaeda branch claims Charlie Hebdo attack was years in the making|access-date=15 January 2015|date=15 January 2015}}</ref>
On 7 January 2015, two [[Islamist]] gunmen<ref name= Bremner>{{cite news|last =Bremner|first =Charles|title =Islamists kill 12 in attack on French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo|work =[[The Times]]|date =7 January 2015|url =https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/islamists-kill-12-in-attack-on-french-satirical-magazine-charlie-hebdo-rkg8mmjfrwt}}</ref> forced their way into and opened fire in the Paris headquarters of ''[[Charlie Hebdo shooting]]'', killing twelve: staff cartoonists [[Charb]], [[Cabu]], [[Philippe Honoré (cartoonist)|Philippe Honoré]], [[Tignous]] and [[Georges Wolinski]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2015/01/07/les-dessinateurs-et-journalistes-tues_4550767_3224.html|title=Attentat contre " Charlie Hebdo " : Charb, Cabu, Wolinski et les autres, assassinés dans leur rédaction|work=Le Monde|date=7 January 2015|language=fr|access-date=2015-11-27}}</ref> economist [[Bernard Maris]], editors [[Elsa Cayat]] and [[Mustapha Ourrad]], guest Michel Renaud, maintenance worker Frédéric Boisseau and police officers Brinsolaro and Merabet, and wounding eleven, four of them seriously.<ref name = "BBC report">{{cite news|title=Deadly attack on office of French magazine Charlie Hebdo|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-europe-30710777|work=BBC News|access-date=2015-11-27}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-30708237 "Charlie Hebdo attack: What we know so far"], ''BBC News'', 8 January 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/en-direct-fusillade-a-charlie-hebdo-selon-i-tele-et-20-minutes-07-01-2015-1894629_23.php|title=EN DIRECT. Massacre chez "Charlie Hebdo" : 12 morts, dont Charb et Cabu|work=Le Point.fr|date=7 January 2015| language=fr| access-date=2015-11-27}}</ref><ref name="lessentiel-cabu-mort">{{cite news |url=http://www.lessentiel.lu/fr/news/france/story/22976860 |title=Les dessinateurs Charb et Cabu seraient morts |language=fr|work=L'Essentiel|___location=France |date=7 January 2015|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3657246/paris-charlie-hebdo-shooting/|title=Paris Police Say 12 Dead After Shooting at Charlie Hebdo|quote=Witnesses said that the gunmen had called out the names of individual from the magazine. French media report that Charb, the ''Charlie Hebdo'' cartoonist who was on al-Qaeda's most wanted list in 2013, was seriously injured.|author=Conal Urquhart|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11330505/Murdered-Charlie-Hebdo-cartoonist-was-on-al-Qaeda-wanted-list.html|title=Murdered Charlie Hebdo cartoonist was on al Qaeda wanted list|author=Victoria Ward|work=The Telegraph|date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-11-27}}</ref>
During the attack, the gunmen shouted "''[[Allahu akbar]]''" ("God is great" in [[Arabic]]) and also "the Prophet is avenged".<ref name= Bremner/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/deadly-shooting-at-french-satirical-newspaper-report/article22329480/|title=The Globe in Paris: Police identify three suspects|work=The Globe and Mail}}https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/news-video/video-french-police-identify-suspects-in-deadly-attack/article22352019/</ref> President [[François Hollande]] described it as a "terrorist attack of the most extreme barbarity".<ref>Adam Withnall, John Lichfield, [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/charlie-hebdo-shooting-10-killed-as-shots-fired-at-satirical-magazine-headquarters-according-to-reports-9962337.html "Charlie Hebdo shooting: At least 12 killed as shots fired at satirical magazine's Paris office"], ''The Independent'', 7 January 2015.</ref> The two gunmen were identified as [[Saïd Kouachi]] and [[Chérif Kouachi]], [[Islam in France|French Muslim]] brothers of Algerian descent.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|last1=Higgins|first1=Andrew|author2=De La Baume, Maia|title=Two Brothers Suspected in Killings Were Known to French Intelligence Services|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/world/two-brothers-suspected-in-killings-were-known-to-french-intelligence-services.html?_r=0|access-date=8 January 2015|work=The New York Times|date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-shooting-two-police-officers-injured-in-assault-rifle-attack-hours-after-charlie-hebdo-killings-9964143.html|title=Paris shooting: Female police officer dead following assault rifle attack morning after Charlie Hebdo killings|work=The Independent|access-date=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="liberation1">{{cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/01/07/un-commando-organise-et-prepare_1175841|title=Un commando organisé|work=Libération|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=21 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921063040/http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/01/07/un-commando-organise-et-prepare_1175841|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nbc20140107">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/paris-magazine-attack/three-suspects-named-paris-terror-attack-n281761|title=Paris Attack Suspect Dead, Two in Custody, U.S. Officials Say|work=NBC News|date=8 January 2015 |access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup
| title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 23, 2015.</ref>
On 9 January, police tracked the assailants to an industrial estate in [[Dammartin-en-Goële]], where they took a hostage. Another gunman also shot a police officer on 8 January and [[Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis|took hostages]] the next day, at a [[Kosher foods|kosher]] supermarket near the [[Porte de Vincennes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/prise-d-otage-dans-une-epicerie-casher-porte-de-vincennes-a-paris-09-01-2015-4432557.php|title=EN DIRECT. Porte de Vincennes: 5 personnes retenues en otage dans une épicerie casher|date=9 January 2015|work=Le Parisien}}</ref> [[National Gendarmerie Intervention Group|GIGN]] (a [[special operations]] unit of the [[French Armed Forces]]), combined with [[Recherche Assistance Intervention Dissuasion|RAID]] and [[Brigade de recherche et d'intervention|BRI]] (special operations units of the French Police), conducted simultaneous raids in [[Dammartin-en-Goële hostage crisis|Dammartin]] and at [[Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege|Porte de Vincennes]]. Three terrorists were killed, along with four hostages who died in the Vincennes supermarket before the intervention; some other hostages were injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2015/01/08/01016-20150108LIVWWW00308-en-direct-Charlie-Hebdo-traque-freres-kouachi-attentat.php|title=EN DIRECT – Les frères Kouachi et le tireur de Montrouge abattus simultanément|work=Le Figaro|date=8 January 2015|access-date=2015-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/01/09/prise-d-otages-dans-une-epicerie-casher-a-la-sortie-de-paris_1176953|title=Quatre otages tués à Paris dans une supérette casher|date=9 January 2015|work=Libération}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2015/jan/09/charlie-hebdo-manhunt-kouachi-terrorist-links-live-updates|title=Charlie Hebdo attack: French officials establish link between gunmen in both attacks |author=Matthew Weaver|work=The Guardian|date=10 January 2015 |access-date=10 January 2015}}</ref>
On 13 November, 28 hours after the [[2015 Beirut bombings|Beirut attack]], three groups of ISIS terrorists performed [[November 2015 Paris attacks|mass killings]] in various places in [[Paris]]' [[10th arrondissement of Paris|Xe]] and [[11th arrondissement of Paris|XIe arrondissements]]. They killed a total of more than 130 citizens. Hostages were taken in the concert hall "[[Bataclan (theatre)|Le Bataclan]]" for three hours, and ninety were killed before the special police entered.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151117090643/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11999723/Paris-terror-attacks-La-Belle-Equipe-survivor-so-traumatised-she-cant-speak.html] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117090643/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11999723/Paris-terror-attacks-La-Belle-Equipe-survivor-so-traumatised-she-cant-speak.html]</ref> President [[François Hollande]] immediately started the emergency threat procedure, for the first time on the entire French territory since the Algeria events in 1960.
