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{{Short description|Greek god of the sky and king of the gods}}
{{
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Zeus
| god_of = King of the gods
| image = Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg
| caption = Zeus holding a thunderbolt. Zeus de Smyrne, discovered in [[Smyrna]] in 1680.<ref>The sculpture was presented to [[Louis XIV]] as [[Aesculapius]] but restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by [[Pierre Granier]], who added the upraised right arm brandishing the [[thunderbolt]]. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the "Allée Royale", (Tapis Vert) in the [[Gardens of Versailles]], now conserved in the [[Louvre Museum]] ([http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=27483 Official online catalog])</ref>
| abode = [[Mount Olympus]]
| symbol = [[Thunderbolt]], eagle
| parents = [[Cronus]] and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]
| siblings = [[Hestia]], [[Hades]], [[Hera]], [[Poseidon]] and [[Demeter]]
| consort = [[Hera]]
| children = [[#Offspring|see list]]
| Roman_equivalent = [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]
}}
{{Ancient Greek religion}}
{{Special characters}}
'''Zeus''' ({{IPAc-en|zj|u:|s}}, {{Langx|grc|Ζεύς}}){{efn|[[Attic Greek|Attic]]–{{langx|grc-x-ionic|[[wikt:Ζεύς|Ζεύς]]|Zeús}} {{IPA|grc|zděu̯s|label=Attic–Ionic Greek:}} or {{IPA|grc|dzěu̯s|}}, {{IPA|grc-x-koine|zeʍs}}, {{IPA|el|zefs|label=Modern Greek pronunciation:}}; {{langx|grc|Δῐός|''Diós''|label=[[Genitive case|genitive]]}} {{IPA|grc|di.ós|}}<br>[[Aeolic Greek|Boeotian Aeolic]] and [[Doric Greek#Laconian|Laconian]] {{langx|grc-x-doric|Δεύς|Deús}} {{IPA|grc-x-doric|děu̯s|lang}}; {{langx|grc|Δέος|''Déos''|label=[[Genitive case|genitive]]}} {{IPA|grc|dé.os|}}<br />{{langx|el|Δίας|''Días''}} {{IPA|el|ˈði.as̠|label=Modern Greek:}}}} is the chief deity of the [[List of Greek deities|Greek pantheon]]. He is a [[sky father|sky]] and [[thunder god]] in [[ancient Greek religion]] and [[Greek mythology|mythology]], who rules as [[king of the gods]] on [[Mount Olympus]].
Zeus is the child of [[Cronus]] and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], the youngest of his siblings to be born, though sometimes reckoned the eldest as the others required disgorging from Cronus's stomach. In most traditions, he is married to [[Hera]], by whom he is usually said to have fathered [[Ares]], [[Eileithyia]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], and [[Hephaestus]].<ref name="Hamilton1942">{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Edith|title=Mythology |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company|Back Bay Books]] |___location=New York |date=1942 |edition=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467 467] |isbn=978-0-316-34114-1 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mythologytimeles00hami_1/page/467}}</ref><ref name=":h79">Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> At the [[oracle]] of [[Dodona]], his consort was said to be [[Dione (Titaness/Oceanid)|Dione]],<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus].</ref> by whom the ''[[Iliad]]'' states that he fathered [[Aphrodite]].{{refn|name="aphrodite"|There are two major conflicting stories for Aphrodite's origins: [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' claims that she was born from the foam of the sea after Cronos castrated Uranus, making her Uranus's daughter, while [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' has Aphrodite as the daughter of Zeus and Dione.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', Book V.</ref> A speaker in [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' offers that they were separate figures: [[Aphrodite#Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos|Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos]].<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' 180e.</ref>}} According to the ''[[Theogony]]'', Zeus's first wife was [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], by whom he had [[Athena]].<ref name=":hsdm">[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886{{ndash}}900].</ref> Zeus was also infamous for his erotic escapades. These resulted in many divine and heroic offspring, including [[Apollo]], [[Artemis]], [[Hermes]], [[Persephone]], [[Dionysus]], [[Perseus]], [[Heracles]], [[Helen of Troy]], [[Minos]], and the [[Muse]]s.<ref name="Hamilton1942"/>
He was respected as a [[sky father]] who was chief of the gods<ref>[[Homeric Hymns]].</ref> and assigned roles to the others:<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]''.</ref> "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."<ref>[[Walter Burkert|Burkert]], ''Greek Religion''.</ref><ref>See, e.g., [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il.]]'', I.503 & 533.</ref> He was [[interpretatio graeca|equated]] with many foreign [[weather god]]s, permitting [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] to observe "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men".<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.24.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.24.4].</ref> Among his symbols are the [[thunderbolt]] and the [[eagle]].<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', s.v. Zeus.</ref> In addition to his [[Dyeus|Indo-European inheritance]], the classical "cloud-gatherer" ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Νεφεληγερέτα}}, {{transliteration|grc|Nephelēgereta}})<ref>{{LSJ|nefelhgere/ta^|Νεφεληγερέτα|ref}}.</ref> also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the [[ancient Near East]], such as the [[scepter]].
== Name ==
The god's name in the nominative is {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}} (''Zeús''). It is inflected as follows: [[vocative]]: {{lang|grc|Ζεῦ}} (''{{Lang|grc-Latn|Zeû}}''); [[accusative]]: {{lang|grc|Δία}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Día}}); [[genitive]]: {{lang|grc|Διός}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Diós}}); [[dative]]: {{lang|grc|Διί}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|Dií}}). [[Diogenes Laërtius]] quotes [[Pherecydes of Syros]] as spelling the name {{lang|grc|Ζάς}}.<ref name="DioL1.11">{{cite book |title=Lives of Eminent Philosophers |first=Diogenes |last=Laërtius |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11 |chapter=1.11 |editor1-first=R. D. |editor1-last=Hicks |date=1972 |orig-date=1925}} {{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0257%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11 |title=Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers |chapter=1.11 |language=el}}</ref> The earliest attested forms of the name are the [[Mycenaean Greek]] {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀸}}}}, ''di-we'' (dative) and {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀇𐀺}}}}, ''di-wo'' (genitive), written in the [[Linear B]] syllabic script.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Linear B word di-we |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16703}} {{cite web |title=The Linear B word di-wo |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ShowWord.aspx?Id=16635 |website=Palaeolexicon: Word study tool of Ancient languages}}</ref>
''Zeus'' is the Greek continuation of ''[[*Dyēus]]'' the name of the [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Proto-Indo-European]] god of the daytime sky, also called *''{{PIE|Dyeus ph<sub>2</sub>tēr}}'' ("Sky Father").<ref name="Zeus">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Zeus |title=American Heritage Dictionary |chapter=Zeus |access-date=3 July 2006}}</ref><ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', [[Brill Publishers]], 2009, p. 499.</ref> The god is known under this name in the ''[[Rigvedic deities|Rigveda]]'' ([[Vedic Sanskrit]] ''[[Dyaus Pita|Dyaus/Dyaus Pita]]''), [[Latin]] (compare ''[[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]'', from ''Iuppiter'', deriving from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] vocative *''{{PIE|dyeu-ph<sub>2</sub>tēr}}''),<ref>{{OEtymD|Jupiter}}</ref> deriving from the [[PIE root|root]] *''dyeu''- ("to shine", and in its many derivatives, "sky, heaven, god").<ref name="Zeus"/> [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{lang|sq|[[Zojz (deity)|Zoj-z]]}} and [[Messapic language|Messapic]] {{lang|cms|[[Zis (deity)|Zis]]}} are clear equivalents and cognates of ''Zeus''. In the Greek, Albanian, and Messapic forms the original cluster ''*di̯'' underwent affrication to ''*dz''.<ref name="Hyllested&Joseph">{{cite book |last1=Hyllested |first1=Adam |last2=Joseph |first2=Brian D. |editor1-last=Olander |editor1-first=Thomas |title=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |date=2022 |doi=10.1017/9781108758666 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108758666 |chapter=Albanian |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzKAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 |page=232 |s2cid=161016819}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Søborg |first=Tobias Mosbæk |title=Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A Cladistic Study |publisher=[[University of Copenhagen]], Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics |date=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzBdzgEACAAJ |page=74}}.</ref> Zeus is the only deity in the Olympic [[pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] whose name has such a transparent Indo-European etymology.<ref>{{cite book |last=Burkert |title=Greek Religion |date=1985 |page=[https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321 321] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-36280-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/321}}</ref>
[[Plato]], in his [[Cratylus (dialogue)|''Cratylus'']], gives a folk etymology of Zeus meaning "cause of life always to all things", because of puns between alternate titles of Zeus (''Zen'' and ''Dia'') with the Greek words for life and "because of".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC "Plato's ''Cratylus''{{-"}}] by Plato, ed. by David Sedley, Cambridge University Press, 6 November 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ceOQKf0ZvFMC&dq=Plato's%20Cratylus&pg=PA91 p. 91]</ref> This etymology, along with Plato's entire method of deriving etymologies, is not supported by modern scholarship.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up/page/n303/mode/2up?view=theater 554–555]|title=The Makers of Hellas|publisher=C. Griffin, Limited |last1=Jevons |first1=Frank Byron|year=1903}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1xn5Bb-CacC|title=Limiting the Arbitrary|isbn=1556197497|last1=Joseph|first1=John Earl|year=2000|publisher=John Benjamins }}</ref>
[[Diodorus Siculus]] wrote that Zeus was also called Zen, because the humans believed that he was the cause of life (zen).<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.72|title=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, Books I-V, book 5, chapter 72|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> While [[Lactantius]] wrote that he was called Zeus and Zen, not because he is the giver of life, but because he was the first who lived of the children of [[Cronus]].<ref>[[Lactantius]], ''Divine Institutes'' [https://topostext.org/work/543#1.11.1 1.11.1].</ref>
Zeus was called by numerous alternative names or surnames, known as [[epithet]]s. Some epithets are the surviving names of local gods who were consolidated into the myth of Zeus.<ref name=Hewitt1908 />
== Mythology ==
=== Birth ===
In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' ({{circa|730}} – 700 BC), [[Cronus]], after castrating his father [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]],<ref>See Gantz, pp. 10–11; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:139-172 159–83].</ref> becomes the supreme ruler of the cosmos, and weds his sister [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], by whom he begets three daughters and three sons: [[Hestia]], [[Demeter]], [[Hera]], [[Hades]], [[Poseidon]], and lastly, "wise" Zeus, the youngest of the six.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Tripp, [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/604/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 605]; Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/8/mode/2up?view=theater p. 9, table 12]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 453–8]. So too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#68.1 68.1].</ref> He swallows each child as soon as they are born, having received a prophecy from his parents, [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] and Uranus, that one of his own children is destined to one day overthrow him as he overthrew his father.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67–8]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 459–67]. Compare with [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.5 1.1.5], who gives a similar account, and [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.1 70.1–2], who does not mention Cronus's parents, but rather says that it was an oracle who gave the prophecy.</ref> This causes Rhea "unceasing grief",<ref>Cf. [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6], who says that Rhea was "enraged".</ref> and upon becoming pregnant with her sixth child, Zeus, she approaches her parents, Gaia and Uranus, seeking a plan to save her child and bring retribution to Cronus.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 468–73].</ref> Following her parents' instructions, she travels to [[Lyctus]] in [[Crete]], where she gives birth to Zeus,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 474–9].</ref> handing the newborn child over to Gaia for her to raise, and Gaia takes him to a cave on Mount Aegaeon (Aegeum).<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 479–84]. According to Hard 2004, the "otherwise unknown" Mount Aegaeon can "presumably ... be identified with one of the various mountains near Lyktos".</ref> Rhea then gives to Cronus, in the place of a child, a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he promptly swallows, unaware that it is not his son.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/66/mode/2up?view=theater p. 67]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=zeus-bio-1 s.v. Zeus]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:453-491 485–91]. For iconographic representations of this scene, see [[Louvre]] [https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010270223 G 366]; Clark, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2gtmbI-v35sC&pg=PA20 p. 20, figure 2.1] and [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/247308 06.1021.144]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-74814fdcbeca1-e 15641]; [[Beazley Archive]] [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/D550FF52-B336-4E6F-80BF-822C069CCE23 214648]. According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.41.6 9.41.6], this event occurs at Petrachus, a "crag" nearby to [[Chaeronea]] (see West 1966, p. 301 on line 485).</ref>
While Hesiod gives Lyctus as Zeus's birthplace, he is the only source to do so,<ref>West 1966, p. 291 on lines 453–506; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75].</ref> and other authors give different locations. The poet [[Eumelos of Corinth]] (8th century BC), according to [[John the Lydian]], considered Zeus to have been born in [[Lydia]],<ref>Fowler 2013, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35], [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]; [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]] [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 2 West, pp. 224, 225] [= [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA109 fr. 10 Fowler, p. 109] = ''PEG'' fr. 18 (Bernabé, p. 114) = [[John the Lydian|Lydus]], ''De Mensibus'' 4.71]. According to West 2003, [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater p. 225 n. 3], in this version he was born "probably on [[Mount Sipylos|Mt. Sipylos]]".</ref> while the Alexandrian poet [[Callimachus]] ({{circa|310|240 BC}}), in his ''Hymn to Zeus'', says that he was born in [[Arcadia (region)|Arcadia]].<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 467]; [[Callimachus]], ''Hymn to Zeus'' (1) [https://archive.org/details/callimachuslycop00calluoft/page/36/mode/2up?view=theater 4–11 (pp. 36–9)].</ref> [[Diodorus Siculus]] (fl. 1st century BC) seems at one point to give [[Mount Ida]] as his birthplace, but later states he is born in [[Dikti|Dicte]],<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA391 p. 391]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 70.2], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.6 70.6].</ref> and the mythographer [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] (first or second century AD) similarly says he was born in a cave in Dicte.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref> In the second century AD, Pausanias wrote that it would be impossible to count all the people claiming that Zeus was born or brought up among them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pausanias, Description of Greece, Messenia, chapter 33, section 1 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.33.1 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>
