|
| logo = image:Gentoo Linux logo matte.svg
| logo size = 100px
| logo caption = Gentoo Logo
| logo alt = Gentoo Logo
| screenshot = Gentoo Live GUI USB running KDE.png
| update model = [[Rolling release]]
| package manager = [[Portage (software)|Portage]]
| supported platforms = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]], [[Itanium|IA-64]], [[PA-RISC|PA-RISC (HPPA)]], [[PowerPC]] 32/64, [[SPARC]] 64-bit, [[DEC Alpha]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]] 32/64, [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]], [[RISC-V]] 32/64, [[Motorola_68000_series|m68k]], [[Loongson|loong]], [[IBM_System/390|s390]], [[Z/Architecture|s390x]]
| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel]])
| userland = [[GNU Core Utilities|GNU]], With support for non-GNU userlands
'''Gentoo Linux''' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|n|t|uː}} {{respell|JEN|too}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/FAQ#How_is_Gentoo_pronounced.2C_and_what_does_it_mean.3F|title=Gentoo Linux Frequently Asked Questions|access-date=6 January 2014|quote=Gentoo is pronounced "gen-too" (the "g" in "Gentoo" is a soft "g", as in "gentle").|archive-date=January 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106202051/https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/FAQ#How_is_Gentoo_pronounced.2C_and_what_does_it_mean.3F|url-status=live}}</ref>) is a [[Linux distribution]] built using the [[Portage (software)|Portage]] [[package management system]]. Unlike a binary [[software distribution]], the source code is compiled locally according to the user's preferences and is often [[Program optimization|optimized]] for the specific type of computer. Precompiled binaries are available for some packages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Binary_package_guide|title=Binary package guide|publisher=gentoo.org|access-date=2022-09-04|quote=Next to the usual support for source-based ebuilds, Portage also supports building and installing binary packages.|archive-date=February 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212004921/https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Binary_package_guide|url-status=live}}</ref> Gentoo runs on a wide variety of processor architectures.
Gentoo package management is designed to be [[Modular programming|modular]], [[porting|portable]], easy to maintain, and flexible. Gentoo describes itself as a [[Meta (prefix)|meta]]-distribution because of its adaptability, in that the majority of its users have configurations and sets of installed programs which are unique to the system and the applications they use.<ref name=gentoo-about>{{cite web |url=https://www.gentoo.org/get-started/about/ |title=Gentoo Linux – About Gentoo |publisher=Gentoo.org |date=2007-09-17 |access-date=2010-01-28 |archive-date=December 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221235233/https://www.gentoo.org/get-started/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
Gentoo Linux is named after the [[gentoo penguin]], the fastest swimming species of penguin. The name was chosen to reflect the potential speed improvements of machine-specific optimizing, which is a major feature of Gentoo.
==History==
[[File:Gentoo Logo Vector.svg|thumb|Gentoo Linux's old vector logo]]
Gentoo Linux was initially created by [[Daniel Robbins (computer programmer)|Daniel Robbins]] as the ''Enoch Linux'' distribution. TheIts goal[[design philosophy]] was tothat create a distribution withoutof precompiled binaries thatwhich waswere tuned to the hardware and that only included required programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/making-the-distro-p1.xml|title=Gentoo Linux Documentation – Making the distribution, Part 1|date=2005-10-09|website=Gentoo.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126223839/http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/making-the-distro-p1.xml|archive-date=November 26, 2005|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-01-28|df=mdy-all}}</ref> At least one version of Enoch was distributed under that name: version 0.75, in December 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://public.planetmirror.com/pub/enoch/enoch-0.75 |title=Planet Mirror – enoch – Enoch Linux – enoch-0.75 – download now |website=Public.planetmirror.com |date=2007-02-11 |access-date=2010-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228085838/http://public.planetmirror.com/pub/enoch/enoch-0.75 |archive-date=December 28, 2008 |df=mdy}}</ref> An older release labeled "Enoch 0.5" can be found on the CD accompanying the August 1999 edition of the Danish computer magazine ''Alt om Data''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/1999-08-alt-om-data-august-1999 | title=Alt Om Data August 1999 | date=August 1999 }}</ref>
