Computer mouse: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Pointing device used to control a computer}}

{{About|the item of computer hardware|the pointer or cursor it controls|Cursor (user interface)#Pointer|the animal|Mouse}}

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{{About|the item of computer hardware|the pointer or cursor it controls|Cursor (user interface)#Pointer|the animal|Mouse}}

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{{original research|date=December 2024}}

{{use dmy dates|date=August 2021|cs1-dates=y}}

[[File:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg|thumb|A computer mouse with the most common features: two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel (which can also function as a button when pressed inwards)]]

[[File:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg|thumb|A typical wireless computer mouse]]

A '''computer mouse''' (plural '''mice''',; also '''mouses''')<ref group="nb" name="NB_Plural" /> is a hand-held [[pointing device]] that detects [[Plane (mathematics)|two-dimensional]] motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the [[Cursor (user interface)#Pointer|pointer]] (called a cursor) on a [[computer monitor|display]], which allows a smooth control of the [[graphical user interface]] of a [[computer]].

The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by [[Doug Engelbart]] in 1968 as part of the [[Mother of All Demos]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://history-computer.com/computer-mouse-complete-history/ | title=Computer Mouse: Complete History | date=4 January 2021 }}</ref> Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use [[optical mouse|optical movement detection]] with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system.

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== Etymology ==

[[File:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the [[Mouse|rodent]].]]

The earliest known written use of the term ''mouse'' or mice in reference to a computer pointing device is in [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]]'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<ref name="English_1965" /> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a [[mouse]], with the cord resembling its [[tail]].<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious.

According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, the term also came about because the [[cursor (user interface)|cursor]] on the screen was, for an unknown reason, referred to as "CAT" and was seen by the team as if it would be chasing the new desktop device.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />

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The device was patented in 1947,<ref name="Hill_2005_Benjamin">{{cite web |title=RALPH BENJAMIN: An Interview Conducted by Peter C. J. Hill |editor-first=Peter C. J. |editor-last=Hill |publisher=IEEE History Center, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. |date=2005-09-16 |type=Interview |series=Interview #465 |url=http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Ralph_Benjamin |access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref> but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the device was kept as a military secret.<ref name="Copping_2013_Benjamin">{{cite web |title=Briton: 'I invented the computer mouse 20 years before the Americans' |author-first=Jasper |author-last=Copping |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]] |date=2013-07-11 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10174366/Briton-I-invented-the-computer-mouse-20-years-before-the-Americans.html |access-date=2013-07-18}}</ref>

Another early trackball was built by [[Kenyon Taylor]], a British [[electrical engineering|electrical engineer]] working in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff. Taylor was part of the original [[Ferranti Canada]], working on the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]'s [[DATAR]] (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1952.<ref name="Vardalas_1994_DATAR">{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/85.279228 |title=From DATAR to the FP-6000: Technological change in a Canadian industrial context |date=1994 |author-last=Vardalas |author-first=J. |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=20–30 |s2cid=15277748 |url=https://ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html| issn = 1058-6180|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

DATAR was similar in concept to Benjamin's display. The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several rollers provided mechanical support. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined. A [[computer#Vacuum tubes and digital electronic circuits|digital computer]] calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using [[pulse-code modulation]] radio signals. This trackball used a standard Canadian [[five-pin bowling]] ball. It was not patented, since it was a secret military project.<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrzgS5SoMzcC&q=intitle:%22Pioneers+in+Canadian+Electrical+Manufacturing%22 |title=Ferranti-Packard: Pioneers in Canadian Electrical Manufacturing |author-first1=Norman R. |author-last1=Ball |author-first2=John N. |author-last2=Vardalas |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's Press]] |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-7735-0983-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |title=FP-6000 -- From DATAR To The FP-6000 |work=ieee.ca |access-date=2021-06-28 |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404053248/http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

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[[File:Computer mouse prototype bottom.jpg|left|thumb|Bottom view of a replica of the Engelbart mouse]]

In 1964, [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]] joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype.<ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1137400/mouse40.html |title=The computer mouse turns 40 |work=[[Macworld]] |author-first=Benj |author-last=Edwards |date=2008-12-09 |access-date=2009-04-16}}</ref> They christened the device the ''mouse'' as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail, and in turn, resembled the common [[mouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stason.org/TULARC/languages/english-usage/51-mouses-vs-mice-Usage-disputes-alt-usage-english.html |title="Mouses" vs "mice" |work=The Ultimate Learn And Resource Center |access-date=2017-07-09}}</ref> According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer inunder English, another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on the screen was also referred to as "CAT" at this time.<ref name="Markoff_2005" /><ref name="Markoff_2013" />

