William Brown (admiral): Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Irish-Argentine admiral (1777–1857)}}

{{dablink|This article is about the Irish-born first admiral of Argentina. For other people named William Brown, see the [[William Brown| William Brown disambiguation]] page.}}

{{redirect|Almirante Brown}}

[[Image:Guillermo_brown.gif|thumb|right|Founder of the Argentine Navy, William Brown is considered a national hero in Argentina, with more than 1,200 streets called after him. <ref>[[Irish Independent]], National News, [http://www.unison.ie/irish_independent/stories.php3?ca=9&si=1533216&issue_id=13465 Capital idea... hero to have street named after him.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>]]

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}

[[Admiral]] '''William Brown''' <ref>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Guillermo Brown'' or ''Almirante Brown'', see e.g. his [http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/brown.htm biography] at ''Planeta Sedna''. URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> was born in [[Foxford]], <ref>[[Irish language|Irish]]: ''Béal Easa'', see [http://www.mayo-ireland.ie/Mayo/Towns/FxFrd/Fxfrd.htm report] at County Mayo's official website. URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> [[County Mayo]], <ref>[[Irish language|Irish]]: ''Contae Mhaigh Eo'', according to its official [http://www.mayo-ireland.ie/motm.htm website.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> [[Ireland]] on [[June 22]], [[1777]] and died in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] on [[March 3]], [[1857]]. Brown's victories in the [[Argentine War of Independence|Independence War]], the [[Argentina-Brazil War]], and the [[History of Uruguay#The "Guerra Grande" 1839-1852|''Guerra Grande'' in Uruguay]] earned the respect and appreciation of the Argentine people, and today he is regarded as one of Argentina's national heroes. Creator and first admiral of the country's maritime forces, he is commonly known as the "father of the [[Argentine Navy]]". <ref>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''el padre de la Armada Argentina''. Used mainly in Argentina but also in other countries like the [[United Kingdom]], see e.g. this [[BBC]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/misc/newsid_4781000/4781831.stm report.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

{{Infobox military person

| name = William Brown

| image = William brown old.jpg

| image_size = 240px

| caption = 1850s [[daguerreotype]] of Brown

| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1777|6|22}}

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1857|3|3|1777|6|22}}

| birth_place = [[Foxford]], [[County Mayo]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]

| death_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]

| placeofburial = La Recoleta cemetery

| placeofburial_label =

| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->

| nickname = Guillermo Brown

| birth_name =

| allegiance = {{flagcountry|Argentina}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Admiral from Mayo. A Life of Almirante William Brown of Foxford, Father of the Argentine Navy |last=de Courcy |first=John |publisher=Edmund Burke |year=1995|pages=96}}</ref>

| branch = {{navy|UKGBI}} <br /> {{navy|Argentina}}

| serviceyears =

| rank = [[Admiral]]

| servicenumber =

| unit =

| commands =

| battles = [[Napoleonic Wars]] <br /> [[Argentine War of Independence]] <br /> [[Cisplatine War]] <br /> [[Argentine Civil Wars]]

| battles_label =

| awards =

| religion = Catholic

| relations =

| laterwork =

| signature =

}}

'''William Brown''' (also known in Spanish as '''Guillermo Brown''' or '''''Almirante'' Brown''') (22 June 1777 – 3 March 1857) was an [[Irish people|Irish]] sailor, merchant, and naval commander who served in the [[Argentine Navy]] during the wars of the early 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Admiral from Mayo. A Life of Almirante William Brown of Foxford, Father of the Argentine Navy |last=de Courcy |first=John |publisher=Edmund Burke |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-946130-18-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7AUTAQAAIAAJ&dq=citizen&pg=PA96}}</ref> Brown's successes in the [[Argentine War of Independence]], the [[Cisplatine War]], and the [[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata]] earned the respect and appreciation of the Argentine people, and he is regarded as one of Argentina's national heroes. The creator and first admiral of the country's maritime forces, he is commonly known as the "father of the Argentine Navy".<ref>{{langx|es|link=no|El padre de la Armada Argentina}}. Used mainly in Argentina but also in other countries like the United Kingdom, such as this [[BBC]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/misc/newsid_4781000/4781831.stm report.] URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref><ref>{{langx|es|link=no|Guillermo Brown or Almirante Brown}}, see e.g. his [http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/brown.htm biography] at ''Planeta Sedna''. Retrieved 15 October 2006.</ref><ref>{{langx|ga|Béal Easa}}, see [http://www.mayo-ireland.ie/Mayo/Towns/FxFrd/Fxfrd.htm report] at County Mayo's official website. Retrieved 15 October 2006.</ref><ref>{{langx|ga|Contae Mhaigh Eo}}, according to its official [http://www.mayo-ireland.ie/motm.htm website.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051915/http://www.mayo-ireland.ie/MotM.htm |date=13 August 2011 }} URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>

== Early life and career ==

Brown was born in [[Foxford]], County Mayo, Ireland, on 22 June 1777. He emigrated with his father to Baltimore, Maryland in 1793.<ref>De Marco, Miguel Angel, ''Brown. Primer almirante de los argentinos,'' emece, Buenos Aires, 2021.</ref> Probably, they went to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A short time after their arrival, the friend who had invited them and offered them food and hospitality died of [[yellow fever]]. Several days later, William's father also succumbed to the same disease.<ref name="Foxford">Ireland, County Mayo, Foxford, [http://foxford.freeservers.com/brown.htm Admiral William Brown.] URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>

=== Career as a merchant captain ===

[[Image:Mayococologo.png|thumb|right|Coat of arms of [[County Mayo]], William Brown's birthplace in [[Ireland]]. The motto ''Dia is Muire Linn'' translates as "God and Mary be with us". <ref>Mayo County Information Portal, About Mayo, [http://www.mayo.ie/en/Home/AboutMayo/ Mayo County Crest.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>]]

William Brown was born in Foxford, County Mayo, Ireland on [[June 22]], [[1777]]. His family emigrated to [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] in the [[United States]], about 1786, when William was only nine years old. <ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia">[[Catholic Encyclopedia]], [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02804a.htm William Brown.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> A short time after the arrival, the friend who had invited them out and offered them food and hospitality died of [[yellow fever]], and several days later, William's father also succumbed to the same disease. <ref name="Foxford">Ireland, County Mayo, Foxford, [http://foxford.freeservers.com/brown.htm Admiral William Brown.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

One morning, while he was wandering along the banks of the [[Delaware River]], he met the captain of a ship then moored in port. The captain enquiredinquired if he wanted employment and Brown answered yesagreed. The captain then and there engaged him as a [[cabin boy]], thereby setting him on the naval promotion ladder, where he worked his way to the captaincy of a [[Merchant ship|merchant vessel]].