{{chart top|Children of Cronus and Rhea<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' 133–8, 453–8 (Most, pp. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.13.xml 12, 13], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.39.xml 38, 39]); Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/4/mode/2up?view=theater p. 4, table 2], [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/8/mode/2up?view=theater p. 9, table 12].</ref>}}
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | URA |y| GAI |URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]|GAI=[[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | CRO |y| RHE |CRO=[[Cronus]]|RHE=[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]}}
{{tree chart| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart| | | HES | | DEM | | HER | | HAD | | POS | | ZEU |ZEU='''ZEUS'''|HER=[[Hera]]|POS=[[Poseidon]]|HAD=[[Hades]]|DEM=[[Demeter]]|HES=[[Hestia]]}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
=== Infancy ===
[[File:Idäische Grotte 01.JPG|thumb|"[[Cave of Zeus]]", [[Mount Ida (Crete)|Mount Ida, Crete]]]]
While the ''Theogony'' says nothing of Zeus's upbringing other than that he grew up swiftly,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 41; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492–3]: "the strength and glorious limbs of the prince increased quickly".</ref> other sources provide more detailed accounts. According to Apollodorus, Rhea, after giving birth to Zeus in a cave in Dicte, gives him to the nymphs [[Adrasteia]] and [[Ida (nurse of Zeus)|Ida]], daughters of [[Melisseus]], to nurse.<ref>West 1983, p. 122; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6].</ref> They feed him on the milk of the she-goat [[Amalthea (mythology)|Amalthea]],<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA612 p. 612 n. 53 to p. 75]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> while the [[Kouretes]] guard the cave and beat their spears on their shields so that [[Cronus]] cannot hear the infant's crying.<ref>Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/216/mode/2up?view=theater p. 216]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7].</ref> Diodorus Siculus provides a similar account, saying that, after giving birth, Rhea travels to [[Mount Ida]] and gives the newborn Zeus to the Kouretes,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2]; see also [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> who then takes him to some nymphs (not named), who raised him on a mixture of honey and milk from the goat Amalthea.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.2 7.70.2–3].</ref> He also refers to the Kouretes "rais[ing] a great alarum", and in doing so deceiving Cronus,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#65.4 7.65.4].</ref> and relates that when the Kouretes were carrying the newborn Zeus that the [[umbilical cord]] fell away at the river Triton.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#70.4 7.70.4].</ref>
Hyginus, the author of the ''[[Fabulae]]'', relates a version in which Cronus casts Poseidon into the sea and Hades to the Underworld instead of swallowing them. When Zeus is born, Hera (also not swallowed), asks Rhea to give her the young Zeus, and Rhea gives Cronus a stone to swallow.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hera gives him to Amalthea, who hangs his cradle from a tree, where he is not in heaven, on earth or in the sea, meaning that when Cronus later goes looking for Zeus, he is unable to find him.<ref>Gantz, p. 42; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#139 139].</ref> Hyginus also says that [[Ida (nurse of Zeus)|Ida]], Althaea, and [[Adrasteia]], usually considered the children of [[Oceanus]], are sometimes called the daughters of Melisseus and the nurses of Zeus.<ref>Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA191 p. 191 on line 182]; West 1983, p. 133 n. 40; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 182 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA158 p. 158]).</ref>
According to a fragment of Epimenides, the nymphs Helike and Kynosura are the young Zeus's nurses. Cronus travels to Crete to look for Zeus, who, to conceal his presence, transforms himself into a snake and his two nurses into bears.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75–6]; Gantz, p. 42; [[Epimenides]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 23 Diels, p. 193] [= Scholia on [[Aratus]], 46]. Zeus later marks the event by placing the constellations of the Dragon, the Greater Bear and the Lesser Bear in the sky.</ref> According to [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]], after Zeus is born, Rhea gives him to [[Themis]]. Themis in turn gives him to Amalthea, who owns a she-goat, which nurses the young Zeus.<ref>Gantz, p. 41; Gee, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPsh5CsJprYC&pg=PA131 p. 131–2]; Frazer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=n6uUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 p. 120]; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/180/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 8 Diels, pp. 181–2] [= [[Eratosthenes]], ''[[Catasterismi]]'' 13 (Hard 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 p. 44]; Olivieri, [https://archive.org/details/mythographigrae00olivgoog/page/n39/mode/2up?view=theater p. 17])]; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] ''apud'' [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.6 2.13.6]. According to Eratosthenes, Musaeus considers the she-goat to be a child of [[Helios]], and to be "so terrifying to behold" that the [[Titans]] ask for it to be hidden in one of the caves in Crete; hence Earth places it in the care of Amalthea, who nurses Zeus on its milk.</ref>
[[Antoninus Liberalis]], in his ''Metamorphoses'', says that Rhea gives birth to Zeus in a sacred cave in Crete, full of sacred bees, which become the nurses of the infant. While the cave is considered forbidden ground for both mortals and gods, a group of thieves seek to steal honey from it. Upon laying eyes on the swaddling clothes of Zeus, their bronze armour "split[s] away from their bodies", and Zeus would have killed them had it not been for the intervention of the [[Moirai]] and [[Themis]]; he instead transforms them into various species of birds.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; [[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#19 19].</ref>
===
[[File:Zeus Getty Villa.jpg|thumb|1st century BC statue of Zeus<ref>[[J. Paul Getty Museum]] [https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/103QST 73.AA.32].</ref>]]
According to the ''Theogony'', after Zeus reaches manhood, Cronus is made to disgorge the five children and the stone "by the stratagems of Gaia, but also by the skills and strength of Zeus", presumably in reverse order, vomiting out the stone first, then each of the five children in the opposite order to swallowing.<ref>Gantz, p. 44; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 492–7].</ref> Zeus then sets up the stone at [[Delphi]], so that it may act as "a sign thenceforth and a marvel to mortal men".<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 498–500].</ref> Zeus next frees the [[Cyclopes]], who, in return, and out of gratitude, give him his thunderbolt, which had previously been hidden by Gaia.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:492-506 501–6]. The Cyclopes presumably remained trapped below the earth since being put there by [[Uranus]] (Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]).</ref> Then begins the [[Titanomachy]], the war between the Olympians, led by Zeus, and the Titans, led by Cronus, for control of the universe, with Zeus and the Olympians fighting from [[Mount Olympus]], and the Titans fighting from [[Mount Othrys]].<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; Gantz, p. 45; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 630–4].</ref> The battle lasts for ten years with no clear victor emerging, until, upon Gaia's advice, Zeus releases the [[Hundred-Handers]], who (similarly to the Cyclopes) were imprisoned beneath the Earth's surface.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA68 p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 624–9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 635–8]. As Gantz, p. 45 notes, the ''Theogony'' is ambiguous as to whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the war or only during its tenth year.</ref> He gives them nectar and ambrosia and revives their spirits,<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:617-653 639–53].</ref> and they agree to aid him in the war.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:654-686 654–63].</ref> Zeus then launches his final attack on the Titans, hurling bolts of lightning upon them while the Hundred-Handers attack with barrages of rocks, and the Titans are finally defeated, with Zeus banishing them to Tartarus and assigning the Hundred-Handers the task of acting as their warders.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:687-728 687–735].</ref>
Apollodorus provides a similar account, saying that, when Zeus reaches adulthood, he enlists the help of the Oceanid [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], who gives Cronus an [[emetic]], forcing to him to disgorge the stone and Zeus's five siblings.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; Gantz, p. 44; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> Zeus then fights a similar ten-year war against the Titans, until, upon the prophesying of Gaia, he releases the Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers from Tartarus, first slaying their warder, [[Campe]].<ref name="p. 69">Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA69 p. 69]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1].</ref> The Cyclopes give him his thunderbolt, Poseidon his trident and Hades his helmet of invisibility, and the Titans are defeated and the Hundred-Handers made their guards.<ref name="p. 69"/>
According to the ''[[Iliad]]'', after the battle with the Titans, Zeus shares the world with his brothers, Poseidon and Hades, by drawing lots: Zeus receives the sky, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the underworld, with the earth and Olympus remaining common ground.<ref>Gantz, p. 48; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA76 p. 76]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/zeus-e12216820 s.v. Zeus]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:15.184-15.219 15.187–193]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.1 1.2.1]; cf. ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Demeter'' (2), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:2 85–6].</ref>
===
[[File:Zeus contra Poryphion Pergamonaltar.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|Zeus (centre-left) battles against Porphyrion (far-right), detail of the Gigantomachy frieze from the [[Pergamon Altar]], [[Pergamon Museum]], [[Berlin]].]]
Upon assuming his place as king of the cosmos, Zeus's rule is quickly challenged. The first of these challenges to his power comes from the [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]], who fight the Olympian gods in a battle known as the Gigantomachy. According to Hesiod, the Giants are the offspring of Gaia, born from the drops of blood that fell on the ground when Cronus castrated his father Uranus;<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA86 p. 86]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:173-206 183–7].</ref> there is, however, no mention of a battle between the gods and the Giants in the ''Theogony''.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA86 p. 86]; Gantz, p. 446.</ref> It is Apollodorus who provides the most complete account of the Gigantomachy. He says that Gaia, out of anger at how Zeus had imprisoned her children, the Titans, bore the Giants to Uranus.<ref>Gantz, p. 449; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA90 p. 90]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.6.1 1.6.1].</ref> There comes to the gods a prophecy that the Giants cannot be defeated by the gods on their own, but can be defeated only with the help of a mortal; Gaia, upon hearing of this, seeks a special ''pharmakon'' (herb) that will prevent the Giants from being killed. Zeus, however, orders [[Eos]] (Dawn), [[Selene]] (Moon) and [[Helios]] (Sun) to stop shining, and harvests all of the herb himself, before having [[Athena]] summon [[Heracles]].<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA89 p. 89]; Gantz, p. 449; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.6.1 1.6.1].</ref> In the conflict, [[Porphyrion]], one of the most powerful of the Giants, launches an attack upon Heracles and Hera; Zeus, however, causes Porphyrion to become lustful for Hera, and when he is just about to violate her, Zeus strikes him with his thunderbolt, before Heracles deals the fatal blow with an arrow.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA89 p. 89]; Gantz, p. 449; Salowey, p. 236; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.6.2 1.6.2]. Compare with [[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8 8.12–8], who instead says that Porphyrion is killed by an arrow from [[Apollo]].</ref>
In the ''Theogony'', after Zeus defeats the Titans and banishes them to Tartarus, his rule is challenged by the monster [[Typhon]], a giant serpentine creature who battles Zeus for control of the cosmos. According to Hesiod, Typhon is the offspring of Gaia and [[Tartarus]],<ref>Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA72 pp. 72–3]; Gantz, p. 48; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71 p. 71]; Fowler, p. 27; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:820-852 820–2]. According to Ogden, Gaia "produced him in revenge against Zeus for his destruction of ... the Titans". Contrastingly, according to the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn to Apollo]]'' (3), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:305-348 305–55], Hera is the mother of Typhon without a father: angry at Zeus for birthing Athena by himself, she strikes the ground with her hand, praying to Gaia, Uranus, and the Titans to give her a child more powerful than Zeus, and receiving her wish, she bears the monster Typhon (Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72 p. 72]; Gantz, p. 49; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA84 p. 84]); cf. [[Stesichorus]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.167.xml fr. 239 Campbell, pp. 166, 167] [= ''[[Poetae Melici Graeci|PMG]]'' 239 (Page, p. 125) = ''[[Etymologicum Magnum]]'' 772.49] (see Gantz, p. 49).</ref> described as having a hundred snaky fire-breathing heads.<ref>Gantz, p. 49; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:820-852 824–8].</ref> Hesiod says he "would have come to reign over mortals and immortals" had it not been for Zeus noticing the monster and dispatching with him quickly:<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA71 p. 71]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:820-852 836–8].</ref> the two of them meet in a cataclysmic battle, before Zeus defeats him easily with his thunderbolt, and the creature is hurled down to Tartarus.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:820-852 839–68]. According to Fowler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 p. 27], the monster's easy defeat at the hands of Zeus is "in keeping with Hesiod's pervasive glorification of Zeus".</ref> [[Epimenides]] presents a different version, in which Typhon makes his way into Zeus's palace while he is sleeping, only for Zeus to wake and kill the monster with a thunderbolt.<ref>Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA74 p. 74]; Gantz, p. 49; [[Epimenides]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA97 fr. 10 Fowler, p. 97] [= [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/190/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 8 Diels, p. 191] = ''[[FGrHist]]'' 457 F8].</ref> [[Aeschylus]] and [[Pindar]] give somewhat similar accounts to Hesiod, in that Zeus overcomes Typhon with relative ease, defeating him with his thunderbolt.<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73]; [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:343-378 356–64]; [[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8 8.16–7]; for a discussion of Aeschylus's and Pindar's accounts, see Gantz, p. 49.</ref> Apollodorus, in contrast, provides a more complex narrative.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.6.3 1.6.3].</ref> Typhon is, similarly to in Hesiod, the child of Gaia and Tartarus, produced out of anger at Zeus's defeat of the Giants.<ref>Gantz, p. 50; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73].</ref> The monster attacks heaven, and all of the gods, out of fear, transform into animals and flee to Egypt, except for Zeus, who attacks the monster with his thunderbolt and sickle.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA84 p. 84]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73]; Gantz, p. 50.</ref> Typhon is wounded and retreats to Mount Kasios in Syria, where Zeus grapples with him, giving the monster a chance to wrap him in his coils, and rip out the sinews from his hands and feet.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA84 p. 84]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73].</ref> Disabled, Zeus is taken by Typhon to the [[Corycian Cave]] in Cilicia, where he is guarded by the "she-dragon" [[Delphyne]].<ref>Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73]; Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA42 p. 42]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA84 p. 84].</ref> [[Hermes]] and [[Aegipan]], however, steal back Zeus's sinews, and refit them, reviving him and allowing him to return to the battle, pursuing Typhon, who flees to Mount Nysa; there, Typhon is given "ephemeral fruits" by the [[Moirai]], which reduce his strength.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA84 p. 84–5]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA73 p. 73–4].</ref> The monster then flees to Thrace, where he hurls mountains at Zeus, which are sent back at him by the god's thunderbolts, before, while fleeing to [[Sicily]], Zeus launches [[Mount Etna]] upon him, finally ending him.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA85 p. 85].</ref> [[Nonnus]], who gives the longest and most detailed account, presents a narrative similar to Apollodorus, with differences such as that it is instead [[Cadmus]] and [[Pan (god)|Pan]] who recovers Zeus's sinews, by luring Typhon with music and then tricking him.<ref>Ogden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&pg=PA74 p. 74–5]; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA74 pp. 74–5]; Lane Fox, [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679763864/page/287/mode/2up?view=theater p. 287]; Gantz, p. 50.</ref>