As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was the lead author.<ref name="OED" /><ref name="Bardini_2000" /><ref name="English_1965" /> On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as [[The Mother of All Demos]]. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers.<ref>{{cite news |author-first=Shiels |author-last=Maggie |title=Say goodbye to the computer mouse |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7508842.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-07-17 |access-date=2008-07-17}}</ref> In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect.<ref>{{citation |title=Evolving Collective Intelligence |author-last1=Engelbart |author-first1=Douglas C. |author-link1=Douglas C. Engelbart |author-last2=Landau |author-last3=Clegg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |title=The Demo That Changed the World |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=2013-01-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228005323/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html |archive-date=2012-12-28}}</ref>

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[[File:Telefunken Rollkugel RKS 100-86 (bottom).jpg|thumb|right|The bottom side of the Telefunken {{lang|de|Rollkugel}} ''RKS&nbsp;100-86'' shows the ball]]

As noted above, the device was based on an earlier trackball-like device (also named ''{{lang|de|[[Rollkugel (trackball device)|Rollkugel]]}}'') that was embedded into radar flight control desks.<ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> This trackball had been originally developed by a team led by {{ill|Rainer Mallebrein|de}} at Telefunken {{lang|de|Konstanz}} for the German ''{{lang|de|{{ill|Bundesanstalt für Flugsicherung|de}}}}'' (Federal Air Traffic Control). It was part of the corresponding workstation system SAP&nbsp;300 and the terminal SIG&nbsp;3001, which had been designed and developed since 1963.<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> Development for the TR&nbsp;440 main frame began in 1965.<ref name="Telefunken_1966" /><ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> This led to the development of the TR&nbsp;86 process computer system with its SIG&nbsp;100-86<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /><ref name="CHM_SIG-100" /> terminal. Inspired by a discussion with a university customer, Mallebrein came up with the idea of "reversing" the existing {{lang|de|Rollkugel}} trackball into a moveable mouse-like device in 1966,<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> so that customers did not have to be bothered with mounting holes for the earlier trackball device. The device was finished in early 1968<!-- Steinbach has an obvious typo: 1966/1968 -->,<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> and together with [[light pen]]s and [[trackball]]s, it was commercially offered as an optional input device for their system starting later that year.<ref name="Neubauer_1968" /><ref name="CHM_SIG-100" /><ref name="Telefunken_1971" /><ref name="Telefunken_1972" /> Not all customers opted to buy the device, which added costs of {{currency|1500|DM}} per piece to the already up to 20-million DM deal for the main frame, of which only a total of 46 systems were sold or leased.<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /><ref name="Holland_2019" /> They were installed at more than 20 German universities including [[RWTH Aachen]], [[Technische Universität Berlin]], [[University of Stuttgart]]<ref name="Vaihingen_2016" /><ref name="Borchers_2016" /> and [[University of Konstanz|Konstanz]].<ref name="Ebner_2018" /> Several {{lang|de|Rollkugel}} mice installed at the [[Leibniz Supercomputing Centre]] in Munich in 1972 are well preserved in a museum<!-- another sources states that Garching/Munich has 4 Rollkugeln -->,<ref name="Bülow_2009_Rollkugel" /><ref name="OldMouse_Telefunken" /><ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> two others survived in a museum at Stuttgartthe University of Stuttgart,<ref name="Vaihingen_2016" /><ref name="Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016" /><ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> two in Hamburg<!-- one at the university, the other at Jürgen Müller -->, the one from Aachen at the [[Computer History Museum]] in the US,<ref name="CHM_RKS-100" /><ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /> and yet another sample was recently donated to the [[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]] (HNF) in Paderborn.<ref name="HNF_2019_Presentation" /><ref name="Holland_2019" /> Anecdotal reports claim that Telefunken's attempt to patent the device was rejected by the German Patent Office due to lack of inventiveness.<ref name="HNF_2016_Blog" /><ref name="Ebner_2018" /><ref name="Holland_2019" /><ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> For the air traffic control system, the Mallebrein team had already developed a precursor to [[touch screen]]s in form of an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of the display.<ref name="Steinbach_2018" /> In 1970, they developed a device named "[[Touchinput]]-{{lang|de|Einrichtung}}" ("touch input device") based on a conductively coated glass screen.<ref name="Ebner_2018" /><ref name="Steinbach_2018" />

=== First mice on personal computers and workstations ===

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{{anchor|Xerox Alto}}The [[Xerox Alto]] was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=ACM Turing Award Goes to Creator of First Modern Personal Computer |url=https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/press-releases/2010/march/turing-award-09-1.pdf |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |author-first=Virginia |author-last=Gold |access-date=2011-01-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311223801/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases/2010/turing-award-09 |archive-date=2010-03-11}}</ref> [[Alan Kay]] designed the 16-by-16 mouse cursor icon with its left edge vertical and right edge 45-degrees so it displays well on the bitmap.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of the mouse cursor, from Engelbart to PARC |url=https://jameshk.com/mouse-cursor |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=A brief history of the mouse cursor, from Engelbart to PARC |language=en}}</ref>{{anchor|Lilith}}Inspired by [[Palo Alto Research Center|PARC]]'s Alto, the [[Lilith (computer)|Lilith]], a computer which had been developed by a team around [[Niklaus Wirth]] at [[ETH Zürich]] between 1978 and 1980, provided a mouse as well. {{anchor|Xerox Star}}The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the [[Xerox Star|Xerox 8010 Star]] in 1981.

