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{{short description|Editing technique for video games}}
{{About|modifications to ROM images of video games|video games unofficially produced by hobbyists for closed systems|Homebrew (video games)}}
'''ROM hacking'''
ROM [[Hacker (hobbyist)|hacking]] is generally accomplished through use of a [[hex editor]] (a program for editing non-textual data) and various specialized tools such as [[tile-based video game|tile]] editors, and game-specific tools which are generally used for editing levels, items, and the like, although more advanced tools such as [[assembly language|assemblers]] and [[debugger]]s are occasionally used. Once ready, they are usually [[#Distribution|distributed]] on the [[Internet]] for others to play on an [[Console emulator|emulator]] or a games console.<ref name="dictionary">{{cite web|url=http://www.romhacking.net/dictionary/?page=dictionary|title=Dictionary of ROM hacking terms|website=ROMhacking.net}}</ref>
Many ROM hacks today are typically created as a fun way of playing the original games, as they typically redesign the game with new mechanics, graphics, levels, and other features while keeping most if not all of the items the same, effectively creating either an improved or an entirely different version of the original games. Some hacks are also created to unlock and/or reimplement features that existed in the game's code but are not utilized in-game, especially for when rediscovering or restoring old beta content that was hidden away from the final game's release.
[[Fan translation of video games|Fan translation]] (known as "translation hacking" within the ROM hacking community) is a type of ROM hacking; there are also anti-censorship hacks that exist to restore a game to its original state, which is often seen with older games that were imported, as publishers' content policies for video games (most notably, [[Nintendo]]'s) were much stricter in the United States than Japan or Europe; as well as randomizers for certain games which shuffle entity placements.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The BIG List of Video Game Randomizers|url=https://www.debigare.com/randomizers/|access-date=2020-07-10|website=Guillaume Fortin-Debigaré|language=en}}</ref> Although much of the method applies to both types of hacking, this article focuses on "creative hacking" such as editing game levels.▼
▲[[Fan translation of video games|Fan translation]] (known as "translation hacking" within the ROM hacking community) is
==Communities==
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Most hacking groups offer web space for hosting hacks and screenshots (sometimes only hosting hacks by the group's members and hosting almost any hack), a message board, and often have an [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] channel.
There are many sites on the internet dedicated to world of ROM hacking, with each site focusing on several hacks and translations of several different games across multiple series, franchises and platforms. One of the most popular sites
{{asof|2024|8|1}}, ==Methods==
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Another basic hacking skill is graphics hacking, which is changing the appearance of the game's environments, characters, fonts, or other such things. The format of graphics data varies from console to console, but most of the early ones (NES, Super NES, Game Boy, etc.) store graphics in [[Tile-based video game|tiles]], which are 8x8-[[pixel]] units of data, which are arranged on-screen to produce the desired result. Editing these tiles is also possible with a hex editor, but is generally accomplished with a tile editor (such as [http://segaretro.org/Tile_Layer_Pro ''Tile Layer''] or [https://github.com/toruzz/TileMolester ''Tile Molester'']), which can graphically display the ROM data, as well as finding and editing tiles.