In the ''Iliad'', Homer tells of another attempted overthrow, in which Hera, Poseidon, and Athena conspire to overpower Zeus and tie him in bonds. It is only because of the Nereid [[Thetis]], who summons Briareus, one of the [[Hecatoncheires]], to Olympus, that the other Olympians abandon their plans (out of fear for Briareus).<ref>Gantz, p. 59; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA82 p. 82]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.386-1.427 1.395–410].</ref>
===
[[File:Jupiter, vermomd als herder, verleidt Mnemosyne, godin van het geheugen Rijksmuseum SK-A-3886.jpeg|right|thumb|''Jupiter, disguised as a shepherd, tempts Mnemosyne'' by [[Jacob de Wit]] (1727)]]
According to Hesiod, Zeus takes [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], one of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], as his first wife. However, when she is about to give birth to a daughter, [[Athena]], he swallows her whole upon the advice of Gaia and Uranus, as it had been foretold that after bearing a daughter, she would give birth to a son, who would overthrow him as king of gods and mortals; it is from this position that Metis gives counsel to Zeus. In time, Athena is born, emerging from Zeus's head, but the foretold son never comes forth.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886–900]. Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p. 90] points out that the identity of the foretold son's father is not made clear by Hesiod, and suggests, drawing upon a version given by a scholiast on the ''Iliad'' (see below), that a possible interpretation would be that the Cyclops Brontes was the father.</ref> Apollodorus presents a similar version, stating that Metis took many forms in attempting to avoid Zeus's embraces, and that it was Gaia alone who warned Zeus of the son who would overthrow him.<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=metis-bio-1 s.v. Metis]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.6 1.3.6].</ref> According to a fragment likely from the Hesiodic corpus,<ref>Potentially from the ''[[Melampodia]]'' (Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]).</ref> quoted by Chrysippus, it is out of anger at Hera for producing [[Hephaestus]] on her own that Zeus has intercourse with Metis, and then swallows her, thereby giving rise to Athena from himself.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]; [[Hesiod]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-other_fragments/2018/pb_LCL503.391.xml fr. 294 Most, pp. 390–3] [= fr. 343 Merkelbach-West, p. 171 = [[Chrysippus]] [https://archive.org/details/stoicorumveterum02arniuoft/page/256/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 908 Arnim, p. 257] = [[Galen]], ''On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato'' [https://archive.org/details/ondoctrinesofhip0000gale/page/226/mode/2up?view=theater 3.8.11–4 (p. 226)]].</ref> A scholiast on the ''[[Iliad]]'', in contrast, states that when Zeus swallows her, Metis is pregnant with Athena not by Zeus himself, but by the Cyclops Brontes.<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 p. 89]; Scholia bT on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', 8.39 (Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 p. 89]).</ref> The motif of Zeus swallowing Metis can be seen as a continuation of the succession myth: it is prophesied that a son of Zeus will overthrow him, just as he overthrew his father, but whereas Cronos met his end because he did not swallow the real Zeus, Zeus holds onto his power because he successfully swallows the threat, in the form of the potential mother, and so the "cycle of displacement" is brought to an end.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]. Compare with Gantz, p. 51, who sees the myth as a conflation of three separate elements: one in which Athena is born from Zeus's head, one in which Zeus consumes Metis so as to obtain her wisdom, and one in which he swallows her so as to avoid the threat of the prophesied son.</ref> In addition, the myth can be seen as an allegory for Zeus gaining the wisdom of Metis for himself by swallowing her.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77–8]; see also Yasumura, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7cXUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 p. 90].</ref>
In Hesiod's account, Zeus's second wife is [[Themis]], one of the Titan daughters of Uranus and Gaia, with whom he has the [[Horae]], listed as [[Eunomia]], [[Dike (mythology)|Dike]] and [[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]], and the three [[Moirai]]: [[Clotho]], [[Lachesis (mythology)|Lachesis]] and [[Atropos]].<ref>Gantz, p. 51; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901–6]. Earlier, at [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 217], Hesiod instead calls the Moirai daughters of Nyx.</ref> A fragment from [[Pindar]] calls Themis Zeus's first wife, and states that she is brought by the Moirai (in this version not her daughters) up to Olympus, where she becomes the bride of Zeus and bears him the Horae.<ref>Gantz, p. 52; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Pindar]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.237.xml fr. 30 Race, pp. 236, 237] [= [[Clement of Alexandria]], ''[[Stromata]]'' 5.14.137.1].</ref> According to Hesiod, Zeus lies next with the Oceanid [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]], by whom he becomes the father of the three [[Charites]]: [[Aglaia (Grace)|Aglaea]], [[Euphrosyne]] and [[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]].<ref>Gantz, p. 54; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 907–11].</ref> Zeus then partners with his sister [[Demeter]], producing [[Persephone]].<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; Hansen, [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/68/mode/2up?view=theater p. 68]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912–4].</ref> Zeus's next union is with the Titan [[Mnemosyne]]; as described at the beginning of the ''Theogony'', Zeus lies with Mnemosyne in [[Pieria (regional unit)|Piera]] each night for nine nights, producing the nine Muses.<ref>Gantz, p. 54; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:53-62 53–62], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 915–7].</ref> His next partner is the Titan [[Leto]], by whom he fathers the twins [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]], who, according to the ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Apollo'', are born on the island of [[Delos]].<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 918–20]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Apollo]]'' (3), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:89-130 89–123]. The account given by the ''Homeric Hymn to Apollo'' differs from Hesiod's version in that Zeus and Hera are already married when Apollo and Artemis are born (Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 18).</ref> In Hesiod's account, only then does Zeus take his sister [[Hera]] as his wife.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921].</ref>
{{chart top|Children of Zeus and his partners before Hera<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' 886–920 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml pp. 74–77]); Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/10/mode/2up?view=theater p. 11, table 14].</ref>}}
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart}}
{{tree chart|ZEU|7|ZEU='''ZEUS'''}}
{{tree chart| | | |D|~|~|y|~|~|~|MET|MET=[[Metis (mythology)|Metis]]<ref name="www.loebclassics.com">One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 358].</ref>}}
{{tree chart| | | |:| |ATH|ATH=[[Athena]]<ref>Of Zeus's children by his partners before Hera, Athena was the first to be conceived ([https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml 889]), but the last to be born. Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head" ([https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml 924]).</ref>}}
{{tree chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|THE|THE=[[Themis]]}}
{{tree chart| | | |:| | |,|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart| | | |:| |EUN| |DIK | |EIR | | |CLO | |LAC | |ATR | |EUN=[[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]]|DIK=[[Dike (mythology)|Dike]]|EIR=[[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]]|CLO=[[Clotho]]|LAC=[[Lachesis (mythology)|Lachesis]]|ATR=[[Atropos]]}}
{{tree chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|HOR |~|~|~|~|J|L|~|~|~|~|MOI|~|~|~|~|J|HOR=<small>The [[Horae]]</small>|MOI=<small>The [[Moirai]]</small><ref>At [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 217] the Moirai are the daughters of Nyx.</ref>}}
{{tree chart| | | |:}}
{{tree chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|EUR | | | | | |F|~|~|y|DEM |EUR=[[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]]<ref name="www.loebclassics.com">One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 358].</ref>|DEM=[[Demeter]]}}
{{tree chart| | | |:| | |,|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |:| | |!|}}
{{tree chart| | | |:| |AGL| |EUP | |THA | | |:| |PER|AGL=[[Aglaia (Grace)|Aglaea]]|EUP=[[Euphrosyne (mythology)|Euphrosyne]]|THA=[[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]]|PER=[[Persephone]]}}
{{tree chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|CHA |~|~|~|~|J| |:|CHA=<small>The [[Charites]]</small>}}
{{tree chart| | | |D|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J}}
{{tree chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|MNE|MNE=[[Mnemosyne]]}}
{{tree chart| | | |:| | |,|^|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|.}}
{{tree chart| | | |:| |CLI|!|THA |!|TER |!|POL |!|CAL |CLI=[[Clio]]|THA=[[Thalia (Muse)|Thaleia]]|TER=[[Terpsichore]]|POL=[[Polyhymnia]]|CAL=[[Calliope]]}}
{{tree chart| | | |:| | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!}}
{{tree chart| | | |:| | | |EUT| |MEL| |ERA | |URA |EUT=[[Euterpe]]|MEL=[[Melpomene]]|ERA=[[Erato]]|URA=[[Urania]]|}}
{{tree chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|MUS |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J|MUS=<small>The [[Muses]]</small>}}
{{tree chart| | | |:}}
{{tree chart| | | |L|~|~|~|y|~|~|LET |LET=[[Leto]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |,|^|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |APO | |ART |APO=[[Apollo]]|ART=[[Artemis]]}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
===
[[File:Wall painting - wedding of Zeus and Hera - Pompeii (VI 8 3) - Napoli MAN 9559 - 01.jpg|thumb|Wedding of Zeus and Hera on an antique fresco from [[Pompeii]]]]
While Hera is Zeus's last wife in Hesiod's version, in other accounts she is his first and only wife.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78].</ref> In the ''Theogony'', the couple has three children, [[Ares]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], and [[Eileithyia]].<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921–3]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]. In the ''Iliad'', [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] is called the sister of Ares ([http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.401-4.445 4.440–1]), and Parada, s.v. Eris, p. 72 places her as a daughter of Zeus and Hera.</ref> While Hesiod states that Hera produces Hephaestus on her own after Athena is born from Zeus's head,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 924–9]; so too [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.5 1.3.5].</ref> other versions, including Homer, have Hephaestus as a child of Zeus and Hera as well.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.568 1.577–9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311 14.293–6], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.338], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.295-8.342 8.312]; Scholia bT on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', 14.296; see also [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.5 1.3.5].</ref>
Various authors give descriptions of a youthful affair between Zeus and Hera. In the ''Iliad'', the pair are described as having first lay with each other before Cronus is sent to Tartarus, without the knowledge of their parents.<ref>Gantz, p. 57; Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 24; Hard 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 78], [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 136]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311 14.293–6]. Gantz points out that, if in this version Cronus swallows his children as he does in the ''Theogony'', the pair could not sleep with each other without their father's knowledge before Zeus overthrows Cronus, and so suggests that Homer may have possibly been following a version of the story in which only Cronus's sons are swallowed.</ref> A scholiast on the ''Iliad'' states that, after Cronus is banished to Tartarus, [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]] give Hera to Zeus in marriage, and only shortly after the two are wed, Hera gives birth to [[Hephaestus]], having lay secretly with Zeus on the island of [[Samos]] beforehand; to conceal this act, she claimed that she had produced Hephaestus on her own.<ref>Gantz, p. 57; Scholia bT on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', 14.296. Cf. Scholia A on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', [https://archive.org/details/scholiagraecainh01homeuoft/page/68/mode/2up?view=theater 1.609 (Dindorf 1875a, p. 69)]; see Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 20; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA136 p. 136].</ref> According to another scholiast on the ''Iliad'', [[Callimachus]], in his ''[[Aetia (Callimachus)|Aetia]]'', says that Zeus lay with Hera for three hundred years on the island of Samos.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA136 p. 136]; [[Callimachus]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/callimachus-aetia/2022/pb_LCL421.153.xml fr. 48 Harder, pp. 152, 153] [= Scholia A on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', [https://archive.org/details/scholiagraecainh01homeuoft/page/68/mode/2up?view=theater 1.609 (Dindorf 1875a, p. 69)]]; see also Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 20.</ref>
According to a scholion on [[Theocritus]]' ''Idylls'', Zeus, one day seeing Hera walking apart from the other gods, becomes intent on having intercourse with her, and transforms himself into a cuckoo bird, landing on Mount Thornax. He creates a terrible storm, and when Hera arrives at the mountain and sees the bird, which sits on her lap, she takes pity on it, laying her cloak over it. Zeus then transforms back and takes hold of her; when she refuses to have intercourse with him because of their mother, he promises that she will become his wife.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA137 p. 137]; Scholia on [[Theocritus]], [https://archive.org/details/scholiaintheocr00wendgoog/page/310/mode/2up 15.64 (Wendel, pp. 311–2)] [= ''[[FGrHist]]'' 33 F3]; Gantz, p. 58. The scholiast attributes the story to the work ''On the Cults of Hermione'', by an Aristocles.</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] similarly refers to Zeus transforming himself into a cuckoo to woo Hera, and identifies the ___location as Mount Thornax.<ref>''[[Brill's New Jacoby|BNJ]]'', commentary on 33 F3; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.17.4 2.17.4], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.36.1 2.36.1].</ref>
