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[[File:SCMR Argos Strasbourg novembre 2016-4.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cubicles for drug injection at a supervised injection site in Strasbourg]]
'''Supervised injection sites''' ('''SIS''')<ref name=vanexp>{{cite web | url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/pubs/_sites-lieux/insite/index-eng.php | title=Vancouver's INSITE service and other Supervised injection sites: What has been learned from research? - Final report of the Expert Advisory Committee | author=Alan Ogborne| date=March 31, 2008 | publisher= [[Health Canada]] |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=emcdda /><ref>{{cite news |last= Oladipo |first= Gloria |date= 30 November 2021 |title= New York to open supervised injection sites in bid to curb overdose deaths |url= https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/30/new-york-supervised-injection-sites-overdose |work= The Guardian |access-date= 6 March 2022}}</ref> or '''drug consumption rooms''' ('''DCRs''') are a health and social response to drug-related problems. They are fixed or mobile spaces where people who use drugs are provided with sterile drug use equipment and can use illicit drugs under the supervision of trained staff. They are usually located in areas where there is an open drug scene and where injecting in public places is common. The primary target group for DCR services are people who engage in risky drug use. The first drug consumption facility opened in [[Bern]], Switzerland in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Hamilton |first1= Ian |last2= Sumnall |first2= Harry |date= 13 January 2025 |title= Drug consumption facilities: they’ve been around since 1986 and now Scotland has one – but do they work? |url= https://theconversation.com/drug-consumption-facilities-theyve-been-around-since-1986-and-now-scotland-has-one-but-do-they-work-247153 |website= The Conversation |access-date= 16 July 2025}}</ref>
The geographical distribution of DCRs is uneven, both at the international and regional levels. In 2022, there were over 100 DCRs operating globally, with services in [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Luxembourg]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]], as well as in [[Switzerland]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Mexico]] and the [[USA]].
Primarily, DCRs aim to prevent drug-related overdose deaths, reduce the acute risks of disease transmission through unhygienic injecting, and connect people who use drugs with addiction treatment and other health and social services. There have been no recorded deaths at any legal supervised injection site.<ref name="PBS">{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 9 March 2022 |title= A look inside the 1st official safe injection sites in U.S. |url= https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/a-look-inside-the-1st-official-safe-injection-sites-in-u-s |work= PBS News |access-date= 5 June 2025}}</ref> They can also aim to minimise public nuisance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2023|title=New report presents latest overview on drug consumption rooms in Europe |url= https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2023/new-report-presents-latest-overview-drug-consumption-rooms-europe_en |work= European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref>
Proponents say they save lives and connect users to services, while opponents believe they promote drug use and attract crime to the community around the site.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gordon |first=Elana |date=September 7, 2018 |title=What's The Evidence That Supervised Drug Injection Sites Save Lives? |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/09/07/645609248/whats-the-evidence-that-supervised-drug-injection-sites-save-lives}}</ref> Supervised injection sites are part of a [[harm reduction]] approach towards drug problems.
==Terminology==
Supervised injection sites are also known as ''overdose prevention centers (OPCs)'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drugpolicy.org/issue/overdose-prevention-centers-opcs/ |title=Overdose Prevention Centers (OPCs) |publisher=Drug Policy Alliance}}</ref> ''supervised injection facilities'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Academies|first=Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users in High-Risk Countries, Board on Global Health, Institute of Medicine of the National|title=Preventing HIV infection among injecting drug users in high-risk countries an assessment of the evidence|year=2007|publisher=National Academies Press|___location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-309-10280-3|url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11731&page=158|
== Facilities ==
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The legality of supervised injection is handled on a state-by state basis. [[New South Wales]] trialed a supervised injection site in [[Sydney]] in 2001, which was made permanent in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Matthew |title=Sydney's Medically Supervised Injecting Centre |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2010/September/Sydneys_Medically_Supervised_Injecting_Centre |website=Australian Parliamentary Library |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> After several years of community activism, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] agreed to open a supervised injection site in [[Melbourne]]'s [[North Richmond, Victoria|North Richmond]] neighbourhood in 2018 on a trial basis. In 2020 the trial was extended for a further three years, and the site remains open as of 2024.