On the morning of 22 March 2016, three coordinated [[suicide bomb]]ings occurred in [[Belgium]]: two at [[Brussels Airport]] in [[Zaventem]], and one at [[Maalbeek/Maelbeek metro station|Maalbeek metro station]] in central [[Brussels]].<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last1=Lasoen|first1=Kenneth|title=Indications and warning in Belgium. Brussels is not Delphi|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|date=2017|volume=40|issue=7|pages=927–962|doi=10.1080/01402390.2017.1288111|s2cid=157685300}}</ref> They are referred to as the [[2016 Brussels attacks]]. Thirty-two civilians and three [[Suicide attack|perpetrators]] were killed, and more than 300 people were injured. Another bomb was found during a search of the airport. The [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-brussels-airport-explosion-20160322-story.html|title=Another bomb found in Brussels after attacks kill at least 34; Islamic State claims responsibility |website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=22 March 2016}}</ref>
On 22 May 2017 a suicide bomber attacked [[Manchester Arena bombing|Manchester Arena]] during an [[Ariana Grande]] concert. Twenty-three people died, including the attacker, and 139 were wounded, more than half of them children.
===Middle East===
{{Main|War on terror}}
[[File:Osama bin Laden portrait.jpg|130px|thumb|left|Osama bin Laden]]
[[Osama bin Laden]], closely advised by [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] leader [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], in 1988 founded [[Al-Qaeda]] (Arabic: القاعدة, meaning "The Base"), an [[Islam]]ic [[jihad]]ist movement to replace Western-controlled or dominated Muslim countries with [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] regimes.<ref>[http://www.cfr.org/publication/9126/ "Backgrounder: al-Qaeda (a.k.a. al-Qaida, al-Qa'ida)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126085357/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9126/ |date=2010-01-26 }} http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/al-qaeda-k-al-qaida-al-qaida/p9126 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108134208/http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/al-qaeda-k-al-qaida-al-qaida/p9126 |date=2015-11-08 }} Jayshree Bajoria & Greg Bruno. ''Council on Foreign Relations'', Updated: December 30, 2009</ref> In pursuit of that goal, bin Laden issued a [[Fatawā of Osama bin Laden|1996 manifesto]] that vowed violent jihad against [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. Armed Forces]] based in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jimmy Gurulé|title=Unfunding Terror: The Legal Response to the Financing of Global Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tYHi5qBaM7MC&pg=PA30|year=2010|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84844-606-9|page=63}}</ref> On August 7, 1998, individuals associated with Al Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad carried out simultaneous [[1998 United States embassy bombings|bombings of two U.S. embassies in Africa]] which resulted in 224 deaths.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/bombings/bombings.html The U.S. Embassy Bombings Trial – A Summary] PBS, Oriana Zill</ref> On October 12, 2000, Al-Qaeda carried out the [[USS Cole bombing]], a suicide bombing of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] destroyer USS ''Cole'' harbored in the Yemeni port of Aden. The bombing killed seventeen U.S. sailors.<ref name="al-Fadl">{{cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011110023632/http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 10, 2001 |title=Testimony of Jamal Ahmad Al-Fadl |date=February 6, 2001 |publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies |author=United States District Court, Southern District of New York |work=United States v. Usama bin Laden et al., defendants |access-date=2008-09-03}}</ref>
[[File:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|210px|thumb|right|September 11, 2001{{nsmdns}}The towers of the World Trade Center burn]]
On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], nineteen men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger jets all bound for California, crashing two of them into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in [[New York City]], the third into [[the Pentagon]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], and the fourth (originally intended to target [[Washington, D.C.]], either [[the White House]] or the [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]) into an open field near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]], after a revolt by the plane's passengers.<ref name="GT">{{cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654 | work=CBC News | title=Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11 | date=October 29, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033107980.html|title=Terrorists Hijack 4 Airliners, Destroy World Trade Center, Hit Pentagon; Hundreds Dead|work=washingtonpost.com|access-date=27 November 2015}}</ref> As a result of the attacks, 2,996 people (including the 19 hijackers) perished and more than 6,000 others were injured.<ref name="GT" />
The United States responded to the attacks by launching the [[War on Terror]]. Specifically, on October 7, 2001, it [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|invaded Afghanistan]] to depose [[the Taliban]], which had harbored al-Qaeda terrorists. On October 26, 2001, the U.S. enacted the [[USA PATRIOT Act|Patriot Act]] that expanded the powers of [[Law enforcement in the United States|U.S. law enforcement]] and [[United States Intelligence Community|intelligence agencies]]. Many countries followed with similar legislation. Under the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]], the U.S. changed tactics moving away from [[Ground warfare|ground combat]] with large numbers of troops, to the use of [[Drone strike|drones]] and [[United States special operations forces|special forces]]. This campaign eliminated much of al-Qaeda's most senior members, including a strike by [[Seal Team Six]] that resulted in the [[Killing of Osama bin Laden|death of Osama Bin Laden]] in 2011.