According to a version from [[Plutarch]], as recorded by [[Eusebius]] in his ''[[Praeparatio evangelica]]'', Hera is raised by a nymph named Macris<ref>According to Sandbach, Macris is another name for [[Euboea (mythology)|Euboea]], who [[Plutarch]] calls Hera's nurse at ''[[Moralia]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_table_talk/1961/pb_LCL424.269.xml 657 E (pp. 268–71)] (Sandbach, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_fragments_other_named_works_lives/1969/pb_LCL429.289.xml p. 289, note b to fr. 157]).</ref> on the island of [[Euboea]] when Zeus kidnaps her, taking her to Mount [[Cithaeron]], where they find a shady hollow, which serves as a "natural bridal chamber". When Macris comes to look for Hera, Cithaeron, the [[tutelary deity]] of the mountain, stops her, saying that Zeus is sleeping there with Leto.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA137 p. 137]; [[Plutarch]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_fragments_other_named_works_lives/1969/pb_LCL429.287.xml fr. 157 Sandbach, pp. 286–9] [= ''[[FGrHist]]'' 388 F1 = [[Eusebius]], ''[[Praeparatio evangelica]]'' 3.1.3 ([https://archive.org/details/evangelicaepraep01euse/page/112/mode/2up?view=theater Gifford 1903a, pp. 112–3]; [https://archive.org/details/eusebius-preparation-for-the-gospel-full-work-gifford-1903-trans/page/91/mode/2up?view=theater Gifford 1903b, p. 92])].</ref> [[Photius]], in his ''[[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Bibliotheca]]'', tells us that in [[Ptolemaeus Chennus|Ptolemy Hephaestion]]'s ''New History'', Hera refuses to lay with Zeus, and hides in a cave to avoid him, before an earthborn man named Achilles convinces her to marry Zeus, leading to the pair first sleeping with each other.<ref>[[Ptolemaeus Chennus|Ptolemy Hephaestion]] ''apud'' [[Photius]], ''[[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Bibliotheca]]'' 190.47 (Harry, pp. 68–9; [https://topostext.org/work/237#190.47 English translation]).</ref> According to [[Stephanus of Byzantium]], Zeus and Hera first lay together at the city of [[Hermione (Argolis)|Hermione]], having come there from Crete.<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]] [https://archive.org/details/STEPHANUSVONBYZANZMargaretheBillerbeckChristianZublerSTEPHANIBYZANTIIENICAIIpdf/page/159/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. ''Hermion'' (II pp. 160, 161)].</ref> Callimachus, in a fragment from his ''Aetia'', also apparently makes reference to the couple's union occurring at [[Naxos]].<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA136 pp. 136–7]; [[Callimachus]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/callimachus-aetia/2022/pb_LCL421.209.xml fr. 75 Clayman, pp. 208–17] [= ''[[Oxyrhynchus papyri|P. Oxy.]]'' [https://archive.org/details/pt7oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft/page/24/mode/2up?view=theater 1011 fr. 1 (Grenfell and Hunt, pp. 24–6)]]. Callimachus seems to refer to some form of liaison between Zeus and Hera while describing a Naxian premarital ritual; see Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA136 pp. 136–7]; Gantz, p. 58. Cf. Scholia on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', 14.296; for a discussion on the relation between the Callimachus fragment and the passage from the scholion, see Sistakou, p. 377.</ref>
Though no complete account of Zeus and Hera's wedding exists, various authors make reference to it. According to a scholiast on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]]' ''[[Argonautica]]'', [[Pherecydes of Athens|Pherecydes]] states that when Zeus and Hera are being married, [[Gaia]] brings a tree which produces golden apples as a wedding gift.<ref>Gantz, p. 58; ''[[FGrHist]]'' 3 F16a [= Scholia on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]]' ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=0lkhbarJcukC&pg=PA315 4.1396–9b (Wendel, pp. 315–6)]]; ''[[FGrHist]]'' 3 F16b [= Scholia on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]]' ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=0lkhbarJcukC&pg=PA317 2.992 (Wendel, p. 317)]].</ref> [[Eratosthenes]] and Hyginus attribute a similar story to Pherecydes, in which Hera is amazed by the gift, and asks for the apples to be planted in the "garden of the gods", nearby to [[Mount Atlas]].<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA292 p. 292]; [[Eratosthenes]], ''[[Catasterismi]]'' 3 (Hard 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 p. 12]; Olivieri, [https://archive.org/details/mythographigrae00olivgoog/page/3/mode/2up?view=theater pp. 3–4]) [= [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.3.1 2.3.1] = ''[[FGrHist]]'' 3 F16c].</ref> [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] specifies them as the golden apples of the [[Hesperides]], and says that Gaia gives them to Zeus after the marriage.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.5.11 2.5.11].</ref> According to [[Diodorus Siculus]], the ___location of the marriage is in the land of the [[Knossos|Knossians]], nearby to the river Theren,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA136 p. 136]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#72.4 5.72.4].</ref> while [[Lactantius]] attributes to [[Varro]] the statement that the couple are married on the island of Samos.<ref>[[Varro]] ''apud'' [[Lactantius]], ''[[Divine Institutes]]'' [https://archive.org/details/lactantiusdivine0000lact/page/98/mode/2up?view=theater 1.17.1 (p. 98)].</ref>
There exist several stories in which Zeus, receiving advice, is able to reconcile with an angered Hera. According to Pausanias, Hera, angry with her husband, retreats to the island of Euboea, where she was raised, and Zeus, unable to resolve the situation, seeks the advice of Cithaeron, ruler of [[Plataea]], supposedly the most intelligent man on earth. Cithaeron instructs him to fashion a wooden statue and dress it as a bride, and then pretend that he is marrying one "Plataea", a daughter of [[Asopus]]. When Hera hears of this, she immediately rushes there, only to discover the ruse upon ripping away the bridal clothing; she is so relieved that the couple are reconciled.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA137 p. 137–8]; Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti, p. 99; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.36.1 9.3.1–2].</ref> According to a version from Plutarch, as recorded by Eusebius in his ''Praeparatio evangelica'', when Hera is angry with her husband, she retreats instead to Cithaeron, and Zeus goes to the earth-born man Alalcomeneus, who suggests he pretend to marry someone else. With the help of Alalcomeneus, Zeus creates a wooden statue from an oak tree, dresses it as a bride, and names it Daidale. When preparations are being made for the wedding, Hera rushes down from Cithaeron, followed by the women of [[Plataia]], and upon discovering the trick, the couple are reconciled, with the matter ending in joy and laughter among all involved.<ref>[[Plutarch]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_fragments_other_named_works_lives/1969/pb_LCL429.293.xml fr. 157 Sandbach, pp. 292, 293] [= ''[[FGrHist]]'' 388 F1 = [[Eusebius]], ''[[Praeparatio evangelica]]'' 3.1.6 ([https://archive.org/details/evangelicaepraep01euse/page/114/mode/2up?view=theater Gifford 1903a, pp. 114–5]; [https://archive.org/details/eusebius-preparation-for-the-gospel-full-work-gifford-1903-trans/page/93/mode/2up?view=theater Gifford 1903b, p. 93])].</ref>
{{chart top|Children of Zeus and Hera<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' 921–9 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml pp. 76, 77]); Caldwell, [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/12/mode/2up?view=theater p. 12, table 14].</ref>|}}
{{tree chart/start}}
{{tree chart}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |ZEU |~|~|y|~|~|~|HER |ZEU='''ZEUS'''|HER=[[Hera]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.|`|-|.}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | |HEB | |ARE | |EIL | |HEP |HEB=[[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]|ARE=[[Ares]]|EIL=[[Eileithyia]]|HEP=[[Hephaestus]]<ref>According to Hesiod, Hera produces Hephaestus on her own, without a father (''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml 927–9]). In the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', however, he is the son of Zeus and Hera; see Gantz, p. 74; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.568 1.577–9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311 14.293–6], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.338], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.295-8.342 8.312].</ref>}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
=== Affairs ===
[[File:20190507 061 olympia museum.jpg|thumb|300px|''[[Group of Zeus and Ganymede|Zeus carrying away Ganymede]]'' ([[Archaic Greece|Late Archaic]] terracotta, 480–470 BC)]]
After his marriage to Hera, different authors describe Zeus's numerous affairs with various mortal women.<ref>Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/468/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zeus, p. 468] calls his affairs "countless".</ref> In many of these affairs, Zeus transforms himself into an animal, someone else, or some other form. According to a scholion on the ''Iliad'' (citing Hesiod and [[Bacchylides]]), when [[Europa (consort of Zeus)|Europa]] is picking flowers with her female companions in a meadow in Phoenicia, Zeus transforms himself into a bull, lures her from the others, and then carries her across the sea to the island of Crete, where he resumes his usual form to sleep with her.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA337 p. 337]; Gantz, p. 210; Scholia Ab on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', [https://archive.org/details/scholiagraecainh01homeuoft/page/426/mode/2up?view=theater 12.292 (Dindorf 1875a, pp. 427–8)] [= [[Hesiod]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172–5] = Merkelbach-West fr. 140, p. 68] [= [[Bacchylides]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/bacchylides-fragments/1992/pb_LCL461.263.xml fr. 10 Campbell, pp. 262, 263]].</ref> In [[Euripides]]' ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'', Zeus takes the form of a swan, and after being chased by an eagle, finds shelter in the lap of [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]], subsequently seducing her,<ref>Gantz, pp. 320–1; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA439 p. 439]; [[Euripides]], ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-helen/2002/pb_LCL011.15.xml 16–21 (pp. 14, 15)].</ref> while in Euripides's lost play ''Antiope'', Zeus apparently took the form of a [[satyr]] to sleep with [[Antiope (mother of Amphion)|Antiope]].<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA303 p. 303]; [[Euripides]] [https://archive.org/details/tragicorumgraeco00naucuoft/page/410/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 178 Nauck, pp. 410–2].</ref> Various authors speak of Zeus raping [[Callisto (mythology)|Callisto]], one of the companions of [[Artemis]], doing so in the form of Artemis herself according to Ovid (or, as mentioned by Apollodorus, in the form of [[Apollo]]),<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA541 p. 541]; Gantz, p. 726; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:2.401-2.465 2.409–530]; see also [[Amphis]] ''apud'' [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.1.2 2.1.2]. According to [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.8.2 3.8.2] he took the form "as some say, of Artemis, or, as others say, of Apollo".</ref> and Pherecydes relates that Zeus sleeps with [[Alcmene]], the wife of [[Amphitryon]], in the form of her own husband.<ref>Gantz, p. 375; ''[[FGrHist]]'' 3 F13b [= Scholia on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'', 11.266]; ''[[FGrHist]]'' 3 F13c [= Scholia on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', [https://archive.org/details/scholiagraecainh04homeuoft/page/62/mode/2up?view=theater 14.323 (Dindorf 1875b, p. 62)]].</ref> Several accounts state that Zeus approached the [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argive]] princess [[Danae]] in the form of a shower of gold,<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA238 p. 238]; Gantz, p. 300; [[Pindar]], ''Pythian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12 12.17–8]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.1 2.4.1]; ''[[FGrHist]]'' 3 F10 [= Scholia on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]]' ''[[Argonautica]]'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=0lkhbarJcukC&pg=PA305 4.1091 (Wendel, p. 305)]].</ref> and according to Ovid he abducts [[Aegina]] in the form of a flame.<ref>Gantz, p. 220; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng2:6.87-6.145 6.113]. In contrast, [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/252/mode/2up?view=theater 7.122 (pp. 252, 253)], [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca01nonnuoft/page/252/mode/2up?view=theater 7.210–4 (pp. 260, 261)] states that he takes the form of an eagle.</ref>
In accounts of Zeus's affairs, Hera is often depicted as a jealous wife, with there being various stories of her persecuting either the women with whom Zeus sleeps, or their children by him.<ref>Gantz, p. 61; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA138 p. 138].</ref> Several authors relate that Zeus sleeps with [[Io (mythology)|Io]], a priestess of Hera, who is subsequently turned into a cow, and suffers at Hera's hands: according to Apollodorus, Hera sends a gadfly to sting the cow, driving her all the way to Egypt, where she is finally transformed back into human form.<ref>Gantz, p. 199; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA231 p. 231]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.3 2.1.3].</ref> In later accounts of Zeus's affair with [[Semele]], a daughter of [[Cadmus]] and [[Harmonia]], Hera tricks her into persuading Zeus to grant her any promise. Semele asks him to come to her as he comes to his own wife Hera, and when Zeus upholds this promise, she dies out of fright and is reduced to ashes.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA170 pp. 170–1]; Gantz, p. 476.</ref> According to Callimachus, after Zeus sleeps with Callisto, Hera turns her into a bear, and instructs Artemis to shoot her.<ref>Gantz, p. 726.</ref> In addition, Zeus's son by Alcmene, the hero [[Heracles]], is persecuted continuously throughout his mortal life by Hera, up until his [[apotheosis]].<ref>Grimal, s.v. Hera, p. 192; Tripp, s.v. Hera, p. 274.</ref>
According to [[Diodorus Siculus]], Alcmene, the mother of Heracles, was the very last mortal woman Zeus ever slept with; following the birth of Heracles, he ceased to beget humans altogether, and fathered no more children.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica|Library of History]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#p391 4.14.4].</ref>
===
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Disguise
!When desiring
!class="unsortable"|
|-
|Eagle or flame of fire
|[[Aegina (mythology)|Aegina]]
|<ref>Gantz, p. 220.</ref>
|-
|[[Amphitryon]]
|[[Alcmene]]
|<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA247 p. 247]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.8 2.4.8].</ref>
|-
|[[Satyr]]
|[[Antiope (mother of Amphion)|Antiope]]
|<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA303 p. 303]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/antiope-e124830 s.v. Antiope]; Scholia on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], 4.1090.</ref>
|-
|Artemis or Apollo
|[[Callisto (mythology)|Callisto]]
|<ref>Gantz, p. 726; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/callisto-e607100 s.v. Callisto]; Grimal, s.v. Callisto, p. 86; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.8.2 3.8.2] (Artemis or Apollo); [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng2:2.401-2.465 2.401–530]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.1.2 2.1.2].</ref>
|-
|Shower of gold
|[[Danaë]]
|<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA238 p. 238]</ref>
|-
|Bull
|[[Europa (consort of Zeus)|Europa]]
|<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA337 p. 337]; Lane Fox, p. 199.</ref>
|-
|Eagle
|[[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]]
|<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA522 p. 522]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:10.143-10.219 10.155–6]; [[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' [https://archive.org/details/lucianvolviiloeb00luci/page/n295/mode/2up?view=theater 10 (4)].</ref>
|-