By 1982, the Xerox 8010 was probably the best-known computer with a mouse. The [[Sun-1]] also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming [[Apple Lisa]] was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold [[laboratory mouse|lab mice]]. Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that "Practically, I have the market all to myself right now"; a Hawley mouse cost $415.<ref name="markoff19820510">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Computer mice are scurrying out of R&D labs |work=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1982-05-10 |access-date=2015-08-26 |author-last=Markoff |author-first=John |pages=10–11}}</ref> In 1982, [[Logitech]] introduced the P4 Mouse at the Comdex trade show in Las Vegas, its first hardware mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Logitech History, March 2007 |url=https://www.logitech.com/lang/pdf/logitech_history_200703.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221120203/http://www.logitech.com/lang/pdf/logitech_history_200703.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-21 |url-status=live |publisher=Logitech |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> That same year [[Microsoft]] made the decision to make the [[MS-DOS]] program [[Microsoft Word]] mouse-compatible, and developed the first PC-compatible mouse. The [[Microsoft Mouse]] shipped in 1983, thus beginning the [[Microsoft hardware|Microsoft Hardware]] division of the company.<ref name="mshw">{{cite web |title=30 Years Of Microsoft Hardware |url=http://www.microsoft.com/hardware/en-us/30-years-of-hardware |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> However, the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the [[Macintosh 128K]] (which included an updated version of the single-button<ref>{{cite web |author1=Tekla S. Perry |title=Of Modes and Men |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/of-modes-and-men |website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News |publisher=IEEE |language=en |date=2005-08-01}}</ref> [[Apple Mouse#Lisa Mouse (A9M0050)|Lisa Mouse]]) in 1984,<ref>{{cite news |author-first=John C. |author-last=Dvorak |author-link=John C. Dvorak |work=[[The San Francisco Examiner]] |title=The Mac Meets the Press |date=1984-02-19 |isbn=978-1-59327-010-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXnw5tM8QRwC&pg=PA119}}</ref> and of the [[Amiga 1000]] and the [[Atari ST]] in 1985. Aftermarket mice were offered, from the mid 1980s, for many 8-bit home computers, the like of the [[Commodore 1351]] being offered for the Commodore 64 and 128, as was the NEOS Mouse that was also offered for the [[MSX]] range, while the [[AMX Mouse]] was offered for the Acorn BBC Micro and Electron, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stefan |title=AMX Mouse - Classic Computer Brochures |url=https://classic.technology/amx-mouse/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=classic.technology |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chris's Acorns: Advanced Memory Systems AMX Mouse |url=http://chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk/8bit_Upgrades/AMX_Mouse.html |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=chrisacorns.computinghistory.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ElectronUserVolume4/Electron-User-04-03/page/n3/mode/1up |title=Electron User Volume 4 1986-1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CRASH 27 - AMX Mouse |url=https://www.crashonline.org.uk/27/amxmouse.htm |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.crashonline.org.uk}}</ref>

== Operation ==

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=== Gestures ===

The{{Main|Pointing Concept of Gestural Interfacesdevice gesture}}Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow.

{{Main|Pointing device gesture}}

The Concept of Gestural Interfaces Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow.

Mouse Gestures in Action To illustrate the concept of gestural interfaces, let's consider a drawing program as an example. In this scenario, a user can employ a gesture to delete a shape on the canvas. By rapidly moving the mouse cursor in an "x" motion over the shape, the user can trigger the command to delete the selected shape. This gesture-based interaction enables users to perform actions quickly and efficiently without relying solely on traditional input methods.

Challenges and Benefits of Gestural Interfaces While gestural interfaces offer a more immersive and interactive user experience, they also present challenges. One of the primary difficulties lies in the requirement of finer motor control from users. Gestures demand precise movements, which can be more challenging for individuals with limited dexterity or those who are new to this mode of interaction.

However, despite these challenges, gestural interfaces have gained popularity due to their ability to simplify complex tasks and improve efficiency. Several gestural conventions have become widely adopted, making them more accessible to users. One such convention is the drag and drop gesture, which has become pervasive across various applications and platforms.

The Drag and Drop Gesture The drag and drop gesture is a fundamental gestural convention that enables users to manipulate objects on the screen seamlessly. It involves a series of actions performed by the user:

# Pressing the mouse button while the cursor hovers over an interface object.

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This gesture allows users to transfer or rearrange objects effortlessly. For instance, a user can drag and drop a picture representing a file onto an image of a trash can, indicating the intention to delete the file. This intuitive and visual approach to interaction has become synonymous with organizing digital content and simplifying file management tasks.