On Israel's northern border, after its unilateral withdrawal from [[Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon|southern Lebanon]] in May 2000, [[Hezbollah]] launched numerous [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] rocket attacks against non-civilian and civilian areas within [[Northern District (Israel)|northern Israel]].<ref name="a">[http://www.aijac.org.au/resources/hezb_00-06.html Hezbollah Attacks Since May 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125051113/http://www.aijac.org.au/resources/hezb_00-06.html |date=2009-01-25 }} http://www.aijac.org.au/news/article/no-mercy-in-this-religious-war Mitchell Bard, the Jewish [[AIJAC]], 2006-07-24</ref> Within Israel, the 1993–2008 [[Second Intifada]] involved in part a [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|series of suicide bombings]] against civilian and non-civilian targets. 1100 Israelis were killed in the Second Intifada, the majority being civilians.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dona J. Stewart|title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iv2GwpPoUoAC&pg=PA231|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-81200-2|page=231}}</ref><ref name="Harel 2004 274–275">{{Cite book
| publisher = Yedioth Aharonoth Books and Chemed Books
| isbn = 9789655117677
| last = Harel
| first = Amos
|author2=Avi Isacharoff
| title = The Seventh War
| pages = 274–75
| ___location = Tel-Aviv
| year = 2004
}}</ref> A 2007 study of Palestinian suicide bombings from September 2000 through August 2005 found that 40% percent were carried out by [[Hamas]]'s [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], and roughly 26% by the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] (PIJ) and [[Fatah]] militias.<ref name="Harel 2004 274–275"/><ref>[http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/benmelech/files/JEP_0807.pdf Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers pdf] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127151257/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/benmelech/files/JEP_0807.pdf |date=January 27, 2013 }} http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/benmelech/files/jep_0807.pdf [[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] Volume 21, Number 3, Summer 2007. pp. 223–38</ref> Also, between 2001 and January 2009, over 8,600 [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|rocket attacks]] were launched from the [[Gaza Strip]] were launched into civilian areas and non-civilian areas inside Israel, causing deaths, injuries, and psychological trauma.<ref name=BBC_Q&A>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7818022.stm Q&A: Gaza conflict], BBC News 18-01-2009</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3702088.stm Gaza's rocket threat to Israel], BBC 21-01-2008</ref><ref name=BBC_catandmouse>Martin Patience, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7270168.stm Playing cat and mouse with Gaza rockets], BBC News 28-02-2008</ref>
Formed in 2003, [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]] is a Sunni insurgent group from [[Iranian Balochistan]] and neighboring Pakistan. It has committed numerous attacks within Iran, stating that it is fighting for the rights of the Sunni minority there. In 2005 the group attempted to assassinate Iran's president, [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]].<ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/20/irans_enemy_is_not_americas_friend "Iran's Enemy Is Not America's Friend"] Jamsheed K. Choksy. ''Foreign Policy'', October 10, 2009.</ref> The group takes credit for other bombings, including the [[2007 Zahedan bombings]]. Iran and other sources accuse the group of being a front for or supported by other nations, in particular the U.S. and Pakistan.<ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/07/080707fa_fact_hersh "Preparing the Battlefield"] Seymour Hersh. ''New Yorker'', July 7, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/04/abc_news_exclus.html "The Secret War Against Iran"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016115420/https://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/04/abc_news_exclus.html |date=2017-10-16 }} Brian Ross. ''ABC News'', April 3, 2007.</ref>
As the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] increases in size and power their attacks are affecting all parts of the world even in their own back yard of Turkey. Taking place in [[Istanbul]] a suicide bomber once again detonated a car bomb killing 4 people and injuring 31. No extremist group took responsibility for the attack but the attacker Mehmet Ozturk was linked to have ties with ISIS. This was just days after the car bomb attack in Turkey's capital of Ankara killing 37 people. The [[United States National Security Council]] asked for the repeated terror attacks on Turkey to stop, and that the War on Terror will just become stronger due actions like these killing innocent people. Since the attacks Israel has requested that its citizens not travel to Turkey unless its necessary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/20/europe/turkey-blast/|title=Istanbul bomber had ISIS links, minister says|author1=Gul Tuysuz |author2=Faith Karimi |author3=Greg Botelho|date=20 March 2016|publisher=CNN|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>
===Asia===
{{main|Terrorism in India|Terrorism in Pakistan|Terrorism in Bangladesh}}
{{See also|Hindu terrorism|Violence against Muslims in independent India|Violence against Christians in India}}
On December 27, 2007, two time elected Pakistani Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] was [[Assassination of Benazir Bhutto|assassinated]] during a gathering she was having with her supporters while campaigning for the [[2008 Pakistani general election]]. A suicide bomber detonated a bomb along with other extremists against her shooting off guns killing the prime minister and 14 other people. She was immediately rushed to the hospital and was pronounced dead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/12/27/pakistan.sharif/|title=Benazir Bhutto assassinated - CNN.com|website=www.cnn.com|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> She was believed to be target because she was warning Pakistan along with the world of the uprising [[Jihadist]] groups and extremist groups gaining power. The responsibility of her death falls on the president of the time [[Pervez Musharraf]] who also was the former [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]. She had several conversations with Musharraf about upping her security due to the increase of death threats she was receiving and he denied her request. Although Al-Qaeda took responsibility for her death it is seen in the eye of the people as Musharraf's fault for not taking her concerns seriously. However, during his trial he denies that no conversation happened between him and Bhutto about the security of her life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/benazir-bhutto-assassination-case-musharraf-responsible-pakistan-prime-ministers-2145412|title=Benazir Bhutto Assassination Case: Musharraf Responsible For Pakistan Prime Minister's Death, Witness Siegel Claims|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=17 October 2015|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>
The [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] were more than ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks across [[Mumbai]], India's largest city, by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a Pakistani [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] organization with ties to [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], Pakistan's secret service. The six main targets were
# [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] – formerly known as Victoria Station
# The Taj Mahal Palace and Tower Hotel – six explosions were reported in the hotel,200 hostages were rescued from the burning building. A group of European Parliament committee members were staying at the hotel at the time but none were injured. Two attackers held hostages in the hotel.
# Leopold Café – a popular cafe and bar on the Causeway that was one of the first places to be attacked resulting in the death of 10 people
# The Trident-Oberoi Hotel – one explosion was heard here where the President of Madrid was eating, he was not injured
# Nariman House, a Jewish community center – had a hostage situation by two attackers eventually the hostages became freed when an aerial view of the building was displayed and NSG's stormed the building eventually killing the two attackers.