|Cuckoo
|[[Hera]]
|<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA137 p. 137]</ref>
|-
|Swan
|[[Leda (mythology)|Leda]]
|<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA439 p. 439]; [[Euripides]], ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg014.perseus-eng1:1-30 16–22].</ref>
|-
|Goose
|[[Nemesis]]
|<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA438 p. 438]; ''[[Cypria]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.89.xml fr. 10 West, pp. 88–91] [= [[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophists]]'' 8.334b–d].</ref>
|}
=== Offspring ===
The following is a list of Zeus's offspring, by various mothers. Beside each offspring, the earliest source to record the parentage is given, along with the century to which the source dates.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! scope="col" style="width: 100pt;" | Offspring
! scope="col" style="width: 95pt;" | Mother
! scope="col" style="width: 55pt;" | Source
! scope="col" style="width: 70pt;" | Date
! class="unsortable" scope="col" style="width: 10pt;" |
|-
|
| [[Alcmene]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA244 p.244]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 943].</ref>
|-
| [[Persephone]]
| [[Demeter]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Hansen, p. 68; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912].</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | {{Collapsible list
| title = [[Charites]]
| bullets = true
| titlestyle = font-weight: normal
| [[Aglaia (Grace)|Aglaea]]
| [[Euphrosyne (mythology)|Euphrosyne]]
| [[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]]
}}
| [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901–911]; Hansen, p. 68.</ref>
|-
| [[Eunomia]]
| ''[[Orphic Hymns]]''
| data-sort-value=20 | 2nd/3rd cent. AD
| <ref>West 1983, p. 73; ''[[Orphic Hymn]] to the [[Charites|Graces]]'' (60), 1–3 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA49 p. 49]).</ref>
|-
| [[Euanthe (Greek myth)|Euanthe]] or [[Eurydome]] or [[Eurymedousa|Eurymedusa]]
| [[Lucius Annaeus Cornutus|Cornutus]]
| data-sort-value=17 | 1st cent. AD
| <ref>[[Lucius Annaeus Cornutus|Cornutus]], ''Compendium Theologiae Graecae'', 15 (Torres, pp. 15–6).</ref>
|-
| [[Ares]], [[Eileithyia]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]
| [[Hera]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 921].</ref>
|-
| [[
| [[Leto]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 912–920]; Morford, p. 211.</ref>
|-
| [[
| [[Maia]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 938].</ref>
|-
| [[Athena]]
| [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA77 p. 77]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:886-900 886–900].</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value=Muses | {{Collapsible list
| title = [[Muses]]
| bullets = true
| titlestyle = font-weight: normal
| [[Calliope]]
| [[Clio]]
| [[Euterpe (mythology)|Euterpe]]
| [[Erato]]
| [[Melpomene]]
| [[Polyhymnia]]
| [[Terpsichore]]
| [[Thalia (Muse)|Thalia]]
| [[Urania]]
}}
| [[Mnemosyne]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:53-62 53–62]; Gantz, p. 54.</ref>
|-
|
| [[Semele]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA80 p. 80]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:938-962 940].</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value=Horae | {{Collapsible list
| title = [[Horae]]
| bullets = true
| titlestyle = font-weight: normal
| [[Dike (mythology)|Dike]]
| [[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]]
| [[Eunomia]]
}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Themis]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref name="901–905">[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 901–905]; Gantz, p. 52; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA78 p. 78].</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value=Moirai | {{Collapsible list
| title = [[Moirai]]
| bullets = true
| titlestyle = font-weight: normal
| [[Lachesis (mythology)|Lachesis]]
}}
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref name="901–905"/>
|-
| [[
| [[Dione (Titaness)|Dione]]
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D5%3Acard%3D363 5.370]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3.1 1.3.1]</ref>
|-
| [[Perseus]]
| [[Danaë]]
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.319–20]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=perseus-bio-1 s.v. Perseus (1)].</ref>
|-
| [[Pirithous]]
| [[Dia (mythology)|Dia]]
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=17 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' 14.317–18; Smith, s.v. Peirithous.</ref>
|-
| [[Minos]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Europa (consort of Zeus)|Europa]]
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Gantz, p. 210; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/minos-e805850 s.v. Minos]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.32–33]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172–5] [= fr. 140 Merkelbach-West, p. 68].</ref>
|-
| [[Rhadamanthus]]
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.32–33]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172–5] [= fr. 140 Merkelbach-West, p. 68]; Gantz, p. 210; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=rhadamanthus-bio-1 s.v. Rhadamanthus].</ref>
|-
| [[Sarpedon (brother of Minos)|Sarpedon]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Catalogue of Women|Cat.]]''
| data-sort-value=5 | 6th cent. BC
| <ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=sarpedon-bio-1 s.v. Sarpedon (1)]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/sarpedon-e1101800 s.v. Sarpedon (1)]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.173.xml fr. 89 Most, pp. 172–5] [= fr. 140 Merkelbach-West, p. 68].</ref>
|-
| [[Amphion]], [[Amphion and Zethus|Zethus]]
| Antiope
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Odyssey|Od.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.225-11.270 11.260–3]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'' [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/amphion-e118730 s.v. Amphion]; Grimal, s.v. Amphion, p. 38.</ref>
|-
| [[Angelos (Greek mythology)|Angelos]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Hera]]
| [[Sophron]]
| data-sort-value=7 | 5th cent. BC
| <ref>''[[Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft|RE]]'', [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/RE:Angelos_1 s.v. Angelos 1]; [[Sophron]] ''apud'' Scholia on [[Theocritus]], ''Idylls'' 2.12.</ref>
|-
| [[Eleutheria]]
|
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>Eleutheria is the Greek counterpart of [[Libertas]] (Liberty), daughter of [[Jove]] and [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] as cited in [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2 Preface].</ref>
|-
| [[
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Parada, s.v. Eris, p. 72. [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.401-4.445 4.440–1] calls Eris the sister of Ares, who is the son of Zeus and Hera in the ''Iliad''.</ref>
|-
| [[Hephaestus]]
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA79 p. 79], [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA141 141]; Gantz, p. 74; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.568 1.577–9], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.270-14.311 14.293–6], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:14.312-14.351 14.338], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:8.295-8.342 8.312]; Scholia bT on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', 14.296.</ref>
|-
| [[Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)|Sarpedon]]
| [[Laodamia]]
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:6.191-6.231 6.191–199]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA349 p. 349]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=sarpedon-bio-2 s.v. Sarpe'don (2)].</ref>
|-
| [[Helen of Troy|Helen]], [[Castor and Pollux]]
| [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]]
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>Gantz, pp. 318–9. Helen is called the daughter of Zeus in [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.191-3.224 3.199], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.381-3.420 3.418], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.421 3.426], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4.183-4.218 4.184], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:4.219-4.264 4.219], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:23.181-23.230 23.218], and she has the same mother (Leda) as Castor and Pollux in ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.225-3.263 3.236–8].</ref>
|-
| [[Helen of Troy]]
| [[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]]
| ''[[Cypria]]''
| data-sort-value=3 | 7th cent. BC
| <ref>''[[Cypria]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.89.xml fr. 10 West, pp. 88–91]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA438 p. 438].</ref>
|-
| [[Graecus]], [[Latinus]]
| [[Pandora II|Pandora]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Catalogue of Women|Cat.]]''
| data-sort-value=5 | 6th cent. BC
| <ref>Gantz, p. 167; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.43.xml fr. 2 Most, pp. 42–5] [= fr. 5 Merkelbach-West, pp. 5–6 = [[John the Lydian|Ioannes Lydus]], ''De Mensibus'' 1.13].</ref>
|-
| [[Hellen]]
| [[Pyrrha]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Catalogue of Women|Cat.]]''
| data-sort-value=5 | 6th cent. BC
| <ref>Parada, s.vv. Hellen (1), p. 86, Pyrrha (1), p. 159; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.7.2 1.7.2]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.47.xml fr. 5 Most, pp. 46, 47] [= Scholia on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'' 10.2]; West 1985, pp. 51, 53, 56, 173, table 1.</ref>
|-
| [[Magnes (mythology)|Magnes]], [[Makedon (mythology)|Makednos]]
| [[Thyia of Thessaly|Thyia]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Catalogue of Women|Cat.]]''
| data-sort-value=5 | 6th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.49.xml fr. 7 Most, pp. 48, 49] [= [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]], ''De Thematibus'', 2].</ref>
|-
| [[Tyche]]
| [[Aphrodite]]
| [[Pindar]]
| data-sort-value=7 | 5th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg001.perseus-eng1:12 12.1–2]; Gantz, p. 151.</ref>
|-
|
| [[Borysthenis]]
| [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]
| data-sort-value=7 | 5th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Herodotus]], ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-eng1:4.5.1 4.5.1].</ref>
|-
| [[Carius]]
|
| [[Hellanicus of Lesbos|Hellanicus]]
| data-sort-value=7 | 5th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], ''Ethnica'' s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#T628.22 Torrhēbos]'', citing [[Hellanicus of Lesbos|Hellanicus]] and Nicolaus</ref>
|-
|
| [[Elara (mythology)|Elara]]
| [[Pherecydes of Athens|Pherecydes]]
| data-sort-value=7 | 5th cent. BC
| <ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/tityus-e1216260 s.v. Tityus]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA147 pp. 147–148]; ''[[FGrHist]]'' 3 F55 [= Scholia on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], 1.760–2b (Wendel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0lkhbarJcukC&pg=PA65 p. 65])].</ref>
|-
| [[Coria (mythology)|Coria]] (Athene)
| [[Coryphe]]
| [[Cicero|Cic.]] ''[[De Natura Deorum|DND]]''
| data-sort-value=15 | 1st cent. BC
| <ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft#page/342/mode/2up?view=theater 3.59].</ref>
|-
| [[Cronius (mythology)|Cronius]], [[Spartaeus (mythology)|Spartaios]], [[Cytus (mythology)|Cytus]]
| [[Himalia (mythology)|Himalia]]
| [[Diodorus Siculus|Diod. Sic.]]
| data-sort-value=15 | 1st cent. BC
| <ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#55.5 5.55.5]</ref>
|-
| [[Saon (mythology)|Saon]]
| [[Nymphe (mythology)|Nymphe]]
| [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus|Dion. Hal.]]
| data-sort-value=15 | 1st cent. BC
| <ref>[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#48.1 5.48.1]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=saon-bio-1 s.v. Saon].</ref>
|-
| Heracles
| [[Lysithoe]]
| [[Cicero|Cic.]] ''[[De Natura Deorum|DND]]''
| data-sort-value=15 | 1st cent. BC
| <ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/324/mode/2up?view=theater 3.42].</ref>
|-
| [[Aegipan]]
| [[Aega (goddess)|Aega]], Aix or Boetis
| [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyg.]] ''[[Fabulae|Fab.]]''
| data-sort-value=17 | 1st cent. AD
| <ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#155 155]</ref>
|-
| [[Korybantes|Corybantes]]
| [[Calliope]]
| [[Strabo]]
| data-sort-value=17 | 1st cent. AD
| <ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/144#10.3.19 10.3.19]</ref>
|-
| [[Colaxes (mythology)|Colaxes]]
| Hora
| [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valer. Flacc.]]
| data-sort-value=17 | 1st cent. AD
| <ref>Valerius Flaccus, ''Argonautica'' 6.48ff., 6.651ff</ref>
|-
| [[Tantalus]]
| [[Pluto (mother of Tantalus)|Pluto]]
| [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyg.]] ''[[Fabulae|Fab.]]''
| data-sort-value=17 | 1st cent. AD
| <ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#82 82]; [[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#36 36]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.22.3 2.22.3]; Gantz, p. 536; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA502 p. 502].</ref>
|-
| [[Asopus]]
| [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.12.6 3.12.6]; Grimal, s.v. Asopus, p. 63; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=asopus-bio-1 s.v. Asopus].</ref>
|-
| [[Pan (god)|Pan]]
| [[Hybris (mythology)|Hybris]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.4.1 1.4.1]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA216 p. 216].</ref>
|-
| [[Arcas]]
| [[Callisto the Greek myth|Callisto]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.8.2 3.8.2]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.3.6 8.3.6]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA540 p. 540]; Gantz, pp. 725–726.</ref>
|-
| [[Endymion (mythology)|Endymion]]
| [[Calyce (mythology)|Calyce]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/calyce-e607490 s.v. Calyce (1)]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=endymion-bio-1 s.v. Endymion]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.7.5 1.7.5].</ref>
|-
| [[Argus (king of Argos)|Argus]], [[Pelasgus]]
| [[Niobe (Argive)|Niobe]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.1 2.1.1]; Gantz, p. 198.</ref>
|-
| [[Dardanus (son of Zeus)|Dardanus]]
| rowspan=4 | [[Electra (Pleiad)|Electra]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref name="3.12.1">[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.12.1 3.12.1]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA521 521].</ref>
|-
| [[Emathion]]
| [[Nonnus]]
| data-sort-value=21 | 5th cent. AD
| <ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#3.195 3.195].</ref>
|-
| [[Iasion]] or [[Eetion (disambiguation)|Eetion]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref name="3.12.1"/>
|-
| [[Harmonia (mythology)|Harmonia]]
| [[Diodorus Siculus|Diod. Sic.]]
| data-sort-value=15 | 1st cent. BC
| <ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/133#5.48.1 5.48.2].</ref>
|-
| [[Aeacus]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Aegina (mythology)|Aegina]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.12.6 3.12.6]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA530 p. 530–531].</ref>
|-
| [[Damocrateia]]
| Pythaenetus
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>''[[FGrHist]]'' 299 F5 [= Scholia on [[Pindar]]'s ''Olympian'' 9.104a].</ref>
|-
| [[Britomartis]]
| [[Carme (mythology)|Carme]]
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.30.3 2.30.3]; March, [https://archive.org/details/casselldictionar00jenn/page/87/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Britomartis, p. 88]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=britomartis-bio-1 s.v. Britomartis].</ref>
|-
| [[Hecate]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Asteria]]
| [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]]
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>Gantz, pp. 26, 40; [[Musaeus of Athens|Musaeus]] [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/182/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 16 Diels, p. 183]; [[Scholia]]st on ''[[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius Rhodius]], [[Argonautica]]'' 3.467</ref>
|-
| [[Heracles]]
| [[Athenaeus]]
| data-sort-value=21 | 3rd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/324/mode/2up?view=theater 3.42]; [[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae|Deipnosophists]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/atheneus_grammarian-learned_banqueters/2007/pb_LCL235.321.xml 9.392e (pp. 320, 321)].</ref>
|-
| [[Acragas (mythology)|Acragas]]
| [[Asterope (Greek myth)|Asterope]]
| [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Steph. Byz.]]