A second site for Melbourne's [[Central business district|CBD]] was approved<ref>{{cite web |title=Medically supervised injecting room |url=https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/alcohol-and-drugs/aod-treatment-services/injecting-room |website=Health.vic |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> and was to be placed in a building on [[Flinders Street, Melbourne|Flinders Street]] which had previously housed [[Yooralla]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eddie |first1=Rachel |last2=Waters |first2=Cara |title=Second Melbourne injecting room in limbo as Andrews walks back commitment |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/richmond-safe-injecting-room-to-remain-open-permanently-20230307-p5cpx7.html |website=The Age |date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> However, as of 2024, the site has been rejected by Premier [[Jacinta Allan]] who cited disagreements over ___location, preferring to set up a new community health and [[pharmacotherapy]] centre instead.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
=== Europe ===
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The first professionally staffed service where drug injection was accepted emerged in the Netherlands during the early 1970s as part of the "alternative youth service" provided by the St. Paul's church in Rotterdam. At its peak it had two centers that combined an informal meeting place with a drop-in center providing basic health care, food and a laundering service. One of the centers was also a pioneer in providing [[Needle-exchange programme|needle-exchange]]. Its purpose was to improve the psychosocial function and health of its clients. The centers received some support from law enforcement and local government officials, although they were not officially sanctioned until 1996.<ref name="dolan" />
====Switzerland====
The first modern supervised consumption site was opened in [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]] in June
====United Kingdom====
The United Kingdom opened one (officially unsanctioned) facility in Glasgow in September 2020. It was opened by {{ill|Peter Krykant|qid=Q107281536}}, a local drugs worker;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Livingston |first1=Eve |title='It's a lifesaver': Glasgow drug users and MP hail safe-injecting space |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/sep/19/glasgow-drug-users-and-mp-hail-lifesaving-van-that-defies-uk-law |website=the Guardian |access-date=July 26, 2022 |language=en |date=19 September 2020}}</ref> however, lack of funding and support led to its closure in May 2021.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shorter |first1=Gillian W |last2=Harris |first2=Magdalena |last3=McAuley |first3=Andrew |last4=Trayner |first4=Kirsten MA |last5=Stevens |first5=Alex |title=The United Kingdom's first unsanctioned overdose prevention site; A proof-of-concept evaluation |journal=International Journal of Drug Policy |date=June 2022 |volume=104 |pages=103670 |doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103670|pmid=35523063 |s2cid=248553098 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Natalie |title=Inside the UK's first unsanctioned drug consumption room |url=https://www.addiction-ssa.org/inside-the-uks-first-unsanctioned-drug-consumption-room/ |website=SSA |access-date=July 26, 2022 |date=26 July 2022}}</ref> In nine months of operation, 894 injection events were recorded at the facility and volunteers reported attending to nine overdose events, seven opioid overdoses, and two involving powder cocaine; but there were no fatalities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2022|title=The United Kingdom's first unsanctioned overdose prevention site; A proof-of-concept evaluation |url= https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/news/2023/new-report-presents-latest-overview-drug-consumption-rooms-europe_en |work= International Journal of Drug Policy, Volume 104.|access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref>
In 2023, the [[Lord Advocate]]—Scotland's chief legal officer—announced that the [[Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service]] would institute a policy of not criminally prosecuting those using approved supervised drug consumption sites. Police Scotland have also confirmed they will exercise discretion in not prosecuting those using such a facility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-11 |title=No prosecution plan for drug consumption rooms |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-66775122 |access-date=2023-10-13}}</ref> An official facility,
=== Latin America ===
The first site opened in Latin American was in Bogota, Colombia during October 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title= La titánica labor de acompañar a usuarios de heroína: "Le hacemos la tarea a salud pública"|date=7 October 2024 |url=https://elpais.com/america-colombia/2024-10-07/la-titanica-labor-de-acompanar-a-usuarios-de-heroina-le-hacemos-la-tarea-a-salud-publica.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Espectador |first=El |title=ELESPECTADOR.COM |url=https://www.elespectador.com/investigacion/heroina-en-bogota-asi-es-la-primera-sala-de-consumo-supervisado-de-bogota/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=ELESPECTADOR.COM |language=spanish}}</ref>
===North America===
==== Canada ====
[[File:Controversial Safe Injection Site.jpg|thumb|right|[[Insite]] in 2008]]