# Cama Hospital – the attacks were carried out by 10 gunman that arrived on speed boats boat from Pakistan, separating going building to building grabbing hostages, setting bombs up and mass murdering with guns. Eventually 9 out of the 10 gunman were killed. Pakistan denied that the men were a part of their country but eventually released documents that 3 of the men were from Pakistan and that cases would be opened against them<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/mumbai-massacre-background-information/502/|title=Mumbai Massacre - Background Information - Secrets of the Dead - PBS|website=[[PBS]]|date=24 November 2009|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=No Way, No How, Not Here |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/opinion/18friedman.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=2009-02-17 |access-date=2010-05-17|first=Thomas|last=Friedman}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Indian Muslims hailed for not burying 26/11 attackers |website=Sify News |url=http://sify.com/news/indian-muslims-hailed-for-not-burying-26-11-attackers-news-international-jegsNXehjhc.html |date=2009-02-19 |access-date=2010-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023095818/http://sify.com/news/indian-muslims-hailed-for-not-burying-26-11-attackers-news-international-jegsNXehjhc.html |archive-date=2010-10-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Terror Attacks: 7 Pakistanis Charged – Action Comes a Year After India's Worst Terrorist Attacks; 166 Die. |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/mumbai-terror-attacks-pakistanis-charged/story?id=9176592 |newspaper=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=2009-11-25 |access-date=2010-05-17|first=Nick|last=Schifrin}}</ref> The attacks, which drew widespread condemnation across the world, began on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 November, killing at least 173 people and wounding at least 308.<ref name="Casualties">{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=45446|publisher=Press Information Bureau ([[Government of India]]) |date= 2008-12-11|title=HM announces measures to enhance security|access-date=2008-12-14}}</ref><ref name="Casualties2">{{cite press release|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/sns-ap-as-india-terror-anniversary,0,7693599.story?track=rss|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=2009-11-26|title=A year after attacks, Mumbai is just as vulnerable; at vigils, many call for police reform|access-date=2009-11-26}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}http://www.philstar.com/breaking-news/526944/mumbai-commemorates-anniversary-attacks</ref><ref name = Guardian-condemn>{{cite news |last= Black |first=Ian | title=Attacks draw worldwide condemnation |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=2008-11-28 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/28/mumbai-terror-attacks-international-response |access-date=2008-12-05 | ___location=London}}</ref>
On January 14, 2016, a [[2016 Jakarta attacks|series of terrorist attacks]] took place in [[Jakarta, Indonesia]] resulting in 8 dead. The responsibility of these attacks were claimed by [[Islamic State|ISIS]]. Counter terrorism has named this type of attack 'Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attack' because of the fast reaction needed by local policemen to stop the gunfire attack from the terrorists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35309195, |title= Jakarta attacks: Bombs and gunfire rock Indonesian capital - BBC News|website=www.bbc.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505100151/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35309195 |archive-date=2019-05-05}}</ref> The attack on Jakarta is linked to a bigger picture of terror in the Indonesian country for those of ISIS. Indonesia is home of the "largest regional terror groups" housing seven Islamist extremist groups. Leaving the thoughts that ISIS is trying to establish a satellite city in Indonesia, due to the fact that it has the largest Muslim population. Although ISIS branches have not yet reached the land of Southeast Asia in big masses, there is the fear that it is only a matter of time until Indonesias small extremist groups grow in masses once direct contact with ISIS is made. Once contact is established [[local terror groups]] will quickly mobilize to carry out the tasks that ISIS asks of them. ISIS will turn to Southeast Asia because it is only evident that they will lose control of the middle east.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asiatimes.com/2016/01/jakarta-terror-attacks-will-parts-of-southeast-asia-become-isis-satellite-cities/|title=Jakarta terror attacks: Will parts of Southeast Asia become ISIS' satellite cities?|date=22 January 2016|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>
===Americas===
2001 also saw the second acknowledged act of [[bioterrorism]] with the [[2001 anthrax attacks]] (the first being [[1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack|intentional food poisoning]] conducted in [[The Dalles, Oregon]] by [[Rajneesh movement|Rajneeshee]] followers in 1984), when letters carrying anthrax spores were posted to several major American media outlets and two [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] politicians. This resulted in several of the first fatalities attributed to a bioterror attack.
The more recent terrorist attack in the United States have included the [[2015 San Bernardino attack]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/06/us/san-bernardino-shooter-tashfeen-malik/|title=Tashfeen Malik, the San Bernardino shooter: Who was she? |author1=Pat St. Claire |author2=Greg Botelho |author3=Ralph Ellis|date=6 December 2015 |publisher=CNN|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref> the [[Boston Marathon Bombing]], the [[2016 shooting of Dallas police officers]], and the [[Charleston church shooting|shooting of multiple black parishioners]] at [[Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], and [[Charlottesville car attack|car attack]] on anti-fascist protesters in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], by [[Radical right (United States)|right-wing extremists]] and [[White supremacy|white supremacists]]. There have been calls by some analysts to describe violence committed by [[incel]]s as terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/incel-what-is-involuntary-celibates-elliot-rodger-alek-minassian-canada-terrorism-a8335816.html|title=How involuntary celibates are dangerous in their desires|date=5 May 2018|website=The Independent|access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/social-media/2018/04/incel-online-cult-sad-sexless-young-men-terrorism-any-other-name|title=Incel: the online cult for sad, sexless young men is terrorism by any other name|website=www.newstatesman.com|date=25 April 2018 |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref>