| data-sort-value=27 | 6th cent. AD
| <ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], s.v. [https://topostext.org/work/241#A62.1 ''Akragantes'']; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=acragas-bio-1 s.v. Acragas].</ref>
|-
| [[Dionysus]]
| [[Demeter]]
|
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>[[Scholia]]st on [[Pindar]], ''Pythian Odes'' 3.177; [[Hesychius of Alexandria|Hesychius]]</ref>
|-
| [[Dodon (mythology)|Dodon]]
| [[Europa (Greek myth)|Europa]]
| [[Acestodorus]]
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>''[[FGrHist]]'' 1753 F1b.</ref>
|-
| [[Agdistis]]
| rowspan=3 | Earth ([[Gaia]])
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=agdistis-bio-1 s.v. Agdistis]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7.17.10 7.17.10]. Agdistis springs from the earth in a place where Zeus's seed landed.</ref>
|-
|
| [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus|Dion. Hal.]]
| data-sort-value=15 | 1st cent. BC
| <ref>[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], ''[[Roman Antiquities]]'' [https://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=139#1.27.1 1.27.1]; Grimal, s.v. Manes, p. 271.</ref>
|-
| [[Centaur|Cyprian Centaurs]]
| [[Nonnus]]
| data-sort-value=25 | 5th cent. AD
| <ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#14.193 14.193].</ref>
|-
| [[Melinoë]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Persephone]]
| ''[[Orphic Hymns]]''
| data-sort-value=20 | 2nd/3rd cent. AD
| <ref>Morand, p. 335; ''[[Orphic Hymn]] to [[Melinoë]]'' (71), [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/56/mode/2up?view=theater 3–4 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 57)].</ref>
|-
| [[Zagreus]]
| [[Nonnus]]
| data-sort-value=25 | 5th cent. AD
| <ref>Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/466/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Zagreus, p. 466]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#6.155 6.155].</ref>
|-
| [[Dionysus]]
|
| data-sort-value=50 |
|
|-
| Dionysus
| rowspan=4 | [[Selene]]
| [[Cicero|Cic.]] ''[[De Natura Deorum|DND]]''
| data-sort-value=15 | 1st cent. BC
| <ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/304/mode/2up?view=theater 3.21-23].</ref>
|-
| [[Ersa]]
| [[Alcman]]
| data-sort-value=3 | 7th cent. BC
| <ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA46 p. 46]; Keightley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JxQHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA55 p. 55]; [[Alcman]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/alcman-fragments/1988/pb_LCL143.435.xml fr. 57 Campbell, pp. 434, 435].</ref>
|-
| [[Nemea (mythology)|Nemea]]
| Schol. [[Pindar|Pind.]]
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>Cook 1914, [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/456/mode/2up?view=theater p. 456]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=selene-bio-1 s.v. Selene].</ref>
|-
| [[Pandia]]
| ''[[Homeric Hymns|HH]]'' 32
| data-sort-value=7 | 5th cent. BC
| <ref>''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn to Selene]]'' (32), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg032.perseus-eng1:32 15–16]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2 Preface]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA46 p. 46]; Grimal, s.v. Selene, p. 415.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Persephone
| [[Styx]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.3 1.1.3].</ref>
|-
| [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]
| [[Athenagoras of Athens|Athenag.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>West 1983, p. 73; Orphic [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/16/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 58 Kern] [= [[Athenagoras of Athens|Athenagoras]], ''[[Athenagoras of Athens#Legatio Pro Christianis|Legatio Pro Christianis]]'' 20.2]; Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 p. 134].</ref>
|-
| [[Palici]]
| [[Thalia (nymph)|Thalia]]
| [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]]
| data-sort-value=24 | 4th/5th cent. AD
| <ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dthaleia-bio-3 s.v. Thaleia (3)]; ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', s.v. Palici, p. 1100; [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], On ''[[Aeneid]]'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D9%3Acommline%3D581 9.581–4].</ref>
|-
|
| [[Eurymedousa]]
|
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/298/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Myrmidon, p. 299]; Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA533 p. 533]</ref>
|-
|
| [[
| [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Steph. Byz.]]
| data-sort-value=27 | 6th cent. AD
| <ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], [https://topostext.org/work/241#K383.21 s.v. ''Krētē''].</ref>
|-
|[[Epaphus]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Io (mythology)|Io]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>Grimal, [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/146/mode/2up?view=theater s.v. Epaphus]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.3 2.1.3].</ref>
|-
|
| [[
| data-sort-value=25 | 5th cent. AD
| <ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#32.48 32.70]</ref>
|-
|
|
| [[Antoninus Liberalis|Ant. Lib.]]
| data-sort-value=20 | 2nd/3rd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#13 13].</ref>
|-
| [[
| [[Taygete]]
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D2 3.1.2].</ref>
|-
| [[Archas]]
| [[Themisto (mythology)|Themisto]]
| [[Istros the Callimachean|Istros]]
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/themisto-e1207620 s.v. Themisto]; [[Stephanus of Byzantium]], s.v. [https://topostext.org/work/241#A119.18 ''Arkadia''] [= ''[[FGrHist]]'' 334 F75].</ref>
|-
| [[
| Nymph Sithnid
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.40.1 1.40.1].</ref>
|-
| [[Olenus]]
|
| [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Steph. Byz.]]
| data-sort-value=27 | 6th cent. AD
| <ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#O707.12 Ōlenos]''.</ref>
|-
| [[Milye]], [[Solymus]]
| [[Chaldene (mythology)|Chaldene]]
| [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Steph. Byz.]]
| data-sort-value=27 | 6th cent. AD
| <ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#P524.3 Pisidia]''; Grimal, s.v. Solymus, p. 424.</ref>
|-
|[[Arcesius]]
|[[Euryodeia]]
|
| data-sort-value=50 |
|
|-
| [[Orchomenus (mythology)|Orchomenus]]
| [[Hesione (mythology)|Hesione]]
|
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=orchomenus-bio-3 s.v. Orchomenus (3)].</ref>
|-
|
| [[Iocaste (mythology)|Iocaste]]
|
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=agamedes-bio-1 s.v. Agamedes].</ref>
|-
|
|
| [[Ptolemaeus Chennus|Ptol. Heph.]]
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>[[Ptolemaeus Chennus|Ptolemy Hephaestion]] ''apud'' [[Photius]], ''[[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Bibliotheca]]'' 190.47 ([https://topostext.org/work/237#190.47 English translation]).</ref>
|-
| [[Libyan Sibyl]] ([[Sibyl|Herophile]])
| [[Lamia (daughter of Poseidon)|Lamia]]
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.12.1 10.12.1]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DL%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dlamia-bio-1 s.v. Lamia (1)].</ref>
|-
|
| [[Maera (mythology)|Maera]]
|
| data-sort-value=50 |
| <ref>Eustathius ad Homer, p. 1688</ref>
|-
| [[Achaeus (mythology)|Achaeus]]
| [[Phthia (mythology)|Phthia]]
| [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]]
| data-sort-value=24 | 4th/5th cent. AD
| <ref>[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], ''Commentary on [[Virgil]]'s [[Aeneid]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+A.+1.242 1. 242]</ref>
|-
|
| rowspan=3 | [[
| [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&highlight=Aethlius 1.7.2]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.1.3 5.1.3]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#155 155].</ref>
|-
| [[Aetolus of Aetolia|Aetolus]]
| [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyg.]] ''[[Fabulae|Fab.]]''
| data-sort-value=17 | 1st cent. AD
| <ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#155 155].</ref>
|-
| [[
| [[
| data-sort-value=7 | 5th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Pindar]], ''Olympian Ode'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Pind.+O.+9&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162:chapter=9&highlight=Opus 9.58].</ref>
|-
| [[Aegyptus (mythology)|Aegyptus]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Thebe (Greek myth)|Thebe]]
| [[Tzetzes]]
| data-sort-value=39 | 12th cent. AD
| <ref name="1206 pp. 957–962"/>
|-
| Heracles
| [[John the Lydian|John Lydus]]
| data-sort-value=27 | 6th cent. AD
| <ref>[[John Lydus]], ''De mensibus'' 4.67.</ref>
|-
| [[Thebe (Greek myth)|Thebe]]
| [[Iodame]]
| [[Tzetzes]]
| data-sort-value=39 | 12th cent. AD
| <ref name="1206 pp. 957–962">[[Tzetzes]] on [[Lycophron]], [https://archive.org/details/isaakioukaiiann00mlgoog/page/951/mode/2up?view=theater 1206 (pp. 957–962)].{{primary source inline|date=February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Veritas|Aletheia]]
| rowspan=9 | ''No mother mentioned''
|
| data-sort-value=50 |
|
|-
| [[Atë|Ate]]
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:19.74-19.113 19.91].</ref>
|-
| [[Nysean]]
| [[Apollonius of Rhodes|Ap. Rhod.]]
| data-sort-value=11 | 3rd cent. BC
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, book 2, line 887|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0001.tlg001.perseus-grc1:2.899|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref>
|-
| [[Eubuleus]]
| ''[[Orphic Hymns]]''
| data-sort-value=20 | 2nd/3rd cent. AD
| <ref>''[[Orphic Hymn]] to [[Dionysus]]'' (30), [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater 6–7 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 27)]</ref>
|-
| [[Litae]]
| [[Homer|Hom.]] ''[[Iliad|Il.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.492-9.537 9.502]; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Posthomerica'' [https://archive.org/details/falloftroy00quin/page/440/mode/2up?view=theater 10.301 (pp. 440, 441)]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=litae-bio-1 s.v. Litae].</ref>
|-
| [[Rioni River|Phasis]]
| [[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valer. Flacc.]]
| data-sort-value=17 | 1st cent. AD
| <ref>[[Gaius Valerius Flaccus|Valer. Flacc.]], ''Argonautica'' 5.205</ref>
|-
| [[Calabrus]], [[Geraestus (mythology)|Geraestus]], [[Taenarus (mythology)|Taenarus]]
| [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Steph. Byz.]]
| data-sort-value=27 | 6th cent. AD
| <ref>Stephanus of Byzantium, ''Ethnica'' s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#T598.6 Tainaros]''</ref>
|-
| [[Corinthus]]
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1 2.1.1].</ref>
|-
| [[Crinacus]]
| [[Diodorus Siculus|Diod. Sic.]]
| data-sort-value=15 | 1st cent. BC
| <ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca historica'' 5.81.4</ref>
|}
=== Prometheus and conflicts with humans ===
[[File:Olympus National Park 30.jpg|thumb|Summits of [[Mount Olympus]]]]
When the gods met at Mecone to discuss which portions they will receive after a sacrifice, the titan [[Prometheus]] decided to trick Zeus so that [[humans]] receive the better portions. He sacrificed a large [[ox]], and divided it into two piles. In one pile he put all the meat and most of the fat, covering it with the ox's grotesque stomach, while in the other pile, he dressed up the bones with fat. Prometheus then invited Zeus to choose; Zeus chose the pile of bones. This set a precedent for sacrifices, where humans will keep the fat for themselves and burn the bones for the gods.
Zeus, enraged at Prometheus's deception, prohibited the use of fire by humans. Prometheus, however, stole fire from Olympus in a fennel stalk and gave it to humans. This further enraged Zeus, who punished Prometheus by binding him to a cliff, where an eagle constantly ate Prometheus's liver, which regenerated every night. Prometheus was eventually freed from his misery by [[Heracles]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:507-544 507-565]</ref>
Now Zeus, angry at humans, decides to give humanity a punishing gift to compensate for the boon they had been given. He commands [[Hephaestus]] to mold from earth the first woman, a "beautiful evil" whose descendants would torment the human race. After Hephaestus does so, several other gods contribute to her creation. [[Hermes]] names the woman '[[Pandora]]'.
Pandora was given in marriage to Prometheus's brother [[Epimetheus]]. Zeus gave her a [[Pandora's box|jar]] which contained many evils. Pandora opened the jar and released all the evils, which made mankind miserable. Only hope remained inside the jar.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1:59-82 60–105].</ref>
<!-- Since Greek mythology, as far as I understand, is essentially a loose collection of stories told by several groups in Ancient Greece where none can be considered the "official canon", this should really be prefaced with "In the writings of (Greek author)..." or "In (work)...", and several of the sentences describe details that probably vary by telling. -->
When Zeus was atop Mount Olympus he was appalled by [[human sacrifice]] and other signs of human decadence. He decided to wipe out mankind and flooded the world with the help of his brother [[Poseidon]]. After the flood, only [[Deucalion]] and [[Pyrrha]] remained.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#1.216 1.216–1.348]</ref> This [[Flood myth|flood narrative]] is a common motif in mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Leeming|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA138|title=Flood {{pipe}} The Oxford Companion to World Mythology|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780195156690|pages=138|access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref>
[[File:The Chariot of Zeus - Project Gutenberg eText 14994.png|thumb|The Chariot of Zeus, from an 1879 ''Stories from the Greek Tragedians'' by Alfred Church.]]
=== In the ''Iliad'' ===
[[File:James Barry 001.jpg|thumb|''Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida'' by [[James Barry (painter)|James Barry]], 1773 (City Art Galleries, Sheffield.)]]
The ''[[Iliad]]'' is an [[ancient Greek]] [[epic poem]] attributed to [[Homer]] about the [[Trojan War]] and the battle over the City of [[Troy]], in which Zeus plays a major part.
