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{{Infobox music genre
| name = Go-go
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Funk]]|[[latin music]]<ref>[https://holacultura.com/the-latin-influences-of-go-go-music/ latin influences of go-go] Retrieved 15 March 2023</ref>|[[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]|[[soul music]]}}
| cultural_origins = Mid 1960s - late 1970s; [[Washington, D.C.]], United States
| derivatives =
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'''Go-go''' is a [[music subgenre|subgenre]] of [[funk music]] with an emphasis on specific rhythmic patterns, and live audience [[Call and response (music)|call and response]].
Go-go was originated by [[African-American]] musicians in [[Washington, D.C.]], during the mid-1960s to late-1970s. Go-go has limited popularity in other areas, but maintains a devoted audience in the [[Washington metropolitan area]] as a uniquely regional music style and was named the official music of Washington, D.C., in February 2020.
Performers associated with the development of the style include [[Rare Essence]], [[Experience Unlimited|EU]], [[Trouble Funk]], and singer-guitarist [[Chuck Brown]].<ref>"'Godfather of Go-Go,' Chuck Brown Dies". The Washington Informer. May 16, 2012. Archived from the original on May 20, 2012.</ref>
Modern artists like Charles "Shorty Corleone" Garris continue the go-go tradition in D.C.
==Description==
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Although Chuck Brown is known as "[[Honorific nicknames in popular music|the Godfather of Go-Go]]", go-go is a musical movement that cannot be traced back to one single person, as there were so many bands that flourished during the beginning of this era that they collectively created the sound that is recognized as go-go of today. Artists such as [[Marvin Gaye]], [[Van McCoy]], Billy Stewart, [[Peaches & Herb]], [[Black Heat]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/black-heat-mn0000092301|title=Black Heat | Biography, Albums, Streaming Links|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=February 25, 2021|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505090608/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/black-heat-mn0000092301|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Experience Unlimited]] (E.U.), [[Vernon Burch]], [[Joe Quarterman|Sir Joe Quarterman & the Free Soul]], the Moments, [[Ray, Goodman & Brown]], True Reflection, [[the Unifics]], Terry Huff & Special Delivery,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/terry-huff-mn0000028733|title=Terry Huff | Biography & History|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=February 25, 2021|archive-date=May 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504171418/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/terry-huff-mn0000028733|url-status=live}}</ref> Act 1, [[the Dynamic Superiors]], Skip Mahoney & the Casuals, [[the Choice Four]], and [[The Fuzz (band)|the Fuzz]] that played soul music during pre-go-go era.<ref name="beat2" />
The term "gogo" (as it applies to a music venue) originated in France in the early 1960s, at the Whiskyagogo nightclub, named after the French title for the British comedy "Whisky Galore!".<ref name="auto">{{Cite book
In Washington D.C., minor group [[the Young Senators]] were formed in 1965, beginning a fierce competition with Chuck Brown and Black Heat on the local club circuit. The Young Senators later became known for their song "Jungle" released in 1970 by Innovation Records.<ref>[https://eccentricsoul45s.bandcamp.com/album/young-senators-jungle-b-w-that-s-the-way-it-is Young Senators Jungle] Retrieved=28 March 2023</ref><ref name="beat2">{{cite book
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===1990s–2000s===
As time passed, more and more of a hip-hop influence crept into go-go. Early MCs like [[D.C. Scorpio]] gave way to [[DJ Kool]], whose 1996 indie release
There was, however, a retro movement in the 2000s reverting to go-go's original style of marathon sessions covering popular R&B songs such as [[Northeast Groovers]]. Many of these bands used the term "Grown 'n Sexy" to indicate a focus on appealing to audiences over 25. In 2006 and again in 2007, there was a Grown and Sexy Category at the [[WKYS]] 93.9 Go-Go Awards ceremony held at DAR Constitution Hall, which the Familiar Faces won in 2006, and L!ssen Da Grew^p won in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/29/AR2006112900748.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Awards Celebrate Go-Go's Funk |first=Delece |last=Smith-Barrow |date=November 30, 2006 |access-date=May 3, 2010 |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106083631/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/29/AR2006112900748.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Some go-go artists have been able to transition into other areas of entertainment. [[Anwan Glover|Anwan "Big G" Glover]]—a founding member of the Backyard Band—became an actor, playing [[Slim Charles]] on HBO's ''[[The Wire]].''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110130156/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/goingoutgurus/ |url-status=dead|title=Blog: Going Out Gurus |archive-date=November 10, 2006|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=February 25, 2021}} {{nonspecific|date=June 2022}}</ref> D.C. band [[Mambo Sauce (band)|Mambo Sauce]] also had hits with "Miracles" and "Welcome to D.C." which both cracked the ''[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]'' charts. "Welcome to D.C." also became the official intro song for all of the Washington Wizards & Mystics home games and the video for the song was in rotation on VH1 Soul and BETJ and received airplay on MTVJams, MTV2, MTVU and BET.