==List of non-state groups accused of engaging in terrorism{{anchor|Table_of_non-state_groups_accused_of_terrorism}}==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; width:100%;"
|- valign=bottom
! Name !! Location !! Founded !! Ceased attacks !! Founder !! Subsequent leaders
!Ideology
!Conflict!! Tactics !! Famous attack !! Influenced by !! Accused of terrorism by
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Green Sunburst Flag.svg}} [[Fenian]]s || {{Flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || 1858|| || [[James Stephens (Fenian)|James Stephens]] {{break|2}}[[John O'Mahony]]||
|[[Irish republicanism]]{{break|2}}[[Irish nationalism]]
|[[Fenian raids]] {{Break|[[Fenian Uprising]]}}[[Fenian Rising]]|| || [[Young Ireland rebellion]], 1848<!--The Fenian movement grew in the aftermath of this rebellion, hence the "famous attack" predates the "founding" in this case.--> || ||{{Flagdeco|UK}} [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ku Klux Klan.svg}} [[Ku Klux Klan]]
|{{Flag|United States}}
|1865
|
|[[Nathan Bedford Forrest]]
|[[William Joseph Simmons]]
[[Hiram Wesley Evans]]
[[James A. Colescott]]
[[Samuel Green (Klansman)|Samuel Green]]
[[Roy Elonza Davis]]
|[[White supremacy]]
[[White nationalism]]
[[Nordicism]]
[[Racial segregation in the United States|Segregationism]]
[[Christian fundamentalism]]
[[Nativism (politics)|Nativism]]
[[Neo-Confederates|Neo-Confederatism]]
[[Anti-Catholicism]]
[[Radical right (United States)|Radical right]]
[[Social conservatism in the United States|Social conservatism]]
|[[Reconstruction era]]
[[Nadir of American race relations]]
[[Mass racial violence in the United States]]
|Lynchings, race riots, assassinations
|
|
|
|-
|| [[Narodnaya Volya (organization)|Narodnaya Volya]] || {{Flag|Russian Empire}}|| 1878 || 1883|| ||
|[[Narodniks|Populism]] {{Break|[[Fenian Uprising]]}}[[Agrarian socialism]]
| || bombings, assassinations || Assassinated [[Tsar Alexander II]], 1881 || ||
|-
|| [[Hunchakian Revolutionary Party]] || {{Flag|Ottoman Empire}} || 1887 || 1896 || [[Avetis Nazarbekian]] ||
|[[Armenian nationalism]]
[[Democratic socialism]]
[[Russophilia]]
|[[Armenian national movement]]|| || Destroyed Ottoman coat of arms, 1890 || [[Narodnaya Volya (organization)|Narodnaya Volya]] ||
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Armenian Revolutionary Federation Flag.svg}} [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]] || {{Flag|Ottoman Empire}}|| 1890 || 1897|| [[Christapor Mikaelian]]||
|[[Armenian nationalism]]
[[Democratic socialism]]
|[[Armenian national movement]]|| || Held hostages at Ottoman Bank, 1896 || [[Hunchakian Revolutionary Party]] ||
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the IMRO.svg}} [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] || {{Flag|Ottoman Empire}}|| 1893 || 1903|| [[Hristo Tatarchev]] ||
|[[Macedonian nationalism]]
|[[Ilinden-Preobrazhenie uprising]]
[[Balkan Wars]]
[[World War I]]
| || Led [[Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising]], 1903 || [[Narodnaya Volya (organization)|Narodnaya Volya]] ||
|-
|| [[Women's Social and Political Union]] || {{Flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} || 1903 || 1914 || [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] || [[Christabel Pankhurst]]
|[[First-wave feminism]]
[[Women’s suffrage|Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom]]
|[[Suffragette bombing and arson campaign]]|| Letter bombing, bombing and arson || Burning of Portsmouth Naval Dockyard, 1913 || ||{{Flagdeco|UK}} [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Ireland.svg}} [[Irish Republican Army]] ||{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
{{Flag|Ireland}}
| 1916 || 1950s || [[Éamon de Valera]] || [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]]
|[[Irish republicanism]]
[[Irish nationalism]]
[[United Ireland|Irish irredentism]]
[[Anti-British sentiment]]
|[[Easter Rising]]
[[Irish War of Independence]]
[[Irish Civil War]]
[[Northern Campaign (Irish Republican Army)]]
| || [[Kilmichael Ambush]], 1920 || [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]]; [[Women's Social and Political Union]] ||{{Flagdeco|UK}} [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
|-
|| [[Irgun]] || {{Flag|Mandatory Palestine}} || 1931 || 1948 || [[Avraham Tehomi]] ||[[Menachem Begin]]
|[[Revisionist Zionism]]
|[[Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine]]
[[1947–1949 Palestine war]]
| bombings || [[King David Hotel bombing]], 1946 || [[Irish Republican Army]] || {{Flagdeco|UK}} [[British Colonial Office]]
|-
|| [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] || {{Flag|Mandatory Palestine}} || 1940|| 1948|| [[Abraham Stern]] || [[Yitzhak Shamir]]
|[[Revisionist Zionism]]
|[[Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine]]
[[1947–1949 Palestine war]]
| assassinations || [[Lord Moyne]] assassination, 1944 || [[Irish Republican Army]] || {{Flagdeco|UK}} [[British Colonial Office]]
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.png}} [[Muslim Brotherhood]] || {{Flag|Egypt}}|| 1928 || || [[Hassan al-Banna]] ||
|[[Islamism]]
[[Neo-Sufism]]
[[Religious conservatism]]
| || assassinations || Assassinated former PM Mahmud Fahmi al-Nuqrashi, 1948 || || {{Flagdeco|UK}} [[British Colonial Office]]
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Variant flag of the GPRA (1958-1962).svg}} [[Front de Liberation National]] || {{Flag|French Algeria}}|| 1954 || 1962||[[Ahmed Ben Bella]]
[[Mohamed Boudiaf]]
[[Hocine Aït Ahmed]]
|
|[[Algerian nationalism]]
[[Arab socialism]]
[[Anti-imperialism]]