Standard Semantic Gestures In addition to the drag and drop gesture, several other semantic gestures have emerged as standard conventions within the gestural interface paradigm. These gestures serve specific purposes and contribute to a more intuitive user experience. Some of the notable semantic gestures include:

* Crossing-based goal: This gesture involves crossing a specific boundary or threshold on the screen to trigger an action or complete a task. For example, swiping across the screen to unlock a device or confirm a selection.

* Menu traversal: Menu traversal gestures facilitate navigation through hierarchical menus or options. Users can perform gestures such as swiping or scrolling to explore different menu levels or activate specific commands.

* Pointing: Pointing gestures involve positioning the mouse cursor over an object or element to interact with it. This fundamental gesture enables users to select, click, or access contextual menus.

Menu traversal: Menu traversal gestures facilitate navigation through hierarchical menus or options. Users can perform gestures such as swiping or scrolling to explore different menu levels or activate specific commands.

* Mouseover (pointing or hovering): Mouseover gestures occur when the cursor is positioned over an object without clicking. This action often triggers a visual change or displays additional information about the object, providing users with real-time feedback.

Pointing: Pointing gestures involve positioning the mouse cursor over an object or element to interact with it. This fundamental gesture enables users to select, click, or access contextual menus.

Mouseover (pointing or hovering): Mouseover gestures occur when the cursor is positioned over an object without clicking. This action often triggers a visual change or displays additional information about the object, providing users with real-time feedback.

These standard semantic gestures, along with the drag and drop convention, form the building blocks of gestural interfaces, allowing users to interact with digital content using intuitive and natural movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatsonic |title=The Concept of Gestural Interfaces |publisher=[[Independent publisher|Independent]] |year=2021 |pages=1}}</ref>

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[[File:HawleyMarkIImice.jpg|thumb|left|Hawley Mark II Mice from the Mouse House]]

The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975.<ref name="hawley">{{cite web |url=http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/hawley1.html |title=The Xerox Mouse Commercialized |work=Making the Macintosh: Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721013847/http://library.stanford.edu/mac/primary/images/hawley1.html |archive-date=2010-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/hawley/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405164040/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/hawley/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 April 2005 |title=Hawley Mark II X063X Mouses |work=oldmouse.com}}</ref> Based on another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, [[Honeywell]] produced another type of mechanical mouse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2001/mouse/improvements.html#honeywell |title=Honeywell mechanical mouse |access-date=2007-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428032201/http://www.bergen.org/AAST/Projects/Engineering_Graphics/_EG2001/mouse/improvements.html#honeywell <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2007-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=4628755.PN.&OS=PN/4628755&RS=PN/4628755 |title=Honeywell mouse patent |access-date=2007-09-11}}</ref> Instead of a ball, it had two wheels rotating at off axes. [[Key Tronic]] later produced a similar product.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keytronic.com/home/products/specs/2hw73-1es.htm |title=Keytronic 2HW73-1ES Mouse |access-date=2007-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092356/http://www.keytronic.com/home/products/specs/2hw73-1es.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27}}</ref>

Modern computer mice took form at the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] (EPFL) under the inspiration of Professor [[Jean-Daniel Nicoud]] and at the hands of [[engineer]] and [[watchmaker]] [[André Guignard]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Of-Mice-and-Men-and-PCs-43129.shtml |title=Of Mice and Men... and PCs|publisher=News.softpedia.com |date=1970-11-17 |access-date=2017-11-27}}</ref> This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the scroll-wheel mouse during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/explorers/interactive/profiles/computer.mouse/content.html |title=Inventions, computer mouse – the CNN site |website=[[CNN]] |access-date=2006-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424150438/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/explorers/interactive/profiles/computer.mouse/content.html |archive-date=2005-04-24}}</ref> In 1985, [[René Sommer]] added a [[microprocessor]] to Nicoud's and Guignard's design.<ref name="wrs">{{cite news |title=Computer mouse inventor dies in Vaud |url=http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/computer-mouse-inventor-dies-in-vaud.shtml?16283 |work=[[World Radio Switzerland]] |date=2009-10-14 |access-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707010602/http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/computer-mouse-inventor-dies-in-vaud.shtml?16283 |archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref> Through this innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, which made it more "intelligent";<ref name="wrs" /> though optical mice from [[Mouse Systems]] had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |title=People |author-first=Denise |author-last=Caruso |volume=6 |issue=20 |publisher=[[InfoWorld Media Group, Inc.]] |page=16 |issn=0199-6649 |date=1984-05-14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16}}</ref>

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=== Ergonomic mice ===

{{Multiple image

[[File:Delux M618 vertical mouse.jpg|thumb|A vertical mouse]]

| image1 = Delux M618 vertical mouse.jpg

| caption1 = A vertical mouse

| image2 = Thumb type trackballs.jpg

| caption2 = Two thumb-type [[trackball]] mice

}}

As the name suggests, this type of mouse is intended to provide optimum comfort and avoid injuries such as [[carpal tunnel syndrome]], [[arthritis]], and other [[repetitive strain injury|repetitive strain injuries]]. It is designed to fit natural hand position and movements, to reduce discomfort.