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.crosstownarts.com/wama/bb/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=446&sid=dba42ded6fb01013e5189e4cb9fc0fde |title=WAMADC.com :: View topic - WAMA News Jan 17, 2008<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=July 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129121432/http://www.crosstownarts.com/wama/bb/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=446&sid=dba42ded6fb01013e5189e4cb9fc0fde |archive-date=January 29, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kevin Kato Hammond]], former lead guitarist for Little Benny & the Masters and former rapper for the band Proper Utensils, started the online magazine ''Take Me Out to the Go-Go'' in 1996. In addition to the magazine being a source of information on go-go shows, it serves as a community forum.{{cn|date=November 2024}} During this time the emergence of Gogo combined with Pop was brewing. A producer by the name of [[Rich Harrison]] had begun incorporating traditional gogo elements into his production and landed 3 huge major label placements with [[Jennifer Lopez]] - [[Get Right]], [[Amerie]] - [[1 Thing]], and [[Beyonce]] - [[Crazy in Love]]. The latter 2 were huge for the sound but they weren’t associated with gogo as closely as the bands. The Rapper [[Wale (rapper)]] also used gogo in his sound and was signed to [[Interscope]] with [[Mark Ronson]] and later MMG with [[Rick Ross]]. He used his platform to expand gogo to a mainstream audience with features ([[ Pretty Girls (Wale song) ]] ft Backyard Band, Bait ft TCB) and also live performances (UCB performing as his backing band at the MTV VMAs).
Additionally, musicians from other genres of music have incorporated elements of the go-go aesthetic into their compositions and stage acts. Jazz/rock musician [[Mike Dillon (musician)|Mike Dillon]], leads a band called Go-Go Jungle, often playing long, non-stop sets that incorporate go-go beats and raps interspersed with other subgenres of funk, jazz, and rock. Another example is [[Bob Mintzer]]'s composition "Go-Go" from the [[Yellowjackets (band)|Yellowjackets]]' 2003 release, ''Time Squared''. Composer [[Liza Figueroa Kravinsky]] composed the ''Go-Go Symphony'', an original full orchestra symphony that incorporates the go-go and bounce beats. She founded the identically named Go-Go Symphony ensemble, which performs the Go-Go Symphony and other mashups of go-go and classical, sometimes in partnership with other full symphony orchestras. The February 21, 2014, world premiere of the fully orchestrated Go-Go Symphony and similar pieces, performed with the Capital City Symphony, received standing ovations and rave reviews.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/go-go-symphony-at-atlas-performing-arts-center-is-well-worth-a-listen/2014/02/23/b07d847c-9c9a-11e3-8112-52fdf646027b_story.html|title='Go-Go Symphony,' at Atlas Performing Arts Center, is well worth a listen|first=Stephen|last=Brookes|date=February 23, 2014|access-date=February 25, 2021|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-date=February 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220222543/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/go-go-symphony-at-atlas-performing-arts-center-is-well-worth-a-listen/2014/02/23/b07d847c-9c9a-11e3-8112-52fdf646027b_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Gogo had also began evolving with the times. The creation of a new rhythmic pattern emerged from the Total Control Band aka TCB. Led by Polo, they coined this new style of gogo by calling it the Bounce Beat. This style uses the timbales and more syncopated bouncy rhythms instead of the traditional congos and “swing” that gogo was known for. The Bounce beat reigned supreme with the younger fans of gogo from 2003 to present day.
Eventually the Bounce Beat started to slow down in tempo and some bands would create even slower vamps in songs called Slow Bounces. All of these new rhythmic ideas inspired dances to accompany them. The faster bounce beat was paired with a style called Beat Ya Feet while the slower would be paired with Chopping, and/or Clapping as a common practice by women. This era of gogo is infamous and very niche so the popular bands aren’t spoken about in traditional gogo conversations. A few names of these bands are TCB, CCB, UCB, TOB, Reaction, New Impressionz, ABM, XIB, AAO, Renegade, N2L, Gameova and UEB.
===2010s===
In the late 2000s and early 2010s, it became harder for go-go bands and local venues to hold concerts as law enforcement in both Washington, D.C., and neighboring [[Prince George's County]] in [[Maryland]] viewed the concerts and bands as inciters of violence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/dec/18/pg-ordinance-cracks-down-on-clubs-beset-by-violenc/|title=P.G. cracks down on clubs beset by violence|date=December 18, 2011|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=September 21, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=September 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921095900/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/dec/18/pg-ordinance-cracks-down-on-clubs-beset-by-violenc/|url-status=live}}</ref> New go-go music is still being produced, but remains local to the area, depending on live shows to share its full effects.