Comparatively little is known of Brown's early life, and it has been suggested that he was illegitimate and took his mother's surname, and that his father's surname was actually [[Gannon]]. <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irlandeses.org/geraghty040406.htm | title=Was Admiral William Brown Admiral Someone Else? | accessdateaccess-date=2 November 2006-11-02 | last=Geraghty | first=Michael J. | publisher=Society for Irish Latin American Studies}}</ref>

=== Service during the Napoleonic Wars ===

After ten years onat the Atlanticsea, where he developed his skills as a seamansailor and reached the levelrank of [[Sea captain|captain]], William Brownhe was [[Impressment|press-gangedimpressed]] in toonto a British[[Royal boatNavy]] andwarship.<ref>{{cite forcedbook|last1=Stewart|first1=William|title=Admirals of the World|date=28 September 2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786438099|page=46|quote=He was press-ganged (the act of conscripting people to serve in the [[Britishmilitary monarchy|Britishor crown]]navy, usually by force and without notice).}}</ref>

During the [[Napoleonic warWars]]s, Brown's is said to have escaped the ship he was seizedserving byon, a [[France|Frenchgalley]], and [[man-of-warScuttling|scuttled]] the vessel.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} However, andthe heFrench wasdid madenot abelieve prisonerhe had assisted them and sentimprisoned tohim in [[Lorient]]. On being transferred to [[Metz]], he succeeded in escapingescaped, disguised in a French officer's uniform. HeHowever, he was recaptured, however, and then imprisoned in the fortress of [[Verdun-sur-Meuse|Verdun]]. From there, inIn 1809, heBrown escaped from there in the company of a [[British colonelArmy]] officer named Clutchwell and eventually reached German territory.

Returning to England, he renounced his maritime career and, on 29 July 1809, he married Elizabeth Chitty in [[JulyKent]]. 29As he was a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], and she a [[1809Protestantism|Protestant]], hethey marriedagreed Elizabethto Chitty,raise intheir Kentsons as Catholics and their daughters as Protestants.<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=de Courcy |title=<History Ireland>Page title<Almirante William Brown> |year=2001 |url=https://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/almirante-william-brown/ |access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref> Brown left the same year for the [[Río de la Plata]] on board ''Belmond'' and set himself up as a [[merchant]] in [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]. <ref name="Irish Migration">Irish Migration Studies in Latin America, Dictionary of Irish Latin American Biography, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928155753/http://www.irishargentine.org/dilab_brownw.htm William Brown.]}} URL accessed on15 [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

=== Immigration to SouthArgentina America ===

Brown became part -owner of a ship called ''Eliza'', trading between Montevideo and [[Buenos Aires]]. When ''Eliza'' met with disaster and [[Ship grounding|ran aground]], Brown carried his cargo inland, and having disposed of it profitably, he next crossed the [[Andes]] to [[Chile]]. He had by now accumulated sufficient capital to enable him to purchase a [[schooner]] called ''Industria'' ([[spanish language|Spanish]] for "Industry"), with which he opened a regular sailing-packet service between [[Uruguay]] and [[Argentina]], the first such venture in [[South America]]. At this pointThen, the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata|Spanish colonial government]] stepped in, sensing a threat to its mercantile interests.

== War with Spain ==

== Commander-in-Chief of the Argentine Navy ==

{{More citations needed section|date=February 2012}}

[[Image:Guillermo brown1.jpg|thumb|right|Argentine stamp of Admiral Guillermo Brown, circa 1979.]]

=== War with Spain ===

{{main|Argentine War of Independence}}

[[File:Guillermo Brown, por Henry Herve.jpg|thumb|right|150px|William Brown, miniature by Henry Hervé]]

Spanish ships destroyed Brown's schooner, and took drastic effects to nullify Argentina's attempts to defend her coasts against Spanish raiders. As a result of the incident, Argentina resolved to provide ships to protect her coasts and trade, with Brown being appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Argentine fleet. <ref name="Irish Migration"/>

Spanish ships destroyed Brown's schooner and took drastic steps to nullify Argentina's attempts to defend its coasts against Spanish raiders. As a result of the incident, Argentina resolved to provide ships to protect her coasts and trade, with Brown being commissioned as a lieutenant-colonel at the service of the navy and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Argentine fleet.<ref name="Irish Migration"/> That was following the challenge of [[Benjamin Franklin Seavers]], registered as a Canadian merchant shipman, who relinquished his challenge when Brown's supposedly illegal press-ganging earlier in his career came to light, which is believed to have tipped the scales in his favour to lead the [[flotilla]]. Seavers was American-born. However, following the [[Embargo Act of 1807]], like most other merchant shipmen, he became Canadian to avoid the double taxation imposed on international trade.

The River Plate presented new opportunities for captains of free enterprise. It was important to keep grain lines open to the north of the continent, and the Spanish stood in the way. Seavers was Brown's second-in-command; he led the first attack on the Spanish naval force, opening the blockade and providing a path for the fleet to take to high water. Seavers was also the first casualty of the battle. The news of the death of his friend and comrade impelled Brown to launch a full attack on the Spanish as Argentine morale was low at the loss of this experienced officer so early in the engagement.