There are 39 government authorized SCS in Canada as of July 2019: 7 in [[Alberta]], 9 in [[British Columbia]], 19 in [[Ontario]], and 4 in [[Quebec]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Debate over supervised consumption sites ramps up across Alberta|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5477236/supervised-consumption-sites-alberta-drugs-debate/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> An exemption to controlled substances law under [[Criminal Code (Canada)|Canadian Criminal Code]] is granted inside the facilities, but drug possession remains illegal outside the facility and there is no buffer zone around the facility.<ref name=":6" /> Canada's first SCS, [[Insite]] in [[Downtown Eastside]] of [[Vancouver]], commenced operation in 2003.<ref name="vanbeek">{{cite book|last=Van Beek|first=Ingrid|title=In the eye of the needle: Diary of medically supervised injecting centre|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=2004|isbn=978-1-74114-381-2|___location=Crows Nest|oclc=57515258}}</ref>
===== Alberta =====
In August 2020, [[ARCHES Lethbridge]] in [[Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]], the largest SCS in North America, closed shortly after Alberta revoked their grant for misuse of grant funds.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Roulston|first1=Tom|last2=Nixon|first2=Liam|date=July 23, 2020|title=ARCHES audit findings turned over to Lethbridge police for investigation|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7211328/arches-supervised-consumption-site-audit-police-investigation/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly after opening in February 2018,<ref name="Pijl_20200113" /> ARCHES Lethbridge found itself repetitively necessitating police intervention and/or [[emergency medical services]] for opioid-related issues;<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Vogt|first=Terry|date=2020-03-05|title=Government review says Lethbridge SCS has 'most problems in the province'|url=https://
The average per-capita operating cost of government sanctioned sites are reported to be CAD$600 per unique-client, with the exception of the ARCHES Lethbridge which had a disproportionately high cost of CAD $3,200 per unique client.<ref name=":8" />
In September 2020, a group in [[Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]] led by an ARCHES employee started hosting an unauthorized SCS in public places in a tent.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gunn|first=Connor|title=Galt Gardens pop-up injection site moves ___location on 2nd night|url=https://lethbridgenewsnow.com/2020/09/26/galt-gardens-pop-up-injection-site-moves-___location-on-2nd-night/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Lethbridge News Now|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-26|title=Unsanctioned injection site sets up in Galt Gardens|url=https://lethbridgeherald.com/news/lethbridge-news/2020/09/26/unsanctioned-injection-site-sets-up-in-galt-gardens/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Lethbridge Herald – News and Sports from around Lethbridge}}</ref> The group did not have authorizations to operate an SCS or a permit to pitch a tent in the park. The organizer was issued citations for the tent; and the [[Lethbridge Police Service]] advised that users utilizing the unauthorized SCS would be arrested for drug possession, because exemptions do not apply to unauthorized sites.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferris|first=Danica|date=September 29, 2020|title=Pop-up overdose prevention site operators fined $300 by City of Lethbridge|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7367572/pop-up-overdose-prevention-site-fine-lethbridge/|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lethbridge group sets up unsanctioned overdose prevention site in Galt Gardens|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7361329/lethbridge-overdose-prevention-unsanctioned-galt-gardens/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Korol|first=Todd|date=October 5, 2020|title=Lethbridge drug-consumption site seeks Health Canada's permission to operate|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/alberta/article-lethbridge-drug-consumption-site-seeks-health-canadas-permission-to/|access-date=2020-10-07}}</ref> This opening of this illegal drug consumption tent was controversial and became a subject of discussion at the City Council meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goulet|first=Justin|date=September 29, 2020|title=Organizer of pop-up injection site issued fine|url=https://lethbridgenewsnow.com/2020/09/29/organizer-of-pop-up-injection-site-issued-fine/|access-date=2020-10-01|website=Lethbridge News Now|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Barrow|first=Tyler|date=2020-09-28|title=Protestors gather outside Lethbridge city hall frustrated over pop-up overdose prevention site|url=https://
===== Ontario =====
Ontario has scheduled to close ten drug SCS by end of March 2025 and further establishment of SCS is now banned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alhmidi |first=Maan |date=2025-02-25 |title='Havens of love and care': Ontarians protest closures of supervised consumption sites |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/havens-of-love-and-care-ontarians-protest-closures-of-supervised-consumption-sites/article_71c9414a-b839-5866-9e74-2f22498c905c.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Toronto Star |publisher=[[The Canadian Press]] |language=en}}</ref>