When holding a typical mouse, the [[ulna]] and [[radius (bone)|radius]] bones on the [[arm]] are crossed. Some designs attempt to place the palm more vertically, so the bones take more natural parallel position.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://evoluent.com/products/vm4r/ |title=Evoluent VerticalMouse Vertical Mouse ergonomic mouse ergonomic computer mouse carpal tunnel syndrome repetitive stress disorder RSI |work=evoluent.com}}</ref>

Increasing mouse height and angling the mouse topcase can improve wrist posture without negatively affecting performance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Odell |first1=Dan |last2=Johnson |first2=Peter |date=2015 |title=Evaluation of flat, angled, and vertical computer mice and their effects on wrist posture, pointing performance, and preference |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26444940/ |journal=Work (Reading, Mass.) |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=245–253 |doi=10.3233/WOR-152167 |issn=1875-9270 |pmid=26444940}}</ref> Some limit wrist movement, encouraging arm movement instead, that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view. A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side – this is known to reduce wrist pronation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/hippus_nv_handshoe_mouse_original.html |title=Handshoe Mouse (Original) |author=Product Specialists |work=ergocanada.com |access-date=2014-07-04 |archive-date=2014-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145735/http://www.ergocanada.com/detailed_specification_pages/hippus_nv_handshoe_mouse_original.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific, making more problematic to change the tired hand. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left-handed ergonomic mice: "Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who'd never actually met a left-handed person before."<ref name="Confessions of a Left-Handed Technology User">{{cite magazine |author-last=McCracken |author-first=Harry |title=Confessions of a Left-Handed Technology User |url=https://techland.time.com/2012/08/27/left-handed-technology/ |magazine=Time |access-date=2015-08-15}}</ref>

[[File:Roller bar mouse.JPG|thumb|Keyboard with roller bar mouse]]

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=== Gaming mice ===

[[File:Logitech-g402 (14969391370).jpg|thumb|A Logitech G402 gaming mouse, with multiple additional buttons]]

[[File:Pulsar X2 CrazyLight (Aqua Zest), rechts -- 2025 -- 0182-3.jpg|thumb|A Pulsar X2 CrazyLight with a weight of 35g]]

These mice are specifically designed for use in [[PC game|computer games]]. They typically employ a wider array of controls and buttons and have designs that differ radically from traditional mice. They may also have decorative monochrome or programmable RGB LED lighting. The additional buttons can often be used for changing the sensitivity of the mouse<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/razer-viper-8k-gaming-mouse| title = Razer Viper 8K Gaming Mouse Review {{!}} PCMag| date = 28 January 2021}}</ref> or they can be assigned (programmed) to [[Macro (computer science)|macros]] (i.e., for opening a program or for use instead of a key combination).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://support.razer.com/articles/1522236721| title = How to create macros on a Razer mouse}}</ref>

It is also common for game mice, especially those designed for use in [[real-time strategy]] games such as ''[[StarCraft]]'', or in [[multiplayer online battle arena]] games such as [[League of Legends]] to have a relatively high sensitivity, measured in [[dots per inch]] (DPI),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/hardware/en-au/help/windows-8/how-to/mouse/change-mouse-sensitivity |title=Windows 8 How-to: Mice |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |work=Microsoft Hardware}}</ref> which can be as high as 25,600.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.pcgamer.com/logitech-is-pushing-out-a-25600-dpi-software-update-to-several-gaming-mice/| title = Logitech is pushing out a 25,600 DPI software update to several gaming mice {{!}} PC Gamer| website = PC Gamer| date = 16 September 2020| last1 = Lilly| first1 = Paul}}</ref> DPI and CPI are the same values that refer to the mouse's sensitivity. DPI is a misnomer used in the gaming world, and many manufacturers use it to refer to CPI, counts per inch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetechwire.com/what-does-cpi-button-on-mouse-do/|title=What Does CPI Button On A Mouse Do? (Explained)|first=Casper|last=Feeney|date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

Some advanced mice from gaming manufacturers also allow users to adjust the weight of the mouse by adding or subtracting weights to allow for easier control.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.pcgamer.com/amp/gigabyte-launches-a-gaming-mouse-with-adjustable-weights-and-16000-dpi-sensor/| title = Gigabyte launches a gaming mouse with adjustable weights and 16,000 dpi sensor {{!}} PC Gamer| website = PC Gamer| date = 6 August 2018| last1 = Lilly| first1 = Paul}}</ref> Ergonomic quality is also an important factor in gaming mouse, as extended gameplay times may render further use of the mouse to be uncomfortable. Some mice have been designed to have adjustable features such as removable and/or elongated palm rests, horizontally adjustable thumb rests and pinky rests. Some mice may include several different rests with their products to ensure comfort for a wider range of target consumers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyborggaming.com/prod/rat9.htm |title=Mad Catz R.A.T. 9 Product Page |access-date=2014-12-25}}</ref>