Daniel Robbins and the other contributors experimented with a fork of [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] known as EGCS, developed by [[Cygnus Solutions]]. AtIt was at this point, that "Enoch" was renamed "Gentoo" Linux. The modifications to EGCS eventually became part of the official GCC (version 2.95),; Gentoo and other Linux distributionsdistros benefited experiencedfrom similar speed increases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/making-the-distro-p2.xml|title=Gentoo Linux Documentation – Making the distribution, Part 2|date=2005-10-09|website=Gentoo.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126223839/http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/making-the-distro-p2.xml|archive-date=November 26, 2005|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-01-28|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
After problems with a bug on his own system, Robbins halted Gentoo development and switched to [[FreeBSD]] for several months, later saying, "I decided to add several FreeBSD features to make our autobuild system (now called Portage) a true next-generation ports system."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/making-the-distro-p3.xml|title=Gentoo Linux Documentation – Making the distribution, Part 3|date=2005-10-09|website=Gentoo.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126223839/http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/articles/making-the-distro-p3.xml|archive-date=November 26, 2005|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-01-28|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==Features==
Gentoo appeals to Gnu/Linux users who want full control of the software that is installed and running on their computer.<ref name="Negus2008"/>{{rp|402}} People who are prepared to invest the time required to configure and tune a Gentoo system can build very efficient [[Desktop environment|desktops]] and [[Server (computing)|servers]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} Gentoo encourages users to build a [[Linux kernel]] tailored to their particular hardware. It allows very fine control of which services are installed and running, including the option to choose between [[systemd]] or [[OpenRC]] as the default [[init|init system]]. Memory usage can also be reduced compared to other distributions by omitting unnecessary kernel features and services.<ref name="Negus2008"/>{{rp|386}}
Gentoo's package repositories provide a large collection of software. Each package contains details of any [[Coupling (computer programming)|dependencies]], so only the minimum set of packages need to be installed. Optional features of individual packages, such as whether they require [[Lightweight Directory Access Protocol|LDAP]] or [[Qt (software)|Qt]] support, can be selected by the user and any resulting package requirements are automatically included in the set of dependencies.<ref name="Negus2008"/>{{rp|386}}
{{Main|Portage (software)}}
[[File:Gentoo-portage-installing-darktable.png|alt=Installing software. In this example, Darktable will build with Flickr and geolocation support.|left|thumb|500x500px|Installing software. In this example, [[Darktable]] will build with Flickr and geolocation support.]]
Portage is Gentoo's [[software distribution]] and [[Package manager|package management system]]. The original design was based on the [[Ports collection|ports system]] used by the [[Berkeley Software Distribution]] (BSD) operating systems. The Gentoo repository contains over 19,000 packages ready for installation in a Gentoo system.<ref name="Negus2006">{{cite book|author=Chris Negus|title=Live Linux CDs: Building and Customizing Bootables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2S3eUgb39C8C&pg=PA224|year=2006|publisher=Prentice Hall Professional|isbn=978-0-13-243274-0|pages=224–|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=March 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326011823/https://books.google.com/books?id=2S3eUgb39C8C&pg=PA224|url-status=live}}</ref>
A single invocation of portage's {{mono|emerge}} command can update the local copy of the Gentoo repository, search for a package, or download, compile, and install one or more packages and their dependencies. The built-in features can be set for individual packages, or globally, with so-called "USE flags".<ref name="Negus2006"/>
Gentoo may be installed in several ways. The most common is to use the Gentoo minimal CD with a stage3 [[tar (computing)|tarball]] (explained below). As with many Linux distributions, Gentoo may be installed from almost any Linux environment, such as another Linux distribution's Live CD, Live USB, or Network Booting using the "Gentoo Alternative Install Guide". A normal install requires a connection to the Internet, but a network-less install guide exists.