==== United States ====
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The first government-authorized supervised injection sites in the US (operated by [[OnPoint NYC]]) began operating in New York City in November 2021.<ref name="nyn">{{Cite news |last=Kim|first=Phenix|date=2022-12-03 |title=New York City's first safe injection sites avert 633 drug overdoses on anniversary |url=https://www.nynmedia.com/news/2022/12/new-york-citys-first-safe-injection-sites-avert-633-drug-overdoses-anniversary/380438/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |work=NYN Media |language=en}}</ref>
A peer-reviewed study of the first two months of the OPC's operation has been published in [[JAMA]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Harocopos |first1=Alex |last2=Gibson |first2=Brent E. |last3=Saha |first3=Nilova |last4=McRae |first4=Michael T. |last5=See |first5=Kailin |last6=Rivera |first6=Sam |last7=Chokshi |first7=Dave A. |date=2022-07-15 |title=First 2 Months of Operation at First Publicly Recognized Overdose Prevention Centers in US |url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.22149 |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=e2222149 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.22149 |pmid=35838672 |pmc=9287749 |s2cid=250559693 |issn=2574-3805}}</ref>
Public criticism of the New York City OPC's has so far been limited. One problem brought up by the leadership of the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] is how use migrates from the centers to nearby [[New York City Subway]] stations when the OPC's are closed.<ref name="thecity.nyc">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=When Safe Injection Sites Close, Subway Becomes Next Best Stop |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/2022/5/17/23076577/safe-injection-sites-subway-harm-reduction |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=The City |language=en}}</ref> In response [[Mayor Eric Adams]] called for the centers to be funded to operate continuously.<ref name="thecity.nyc"/>
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An organization called Safehouse was hoping to open a safe consumption site in [[Philadelphia]] in February 2020 with the support of the city government. Immediate neighbors strongly objected to the site, and the owner of the first proposed ___location withdraw a lease offer under pressure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Safehouse drops South Philly plans, looks to Kensington after judge suspends launch |url=https://billypenn.com/2020/06/26/safehouse-drops-south-philly-plans-looks-to-kensington-after-judge-suspends-launch/ |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=Billy Penn |date=26 June 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Lauren del Valle and Dakin Andone |title=Plans are on hold for a Philadelphia safe-injection site to combat overdoses |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/28/us/philadelphia-safe-injection-site-on-hold/index.html |access-date=2020-10-07 |website=CNN|date=28 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tanenbaum |first=Michael |date=February 26, 2020|title=Safehouse's plan to open overdose prevention site in South Philly sparks contentious reaction|url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/safehouse-south-philly-supervised-injection-site-heroin-overdose-prevention-community-protest/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=www.phillyvoice.com}}</ref> [[United States District Attorney]] William McSwain sued to stop the Safehouse project, losing in district court in October 2019, but winning an injunction in January 2021 from a 3-judge panel of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]].<ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2021/01/14/956428659/in-philadelphia-judges-rule-against-opening-a-medical-site-to-safely-inject-hero In Philadelphia, Judges Rule Against Opening 'Supervised' Site To Inject Opioids]</ref> Safehouse said its proposed operation was "a legitimate medical intervention, not illicit drug dens" and claimed protection under the [[Free Exercise Clause]] because "religious beliefs compel them to save lives at the heart of one of the most devastating overdose crises in the country".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philly.com/health/supervised-injection-site-religious-beliefs-safehouse-lawsuit-philadelphia-20190403.html|title=Supervised injection site supporters countersue feds, saying their Philly mission comes from religious and medical imperatives|last=Whelan|first=Aubrey|date=April 3, 2019|website=The Inquirer Daily News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>
In May 2023, Pennsylvania senate passed a bill to ban supervised injection sites anywhere within the State of Pennsylvania with a 41-9 vote and it is pending house approval. The Pennsylvania governor [[Josh Shapiro]] expressed support for the bill.<ref>{{Cite web |
===== San Francisco, California =====
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The Vancouver Insite facility was evaluated during the first three years of its operation by researchers from the BC Center for Excellence in HIV/AIDS with published and some unpublished reports available. In March 2008 a final report was released that evaluated the performance of the Vancouver Insite against its stated objectives.