Brown resolved to attack the formidable Spanish squadron with his ill-equipped navy of seven ships. On [[March 8]] [[1814]], Brown took his tiny fleet to sea and within 48 hours was engaged in a furious battle. Land and sea forces saw action at [[Martín García]], a fortified island twenty miles above Buenos Aires, commanding the two rivers [[Paraná River|Paraná]] and [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]], and known as ''the [[Gibraltar]] of the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]].'' Brown failed to win possession of the island, and his flagship, the ''Hercules'', was badly battered and ran aground. Argentine forces attacked vigorously by land and sea on [[14 March]], and after a stiff contest succeeded in gaining possession of Martín García. The Spanish commander took his ships to Montevideo hotly pursued by Brown, whose naval forces were now increased by the addition of three armed merchant vessels.

<blockquote>On 10 March 1814 the Hercules, joined by the Julieta, the Tortugas, the Fortunata and the felucca San Luis, faced the strong Spanish naval fleet commanded by Captain Jacinto de Romarate. The Spanish armada had six warships, brigs, gunboats and a land battery with four cannons. There was a fierce combat after which the Hercules was stranded. American-born officer Benjamin Franklin Seaver, commander of the Julieta, was killed in action. The Hercules defended herself until 12 March at 10&nbsp;am. As a result of this combat Commander Elias Smith, Lieutenant Robert Stacy and forty-five sailors were killed by [[grapeshot]]. There were about fifty wounded, which imposed a heavy task for the surgeon Bernard Campbell. The flagship received no less than eighty-two cannon blows and was repaired in the war zone. Plumb plates were placed under the waterline and the hull was covered with leathers and tar. Henceforth it was nicknamed as 'the Black Frigate'. Richard Baxter, an English-born officer, was appointed as the new commander. On 17 March 1814, Brown attacked the island Martín García together with the Julieta and the Zephir. The Hercules engaged in combat with the Spanish warships Esperanza and Carmen.</blockquote>

The Spanish blockading squadron was now blockaded itself by Brown and his fleet. Montevideo was threatened with starvation. Brown, pretending to retreat, [[Action of 14 May 1814|drew the Spanish forces away]] on [[May 14]] from the protection of the fort guns, and two days afterwards on [[May 16]] an engagement took place in the course of which Brown's leg was shattered by a cannon ball. Undeterred he continued to issue orders and direct operations while stretched on the deck of the ''Hercules''. In a panic the Spanish squadron rushed for shelter to port, but three of their ships were captured. As a direct result of this engagement the [[Río de la Plata]] was freed from Spanish control and Montevideo fell to the Argentines.

A land attack was organized and at that moment William Brown ordered the fife and the drum to play "Saint Patrick's Day in the Morning", which boosted the morale of the troops.

As the hero of the action, Brown was raised to the rank of colonel and made commander of the navy. His flagship, the ''Hercules'', was presented to him as a personal gift and reward for his services. <ref name="Foxford"/>

On 20 April 1814, Montevideo was blocked by Argentine forces. There were no other major engagements until 14 May, when combat started, but the sea conditions stopped a full attack.

=== War with Brazil ===

{{main|Argentina-Brazil War}}

Brown did not long remain inactive. Uruguay had been a bone of contention between [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] for three centuries, and now it played the same role in relations between Argentina and [[Brazil]]. On [[December 14]], [[1825]], war broke out between Argentina and Brazil. The Brazilians initiated operations by blockading Argentina. In this emergency, Argentina, under Brown's guidance, improvised a new naval squadron of which he took command. Before the battle, William Brown said two of his most memorable quotes: "Comrades: confidence in victory, discipline, and three hails to the motherland!" <ref>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Camaradas: confianza en la victoria, disciplina y tres vivas a la patria!'' See [[Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini|High School of Commerce ''Carlos Pellegrini'']], [[Universidad de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires University]], [http://www.cpel.uba.ar/filargenta/correo/anta0062.htm ''Almirante Guillermo Brown.''] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> and, few minutes later, "Open fire, the people are watching us!" <ref>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''¡Fuego rasante, que el pueblo nos contempla!'' See [[Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini|High School of Commerce ''Carlos Pellegrini'']], [[Universidad de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires University]], [http://www.cpel.uba.ar/filargenta/correo/anta0062.htm ''Almirante Guillermo Brown.''] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> As a counter move to the blockade of Argentina, he vigorously attacked the Brazilian coast, shattered Brazilian shipping, and at the hard-fought [[Battle of Juncal]] ([[February 24]], [[1827]]), with seven ships and eight 1-gun launches he destroyed the entire opposing Brazilian squadron of seventeen ships and took its commander prisoner. On [[June 11]], [[1827]], the decisive Battle of Los Pozos took place between the Argentine and Brazilian forces in view of Buenos Aires, Argentina having only eleven ships while Brazil had thirty-one warships. After a violent encounter, the Brazilians were routed and peace of a sort followed, with Brown acting as Argentine commissioner when the [[Treaty of Montevideo]] was signed on [[October 4]], [[1827]]. <ref>Admiral Brown Society, [http://local.mobhaile.ie/admiralbrownp/AdmiralBrownsLife/tabid/9879/Default.aspx Admiral Brown's Life.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

Brown resolved to attack the formidable Spanish squadron with his ill-equipped flotilla of seven ships. On 8 March 1814, Brown took his ships to sea and within 48 hours, he was engaged in a furious battle. Land and sea forces saw action at [[Isla Martín García|Martín García island]], a fortified island {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on}} from Buenos Aires, known as "the [[Gibraltar]] of the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]]", which commanded the access to the rivers [[Paraná River|Paraná]] and [[Uruguay River|Uruguay]]. Brown failed to win possession of the island, and his [[flagship,]] ''Hercules'', was badly battered and ran aground. Argentine forces attacked by land and sea on 14 March and after a stiff contest, he succeeded in gaining possession of Martín García. The Spanish commander took his ships to Montevideo pursued by Brown whose naval forces were increased by the addition of three armed merchant vessels.