Scenes in which Zeus appears include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://department.monm.edu/classics/Courses/CLAS210/CourseDocuments/Epic/gods_in_the_iliad.htm|title=The Gods in the Iliad|website=department.monm.edu|access-date=2 December 2015|archive-date=19 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219082301/http://department.monm.edu/classics/Courses/CLAS210/CourseDocuments/Epic/gods_in_the_iliad.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Iliad|last=Homer|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=1990|___location=South Africa}}</ref>
* Book 2: Zeus sends [[Agamemnon]] a dream and is able to partially control his decisions because of the effects of the dream
* Book 4: Zeus promises [[Hera]] to ultimately destroy the City of Troy at the end of the war
* Book 7: Zeus and [[Poseidon]] ruin the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans]] fortress
* Book 8: Zeus prohibits the other Gods from fighting each other and has to return to [[Mount Ida]] where he can think over his decision that the Greeks will lose the war
* Book 14: Zeus is seduced by [[Hera]] and becomes distracted while she helps out the Greeks
* Book 15: Zeus wakes up and realizes that his own brother, [[Poseidon]] has been aiding the Greeks, while also sending [[Hector]] and [[Apollo]] to help fight the Trojans ensuring that the City of Troy will fall
* Book 16: Zeus is upset that he could not help save [[Sarpedon (Trojan War hero)|Sarpedon]]'s life because it would then contradict his previous decisions
* Book 17: Zeus is emotionally hurt by the fate of [[Hector]]
* Book 20: Zeus lets the other Gods lend aid to their respective sides in the war
* Book 24: Zeus demands that [[Achilles]] release the corpse of [[Hector]] to be buried honourably
=== Other myths ===
When [[Hades]] requested to marry Zeus's daughter, [[Persephone]], Zeus approved and advised Hades to abduct Persephone, as her mother [[Demeter]] would not allow her to marry Hades.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#146 146].</ref>
In the [[Orphism (religion)|Orphic]] "Rhapsodic Theogony" (first century BC/AD),<ref>Meisner, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]</ref> Zeus wanted to marry his mother [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]. After Rhea refused to marry him, Zeus turned into a snake and raped her. Rhea became pregnant and gave birth to [[Persephone]]. Zeus in the form of a snake would mate with his daughter Persephone, which resulted in the birth of [[Dionysus]].<ref name=":0">West 1983, pp. 73–74; Meisner, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134 p. 134]; Orphic frr. [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/16/mode/2up?view=theater 58] [= [[Athenagoras of Athens|Athenagoras]], ''[[Athenagoras of Athens#Legatio Pro Christianis|Legatio Pro Christianis]]'' 20.2] [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater 153] Kern.</ref>
Zeus granted [[Callirrhoe (daughter of Achelous)|Callirrhoe's]] prayer that her sons by [[Alcmaeon (mythology)|Alcmaeon]], [[Acarnan]] and [[Amphoterus (son of Alcmaeon)|Amphoterus]], grow quickly so that they might be able to avenge the death of their father by the hands of [[Phegeus (king of Psophis)|Phegeus]] and his two sons.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://topostext.org/work/150#3.7.6 3.76].</ref>
Both Zeus and [[Poseidon]] wooed [[Thetis]], daughter of [[Nereus]]. But when [[Themis]] (or Prometheus) prophesied that the son born of Thetis would be mightier than his father, Thetis was married off to the mortal [[Peleus]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://topostext.org/work/150#3.13.5 3.13.5].</ref><ref>[[Pindar]], Isthmian odes [https://topostext.org/work/21#8.25 8.25]</ref>
Zeus was afraid that his grandson [[Asclepius]] would teach resurrection to humans, so he killed Asclepius with his thunderbolt. This angered Asclepius's father, [[Apollo]], who in turn killed the [[Cyclopes]] who had fashioned the thunderbolts of Zeus. Angered at this, Zeus would have imprisoned Apollo in Tartarus. However, at the request of Apollo's mother, [[Leto]], Zeus instead ordered Apollo to serve as a slave to King [[Admetus of Pherae]] for a year.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D4 3.10.4]</ref> According to [[Diodorus Siculus]], Zeus killed Asclepius because of complains from Hades, who was worried that the number of people in the underworld was diminishing because of Asclepius's resurrections.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/133#4.71.1 4.71.2]</ref>
The winged horse [[Pegasus]] carried the thunderbolts of Zeus.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:270-303 285]</ref>
Zeus took pity on [[Ixion]], a man who was guilty of murdering his father-in-law, by purifying him and bringing him to Olympus. However, Ixion started to lust after Hera. Hera complained about this to her husband, and Zeus decided to test Ixion. Zeus fashioned a cloud that resembles Hera ([[Nephele]]) and laid the cloud-Hera in Ixion's bed. Ixion coupled with Nephele, resulting in the birth of [[Centaurus (Greek mythology)|Centaurus]]. Zeus punished Ixion for lusting after Hera by tying him to a wheel that spins forever.<ref>Hard 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA554 p. 554]; [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.1.20 Epitome 1.20]</ref>
Once, [[Helios]] the [[Solar deity|sun god]] gave his chariot to his inexperienced son [[Phaethon]] to drive. Phaethon could not control his father's steeds so he ended up taking the chariot too high, freezing the earth, or too low, burning everything to the ground. The earth itself prayed to Zeus, and in order to prevent further disaster, Zeus hurled a thunderbolt at Phaethon, killing him and saving the world from further harm.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph.php#anchor_Toc64105482 1.747]–[https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph2.php#anchor_Toc64106101 2.400]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''De astronomia'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.42.2 2.42.2]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca03nonnuoft/page/102/mode/2up?view=theater 38.142]–[https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca03nonnuoft/page/122/mode/2up?view=theater 435]</ref> In a satirical work, ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' by [[Lucian]], Zeus berates Helios for allowing such thing to happen; he returns the damaged chariot to him and warns him that if he dares do that again, he will strike him with one of this thunderbolts.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' [http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:dialogues:dialogues-of-the-gods#section25 Zeus and the Sun]</ref>
==Roles and epithets==
{{See also|Epithets of Zeus}}
[[File:Bust of Zeus.jpg|thumb|Roman marble colossal head of Zeus, 2nd century AD ([[British Museum]])<ref>The bust below the base of the neck is eighteenth century. The head, which is roughly worked at back and must have occupied a [[Niche (architecture)|niche]], was found at [[Hadrian's Villa]], [[Tivoli, Italy|Tivoli]] and donated to the British Museum by [[John Thomas Barber Beaumont]] in 1836. BM 1516. (British Museum, ''A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities'', 1904).</ref>]]
Zeus played a dominant role, presiding over the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] Olympian pantheon. He fathered many of the heroes <!--"and heroines" was sweetly motivated, but can we name even one sired by Zeus?--> and was featured in many of their [[Cult (religion)|local cults]]. Though the Homeric "cloud collector" was the god of the sky and thunder like his Near-Eastern counterparts, he was also the supreme cultural artifact; in some senses, he was the embodiment of Greek [[religion|religious]] beliefs and the [[archetype|archetypal]] Greek deity.
Popular conceptions of Zeus differed widely from place to place. Local varieties of Zeus often have little in common with each other except the name. They exercised different areas of authority and were worshiped in different ways; for example, some local cults conceived of Zeus as a [[chthonic]] earth-god rather than a god of the sky. These local divinities were gradually consolidated, via conquest and [[religious syncretism]], with the Homeric conception of Zeus. Local or idiosyncratic versions of Zeus were given [[epithet]]s {{mdash}} surnames or titles which distinguish different conceptions of the god.<ref name=Hewitt1908>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/310320 |first=Joseph William |last=Hewitt |journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=19 |year=1908 |pages=61–120 |title=The Propitiation of Zeus |doi=10.2307/310320 |jstor=310320 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
These [[epithet]]s or titles applied to Zeus emphasized different aspects of his wide-ranging authority:
*'''Zeus Aegiduchos''' or '''Aegiochos''': Usually taken as Zeus as the bearer of the [[Aegis]], the divine shield with the head of [[Medusa]] across it,<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D172 1.202], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D155 2.157], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D369 2.375]; [[Pindar]], ''Isthmian Odes'' [https://topostext.org/work/21#4.50 4.99]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.7 2.13.7].</ref> although others derive it from "goat" ({{lang|grc|αἴξ}}) and ''okhē'' ({{lang|grc|οχή}}) in reference to Zeus's nurse, the divine goat [[Amalthea (mythology)|Amalthea]].<ref>Spanh. ''ad Callim. hymn. in Jov'', 49</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Schmitz | first = Leonhard | contribution = Aegiduchos | editor-last = Smith | editor-first = William | title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | volume = I | page = 26 | place = Boston | year = 1867 | contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html | title-link = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | access-date = 19 October 2007 | archive-date = 11 February 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211114659/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0035.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*'''Zeus [[Agoraeus]]''' (Ἀγοραῖος): Zeus as patron of the marketplace ([[agora]]) and punisher of dishonest traders.
*'''[[Zeus Areius]]''' (Αρειος): either "warlike" or "the atoning one".
*'''Zeus Eleutherios''' (Ἐλευθέριος): "Zeus the freedom giver" a cult worshiped in [[Ancient Athens|Athens]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=18 December 2007|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref>
*'''Zeus Horkios''': Zeus as keeper of oaths. Exposed liars were made to dedicate a [[votive]] statue to Zeus, often at the sanctuary at Olympia
*'''[[Zeus Olympios]]''' (Ολύμπιος): Zeus as [[king of the gods]] and patron of the [[Panhellenic Games]] at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]
*'''Zeus Panhellenios''' ("Zeus of All the [[Names of the Greeks|Greeks]]"): worshipped at [[Aeacus]]'s temple on [[Aegina]]
*'''Zeus Xenios''' (Ξένιος), '''Philoxenon''', or '''Hospites''': Zeus as the patron of hospitality (''[[xenia (Greek)|xenia]]'') and guests, avenger of wrongs done to strangers
[[File:Zeus Otricoli Pio-Clementino Inv257.jpg|thumb|''[[Zeus of Otricoli]]'', a late Hellenistic or early Imperial bust after a 4th-century BC Greek statue<ref>''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'', s.v. Zeus, p. 342.</ref>]]
==Cults==
[[File:Marble eagle with open wings, from the sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos, Archaeological Museum, Dion (7080054119).jpg|thumb|upright|Marble eagle from the sanctuary of ''Zeus Hypsistos'', [[Archaeological Museum of Dion]].]]
=== Panhellenic cults ===
[[File:Statue of Zeus dsc02611-.jpg|thumb|upright|Colossal seated [[Dagon|Marnas]] from [[Gaza City|Gaza]] portrayed in the style of Zeus. Roman period Marnas<ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Gaza}}; [http://www.plekos.uni-muenchen.de/2004/rhahn.html Johannes Hahn: Gewalt und religiöser Konflikt]; [http://philologos.org/__eb-thlatb/chap08.htm#mosue The Holy Land and the Bible]</ref> was the chief divinity of Gaza ([[Istanbul Archaeology Museum]]).]]The major center where all Greeks converged to pay honor to their chief god was [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]]. Their quadrennial [[festival]] featured the famous Games. There was also an altar to Zeus made not of stone, but of ash, from the accumulated remains of many centuries' worth of animals sacrificed there.
Outside of the major inter-[[polis]] sanctuaries, there were no modes of worshipping Zeus precisely shared across the Greek world. Most of the titles listed below, for instance, could be found at any number of [[Greek temple]]s from [[Asia Minor]] to [[Sicily]]. Certain modes of ritual were held in common as well: sacrificing a white animal over a raised altar, for instance.
====Zeus Velchanos====
With one exception, Greeks were unanimous in recognizing the birthplace of Zeus as Crete. Minoan culture contributed many essentials of ancient Greek religion: "by a hundred channels the old civilization emptied itself into the new", Will Durant observed,<ref>Durant, ''The Life of Greece'' (''The Story of Civilization'' Part II, New York: Simon & Schuster) 1939:23.</ref> and Cretan Zeus retained his youthful Minoan features. The local child of the Great Mother, "a small and inferior deity who took the roles of son and consort",<ref>Rodney Castleden, ''Minoans: Life in Bronze-Age Crete'', "The Minoan belief-system" (Routledge) 1990:125</ref> whose Minoan name the Greeks Hellenized as Velchanos, was in time assumed as an [[epithet]] by Zeus, as transpired at many other sites, and he came to be venerated in Crete as '''Zeus Velchanos''' ("boy-Zeus"), often simply the ''[[Kouros]]''.
In [[Crete]], Zeus was worshipped at a number of caves at [[Knossos]], [[Mount Ida, Crete|Ida]] and [[Palaikastro]]. In the Hellenistic period a small sanctuary dedicated to Zeus Velchanos was founded at the [[Hagia Triada]] site of an earlier Minoan town. Broadly contemporary coins from [[Phaistos]] show the form under which he was worshiped: a youth sits among the branches of a tree, with a cockerel on his knees.<ref>Pointed out by Bernard Clive Dietrich, ''The Origins of Greek Religion'' (de Gruyter) 1973:15.</ref> On other Cretan coins Velchanos is represented as an eagle and in association with a goddess celebrating a mystic marriage.<ref>A.B. Cook, ''Zeus'' Cambridge University Press, 1914, I, figs 397, 398.</ref> Inscriptions at [[Gortyn]] and Lyttos record a ''Velchania'' festival, showing that Velchanios was still widely venerated in Hellenistic Crete.<ref>Dietrich 1973, noting [[Martin P. Nilsson]], ''Minoan-Mycenaean Religion, and Its Survival in Greek Religion'' 1950:551 and notes.</ref>
The stories of [[Minos]] and [[Epimenides]] suggest that these caves were once used for [[Incubation (ritual)|incubatory]] divination by kings and priests. The dramatic setting of [[Plato]]'s ''Laws'' is along the pilgrimage-route to one such site, emphasizing archaic Cretan knowledge. On Crete, Zeus was represented in art as a long-haired youth rather than a mature adult and hymned as ''ho megas kouros'', "the great youth". Ivory statuettes of the "Divine Boy" were unearthed near the [[Labyrinth]] at [[Knossos]] by [[Sir Arthur Evans]].<ref>"Professor [[Stylianos Alexiou]] reminds us that there were other divine boys who survived from the religion of the pre-Hellenic period — [[Linos]], [[Ploutos]] and [[Dionysos]] — so not all the young male deities we see depicted in Minoan works of art are necessarily Velchanos" (Castleden) 1990:125</ref> With the [[Kouretes]], a band of ecstatic armed dancers, he presided over the rigorous military-athletic training and secret rites of the Cretan ''[[paideia]]''.