Gaming mice are held by [[gamer]]s in three styles of [[wikt:grip|grip]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamezone.com/reviews/2013/07/11/peripheral-vision-logitech-g600-mmo-gaming-mouse |title=Peripheral Vision: Logitech G600 MMO Gaming Mouse |access-date=2013-08-09 |website=GameZone |author-first=Thomas |author-last=Adams|date=11 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalstormonline.com/unlocked/pc-gaming-101-mouse-grip-styles-idnum28/ |title=PC Gaming 101: Mouse Grip Styles |website=[[Digital Storm Online, Inc.]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429192138/http://www.digitalstormonline.com/unlocked/pc-gaming-101-mouse-grip-styles-idnum28/|archive-date=2015-04-29}}</ref>

# Palm Grip: the hand rests on the mouse, with extended fingers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.razerzone.com/mouseguide/ergonomic |title=The palm grip |publisher=Razer |work=Ergonomics guide |access-date=2013-08-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031085822/http://www.razerzone.com/mouseguide/ergonomic |archive-date=2013-10-31}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Razer Mamba 2012 {{!}} RZ01-00120 Support |url=https://mysupport.razer.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/3777 |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=mysupport.razer.com}}</ref>

# Claw Grip: palm rests on the mouse, bent fingers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.razerzone.com/mouseguide/ergonomic/clawgrip |title=The claw grip |publisher=Razer |work=Ergonomics guide |access-date=2013-08-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423150633/http://www.razerzone.com/mouseguide/ergonomic/clawgrip |archive-date=2013-04-23}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

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=== Early mice ===

[[File:Computer Museum of America (02).jpg|thumb|Xerox Alto mouse]]

In the 1970s, the [[Xerox Alto]] mouse, and in the 1980s the Xerox [[optical mouse]], used a [[rotary encoder#Incremental rotary encoder|quadrature-encoded]] X and Y interface. This two-bit encoding per dimension had the property that only one bit of the two would change at a time, like a [[Gray code]] or [[Johnson counter]], so that the transitions would not be misinterpreted when asynchronously sampled.<ref name="Lyon_1981" /> The 1985 [[Sun-3]] workstations would ship with a ball based, bus mouse, connected via an 3 pin mini din socket. Sun later replacing the ball for an optical mechanism dependent on a patterned, reflective, metallic mouse mat, with their type M4 mouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun M4 Optical Mouse |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102689966 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref>

The earliest mass-market mice, such as the [[Apple mouse#Models|original Macintosh]], [[Amiga]], and [[Atari ST]] mice used a [[D-subminiature]] 9-pin connector to send the quadrature-encoded X and Y axis signals directly, plus one pin per mouse button. The mouse was a simple optomechanical device, and the decoding circuitry was all in the main computer.

The earliest mass-market mice, such as the [[Apple mouse#Models|original Macintosh]], [[Amiga]], and [[Atari ST]] mice used a [[D-subminiature]] 9-pin connector to send the quadrature-encoded X and Y axis signals directly, plus one pin per mouse button. The mouse was a simple optomechanical device, and the decoding circuitry was all in the main computer. The 1987 [[Acorn Archimedes]] line kept the quadrature-encoded mice of the 68000 computers, and the aftermarket mice sold for 8-bit home computers, like the [[AMX Mouse]], but opted for its own propriety 9 pin mini din connector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SmallyMouse |url=https://www.domesday86.com/?page_id=245 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Domesday86.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The [[DE-9 connector]]s were designed to be electrically compatible with the [[joystick#Electronic games|joysticks]] popular on numerous 8-bit systems, such as the [[Commodore 64]] and the [[Atari 2600]]. Although the ports could be used for both purposes, the signals must be interpreted differently. As a result, plugging a mouse into a joystick port causes the "joystick" to continuously move in some direction, even if the mouse stays still, whereas plugging a joystick into a mouse port causes the "mouse" to only be able to move a single pixel in each direction.

=== Serial interface and protocol ===

[[File:Mouse quadrature encoding Lyon 1980.png|thumb|Signals XA and XB in [[quadrature phase|quadrature]] convey X-direction motion, while YA and YB convey Y-dimension motion; here the pointer (cursor) is shown drawing a small curve.]]