=== War in Uruguayan civil war ===

{{main|History of Uruguay#The "Guerra Grande" 1839-1852}}

The Spanish blockading squadron was now blockaded itself by Brown and his fleet. Montevideo was threatened with starvation. Brown, pretending to retreat, [[action of 14 May 1814|drew the Spanish forces away]] on 14 May from the protection of the fort guns, and two days afterwards, an engagement took place in the course of which Brown's leg was shattered by a cannonball. Undeterred, he continued to issue orders and direct operations while lying on the [[Deck (ship)|deck]] of ''Hercules''. In a panic, the Spanish squadron sailed for shelter to port, but three of the ships were captured. As a direct result, the [[Río de la Plata]] was freed from Spanish control and Montevideo fell to the Argentines.

Factional disputes within Uruguay led Argentine leader [[Manuel de Rosas]] to support his friend the deposed Uruguayan president [[Manuel Oribe]] in the civil war between the ''[[National Party (Uruguay)|Blancos]]'' and ''[[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorados]]''. Brown returned to active service and on [[15 August]] [[1842]] he fought a battle on the River Paraná, defeating a Uruguayan riverine fleet of launches commanded by the future hero of the Italian [[Risorgimento]], [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. Brown ordered his men to let Garibaldi go: "Let him escape, that ''gringo'' is a brave man". The Argentine/''Blanco'' forces occupied most of Uruguay but could not capture Montevideo, which endured a nine-year siege beginning in February 1843. When access to [[Paraguay]] was blocked in 1845 [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], [[France]] and [[Brazil]] entered the conflict on the ''Colorado'' side.

{{Further|Battle of Martín García (1814)}}

The battle continued for Brown well after Argentina claimed victory. Assisted by [[Hippolyte de Bouchard]], he chased and harassed Spanish shipping not only in Argentine waters but also on the west coast of the Americas and throughout the Pacific, much to the consternation of the Argentine investors of his ships. Stranded on an island and exhausted from fever, news arrived that he was to be [[court-martial]]ed on his return to Argentina. He returned to England, where he fought a legal and political battle, which he won with the support of his allies. He returned to Argentina and had ''Hercules'' gifted to him. William Brown took up farming and enjoyed 14 years of contented and happy family life.

== War with Brazil ==

{{main|Cisplatine War}}

Brown remained active. Uruguay had been a bone of contention between Spain and [[Portugal]] for three centuries and now played the same role in relations between Argentina and [[Brazil]]. On 14 December 1825, war broke out between Argentina and Brazil.

The Argentine authorities had neither an experienced admiral nor a fleet, with all their energies being deployed to land campaigns along the borders. The coast seemed invisible, and Brown had long campaigned for an operational fleet but was ignored and labelled a "foreigner" by most of his opposition, which had turned from the "blue shirt" of the union to the "red shirt" of the federation. Then his chance finally came.

He was once again coaxed from his retirement by the "cap in hand" opposition to save the port of Buenos Aires. Brown accepted his commission and with a team of caulkers, he started building and equipping a fleet, as best he could.

The Brazilians initiated operations by blockading Argentina, which, under Brown's guidance, improvised a new naval squadron of which he took command. Before the battle, Brown said two of his most memorable quotes: "Comrades: confidence in victory, discipline, and three hails to the motherland!"<ref>{{langx|es|link=no|Camaradas: confianza en la victoria, disciplina y tres vivas a la patria!}} See [[Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini|Superior School of Commerce ''Carlos Pellegrini'']], [[Universidad de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires University]], [http://www.cpel.uba.ar/filargenta/correo/anta0062.htm ''Almirante Guillermo Brown.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025135710/http://www.cpel.uba.ar/filargenta/correo/anta0062.htm |date=25 October 2006 }} URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref> and, a few minutes later, "Open fire, the people are watching us!"<ref>{{langx|es|link=no|¡Fuego rasante, que el pueblo nos contempla!}} See [[Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini|Superior School of Commerce ''Carlos Pellegrini'']], [[Universidad de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires University]], [http://www.cpel.uba.ar/filargenta/correo/anta0062.htm ''Almirante Guillermo Brown.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025135710/http://www.cpel.uba.ar/filargenta/correo/anta0062.htm |date=25 October 2006 }} URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref> As a counter to the blockade of Argentina, he vigorously attacked the Brazilian coast, shattered Brazilian shipping and, at the hard-fought [[Battle of Juncal]] (24 February 1827), destroyed the entire opposing Brazilian squadron, with seven ships and eight 1-gun launches. He also took its commander prisoner. On 11 June 1826, the Battle of Los Pozos took place between the Argentine and Brazilian forces in view of Buenos Aires, Argentina having only eleven ships as opposed to Brazil's thirty-one warships. Later, he fought in the [[Battle of Monte Santiago]], and peace of a sort followed, with Brown acting as Argentine commissioner when the

[[1828 Treaty of Montevideo|Treaty of Montevideo]] was signed on 4 October 1827.<ref>Admiral Brown Society, [http://local.mobhaile.ie/admiralbrownp/AdmiralBrownsLife/tabid/9879/Default.aspx Admiral Brown's Life.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112193956/http://local.mobhaile.ie/admiralbrownp/AdmiralBrownsLife/tabid/9879/Default.aspx |date=12 November 2006 }} URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>

== War with Uruguay ==

{{More citations needed section|date=February 2012}}

{{main|Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata}}

[[File:William brown en uniforme.jpg|thumb|150px|Founder of the [[Argentine Navy]], William Brown is considered a national hero in Argentina, with more than 1,200 streets named after him.<ref>[[Irish Independent]], National News, [http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/capital-idea-hero-to-have-street-named-after-him-25953763.html Capital idea... hero to have street named after him.] URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>]]

Factional disputes within Uruguay led Argentine leader [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] to support his friend, the deposed Uruguayan president [[Manuel Oribe]], in the civil war between the ''[[National Party (Uruguay)|Blancos]]'' (supporting Oribe) and the ''[[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorados]]''. Brown returned to active service and defeated his former officer [[Jonas Coe|John Coe]] in three engagements near Montevideo. On 15 August 1842, he fought a battle on the River [[Paraná River|Paraná]], defeating a Uruguayan riverine fleet of launches commanded by the future hero of the Italian ''[[Risorgimento]]'', [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. After pursuing the Uruguayan up the river, Brown forced a landing and his marines brought the Uruguayans to action.