There has been some attempt to standardise evaluation reporting across supervised injection sites in a type of [[Core outcome set]] with researchers from the United States funded by [[Drug Policy Alliance]] available;<ref>[https://astrosstudy.org/corequestionnaire.html here.]</ref> however, the intermediary process of how this consensus set was generated is unpublished.
The Expert Advisory Committee found that Insite had referred clients such that it had contributed to an increased use of detoxification services and increased engagement in treatment. Insite had encouraged users to seek counseling. Funding has been supplied by the Canadian government for detoxification rooms above Insite.<ref name="hc-sc.gc.ca">see {{cite web |url= http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/pubs/_sites-lieux/insite/index-eng.php#insite |title=Final Report of the Vancouver Insite Expert Advisory Committee |access-date=2010-04-19|date=2008-04-03 }}</ref>
Globally there hasn't been a single recorded death at any legal supervised injection site.<ref name="PBS"/>
=== SIS sites and social disorder ===
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Safeworks was located at the [[Sheldon M. Chumir Centre|Sheldon M. Chumir Health Centre]], which operated for several months, as a temporary facility, became fully operational starting April 30, 2018 with services available 24 hours, 7 days a week.<ref name="AHS_SCS_20190426">{{Citation|work=[[Alberta Health Services]] (AHS)|access-date=January 26, 2020|date=April 11, 2019 | url = https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/info/amh/if-amh-sup-con-chumir-2019-03.pdf |series=Safeworks Monthly Report |title= March 2019: Supervised Consumption Services |pages=4}}</ref>{{rp|1}} From the day it initially launched in October 30, 2017 to March 31, 2019, 71,096 people had used its services<ref name="AHS_SCS_20190426" />{{rp|1}} The staff "responded to a total of 954 overdoses."<ref name="AHS_SCS_20190426" />{{rp|2}} In one month alone, "848 unique individuals" made 5,613 visits to the SCS.<ref name="AHS_SCS_20190426" />{{rp|1}} Its program is monitored by the Province of Alberta in partnership with the Institute of Health Economics.<ref name="AHS_SCS_20190426" />{{rp|2}}
In the City of Lethbridge's commissioned 2020 102-page report, the author noted that "Calgary's Sheldon Chumir SCS has received considerable negative press about the "rampant" social disorder around the SCS, a neighbourhood that is mixed residential and commercial."<ref name="Pijl_20200113"/>{{rp|15}} According to a May 2019 ''Calgary Herald'' article, the 250 meter radius around the safe consumption site Safeworks in [[Calgary]] located within the [[Sheldon M. Chumir Centre]] has seen a major spike in crime since its opening and described in a report by the police as having become "ground zero for drug, violent and property crimes in the downtown." Within this zone, statistics by the police in 2018 showed a call volume increase to the police by 276% for drug related matters 29% overall increase relative to the three-year average statistics.<ref name="CalgaryHearld_Hudes">{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/crime/incremental-improvement-but-crime-still-plagues-area-around-safe-consumption-site-in-beltline |first=Sammy |last=Hudes |date=May 21, 2019 |access-date=January 26, 2020|title=Crime near Calgary's only safe consumption site remains a concern |newspaper= Calgary Herald}}</ref> In May 2019, the ''Calgary Herald'', said that [[Health Canada]] announced in February 2019 of approval for Siteworks to operate for another year, conditional to addressing neighborhood safety issues, drug debris and public disorder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/columnists/breakenridge-fix-crime-issues-around-safeworks-or-risk-losing-its-valuable-service|title=Breakenridge: Fix crime issues around Safeworks or risk losing it {{!}} Calgary Herald|last=Breakenridge|first=Rob|work=calgaryherald |date=2019-02-05|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> There has been a plan for mobile safe consumption site intending to operate in the [[Forest Lawn, Calgary|Forest Lawn, Calgary, Alberta]], however in response to the statistics at the permanent site at the Sheldon M. Chumir Centre, community leaders have withdrawn their support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/forest-lawn-community-leaders-withdraw-support-for-mobile-safe-consumption-vehicle|title=Forest Lawn withdraws support for mobile safe consumption vehicle {{!}} Calgary Herald|last=Logan|first=Shawn|work=calgaryherald |date=2019-02-05|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref>