Otherwise, most of the venues have closed, with some residents putting it down to gentrification which has forced many African-American residents out of previously low-income neighborhoods. One area, [[Shaw (Washington, D.C.)|Shaw]], which was 11 percent white in 1970, was 62 percent white by 2015. Some new residents, however, have embraced go-go and locals are optimistic that it will continue to thrive. After one new resident's complaint about noise in the street, there were protests, which grew into a [[block party]] with go-go performances.<ref name=ABC>{{cite news|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-05/washington-dc-noise-complaint-triggers-gentrification-debate/11076204|title=Washington DC noise complaint triggered a debate about rich hipsters gentrifying black areas|first1=Conor|last1=Duffy|first2=Emily|last2=Olson|date=May 5, 2019|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505003156/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-05/washington-dc-noise-complaint-triggers-gentrification-debate/11076204|url-status=live}}</ref> ===2020s===
In February 2020, go-go was named the "official music" of Washington, D.C., in a unanimous vote by the [[D.C. Council]] following the #DontMuteDC movement.<ref name="Lang">{{cite news |last1=Lang |first1=Marissa J. |title=Go-go is signed into law as the official music of D.C. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/its-official-go-go-music-signed-into-law-as-the-designated-music-of-dc/2020/02/19/42a4ef62-52a1-11ea-b119-4faabac6674f_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=February 20, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220002940/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/its-official-go-go-music-signed-into-law-as-the-designated-music-of-dc/2020/02/19/42a4ef62-52a1-11ea-b119-4faabac6674f_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=April 10, 2020|title=One year later, #DontMuteDC advocates for financial support of go-go music|url=https://wtop.com/dc/2020/04/one-year-later-dontmutedc-advocates-for-financial-support-of-go-go-music/|access-date=November 30, 2020|website=WTOP|language=en|archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814003553/https://wtop.com/dc/2020/04/one-year-later-dontmutedc-advocates-for-financial-support-of-go-go-music/|url-status=live}}</ref> Go-go historians and local activists have advocated for city investment in go-go tourism as a result of financial challenges due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=":0" /> "In Washington, D.C., the Black Lives Matter protests over the summer of 2020 often included go-go bands performing on truck beds to thousands of onlookers as a highly visible and aural political symbol that could only happen in the capital of the United States."<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/jfrr/article/view/35342|title=Kip Lornell - Review of Ross Cole, The Folk: Music, Modernism, and the Political Imagination|first=Kip|last=Lornell|date=September 25, 2022|journal=Journal of Folklore Research Reviews|accessdate=March 11, 2023|via=scholarworks.iu.edu}}</ref> On August 22, 2021, it was announced that the DC Public Library's Go-Go Archive had acquired the photography catalog of 1,956 photographic images shot by photographer Chip Py who spent ten years photographing the DC Go-Go scene and was one of Chuck Brown's photographers for the archival and documented history of go-go. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dcist.com/story/21/08/17/dcpl-go-go-photo-collection-chuck-brown-band-rare-essence/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817190648/https://dcist.com/story/21/08/17/dcpl-go-go-photo-collection-chuck-brown-band-rare-essence/|url-status=live|archive-date=August 17, 2021|title=A New Photo Collection Adds Nearly 2,000 Images To The D.C. Public Library's Go-Go Archive|accessdate=March 11, 2023}}</ref> On February 14, 2022, the book ''DC Go-Go: Ten Years Backstage'' by photographer Chip Py was published by The History Press. The 208-page book features 251 of Py's photographs of all the bands, legends and fans shot at the go-go as well as nine chapters about the origins, the culture, the legends, the bands, the culture, #dontmutedc and how Go-Go became the official music of Washington, D.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/Products/9781467150538|title=DC Go-Go: Ten Years Backstage by Chip Py, Foreword by Greg Boyer | The History Press Books|accessdate=March 11, 2023}}</ref> In 2024 the [[Go-Go Museum|Go-Go Museum and Cafe]] was opened, in [[Anacostia]], Washington, D.C.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2024/11/18/go-go-museum-anacostia-opening/</ref> Modern artists like Charles "Shorty Corleone" Garris continue the go-go tradition in D.C.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wartofsky |first=Alona |date=2021-01-14 |title=Crank Radio Will Give Go-Go a National Platform |url=http://washingtoncitypaper.com/article/506004/crank-radio-will-give-go-go-a-national-platform/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Washington City Paper |language=en-US}}</ref>
Gogo’s sound has also continued to advance with bands and artists fusing the sound into their own styles. Tone P, Drew Keys, Eddie Beat, Chop on da Beat, and Carter Beat are a few that have all made their own versions of an electronic style of gogo similar to what Wale used in his career. There has also been an emergence of rock fused gogo played by bands such as Black Alley, Tone P’s Band Tha Carry Out, Breezy Supreme, and HUE.
==See also==
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*[[Music of Washington, D.C.]]
*[[Maxx Kidd]]
*[[New Jack Swing]]
*[[Teddy Riley]]
*''[[Go-Go Crankin']]'', a 1985 compilation album
*''[[Go Go Live at the Capital Centre]]'', a 1987 go-go concert
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