Many men on both sides knew one another from previous engagements and a minority of Brown's men, having gained the advantage, took personal vengeance on a prisoner, emasculating him. Brown became enraged and, tolerating no cowardice among his men, severely punished them using the infamous "gauntlet" technique. The men were stripped and walked between two lines of their comrades who beat them with rods, with some killed. Brown, refusing to accept the victory because of the dishonour brought upon the battle by his men, used his influence to have Garibaldi released from prison where he was awaiting trial and certain execution. Brown used a saying on such occasions when loyalties were in question: "Even if to the devil the word is given, then it must be kept". Honour in the line of duty was important to him, and his services to his adopted country were seen in the favour of Garibaldi, who would years later name one of his grandchildren "William" after Brown.<ref>Admiral William Brown : Liberator of the South Atlantic Aguinis, Marcos; Tyson, Bill P</ref> The Argentine/''Blanco'' forces occupied most of Uruguay but could not capture Montevideo, which endured a nine-year siege beginning in February 1843. When access to [[Paraguay]] was blocked in 1845, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] and France entered the conflict on the ''Colorado'' side.

== Last years ==

[[File:BROWN B.JPG|thumb|right|Grave of William Brown in [[Recoleta Cemetery]]]]

In 1847, Admiral Brown visited his native Foxford accompanied by his daughter.

In 1847, Admiral Brown visited his native Foxford accompanied by his daughter{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}.

After the fall of the Rosas regime, many naval officers found themselves discharged, but not the Commander of the Navy. Brown remained honoured for his long and loyal service to the nation{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}. Retiring to his villa, ''Casa Amarilla'' at [[Barracas, Buenos Aires|Barracas]], Brown was visited by [[John Pascoe Grenfell|Grenfell]], his opponent in the Brazilian war, who remarked how ungrateful the Republic was to its good servants; the old Admiral replied: "Mr Grenfell, it does not burden me to have been useful to the mother country of my children; I consider the honours and the wealth superfluous when six feet of earth are enough to rest so many difficulties and pains."{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

On [[3 March 3]]1857, [[1857]] he died and was buried with full military honours. The Argentine government issued a ''comuniqué'' stating that: "withWith a life of permanent service to the national wars that our motherlandhomeland has fought since its independence, William Brown symbolized the naval glory of the Argentine Republic". <ref>[[Spanish language{{langx|es|link=no|Spanish]]: ''simboliza las glorias navales de la República Argentina y cuya vida ha estado consagrada constantemente al servicio público en las guerras nacionales que ha sostenido nuestra Patria desde la época de la Independencia}}.'' Government of the Buenos Aires Province, Directorate-General of Culture and Education, [http://abc.gov.ar/paginaescuela/0078pp0019/brown.htm ''Almirante Guillermo Brown.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427113951/http://abc.gov.ar/paginaescuela/0078pp0019/brown.htm |date=27 April 2007 }} URL accessed on15 [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> During his burial, General [[Bartolomé Mitre]] famously said: "Brown in his lifetime, standing on the quarterdeck of his ship, was worth a fleet to us". <ref>[[Spanish language{{langx|es|link=no|Spanish]]: ''Brown en la vida, de pie sobre la popa de su bajel, valía para nosotros por toda una flota.''}} Government of the Buenos Aires Province, Directorate-General of Culture and Education, [http://abc.gov.ar/paginaescuela/0078pp0019/brown.htm ''Almirante Guillermo Brown.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427113951/http://abc.gov.ar/paginaescuela/0078pp0019/brown.htm |date=27 April 2007 }} URL accessed on15 [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> His grave is currently located in the [[La Recoleta Cemetery|Recoleta cemetery]] in Buenos Aires. <ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia">[[Catholic Encyclopedia]], [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02804a.htm William Brown.] URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>

== After his deathLegacy ==

[[File:Stamp Ireland 1957 Admiral Brown set.jpg|thumb|left|1957 death centenary stamps of Ireland]]

[[Image:ARA Almirante Brown D 10.jpg|thumb|200px|Argentine destroyer ARA ''Almirante Brown'' (D-10), named after William Brown. <ref name="ARA Almirante Brown (D-10)">Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic, [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm ARA ''Almirante Brown'' (D-10).] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>]]

Commemorative stamps showing Williamhim Brown have beenwere issued in 1957 and 2003 by the Irish government, <ref>See{{cite e.g.book Siteworx|last=Gibbons UK|first=Edward WebsiteStanley Design,|author-link=Edward [http://www.siteworx.co.uk/irishfirstdaycovers/1957t3.jpgStanley AdmiralGibbons William|title=Stanley Brown.]Gibbons URLStamp accessedCatalogue onIreland |publisher=[[OctoberStanley 15Gibbons Ltd|Stanley Gibbons]], [[2006]].|edition=2nd |year=2004 |___location=London & Ringwood |pages=30–31 |isbn=0-85259-583-2 }}</ref> and in 1891, 1935, and1957, 19561977, by1979, the1980, Argentine1982, government.1983, See1985, [[list2007, of2014, peopleby onthe stampsArgentine of Ireland]] and [[list of people on stamps of Argentina]]government.