By September 2019, the number of overdose treatment at Safeworks spiked. The staff were overwhelmed and 13.5% of their staff took psychological leave. They have had dealt with 134 overdose reversals in 2019 which was 300% more than the same time period from the previous year. The center's director reported they're dealing with an average of one overdose reversal every other day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://
===== Lethbridge: ARCHES (Closed August 2020) =====
In response to the mounting death toll of drug overdose in Lethbridge, the city opened its first SCS in February, 2018.<ref name="Pijl_20200113"/>{{rp|15}} The controversial<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goulet|first=Justin|title=ARCHES ceases supervised consumption services in Lethbridge|url=https://lethbridgenewsnow.com/2020/08/31/arches-ceases-supervised-consumption-services-in-lethbridge-2/|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Lethbridge News Now|language=en}}</ref> SCS, known as [[ARCHES Lethbridge|ARCHES]] was once the busiest SCS in North America.<ref name=":3" />
The province defunded ARCHES after an audit ordered by government discovered misuse and mismanagement of public monies. Around 70% of ARCHES funding comes from the province,<ref name=":4" /> and it chose to shut it down on August 31, 2020 after the funding was revoked.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Fletcher|first=Robson|date=September 23, 2020|title=Opioid overdoses spike amid COVID-19 pandemic, with more than 3 Albertans dying per day|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-q2-2020-opioid-deaths-1.5735931}}</ref> The audit found “funding misappropriation, non-compliance with grant agreement [and] inappropriate governance and organizational operations.”<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=MLA Shannon Phillips and others react to ARCHES losing provincial funding after government-ordered audit|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7189990/arches-lethbridge-supervised-consumption-audit-reaction/|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> The Alberta government requested that the site be investigated for possible criminal misuse of funds.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last1=Bourne|first1=Kirby|last2=Therien|first2=Eloise|date=July 16, 2020|title=Government pulls grant funding from Lethbridge safe consumption site citing fund mismanagement|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7184155/arches-lethbridge-grant-funding-safe-consumption-site/|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Globalnews.ca|language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, Lethbridge Police Service announced that the funds, which had previously been reported as missing, had been present and accounted for in bank accounts belonging to the SCS. Acting Inspector Pete Christos stated that the initial auditors did not have the means to determine whether money was missing, and confirmed that, during police interviews with Arches staff, all spent funds had been accounted for. Police Chief Shahin Mehdizadeh told reporters that the Alberta Justice Specialized Prosecutions Branch supported the police's findings and were not recommending criminal charges.<ref name=":LPSfunds">{{cite news |last1=Vogt |first1=Terry |title=Missing ARCHES funds accounted for: Lethbridge police |url=https://
The City of Lethbridge commissioned a report that included an Urban Social Issues Study (USIS) which examined unintended consequences of the SIS site in Lethbridge.<ref name="Pijl_20200113" /> The research found that in smaller cities, such as Lethbridge, that in communities with a SCS, social disorder may be more noticeable. The report's author, [[University of Lethbridge]]'s Em M. Pijl, said that news media tended to the "personal experiences of business owners and residents who work and/or live near an SCS", which contrasts with "scholarly literature that demonstrates a lack of negative neighbourhood impacts related to SCSs."<ref name="Pijl_20200113" />{{rp|14}}
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The 2010 MSIC evaluators found that over 9 years of operation it had made no discernible impact on heroin overdoses at the community level with no improvement in overdose presentations at hospital emergency wards.<ref name="KPMG">{{cite web |url= http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/resources/mhdao/pdf/msic_kpmg.pdf |title=Further Evaluation of the Medically Supervised Injecting Centre during its extended Trial period (2007-2011) |access-date=2010-10-23}}</ref>{{rp|19–20}}