Graphics hacks can range from simple edits (such as giving [[Mario]] an [[afro]] or [[Luigi (character)|Luigi]] a [[golf club]]) to "porting" characters from one game to another (such as creating [[pixelation|pixelated]] ("retro-styled") sprites of later generation [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] for use
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===Palette editing===
Another common form of hacking is ''palette hacking'', where color values are modified to change the colors a player sees in the game (this often goes hand-in-hand with [[#Graphics editing|graphics hacking]]); Palette values are commonly stored in [[Hexadecimal|Hex]]. This is fairly easy for [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]] games, the graphics of which use a pre-defined set of colors among which a game selects (using a [[YIQ]]-based color palette); palette hacking in this case entails changing which of those colors are selected. The matter is slightly more complicated with [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]] games as well as games for other systems (which
===Level editing===
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===Assembly hacking===
The most powerful, and arguably the most difficult, hacking technique is editing the game's actual code, a process called ''ASM hacking'' ("ASM" means "[[assembly language|assembly]]", referring to the low-level programming language that gets executed by the CPU).<ref name="dictionary"/> There is no set pattern for ASM hacking, as the code varies widely from game to game, but most skilled ASM hackers either use an [[Console emulator|emulator]] equipped with a built-in debugger or tracer, or run the ROM through a [[disassembler]], then analyze the code and modify it using a hex editor or assembler according to their needs. While quite challenging compared to the relatively simple methods listed above, ''anything'' is possible with ASM hacking, usually within the
===Music hacking===
Music hacks are relatively rare in most hacks, due to the wide variety of ways games store music data (hence the difficulty in locating and modifying this data) as well as the difficulties in composing new music (or porting music from another game). As music cracking is very uncommon, many hacks do not have any ported/composed music added in. Exceptions exist, however, such as the most recent ''[[Super Mario World]]'' hacks where
As many Game Boy Advance games use the M4A Engine (informally called "Sappy Driver" and officially known as "MusicPlayer2000" or MP2k) for music, the program SapTapper can be used to hack Game Boy Advance music data. Various other utilities were created to work with the engine such as [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306150654/http://www.pokemonhackersonline.com/showthread.php?t=120-Wataru-Kun-s-Ultimate-Pok-mon-Music-Hacking-Guide Sappy 2006]. Another instance of the same engine being used between games is on the Nintendo 64 where most games use the same format; albeit with different sound banks for each game. A utility known as the [https://github.com/jombo23/N64-Tools/tree/master/N64MidiTool N64 Midi Tool] was created to edit the sequences that the majority of Nintendo 64 games use, however it does not cover first-party N64 titles that use a slightly different engine such as ''[[Super Mario 64]]''.
===ROM expansion===
Generally speaking, a ROM hacker cannot normally '''add''' content to a game, but merely '''change''' existing content. This limit can be overcome through ''ROM expansion'', whereby the total size of the ROM image is increased, making room for more content and, in turn, a larger game. The difficulty in doing this varies depending on the system for which the game was made. For example, expanding an NES ROM may be difficult or even impossible due to the [[Multi-Memory Controller|mapper]] used by the game. For example, if a mapper allows 16 ROM banks and all of them are used, expanding the ROM further is impossible without somehow converting the game to another mapper, which could be easy or extremely difficult. On the other hand, expanding an SNES game (and even a Mega Drive
==Distribution==
Once a hack is completed (or an incomplete version is deemed suitable for an interim release) it is released onto the Internet for others to play. The generally accepted way to do this is by making an [[unofficial patch]] (in IPS format or others) that can be applied to the unmodified ROM.<ref name="dictionary"/> This, and usually some form of documentation, is put in an archive file and uploaded somewhere. IPS is a format for [[File comparison|recording the differences]] between two binary files (in this case, between the unmodified and hacked ROMs) and is suitable for
A more recent patching format, the APS patching system, has also been developed by a devoted Game Boy Advance ROM hacker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokecommunity.com/member.php?u=28656|title=The PokéCommunity Forums - View Profile: HackMew|website=www.pokecommunity.com|date=27 June 2006 }}</ref>
The main purpose of distributing a hack in patch form is to avoid the legal aspects of distributing entire ROM images; the patch records only what has ''changed'' in the ROM, hence distributing it does not usually distribute parts of the original game.
In a novel example of legal distribution, Sega released a [[Steam (service)|Steam]]-based virtual hub for its previous collection of Mega Drive
==Usage==
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==Systems and games==
The majority of ROM hacking is done on [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]] and [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]] games (including [[Sega Genesis|Sega Mega Drive
<!-- This paragraph isn't here to list every single game that has been hacked, just the most commonly hacked ones. -->
Of these, popular games to play are popular games to hack; many hacks have been released of games of the ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (series)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]'' series, ''[[Mario (franchise)|Mario]]'' series
A notable hacked arcade game was ''[[Street Fighter II: Rainbow Edition]]'', which featured increased game speed and new special moves. The success of this game prompted Capcom to release ''[[Street Fighter II: Hyper Fighting]]'' as an official response.
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