|[[Algerian War]]|| || Toussaint Rouge attacks, 1954 || Indochina rebels || {{Flagdeco|French Fourth Republic}} [[French Government]]
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|EOKA flag.svg}} [[EOKA]] || {{Flagicon image|Flag of Cyprus (1922–1960).svg}} [[British Cyprus]]|| 1955 || 1959|| [[George Grivas]] ||
|[[Enosis]]
[[Greek Cypriot nationalism]]
[[Anti-imperialism]]
|[[Cyprus Emergency]]|| || || ||
|-
|| {{Flagdeco|Basque Country}} [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] || {{Flag|Spain}}|| 1959 || 2018 || || [[Josu Urrutikoetxea]]
|[[Basque nationalism]]
[[Revolutionary socialism]]
[[Anti-Spanish sentiment]]
|[[Basque conflict]]|| bombings, assassinations || Assassinated "President" Blanco, 1978 || || {{Flagdeco|Spain}} [[Spanish Government]]
|-
|| [[Fatah]] ||{{Flag|Israel}}
{{Flag|Palestine}}
| 1959 || || [[Yasser Arafat]] || [[Mahmoud Abbas]]
|[[Palestinian nationalism]]
[[Social democracy]]
|[[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]|| ||[[Munich Olympics massacre]], 1972 || Algerian rebels || {{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Israeli Government]]
|-
|| {{Flag|Palestine Liberation Organization}}||{{Flag|Israel}}
{{Flag|Palestine}}
| 1964 || || [[Ahmad Shukeiri]]||[[Yasser Arafat]]
[[Mahmoud Abbas]]
|[[Palestinian nationalism]]
[[Secularism]]
|[[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]|| || [[1978 Coastal Road massacre]]|| ||{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Israeli Government]]
|-
|| [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]] ||{{Flag|Israel}}
{{Flag|Palestine}}
| 1967 || || [[George Habash]]|| [[Ahmad Sa'adat]]
|[[Palestinian nationalism]]
[[Marxism–Leninism]]
[[Anti-Zionism]]
[[Pan-Arab nationalism]]
[[One-state solution]]
|[[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]|| || [[Black September in Jordan#Aircraft hijackings|Black September]] skyjacking, 1970 ||[[Che Guevara]] ||{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Israeli Government]]
|-
|| [[PFLP-GC]] ||{{Flag|Israel}}
{{Flag|Palestine}}
| 1968 || || [[Ahmed Jibril]]||
|[[Palestinian nationalism]]
|[[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]|| || Hangglider shooting, 1970 || ||{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Israeli Government]]
|-
|| [[DFLP]] ||{{Flag|Israel}}
{{Flag|Palestine}}
| 1969 || || [[Nayef Hawatmeh]]||
|[[Palestinian nationalism]]
[[Communism]]
[[Anti-Zionism]]
[[Left-wing nationalism]]
|[[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]|| || [[Avivim school bus massacre]], 1970 || ||{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Israeli Government]]
|-
|[[United Klans of America]]
|{{Flag|United States}}
|1960
|
|[[Robert Shelton (Ku Klux Klan)|Robert Shelton]]
|
|[[White supremacy]]
[[Radical right (United States)|Radical right]]
[[Nordicism]]
[[Racial segregation in the United States|Segregationism]]
[[Christian fundamentalism]]
|[[Mass racial violence in the United States]]
|
|[[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]]
|
|
|-
|{{Flagicon image|}} [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]]
|{{Flag|South Africa|1928}}
|1961
|1994
|[[Potlako Leballo]]
|
|[[Black nationalism]]
[[Pan-Africanism]]
[[African socialism]]
[[Anti-racism]]
|[[Internal resistance to apartheid]]
|
|
|
|{{Flagdeco|South Africa|variant=1928}} [[Government of South Africa]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the African National Congress.svg}} [[UMkhonto we Sizwe]]
|{{Flag|South Africa|1928}}
|1961
|1994
|[[Nelson Mandela]]
|
|[[African nationalism]]
[[Internal resistance to apartheid|Anti-apartheid]]
[[Anti-racism]]
|[[Internal resistance to apartheid]]
[[Rhodesian Bush War]]
[[Angolan Civil War]]
|
|
|
|{{Flagdeco|South Africa|variant=1928}} [[Government of South Africa]]
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Bandera FLQ.svg}} [[Front de libération du Québec]] || {{Flag|Canada}}|| 1963 || 1971 || [[Georges Schoeters]] ||
|[[Quebec separatism]]
[[Quebec nationalism]]
[[Marxism–Leninism]]
[[Anti-Canadian sentiment]]
|[[Quiet Revolution]]
[[October Crisis]]
| bombings, kidnappings, assassinations || [[October Crisis]] kidnappings, 1970 || [[Che Guevara]]; the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]] || {{Flagdeco|Canada}} [[Canadian Government]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|OAS Flag.svg}} [[Organisation armée secrète]]
|{{Flag|France}}
{{Flag|French Algeria}}
|1961
|1962
|[[Raoul Salan]]
[[Edmond Jouhaud]]
[[Yves Godard]]
[[Jean-Jacques Susini]]
|
|[[French nationalism]]
[[Colonialism]]
[[Far-right politics in France|Far-right]]
|[[Algerian War]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Balochistan Flag.svg}} [[Balochistan Liberation Army]]
|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}
{{Flag|Pakistan}}
|1964
|
|[[Khair Bakhsh Marri]]
|
|[[Baloch nationalism]]
|[[Insurgency in Balochistan]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (Yellow).svg}} [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]]
|{{Flag|Iran}}
|1965
|
|
|[[Massoud Rajavi|Massoud]] and [[Maryam Rajavi]]
|
|
|
|
|
|{{Flagdeco|IRI}} [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Government of Iran]]
|-
| [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]]
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|1968
|
|[[Alparslan Türkeş]]
|
|[[Turkish nationalism]]
[[Neo-fascism]]
[[Islamism]]
|[[Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|| [[Provisional IRA]] ||{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
{{Flag|Ireland}}
| 1969 || 2005 || [[Seán Mac Stíofáin]] ||
|[[Irish republicanism]]
[[Irish nationalism]]
[[United Ireland|Irish irredentism]]
[[Anti-British sentiment]]
|[[Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign]]
[[The Troubles]]
| bombings, assassinations || [[Bloody Friday (1972)|Bloody Friday]] bombings, 1972 || ||{{Flagdeco|UK}} [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
{{Flagdeco|Ireland}} [[Government of Ireland]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Shining Path.svg}} [[Shining Path]]
|{{Flag|Peru}}
|1969
|
|[[Abimael Guzmán]]
|
|[[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism]]
[[Gonzalo Thought]]
[[Anti-revisionism]]
|[[Internal conflict in Peru]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ulster Defence Association.svg}} [[Ulster Defence Association|Ulster Defence Association (UDA)]] ||{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