Research by injecting room evaluators in 2007 presented statistical evidence that there had been later reductions in ambulance callouts during injecting room hours,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Salmon |first1= Allison |last2= Van Beek |first2= Ingrid |last3= Amin |first3= Janaki |last4=Kaldor |first4= John |last5= Maher |first5= Lisa |author-link5=Lisa Maher |date=February 2010 | title = The impact of a supervised injecting facility on ambulance call-outs in Sydney, Australia | journal = Addiction | volume = 105 | issue = 4 | pages = 676–683| doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02837.x | url =http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123278060/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130105111346/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123278060/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-01-05 |pmid=20148794 |url-access= subscription }}</ref><ref name="pmid18172151">{{cite journal
| last1 = Beletsky |first1= Leo |last2= Davis |first2= Corey S |last3= Anderson |first3= Evan |last4= Burris |first4= Scott
| title = The law (and politics) of safe injection facilities in the United States
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| doi = 10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.12.016
}}</ref> but failed to make any mention of the introduction of sniffer dog policing, introduced to the drug hot-spots around the injecting room a year after it opened.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200205/s558480.htm|title=Police to crack down on Kings Cross drug trade |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=2010-01-09}} 2003</ref>
A March 2025 study exploring the association of safer supply and decriminalization policy with opioid overdose outcomes in British Columbia, Canada, found that neither policy "appeared to mitigate the opioid crisis, and both were associated with an increase in opioid overdose hospitalizations."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nguyen |first=Hai V. |last2=Mital |first2=Shweta |last3=Bugden |first3=Shawn |last4=McGinty |first4=Emma E. |date=2025-03-21 |title=Safer Opioid Supply, Subsequent Drug Decriminalization, and Opioid Overdoses |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/fullarticle/2831562 |journal=JAMA Health Forum |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e250101 |doi=10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.0101 |issn=2689-0186|pmc=11929020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=JOANNOU |first=ASHLEY |date=2025-03-25 |title=B.C. drug decriminalization and safer supply associated with more overdoses, study shows |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/british-columbia/article-bc-drug-decriminalization-and-safer-supply-associated-with-more/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=The Globe and Mail |publisher=The Canadian Press |language=en-CA}}</ref>
=== Site experience of overdose ===
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==See also==
{{Portal|Law|Medicine}}
* [[Drug checking]]
* [[Needle and syringe programmes]]
* [[Reagent testing]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite web |last= Shorter |first= Gillian |date= 10 January 2024 |title= Overdose Prevention Centres, Safe Consumption Sites, and Drug Consumption Rooms: A Rapid Evidence Review |url= https://www.drugscience.org.uk/overdose-prevention-centres-safe-consumption-sites-and-drug-consumption-rooms-a-rapid-evidence-re |website= [[Drug Science]]}}
* {{cite web |last= Shorter |first= Gillian |date= 11 January 2024 |title= Overdose Prevention Centres have key role in tackling UK drug-deaths crisis, says new research |url= https://www.qub.ac.uk/News/Allnews/featured-research/overdose-prevention-centres-have-key-role-in-tackling-uk-drug-deaths-crisis.html |website= [[Queen's University Belfast]]}}
==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Safe injection sites}}
{{Waste}}
{{Public health}}
{{Public services}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Safe Injection Site}}
[[Category:1986 establishments in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Drug culture]]
[[Category:Drug overdose]]
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