Because the IBM PC did not have a [[quadrature decoder]] built in, early PC mice used the [[RS-232C]] serial port to communicate encoded mouse movements, as well as provide power to the mouse's circuits. The [[Mouse Systems Corporation]] (MSC) version used a five-byte protocol and supported three buttons. The Microsoft version used a three-byte protocol and supported two buttons. Due to the incompatibility between the two protocols, some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch: "PC" for MSC mode, "MS" for Microsoft mode.<ref name="Paul_2002">{{cite web |title=Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1 |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |work=freedos-dev |date=2002-04-06 |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577 |access-date=2020-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207130948/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101807226917577&w=2 |archive-date=2020-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Isaja_2003">{{cite web |title=FreeDOS-32&nbsp;– Serial Mouse driver |author-first=Salvatore |author-last=Isaja |date=2003-09-03 |url=httphttps://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302000300/http://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse |archive-date=2009-03-02}}</ref>

=== Apple Desktop Bus ===

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{{Main|Scroll wheel}}

Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for [[scrolling]] on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, [[trackball]], or [[touchpad]]. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293| title = Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features| work = Lifewire}}</ref>

{{anchor|Mouse speed}}

== Speed ==

[[Mickey (unit)|Mickeys]] per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,<ref name="int33h" /> where direction is often expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as [[pixels]] per mickey, pixels per [[inch]], or pixels per [[centimeter]].

The computer industry often measures mouse sensitivity in terms of counts per inch (CPI), commonly expressed as dots per inch (DPI){{spaced en dash}}the number of steps the mouse will report when it moves one inch. In early mice, this specification was called pulses per inch (ppi).<ref name="hawley" /> The mickey originally referred to one of these counts, or one resolvable step of motion. If the default mouse-tracking condition involves moving the cursor by one screen-pixel or dot on-screen per reported step, then the CPI does equate to DPI: dots of cursor motion per inch of mouse motion. The CPI or DPI as reported by manufacturers depends on how they make the mouse; the higher the CPI, the faster the cursor moves with mouse movement. However, operating system and application software can adjust the mouse sensitivity, making the cursor move faster or slower than its CPI. {{As of|2007|post=,}} software can change the speed of the cursor dynamically, taking into account the mouse's absolute speed and the movement from the last stop-point.<ref>{{Cite Injournal most|last=Müller software,|first=Jörg an|date=26 exampleFeb being2018 the|title=Dynamics Windowsof platforms,Pointing thiswith settingPointer isAcceleration named "speed", referring to "cursor precision"|url=https://inria.hal.science/hal-01717219/document However,|journal=IFIP someConference operatingon systemsHuman-Computer nameInteraction this setting|pages=475–495 "acceleration", the typical Apple OS designation. This term is incorrect. Mouse|quote=[Pointer acceleration] infunctions most mouse software refers toincrease the changemouse ingain speedwith of the cursor over time while theincreasing mouse movement is constantvelocity.{{Clarify|reason=conflation of speed and acceleration—they need to be distinguished and explained better|datevia=April 2020}}{{citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=prove that 'acceleration' is incorrect word usageHAL}}</ref>

For simple software, when the mouse starts to move, the software will count the number of "counts" or "mickeys" received from the mouse and will move the cursor across the screen by that number of pixels (or multiplied by a rate factor, typically less than 1). The cursor will move slowly on the screen, with good precision. When the movement of the mouse passes the value set for some threshold, the software will start to move the cursor faster, with a greater rate factor. Usually, the user can set the value of the second rate factor by changing the "acceleration" setting.

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In 1988, the [[VTech Socrates]] educational video game console featured a wireless mouse with an attached mouse pad as an optional controller used for some games. In the early 1990s, the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] video game system featured a [[SNES Mouse|mouse]] in addition to its controllers. A mouse was also released for the [[Nintendo 64]], although it was only released in Japan. The 1992 game ''[[Mario Paint]]'' in particular used the mouse's capabilities,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2011/aug/19/0819-e1-super-nostalgia-local-gamers-fondly/56755/ |title=Super Nostalgia: Local Gamers Fondly Remember Super Nintendo on Its 20th Anniversary |author-first=Casey |author-last=Phillips |newspaper=[[Times Free Press]] |date=2011-08-19 |access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> as did its Japanese-only successor ''[[Mario Artist]]'' on the N64 for its [[64DD]] disk drive peripheral in 1999. [[Sega]] released official mice for their [[Sega Genesis|Genesis/Mega Drive]], [[Sega Saturn|Saturn]] and [[Dreamcast]] consoles. [[NEC]] sold official mice for its [[TurboGrafx-16|PC Engine]] and [[PC-FX]] consoles. [[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony]] released an official mouse product for the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] console, included one along with the [[Linux for PlayStation 2]] kit, as well as allowing owners to use virtually any [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] mouse with the [[PlayStation 2|PS2]], [[PlayStation 3|PS3]], and [[PlayStation 4|PS4]]. Nintendo's [[Wii]] also had this feature implemented in a later software update, and this support was retained on its successor, the [[Wii U]]. [[Microsoft|Microsoft's]] [[Xbox]] line of game consoles (which used operaring systems based on modified versions of [[Windows NT]]) also had universal-wide mouse support using USB.