Since the mid-1980s, a replica of Brown's sword has been worn by Admirals of the Argentine Navy. One such replica is on display in the [[National Maritime Museum of Ireland]]. The original is in the [[National Historical Museum (Argentina)|National Historical Museum of Argentina]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Aversa|first=Santiago|title=Admiral Brown|url=http://www.mariner.ie/admiral-browns-saber|work=Admiral Brown's Saber|publisher=[[Maritime Institute of Ireland]]|access-date=18 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008231627/http://www.mariner.ie/admiral-browns-saber|archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref>

Statues and memorials of William Brown's battles are located in both Buenos Aires and Foxford, his birthplace in Ireland. <ref>See e.g. North Atlantic Skyline Blog, [http://www.monasette.com/blog/gallery/argentina/admiral_brown.jpg Statue of Admiral William Brown in Buenos Aires.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> In April-June 2006 the Irish Naval Service patrol boat [[LÉ Eithne (P31)|LÉ ''Eithne'']] travelled to Buenos Aires in the first-ever deployment of an Irish warship in the southern hemisphere, in order to participate in commemorations of the impending sesquicentenary of Brown's death, and to bring back a statue of Brown to be displayed in Dublin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.ie/naval/archive/eithne_diary/dep.htm |title=Voyage diary: L.É. Eithne departs for Buenos Aires, Argentina |accessdate=2006-12-16 |author=Cmdr Mark Mellett |year=2006 |month=February |publisher=Irish Naval Service }}</ref> Mr. [[Bertie Ahern]], the Irish ''[[Taoiseach]]'', said on [[27 September]], [[2006]] on the occasion of unveiling the new statue of Brown on Admiral Brown Way, Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin: "Back in 2001, it was my honour to lay a wreath at the Admiral Brown monument in Buenos Aires and to unveil a plaque commemorating my visit there. I brought away with me a clear sense of just what a significant figure William Brown is in Argentinean history as well as a real idea of just how strong the links are, past and present, between our two countries". <ref>See [http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/index.asp?locID=200&docID=2901 report] at the Irish head of government official website. Full name: ''speech by the Taoiseach, Mr. Bertie Ahern T.D., at the Unveiling of a Monument to Admiral Brown and the naming of 'Admiral Brown Way', at Sir John Rogersons Quay on Wednesday, 27 September, 2006 at 7.00pm''. URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

[[File:SEPTEMBER 2007-71 (1347347825).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Statue of William Brown in Dublin, Ireland]]Statues and memorials of Brown's battles are located in both [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Foxford]], his birthplace in Ireland.<ref>See, for example, North Atlantic Skyline Blog, [http://www.monasette.com/blog/gallery/argentina/admiral_brown.jpg Statue of Admiral William Brown in Buenos Aires.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928145751/http://www.monasette.com/blog/gallery/argentina/admiral_brown.jpg |date=28 September 2007 }} URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref> A museum to his honour was opened in Foxford, located on Lower Main Street.<ref>[http://www.tsc.com.ar/notacomp.php?id=649 Foxford honours famous son] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706082939/http://www.tsc.com.ar/notacomp.php?id=649 |date=6 July 2011 }}</ref> In April–June 2006 the Irish Naval Service patrol boat {{ship|LÉ|Eithne|P31|6}} travelled to Buenos Aires in the first-ever deployment of an Irish warship in the southern hemisphere, in order to participate in commemorations of the impending sesquicentenary of Brown's death, and to bring back a statue of Brown to be displayed in Dublin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.ie/naval/archive/eithne_diary/dep.htm |title=Voyage diary: L.É. Eithne departs for Buenos Aires, Argentina |access-date=16 December 2006 |author=Cmdr Mark Mellett |date=February 2006 |publisher=Irish Naval Service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428024742/http://www.military.ie/naval/archive/eithne_diary/dep.htm |archive-date=28 April 2006}}</ref> During the trip, LÉ ''Eithne'' made a stop in the city of [[Mar del Plata]], where they visited ''Plazoleta Almirante Brown'' (Admiral Brown's Square) and pay tribute to the Irish naval hero along with their colleagues of the Argentine Navy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ara.mil.ar/noticia01.asp?IdNoticia=59 |title=Homenaje de la República de Irlanda a la ciudad de Mar del Plata |access-date=2013-08-08 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013162722/http://www.ara.mil.ar/noticia01.asp?IdNoticia=59 |archive-date=13 October 2006 |language=es}}</ref>

Located in ''Casa Amarilla'', Brown's home in Argentina, the Brownian National Institute was created in 1948 for "research and study the nation's maritime history and naval interests, and cooperate with both the Argentine and Irish governments in the investigation of William Brown's life and military achievements". The centre is based in [[Bahía Blanca]], [[Buenos Aires Province]]. <ref>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Instituto Nacional Browniano'', see official [http://www.browniano.com.ar/ website.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

[[Bertie Ahern]], the Irish ''[[Taoiseach]]'', said on 27 September 2006 on the occasion of unveiling the new statue of Brown on Admiral Brown Way, [[Sir John Rogerson's Quay]], Dublin: "Back in 2001, it was my honour to lay a wreath at the Admiral Brown monument in Buenos Aires and to unveil a plaque commemorating my visit there. I brought away with me a clear sense of just what a significant figure William Brown is in Argentine history as well as a real idea of just how strong the links are, past and present, between our two countries."<ref>See [http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Government_Press_Office/Taoiseach%27s_Speeches_Archive_2006/Unveiling_of_a_Monument_to_Admiral_Brown_and_the_naming_of_%E2%80%98Admiral_Brown_Way%E2%80%99,_at_St_John_Rogersons_Quay_on_Wednesday,_27_September,_2006_at_7_00pm.html report] at the Irish head of government official website. Full name: ''speech by the Taoiseach, Mr. Bertie Ahern T.D., at the Unveiling of a Monument to Admiral Brown and the naming of 'Admiral Brown Way', at Sir John Rogersons Quay on Wednesday, 27 September 2006 at 7.00&nbsp;pm''. Retrieved 12 January 2010.</ref>

Also, a substantial number of Argentine watercraft and political entities have been named after him. Examples include:

*The [[Almirante Brown class destroyer|''Almirante Brown'' destroyer class]], a group of four military ships commissioned between 1983 and 1984 for the federal navy. <ref>[[Argentine Navy|Navy of the Argentine Republic]], ''Destructores Clase "Almirante Brown (Meko 360)"'', [http://www.ara.mil.ar/poder_naval/buques_superficie/pnav_esp_brown.htm Technical specifications.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