On April 3, 2022, it was announced that there would be a new official image with a GUI, called the LiveGUI image. This can be installed onto installation media such as a USB drive or a dual-layer DVD. It includes a large selection of software, including the [[KDE Plasma 56]] desktop environment, image editors, office software, system administration, and installation tools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Gentoo LiveGUI ISO and artwork / branding contest! |url=https://www.gentoo.org/news/2022/04/03/livegui-artwork-contest.html |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Gentoo.org |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714062914/https://www.gentoo.org/news/2022/04/03/livegui-artwork-contest.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
Previously, Gentoo supported installation from stage1 and stage2 tarballs;. however, theThe Gentoo Foundation no longer recommends them.this Stage1usage; stage1 and stage2 are now meant only for Gentoo developers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/FAQ#How_do_I_install_Gentoo_using_a_stage1_or_stage2_tarball.3F|title=How do I Install Gentoo Using a Stage1 or Stage2 Tarball?|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=January 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106202051/https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/FAQ#How_do_I_install_Gentoo_using_a_stage1_or_stage2_tarball.3F|url-status=live}}</ref>
Following the initial install steps, the Gentoo Linux install process in the Gentoo Handbook describes compiling a new Linux kernel. This process is generally not required by other Linux distributions. Although this is widely regarded as a complex task, Gentoo provides documentation and tools such as [[Genkernel]] to simplify the process. In addition, users may also use an existing kernel known to work on their system by simply copying it to the boot directory, or installing one of the provided pre-compiled kernel packages, and updating their bootloader. Support for installation is provided on the Gentoo forum,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gentoo Forums :: View Forum - Installing Gentoo|url=https://forums.gentoo.org/viewforum-f-14.html|access-date=2021-12-30|website=forums.gentoo.org|archive-date=December 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230032138/https://forums.gentoo.org/viewforum-f-14.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Reddit]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=r/Gentoo|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Gentoo/|access-date=2021-12-30|website=reddit|language=en-US|archive-date=December 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230032132/https://www.reddit.com/r/Gentoo/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IRC channels – Gentoo Linux|url=https://www.gentoo.org/get-involved/irc-channels/|access-date=2021-12-30|website=Gentoo.org|archive-date=December 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230032139/https://www.gentoo.org/get-involved/irc-channels/|url-status=live}}</ref>
A [[Live USB]] of Gentoo Linux can be created manually, by using [[List of tools to create Live USB systems|various tools]], or with [[Dd (Unix)|dd]] as described in the [https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/LiveUSB/Guide#dd handbook].
* ''Stage3'' begins with a minimal set of compiled user software, with which the [[kernel (operating system)|kernel]] and any other additional software are then configured and compiled.
Since October 2005, only the stage3 installations have been officially supported, due to the inherent complexities of bootstrapping from earlier stages (which requires resolving and then breaking numerous [[dependencyCircular graphdependency|circular dependencies]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gentoo.org/news/en/gwn/20051114-newsletter.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125005807/http://www.gentoo.org/news/en/gwn/20051114-newsletter.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-11-25 |title=Gentoo Linux Newsletter – November 14th, 2005 |publisher=Gentoo.org |access-date=2010-01-28}}</ref> [[Tar (file format)|Tar]]balls for stage1 and stage2 were distributed for some time after this,{{when|date=September 2014}} although the instructions for installing from these stages had been removed from the handbook<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.gentoo.org/gentoo-doc/message/10e3dc2fcf03e67fb91e8933ea0e5b35|title=Stage1/2 deprecation from Gentoo Handbook|publisher=Gentoo|date=2005-11-05|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=February 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212004939/https://archives.gentoo.org/gentoo-doc/message/10e3dc2fcf03e67fb91e8933ea0e5b35|url-status=live}}</ref> and moved into the Gentoo FAQ.<ref name=gentoo-faq>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/FAQ|title=Gentoo Linux Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=gentoo.org|access-date=2014-01-06|archive-date=January 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106202051/https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/FAQ|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2015|09}}, only the supported stage3 tarballs are publicly available; stage1 and stage2 tarballs are only "officially" generated and used internally by Gentoo development teams. However, if so desired, a user may still rebuild the toolchain or reinstall the base system software during or after a normal stage3 installation, effectively simulating the old bootstrap process.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Sakaki's_EFI_Install_Guide/Building_the_Gentoo_Base_System_Minus_Kernel#Bootstrapping_the_Base_System_.28Optional_but_Recommended.29|title=Sakaki's EFI Install Guide/Building the Gentoo Base System Minus Kernel|publisher=Sakaki|date=2014-07-04|access-date=2017-01-09|archive-date=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119211822/https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Sakaki%27s_EFI_Install_Guide/Building_the_Gentoo_Base_System_Minus_Kernel#Bootstrapping_the_Base_System_.28Optional_but_Recommended.29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Gentoo Reference Platform===
! Date/info
|-
| Unreal Tournament 2003 LiveCD || {{dts|2002-09-18|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url=httphttps://freshmeat.sourceforge.net/projects/gentoo-ut2k3demo |title=Unreal Tournament 2003 LiveCD |publisher=sourceforge.net |date=2003-04-13 |access-date=2018-02-10 |archive-date=February 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211072132/http://freshmeat.sourceforge.net/projects/gentoo-ut2k3demo |url-status=live}}</ref> - Bootable NVIDIA GPU-accelerated [[Unreal Tournament 2003]] LiveCD, demoed at [[LinuxWorld Conference and Expo]] 2003.