On June 5, 2025, Nintendo released the [[Joy-Con|Joy-Con 2]] controller, a gaming controller with mouse control for the [[Nintendo Switch 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nintendo Switch 2: System Features and Play Modes - Nintendo US |url=https://www.nintendo.com/us/gaming-systems/switch-2/features/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.nintendo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

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<ref name="Holland_2019">{{cite web |title="Rollkugel": Erfinder gibt allererste PC-Maus nach Paderborn – Weltweit gibt es nur noch vier Exemplare: Der Erfinder der allerersten Computermaus hat eines der seltenen Geräte nach Nordrhein-Westfalen verschenkt. |language=de |date=2019-05-14 |author-first=Martin |author-last=Holland |work=[[Heise online]] |publisher=[[Heise Verlag]] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Rollkugel-Erfinder-gibt-allerste-PC-Maus-nach-Paderborn-4421963.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000058/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Rollkugel-Erfinder-gibt-allerste-PC-Maus-nach-Paderborn-4421963.html |archive-date=2020-11-08 |quote=[…] Mallebrein hatte die Maus für Telefunken entwickelt, das Unternehmen verkaufte sie ab 1968 zusammen mit seinem damaligen Spitzencomputer {{ill|Telefunken TR 440{{!}}TR 440|de|TR 440}}. Allerdings nur 46 Mal, vor allem an Universitäten, der Rechner war mit bis zu 20 Millionen Mark praktisch unerschwinglich teuer, sagt Mallebrein. […] Seine Maus – für 1500 Mark zu haben – geriet in Vergessenheit. Ein Patent gab es auch nicht. "Wegen zu geringer Erfindungshöhe", stand damals im Schreiben des Patentamts, erinnert sich der Senior. "Über Anwendungsmöglichkeiten war damals gar nicht gesprochen worden, nämlich dass die Maus Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion fahren kann." […]}} [https://heise.de/-4421963]<!-- This article erroneously talks about only 4 surviving devices in total, another article mentions a few more: 1 or 4 at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (Garching/Munich), 1 or 2 at Museum of University Stuttgart, 1 (from RWTH Aachen) at the Computer History Museum in the USA, 1 at Jürgen Müller (Hamburg), 1 at Hamburg University, and possibly 1 owned by someone called "harper". --></ref>

<ref name="Ebner_2018">{{cite news |title=Entwickler aus Singen über die Anfänge der Computermaus: "Wir waren der Zeit voraus" |language=de |trans-title=Singen-based developer about the advent of the computer mouse: "We were ahead of time" |author-first=Susanne |author-last=Ebner |department=Leben und Wissen |date=2018-01-24 |newspaper=[[Südkurier]] |publisher=[[Südkurier GmbH]] |publication-place=Konstanz, Germany |oclc=1184800329 |id={{ZDB|1411183-4}} {{DNB-IDN|019058799}} |url=https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/wissenschaft/Entwickler-aus-Singen-ueber-die-Anfaenge-der-Computermaus-Wir-waren-der-Zeit-voraus;art1350069,9590558 |access-date=2021-08-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234231/https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/wissenschaft/Entwickler-aus-Singen-ueber-die-Anfaenge-der-Computermaus-Wir-waren-der-Zeit-voraus;art1350069,9590558 |archive-date=2021-03-02}}</ref>

<ref name="OldMouse_Telefunken">{{cite web |title=Telefunken's "Rollkugel" |publisher=oldmouse.com |___location=Missoula, Montana, US |date=2009 |url=http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/misc/telefunken.shtml |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=liveusurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822024815/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/misc/telefunken.shtml |archive-date=2021-08-22}}</ref>

<ref name="Steinbach_2018">{{cite interview |title=Oral History of Rainer Mallebrein |language=de, en |author-first=Rainer |author-last=Mallebrein |author-link=:de:Rainer Mallebrein |interviewer-first=Günter |interviewer-last=Steinbach |id=CHM Ref: X8517.2018 |___location=Singen am Hohentwiel, Germany / Mountain View, California, US |date=2018-02-18 |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/05/102738746-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2021-08-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127162137/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/05/102738746-05-01-acc.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-27}} (18 pages) (NB. See also: [[#NB-Encoder|Encoder remarks]].)</ref>

<ref name="Vaihingen_2016">{{cite web |title=50 Jahre Computer mit der Maus – Öffentliche Veranstaltung am 5. Dezember auf dem Campus Vaihingen |language=de |date=2016-11-28 |type=Invitation to a plenum discussion |publisher=Informatik-Forum Stuttgart (infos e.V.), GI- / ACM-Regionalgruppe Stuttgart / Böblingen, Institut für Visualisierung und Interaktive Systeme der Universität Stuttgart and SFB-TRR 161 |___location=Stuttgart, Germany |url=https://www.visus.uni-stuttgart.de/presse-und-medien/news/detailansicht/article/50-jahre-computer-mit-der-maus.html |access-date=2017-11-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115204824/https://www.visus.uni-stuttgart.de/presse-und-medien/news/detailansicht/article/50-jahre-computer-mit-der-maus.html |archive-date=2017-11-15}}</ref>

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[[Category:History of human–computer interaction]]

[[Category:Pointing devices]]

[[Category:Video game control methods]]

[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1964]]