{{Flag|Ireland}}
| 1972 || ||[[Billy Hull]]
[[Jim Anderson (loyalist)|Jim Anderson]]
| [[Johnny Adair]]
|[[Ulster loyalism]]
[[Ulster Protestants|Ulster Protestantism]]
[[Irish unionism]]
[[Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom|Anti-Catholicism]]
|[[The Troubles]]|| assassinations, mass shootings || [[Castlerock killings]], 1993 & [[Greysteel massacre]], 1993 || [[Ulster Unionist Party|Ulster Unionist Party (UUP)]], [[Democratic Unionist Party|Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)]]|| {{Flagdeco|UK}} [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
{{Flagdeco|Ireland}} [[Government of Ireland]]
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Ulster Volunteer Force.svg}} [[Ulster Volunteer Force (1966)|Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)]] ||{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
{{Flag|Ireland}}
| 1966 || || [[Gusty Spence]] ||
|[[Ulster loyalism]]
[[Ulster Protestants|Ulster Protestantism]]
[[Irish unionism]]
[[Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom|Anti-Catholicism]]
|[[The Troubles]]|| assassinations, bombings || [[Dublin and Monaghan Bombings]], 1974 & [[Loughinisland massacre]], 1994 || [[Ulster Unionist Party|Ulster Unionist Party (UUP)]]|| {{Flagdeco|UK}} [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
{{Flagdeco|Ireland}} [[Government of Ireland]]
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|}} [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña]]||{{Flag|United States}}
{{Flag|Puerto Rico}}
| 1974 || || [[Filiberto Ojeda Ríos]]||
|[[Puerto Rican nationalism]]
[[Anti-Americanism]]
[[Revolutionary socialism]]
|[[Independence movement in Puerto Rico]]|| bombings || Four NYC bombs, 1975 || || {{Flagdeco|USA}} [[Government of the United States]]
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of ASALA.png}} [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]]|| {{Flag|Turkey}} || 1975 || 1986 || [[Hagop Tarakchian]] ||
|[[Armenian nationalism]]
[[Anti-Turkish sentiment]]
|[[Armenian–Turkish relations|Armenian–Turkish Conflict]]|| || Attack on Ankara airport, 1982 || || {{Flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Turkish Government]]
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party.svg}} [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]]|| {{Flag|Turkey}} || 1978 || || [[Abdullah Öcalan]]||
|[[Kurdish nationalism]]
[[Democratic confederalism]]
[[Jineology]]
[[Socialism]]
|[[Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|Kurdish–Turkish conflict]] || || [[Başbağlar massacre]] || [[Mao Zedong]]; [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|FLN]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} || {{Flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Turkish Government]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the FARC-EP.svg}} [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]]
|{{Flag|Colombia}}
|1964
|2017
|[[Efraín Guzmán]]
[[Jacobo Arenas]]
|[[Manuel Marulanda]]
[[Alfonso Cano]]
[[Timoleón Jiménez]]
|[[Guevarism]]
[[Left-wing nationalism]]
[[Bolivarianism]]
[[Agrarian socialism]]
[[Anti-imperialism]]
|[[Colombian conflict]]
|
|
|
|{{Flagdeco|Colombia}} [[Government of Colombia]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of ELN.svg}} [[National Liberation Army (Colombia)|National Liberation Army]]
|{{Flag|Colombia}}
|1964
|
|[[Antonio García (ELN commander)|Antonio Garcia]]
|
|[[Marxism–Leninism]]
[[Liberation theology]]
|[[Colombian conflict]]
|
|
|
|{{Flagdeco|Colombia}} [[Government of Colombia]]
|-
|| [[Red Army Faction]] || {{Flag|West Germany}}|| 1968 || 1998 ||[[Andreas Baader]]
[[Ulrike Meinhof]]
|
|[[Marxism]]
[[Anti-capitalism]]
[[Anti-fascism]]
|[[German Autumn]]|| || [[German Autumn]] killings, 1977 || [[Che Guevara]]; [[Mao Zedong]]; [[Vietcong]] || {{Flagdeco|FRG}} [[German Government]]
|-
|| [[Weather Underground Organization|Weathermen]] || {{Flag|United States}}|| 1969 || 1977 ||[[Bill Ayers]]
[[Bernardine Dohrn]]
|
|[[New Left]]
[[Opposition to the Vietnam War]]
[[Black Power]]
| || || Chicago police statue bombing, 1969 || [[Mao Zedong]]; [[Black Panthers]] ||
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Brigate Rosse.svg}} [[Italian Red Brigade]] || {{Flag|Italy}}|| 1970 || 1989 || [[Renato Curcio]] ||[[Margherita Cagol]]
[[Alberto Franceschini]]
|[[Marxism–Leninism]]
[[Anti-capitalism]]
[[Anti-fascism]]
|[[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]] || || [[Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro|Assassinated former Prime Minister Aldo Moro]], 1978 || ||
|-
|| [[Japanese Red Army]] || {{Flag|Japan}}|| 1971 || 2001 || [[Fusako Shigenobu]] ||
|[[Maoism]]
[[Anti-imperialism]]
[[Anti-fascism]]
[[Anti-monarchism]]
| || || [[Lod Airport massacre|Lod Airport Massacre]], 1972 || ||
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg}} [[Tamil Tigers]] || {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}|| 1976 || 2009<ref>TOTAL DESTRUCTION OF THE TAMIL TIGERS: The Rare Victory of Sri Lanka's Long War, Paul Moorcraft</ref> || [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]]||
|[[Tamil nationalism]]
[[Revolutionary socialism]]
|[[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]|| || Columbus bus terminal bombing, 1987 || || {{Flagdeco|Sri Lanka}} [[Government of Sri Lanka]]
|-
|| {{Flag|Hezbollah}}|| {{Flag|Lebanon}}|| 1982 || || || [[Hassan Nasrallah]]
|[[Lebanese nationalism]]
[[Pan-Islamism]]
[[Khomeinism]]
[[Anti-Zionism]]
[[Anti-Western sentiment]]
|[[Lebanese Civil War]]
[[Israeli–Lebanese conflict]]
[[Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war|Syrian civil war]]
| || [[April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing]], [[1983 Beirut barracks bombing]] || [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]] ||{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Israeli Government]]
|-
|| [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] || {{Flag|Egypt}}|| 1980 || || [[Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj]]|| [[Omar Abdel-Rahman]]
|[[Qutbism]]
| || || [[Assassination of Anwar Sadat]], 1981
[[Luxor massacre]], 1997
| ||{{Flagdeco|Egypt}} [[Government of Egypt]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Kach and Kahane Chai.svg}} [[Jewish Defense League]]