|-
| 10.0 || {{dts|2009-10-04|format=mdy}}<ref name="10-years">{{cite web |url=https://www.gentoo.org/news/20091004-gentoo-10-years.xml |title=Gentoo Linux – Ten Years Compiling: 1999–2009 |publisher=Gentoo.org |date=2009-10-04 |access-date=2018-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222231552/https://www.gentoo.org/news/20091004-gentoo-10-years.xml |archive-date=December 22, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> (special edition Live DVD for the 10th anniversary)
==Logo and mascots==
The [[gentoo penguin]] is thought to be the fastest underwater-swimming penguin. The name "Gentoo Linux" acknowledgesis a reference both to the omnibus Linux mascot{{sndMdash}} a penguin called [[Tux (mascot)|Tux]]{{sndMdash}} and the project's aim to produce a high-performance operating system.<ref name="Negus2008">{{cite book|author=Christopher Negus|title=Linux Bible: Boot Up to Ubuntu, Fedora, KNOPPIX, Debian, openSUSE, and 11 Other Distributions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqXiuPySGg8C&pg=PA389|date=May 5, 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-28706-4|pages=389–|access-date=April 20, 2020|archive-date=March 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326011818/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqXiuPySGg8C&pg=PA389|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|383}}
The official Gentoo logo is a stylized 'g' resembling a silver [[magatama]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gentoo.org/inside-gentoo/foundation/name-logo-guidelines.html |title=Gentoo name and logo usage guidelines |publisher=gentoo.org |access-date=2018-02-10 |archive-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221235643/https://www.gentoo.org/inside-gentoo/foundation/name-logo-guidelines.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Unofficial mascots include ''Larry The Cow''<ref name=gentoo-about/> and ''Znurt the Flying Saucer''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sources.gentoo.org/cgi-bin/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/images/znurt.jpg?view=markup |title=(gentoo) Contents of /xml/images/znurt.jpg |publisher=Gentoo.org |date=2002-11-09 |access-date=2011-08-02 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929112713/http://sources.gentoo.org/cgi-bin/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/images/znurt.jpg?view=markup |url-status=dead}}</ref> ▼
▲The official Gentoo logo is a stylized 'g' resembling a silver [[magatama]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gentoo.org/inside-gentoo/foundation/name-logo-guidelines.html |title=Gentoo name and logo usage guidelines |publisher=gentoo.org |access-date=2018-02-10 |archive-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221235643/https://www.gentoo.org/inside-gentoo/foundation/name-logo-guidelines.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Unofficial mascots include ''Larry The Cow''<ref name=gentoo-about/> and ''Znurt the Flying Saucer''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sources.gentoo.org/cgi-bin/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/images/znurt.jpg?view=markup |title=(gentoo) Contents of /xml/images/znurt.jpg |publisher=Gentoo.org |date=2002-11-09 |access-date=2011-08-02 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929112713/http://sources.gentoo.org/cgi-bin/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/images/znurt.jpg?view=markup |url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Derived distributions==
* [[Linux From Scratch]]
* [[T2 SDE]]
* [[Ice Hockey]]
==References==
==External links==
{{Commons|Gentoo}}
* {{Official website|https://www.gentoo.org/}}
[[Category:Gentoo Linux| ]]
[[Category:2002 software]]
[[Category:PowerPC operating systems]]
[[Category:Source-based Linux distributions]]
[[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]]
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