Located in ''Casa Amarilla'', a replica of Brown's house in ''[[La Boca]]'' neighbourhood, the Brownian National Institute (''Instituto Nacional Browniano'') was created in 1948 for "research and study the nation's maritime history and naval interests, and cooperate with both the Argentine and Irish governments in the investigation of William Brown's life and military achievements". The centre is based in Buenos Aires, with branches throughout the country.<ref>Spanish: [http://www.browniano.com.ar/ ''Instituto Nacional Browniano.''] URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>

*The [[ARA Almirante Brown|ARA ''Almirante Brown'']], a cruiser in service during [[World War II]]. <ref>Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic, [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/HistoriaCrucerosArgentinos.htm ARA ''Almirante Brown''.] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

*The [[Almirante Brown class destroyer|ARA ''Almirante Brown'' (D-10)]], a currently active destroyer. <ref name="ARA Almirante Brown (D-10)"/>

*The [[File:US Navy 051026-N-4374S-005 The Argentinean destroyer ARA Almirante Brown Antarctic(D Base]],10) anleads [[Antarctica|Antarctic]]in basea locatedformation induring Paradisea Bayleapfrog exercise.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Argentine <ref>[[Escueladestroyer Superior{{ship|ARA|Almirante deBrown|D-10|6}}, Comercionamed Carlosafter Pellegrini|HighWilliam SchoolBrown.<ref ofname="ARA CommerceAlmirante ''CarlosBrown (D-10)">Maritime Pellegrini'']]Archeology and History, [[UniversidadNavy deof Buenosthe Aires|BuenosArgentine Aires University]]Republic, [http://www.cpelhistarmar.ubacom.ar/filargentaArmada%20Argentina/correoArmadaHoy/anta0032AlmBrownmeko360.htm ARA ''Estación Científica Almirante Brown.'' (D-10).] URL accessed on15 [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>]]

*The Almirante Brown department in [[Chaco Province]], in the country's northern region. <ref>Government of the Chaco Province, Analysis and Planning Secretariat, [http://www.chaco.gov.ar/SecretariaDePlanificacion/region/web/index.php?mod=centrooeste ''Región Centro Oeste.''] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

Also, a substantial number of Argentine warships and political entities have been named after him. Examples include:

*The [[Almirante Brown Partido|Almirante Brown partido]] in Buenos Aires Province, located at the south of the [[Gran Buenos Aires]] urban area. <ref>Government of the Buenos Aires Province, [http://www.brown.mun.gba.gov.ar/ ''Municipalidad de Almirante Brown.''] URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

* The {{Sclass|Almirante Brown|destroyer|4}} of [[destroyer]]s, a group of four German-designed military ships commissioned between 1983 and 1984 for the Argentine navy.<ref>[[Argentine Navy|Navy of the Argentine Republic]], ''Destructores Clase "Almirante Brown (Meko 360)"'', [http://www.ara.mil.ar/poder_naval/buques_superficie/pnav_esp_brown.htm Technical specifications.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013150541/http://www.ara.mil.ar/poder_naval/buques_superficie/pnav_esp_brown.htm |date=13 October 2006 }} URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>

*The Admiral William Brown National College, a [[high school]] located in [[Adrogué]], Buenos Aires Province. <ref>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Colegio Nacional Almirante Guillermo Brown'', see [http://www.alumni.net/South_America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires/Adrogue/ report] at ''Alumni.'' URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>

* {{ship|ARA|Almirante Brown|C-1}}, an Italian-built [[cruiser]] in service during World War II, whose design was similar to those of the {{Sclass|Trento|cruiser|4}}.<ref>Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic, [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/HistoriaCrucerosArgentinos.htm ARA ''Almirante Brown''] URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>

*And five different [[Football team|football clubs]]: the Admiral Brown Athletic Club, located in the town of [[Arrecifes]], <ref>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Club Atlético Almirante Brown de Arrecifes'', see the [http://www.bdfa.com.ar/club.asp?codigo=1033 report] of the Argentine Football Database (BDFA). URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> a similarly named association, located in Isidro Casanova, <ref>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Club Atlético Almirante Brown de Isidro Casanova'', see the [http://www.bdfa.com.ar/club.asp?codigo=27 report] of the Argentine Football Database (BDFA). URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref> the [[Club Atlético Brown|Brown Athletic Club]], based in Adrogué. <ref>[[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Club Atlético Brown de Adrogué'', see the [http://www.bdfa.com.ar/club.asp?codigo=1087 report] of the Argentine Football Database (BDFA). URL accessed on [[October 15]], [[2006]].</ref>, the [[Club Almirante Brown|Admiral Brown Club]] of [[San Justo, Buenos Aires|San Justo]], and the [[Puerto Madryn]]-based [[Guillermo Brown de Puerto Madryn|William Brown Club]].

* {{ship|ARA|Almirante Brown|D-10}}, a currently active destroyer.<ref name="ARA Almirante Brown (D-10)"/>

* The [[Almirante Brown Antarctic Base]], an [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] base located in Paradise Bay.<ref>[[Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini|Superior School of Commerce ''Carlos Pellegrini'']], [[Universidad de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires University]], [http://www.cpel.uba.ar/filargenta/correo/anta0032.htm ''Estación Científica Almirante Brown.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708071702/http://www.cpel.uba.ar/filargenta/correo/anta0032.htm |date=8 July 2007 }} URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>

* In 1982 the [[Wolfe Tones]] composed and performed a tribute song titled "[[Admiral William Brown]]".