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|1980
|
|[[Meir Kahane]]
|
|[[Kahanism]]
[[Zionism]]
[[Anti-Arabism]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg}} [[Hamas]] || {{Flag|Gaza Strip}}|| 1987 || || Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]] || [[Ismail Haniyeh]]
|[[Palestinian nationalism]]
[[Pan-Islamism|Islamism]]
[[Antisemitism]]
[[Anti-Western sentiment]]
|[[Gaza–Israel conflict]]
[[Fatah–Hamas conflict]]
| || [[October 7 attacks]], 2023
[[Passover massacre]], 2002
[[Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing]], 2001
| [[Muslim Brotherhood]] ||{{Flagdeco|Israel}} [[Israeli Government]]
|-
|| {{Flag|al-Qaeda}}|| {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}|| 1988 || || [[Osama bin Laden]] || [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]]
|[[Pan-Islamism]]
[[Salafi jihadism]]
[[Anti-Western sentiment]]
|[[Afghan conflict]]
[[Somali Civil War]]
[[War on terror]]
[[Iraqi conflict (2003–present)|Iraqi conflict]]
[[Yemeni crisis]]
[[Libyan Crisis]]
[[Syrian civil war]]
[[Insurgency in the Maghreb]]
[[Mali War]]
| || [[9/11 attacks]], 2001 || [[Mujahideen]] ||
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Kokbayraq flag.svg}} [[East Turkestan Liberation Organization]] || {{Flag|China}}|| 1990 || || ||
|[[Uyghur nationalism]]
[[East Turkestan independence movement|East Turkestan separatism]]
[[Turanism]]
[[Islamism]]
[[Anti-communism]]
[[Anti-Chinese sentiment]]
|[[Xinjiang conflict]]|| || || ||{{Flagdeco|PRC}} [[Government of China]]
|-
|| [[Aum Shinrikyo]] || {{Flag|Japan}}|| 1990 || 1995 || [[Shoko Asahara]] ||
|[[Japanese new religions]]
[[Religious extremism]]
[[Buddhism]]
[[Millenarianism]]
| || || [[Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway]], 1995|| ||
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] || {{Flag|Pakistan}}|| 1991 || || [[Hafiz Saeed]]||
|[[Islamism]]
[[Ahl-i Hadith]]
[[Anti-Hindu sentiment]]
|[[Indo-Pakistani wars]]
[[Kashmir conflict]]
| || [[Mumbai train bombings]], 2006 and [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. || ||{{Flagdeco|India}} [[Government of India]]
|-
|| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Caucasian Emirate.svg}} [[Caucasus Emirate|Chechnyan Separatists]] || {{Flag|Russia}}|| 1994 || || [[Dokka Umarov]]|| [[Shamil Basayev]]
|[[Salafi jihadism]]
[[Pan-Islamism]]
|[[Chechen–Russian conflict]]
[[Insurgency in the North Caucasus]]
| || [[Beslan school hostage crisis]], 2004 || ||{{Flagdeco|Russia}} [[Government of Russia]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of AUC.svg}} [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia]]
|{{Flag|Colombia}}
|1997
|2006
|[[Carlos Castaño Gil]]
|
|[[Far-right]]
[[Anti-labor]]
[[Anti-communism]]
|[[Colombian conflict]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|| [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]] || {{Flag|Iran}}|| 2003 || || [[Abdolmalek Rigi]]|| [[Muhammad Dhahir Baluch]]
|[[Salafi jihadism]]
[[Baloch nationalism]]
[[Anti-Iranian sentiment]]
|[[Kurdish-Iranian conflict]]|| || [[2007 Zahedan bombings|Zahedan bombings]], 2007 || || {{Flagdeco|IRI}} [[Government of Iran]]
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of JTJ.svg}} [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]]
{{Flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2005).svg}} [[Al-Qaeda in Iraq]]
{{Flagicon image|Flag of Islamic State of Iraq.svg}} [[Islamic State of Iraq]]
{{Flag|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}
|{{Flag|Iraq}}
{{Flag|Syria}}
{{Flag|Afghanistan}}
{{Flag|Libya}}
{{Flag|Afghanistan}}
{{Flag|Nigeria}}
{{Flag|Somalia}}
|1999
|
|[[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]
|[[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]]
[[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]]
[[Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]
[[Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]
|[[Islamism]]
[[Salafi jihadism]]
[[Wahhabism]]
[[Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State|Anti-Yazidi sentiment]]
[[Anti-Christian sentiment]]
[[Anti-Western sentiment]]
[[Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State|Anti-Shia sentiment]]
[[Antisemitism]]
|[[Iraqi conflict]]
[[Syrian civil war]]
[[Libyan Crisis]]
[[Yemeni crisis]]
[[Afghanistan conflict]]
[[Sinai insurgency]]
[[War on terror]]
[[Somali Civil War]]
[[Boko Haram insurgency]]
[[ISIL insurgency in Tunisia]]
|
|
|
|{{Flag|United Nations}}
|-
|{{Flagdeco|ISIS}} [[Boko Haram]]
|{{Flag|Nigeria}}
|2002
|
|[[Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)|Mohammed Yusuf]]
|[[Abubakar Shekau]]
|[[Islamism]]
[[Salafi jihadism]]
[[Wahhabism]]
[[Anti-Christian sentiment]]
[[Anti-Western sentiment]]
|[[Boko Haram insurgency]]
|
|
|
|{{Flagdeco|Nigeria}} [[Federal government of Nigeria|Government of Nigeria]]
|-
|{{Flagdeco|ISIS}} [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]]
|{{Flag|Somalia}}
|2006
|
|[[Ahmed Abdi Godane]]
|[[Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah|Ahmad Umar]]
|[[Islamism]]
[[Salafi jihadism]]
[[Wahhabism]]
[[Anti-Christian sentiment]]
|[[Somali Civil War]]
|
|
|
|
|}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==References==
* {{cite book|last=Hoffman|first=Bruce|title=Inside Terrorism|url=https://archive.org/details/insideterrorism00hoff|url-access=registration|year=1998|publisher=Columbia University Press|___location=New York|isbn=9780231114684}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=Rebecca |year=2020 |title=Deeds, Not Words: The Suffragettes and Early Terrorism in the City of London |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03058034.2019.1687222 |journal=The London Journal |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=53–64 |doi=10.1080/03058034.2019.1687222 |s2cid=212994082 |issn=0305-8034|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Webb |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2RtBQAAQBAJ |title=The Suffragette Bombers: Britain's Forgotten Terrorists |year=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-78340-064-5 |language=en}}
{{Portalbar|History}}
{{Terrorism topics}}
[[Category:Terrorism|*]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Political science]]
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