* The Almirante Brown department in [[Chaco Province]], in the country's northern region.<ref>Government of the Chaco Province, Analysis and Planning Secretariat, [http://www.chaco.gov.ar/SecretariaDePlanificacion/region/web/index.php?mod=centrooeste ''Región Centro Oeste.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060741/http://www.chaco.gov.ar/SecretariaDePlanificacion/region/web/index.php?mod=centrooeste |date=28 September 2007 }} URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>

* The [[Almirante Brown Partido]] in Buenos Aires Province, located at the south of the [[Gran Buenos Aires]] urban area.<ref>Government of the Buenos Aires Province, [https://web.archive.org/web/20010302041926/http://www.brown.mun.gba.gov.ar/ ''Municipalidad de Almirante Brown.''] URL accessed 15 October 2006.</ref>

* The Admiral William Brown National College, a high school located in [[Adrogué]], Buenos Aires Province. {{langx|es|link=no|Colegio Nacional Almirante Guillermo Brown}}.

* {{anchor|Football}}Four different [[Football team|football clubs]]: [[Club Atlético Almirante Brown]] located in the town of [[Arrecifes]],<ref>{{langx|es|link=no|Club Atlético Almirante Brown de Arrecifes}}, see the [http://www.bdfa.com.ar/club.asp?codigo=1033 report] of the Argentine Football Database (BDFA). Retrieved 15 October 2006.</ref> [[Club Almirante Brown]] located in Isidro Casanova,<ref>{{langx|es|link=no|Club Atlético Almirante Brown de Isidro Casanova}}, see the [http://www.bdfa.com.ar/club.asp?codigo=27 report] of the Argentine Football Database (BDFA). Retrieved 15 October 2006.</ref> [[Club Atlético Brown|Brown Athletic Club]] from Adrogué,<ref>{{langx|es|link=no|Club Atlético Brown de Adrogué}}, see the [http://www.bdfa.com.ar/club.asp?codigo=1087 report] of the Argentine Football Database (BDFA). Retrieved 15 October 2006.</ref> and [[Puerto Madryn]]-based [[Guillermo Brown de Puerto Madryn|Guillermo Brown]].

Since 25 November 2012, the winner of the rugby international between Argentina and Ireland has been awarded [https://web.archive.org/web/20121123025708/http://www.irishrugby.ie/ireland/27764.php The Admiral Brown Cup (La Copa Almirante Brown)]. Ireland became the first team to win this after defeating Argentina 46 points to 24 points.

== See also ==

* [[Irish military diaspora]]

* [[List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

== Further reading ==

* [[Marcos Aguinis|Aguinis, Marcos]], ''El combate perpetuo''. [[Buenos Aires]], Editorial Sudamericana, 1971.

* Brown, Guillermo, ''Memorias del Almirante Brown''. [[Buenos Aires]], Academia Nacional de Historia, 1957.

* [[Thomas Hudson|Hudson, Thomas]], ''Admiral William Brown: the Master of the River Plate''. [[Buenos Aires]], 2004.

* Téllez Alarcia, Diego, ''Una estatua para el "Tritón del Plata". El mito browniano y la construcción de la identidad nacional argentina''. [[Cádiz]], 2010.

* Vallerino, Leonardo, ''[http://www.editorialturmalina.com/archivos/8324 Cómo conquistamos el Río de la plata]'', Buenos Aires, Editorial Turmalina, 2018.

== External links ==

{{Commons category|William Brown (admiral)}}

* Murray, Edmundo [http://www.irlandeses.org/brownbiblio.htm "William Brown (1777-1857): A Bibliography"], Society for Irish Latin American Studies.

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090823052831/http://local.mobhaile.ie/Default.aspx?alias=local.mobhaile.ie%2Fadmiralbrownp Admiral Brown Society]

* Geraghty, Michael J. [http://www.irlandeses.org/geraghty040406.htm "Was Admiral William Brown Admiral Someone Else?"], Society for Irish Latin American Studies.

* [http://www.ara.mil.ar/pag.asp?idItem=43 Frases célebres del Almirante Guillermo Brown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235459/http://www.ara.mil.ar/pag.asp?idItem=43 |date=5 December 2010 }} Quotations of Admiral William Brown (in Spanish)

*[http://www.gratisweb.com/mundomatero/brown.html Admiral Guillermo Brown (in Spanish)]

* [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ara.mil.ar%2Fpag.asp%3FidItem%3D43&sl=es&tl=en Quotations of Admiral William Brown] (Google translation of above to English)

* {{YouTube|BniyC33QdjM|Tribute to Admiral William Brown}}, The Wolfe Tones

{{Persondata

* Murray, Edmundo [http://www.irlandeses.org/brownbiblio.htm "William Brown (1777–1857): A Bibliography"], Society for Irish Latin American Studies.

|NAME=Brown, William

|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Brown, Guillermo

|SHORT DESCRIPTION=sailor, businessman, admiral, "Father of the Argentine Navy"

|DATE OF BIRTH=[[22 June]] [[1777]]

|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Foxford]], [[County Mayo]], [[Ireland]]

|DATE OF DEATH=[[3 March]] [[1857]]

|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]

}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Argentine Navy admirals|Brown, William]]

[[Category:1777 births|Brown, William]]

[[Category:1857 deaths|Brown, William]]

[[Category:Irish Argentineans|Brown, William]]

[[Category:People of South American wars of independence|Brown]]

[[Category:People of the Argentina-Brazil War|Brown]]

[[Category:People from County Mayo|Brown, William]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, William}}

[[es:Guillermo Brown]]

[[Category:1777 births]]

[[fr:William Brown (marin)]]

[[Category:1857 deaths]]

[[sl:William Brown (admiral)]]

[[Category:19th-century Irish people]]

[[Category:Argentine Navy admirals]]

[[Category:Argentine people of Irish descent]]

[[Category:Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery]]

[[Category:Escapees from French detention]]

[[Category:Irish escapees]]

[[Category:Irish emigrants to Argentina]]

[[Category:Irish emigrants to the United States]]

[[Category:Irish people imprisoned abroad]]

[[Category:Maritime history of Argentina]]

[[Category:Military personnel from County Mayo]]

[[Category:People of the Argentine War of Independence]]

[[Category:People of the Cisplatine War]]

[[Category:Irish sailors in the Royal Navy]]

[[Category:People from Foxford]]

[[Category:19th-century Irish military personnel]]