The myth of the death of Cretan Zeus, localised in numerous mountain sites though only mentioned in a comparatively late source, [[Callimachus]],<ref>Richard Wyatt Hutchinson, ''Prehistoric Crete'', (Harmondsworth: Penguin) 1968:204, mentions that there is no classical reference to the death of Zeus (noted by Dietrich 1973:16 note 78).</ref> together with the assertion of [[Antoninus Liberalis]] that a fire shone forth annually from the birth-cave the infant shared with a [[Bees (mythology)|mythic swarm of bees]], suggests that Velchanos had been an annual vegetative spirit.<ref>"This annually reborn god of vegetation also experienced the other parts of the vegetation cycle: holy marriage and annual death when he was thought to disappear from the earth" (Dietrich 1973:15).</ref>
The Hellenistic writer [[Euhemerus]] apparently proposed a theory that Zeus had actually been a great king of [[Crete]] and that posthumously, his glory had slowly turned him into a deity. The works of Euhemerus himself have not survived, but Christian [[patristic]] writers took up the suggestion.
====Zeus Lykaios====
{{further|Lykaia}}
[[File:Stater Zeus Lampsacus CdM.jpg|thumb|[[Laurel wreath|Laurel-wreathed]] head of Zeus on a gold [[stater]], [[Lampsacus]], c 360–340 BC ([[Cabinet des Médailles]]).]]
The epithet '''Zeus Lykaios''' (Λύκαιος; "wolf-Zeus") is assumed by Zeus only in connection with the archaic festival of the [[Lykaia]] on the slopes of [[Lycaeus|Mount Lykaion]] ("Wolf Mountain"), the tallest peak in rustic [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]; Zeus had only a formal connection<ref>In the founding myth of [[Lycaon (king of Arcadia)|Lycaon]]'s banquet for the gods that included the flesh of a human sacrifice, perhaps one of his sons, [[Nyctimus]] or [[Arcas]]. Zeus overturned the table and struck the house of Lyceus with a thunderbolt; his patronage at the Lykaia can have been little more than a formula.</ref> with the rituals and myths of this primitive [[rite of passage]] with an ancient threat of [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] and the possibility of a [[werewolf]] transformation for the [[ephebos|ephebes]] who were the participants.<ref>A morphological connection to ''lyke'' "brightness" may be merely fortuitous.</ref> Near the ancient ash-heap where the sacrifices took place<ref>Modern archaeologists have found no trace of human remains among the sacrificial detritus, [[Walter Burkert]], "Lykaia and Lykaion", ''Homo Necans'', tr. by Peter Bing ([[University of California]]) 1983, p. 90.</ref> was a forbidden precinct in which, allegedly, no shadows were ever cast.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D38 8.38].</ref>
According to [[Plato]],<ref>''Republic'' 565d-e</ref> a particular clan would gather on the mountain to make a sacrifice every nine years to Zeus Lykaios, and a single morsel of human entrails would be intermingled with the animal's. Whoever ate the human flesh was said to turn into a wolf, and could only regain human form if he did not eat again of human flesh until the next nine-year cycle had ended. There were games associated with the Lykaia, removed in the fourth century to the first urbanization of Arcadia, [[Megalopolis, Greece|Megalopolis]]; there the major temple was dedicated to Zeus Lykaios.
There is, however, the crucial detail that ''Lykaios'' or ''Lykeios'' (epithets of Zeus and Apollo) may derive from [[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] *{{lang|grc|λύκη}}, "light", a noun still attested in compounds such as {{lang|grc|ἀμφιλύκη}}, "twilight", {{lang|grc|λυκάβας}}, "year" ({{lit|light}}s course") etc. This, Cook argues, brings indeed much new 'light' to the matter as [[Achaeus of Eretria|Achaeus]], the contemporary tragedian of [[Sophocles]], spoke of Zeus Lykaios as "starry-eyed", and this Zeus Lykaios may just be the Arcadian Zeus, son of Aether, described by [[Cicero]]. Again under this new signification may be seen [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]]' descriptions of Lykosoura being 'the first city that ever the sun beheld', and of the altar of Zeus, at the summit of Mount Lykaion, before which stood two columns bearing gilded eagles and 'facing the sun-rise'. Further Cook sees only the tale of Zeus's sacred precinct at Mount Lykaion allowing no shadows referring to Zeus as 'god of light' (Lykaios).<ref>A. B. Cook ('''1914'''), ''Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion'', Vol. I, p.63, Cambridge University Press</ref>[[File:Statue of Zeus.jpg|thumb|A statue of Zeus in a drawing.]]
====Additional cults====
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
Although etymology indicates that Zeus was originally a sky god, many Greek cities honored a local Zeus who lived underground. Athenians and Sicilians honored '''Zeus Meilichios''' (Μειλίχιος; "kindly" or "honeyed") while other cities had '''Zeus Chthonios''' ("earthy"), '''Zeus Katachthonios''' (Καταχθόνιος; "under-the-earth") and '''Zeus Plousios''' ("wealth-bringing"). These deities might be represented as snakes or in human form in visual art, or, for emphasis as both together in one image. They also received offerings of black animal victims sacrificed into sunken pits, as did [[chthonic]] deities like [[Persephone]] and [[Demeter]], and also the [[hero]]es at their tombs. Olympian gods, by contrast, usually received white victims sacrificed upon raised altars.
In some cases, cities were not entirely sure whether the ''daimon'' to whom they sacrificed was a hero or an underground Zeus. Thus the shrine at Lebadaea in [[Boeotia]] might belong to the hero [[Trophonius]] or to '''Zeus Trephonius''' ("the nurturing"), depending on whether you believe [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], or [[Strabo]]. The hero [[Amphiaraus]] was honored as '''Zeus Amphiaraus''' at Oropus outside of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], and the Spartans even had a shrine to '''Zeus Agamemnon'''. Ancient [[Molossians|Molossian]] kings sacrificed to '''[[Zeus Areius]]''' (Αρειος). [[Strabo]] mention that at [[Tralles]] there was the '''Zeus Larisaeus''' (Λαρισαιος).<ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D42 14.1.42].</ref> In [[Ithome]], they honored the '''Zeus Ithomatas''', they had a sanctuary and a statue of Zeus and also held an annual festival in honour of Zeus which was called [[Ithomaea]] (ἰθώμαια).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D33%3Asection%3D2 Pausanias, Description of Greece, 4.33.2]</ref>
==== Hecatomphonia ====
Hecatomphonia ({{langx|grc|ἑκατομφόνια}}), meaning killing of a hundred, from ἑκατόν "a hundred" and φονεύω "to kill". It was a custom of [[Messenians]], at which they offered sacrifice to Zeus when any of them had killed a hundred enemies. [[Aristomenes]] have offered three times this sacrifice at the Messenian wars against [[Sparta]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=hecatomphonia-cn A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Hecatomphonia]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=clothing-harpers Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Hecatomphonia]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0004:entry=hecatomphonia Perseus Encyclopedia, Hecatomphonia]</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.%204.19.3&lang=original Pausanias, Description of Greece, 4.19.3]</ref>
===Non-panhellenic cults===
[[File:Museo Barracco - Giove Ammone 1010637.JPG|thumb|Roman cast [[terracotta]] of ram-horned ''Jupiter Ammon'', 1st century AD ([[Museo Barracco]], Rome).]]
In addition to the Panhellenic titles and conceptions listed above, local cults maintained their own idiosyncratic ideas about the king of gods and men. With the epithet '''Zeus [[Aetnaeus]]''' he was worshiped on [[Mount Etna|Mount Aetna]], where there was a statue of him, and a local festival called the Aetnaea in his honor.<ref>Schol. ''ad Pind. Ol.'' vi. 162</ref> Other examples are listed below. As '''Zeus Aeneius''' or '''Zeus Aenesius''' (Αινησιος), he was worshiped in the island of [[Cephalonia]], where he had a temple on [[Mount Ainos|Mount Aenos]].<ref>Hesiod, according to a scholium on Apollonius of Rhodes. ''Argonautika'', ii. 297</ref>
===Oracles===
Although most oracle sites were usually dedicated to [[Apollo]], the heroes, or various goddesses like [[Themis]], a few oracular sites were dedicated to Zeus. In addition, some foreign oracles, such as [[Baʿal]]'s at [[Heliopolis (Syria)|Heliopolis]], were [[interpretatio graeca|associated]] with Zeus in Greek or [[Jupiter]] in Latin.
====The Oracle at Dodona====
The cult of Zeus at [[Dodona]] in [[Epirus]], where there is evidence of religious activity from the second millennium BC onward, centered on a sacred oak. When the ''[[Odyssey]]'' was composed (circa 750 BC), divination was done there by barefoot priests called ''Selloi'', who lay on the ground and observed the rustling of the leaves and branches.<ref>''Odyssey'' 14.326-7</ref> By the time [[Herodotus]] wrote about Dodona, female priestesses called [[peleiades]] ("doves") had replaced the male priests.
Zeus's consort at Dodona was not [[Hera]], but the goddess [[Dione (Titaness/Oceanid)|Dione]] — whose name is a feminine form of "Zeus". Her status as a [[Titan (mythology)|titaness]] suggests to some that she may have been a more powerful pre-Hellenic deity, and perhaps the original occupant of the oracle.
==== The Oracle at Siwa ====
The [[oracle of Ammon]] at the [[Siwa Oasis]] in the Western Desert of [[Egypt]] did not lie within the bounds of the Greek world before [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s day, but it already loomed large in the Greek mind during the archaic era: [[Herodotus]] mentions consultations with [[Zeus Ammon]] in his account of the [[Greco-Persian Wars|Persian War]]. Zeus Ammon was especially favored at [[Sparta]], where a temple to him existed by the time of the [[Peloponnesian War]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D18 3.18].</ref>
After Alexander made a trek into the desert to consult the oracle at Siwa, the figure arose in the Hellenistic imagination of a [[Libyan Sibyl]].
== Identifications with other gods ==
=== Foreign gods ===
[[File:Evolution of Zeus Nikephoros on Indo-Greek coinage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Evolution of ''Zeus Nikephoros'' ("Zeus holding [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]") on [[Indo-Greek]] coinage: from the Classical motif of Nike handing the [[wreath]] of victory to Zeus himself (left, coin of [[Heliocles I]] 145-130 BC), then to a baby [[elephant]] (middle, coin of [[Antialcidas]] 115-95 BC), and then to the [[Dharmachakra|Wheel of the Law]], symbol of [[Buddhism]] (right, coin of [[Menander II]] 90–85 BC).]]
[[File:Buddha-Vajrapani-Herakles.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Vajrapāni as Herakles or Zeus|Zeus as [[Vajrapāni]], the protector of the [[Buddha]]. 2nd century, [[Greco-Buddhist art]].<ref>"In the art of Gandhara Zeus became the inseparable companion of the Buddha as Vajrapani." in Freedom, Progress, and Society, K. Satchidananda Murty, R. Balasubramanian, Sibajiban Bhattacharyya, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KQubSpHFrKQC&pg=PA97 p. 97]</ref>]]
Zeus was identified with the [[Roman mythology|Roman]] god [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] and associated in the syncretic classical imagination (see {{lang|la|[[interpretatio graeca]]}}) with various other deities, such as the [[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian]] [[Amun|Ammon]] and the [[Etruscan mythology|Etruscan]] [[Tinia]]. He, along with [[Dionysus]], absorbed the role of the chief [[Phrygia]]n god [[Sabazios]] in the [[Syncretism|syncretic]] deity known in Rome as [[Sabazius]]. The Seleucid ruler [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] erected a statue of Zeus Olympios in the Judean Temple in Jerusalem.<ref>2 Maccabees 6:2</ref> Hellenizing Jews referred to this statue as [[Baal]] Shamen (in English, Lord of Heaven).<ref>David Syme Russel. ''Daniel''. (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1981) 191.</ref>
Zeus is also identified with the Hindu deity [[Indra]]. Not only they are the king of gods, but their weapon - thunder is similar.<ref>Devdutt Pattanaik's Olympus: An Indian Retelling of Greek Myths</ref>
=== Helios ===
Zeus is occasionally conflated with the Hellenic [[sun god]], [[Helios]], who is sometimes either directly referred to as Zeus's eye,<ref>Sick, David H. (2004), "Mit(h)ra(s) and the Myths of the Sun", Numen, 51 (4): 432–467, {{JSTOR|3270454}}</ref> or clearly implied as such. [[Hesiod]], for instance, describes Zeus's eye as effectively the sun.<ref>Ljuba Merlina Bortolani, Magical Hymns from Roman Egypt: A Study of Greek and Egyptian Traditions of Divinity, Cambridge University Press, 13 October 2016</ref> This perception is possibly derived from earlier [[Proto-Indo-European religion]], in which the sun is occasionally envisioned as the eye of [[Dyeus|*''Dyḗus Pḥ<sub>a</sub>tḗr'']] (see [[Hvare-khshaeta]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=West|first1=Martin Litchfield|author-link=Martin Litchfield West|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|___location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-928075-9|url=http://library.globalchalet.net/Authors/Poetry%20Books%20Collection/Indo-European%20Poetry%20and%20Myth.pdf|access-date=7 May 2017|pages=194–196|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417103355/http://library.globalchalet.net/Authors/Poetry%20Books%20Collection/Indo-European%20Poetry%20and%20Myth.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Euripides]] in his now lost tragedy ''Mysians'' described Zeus as "sun-eyed", and Helios is said elsewhere to be "the brilliant eye of Zeus, giver of life".<ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/196/mode/2up?view=theater 196]</ref> In another of Euripides's tragedies, ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'', the chorus refers to Helios as "light born from Zeus."<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0114%3Acard%3D1251 1258]; ''The Play of Texts and Fragments: Essays in Honour of Martin Cropp'' by J. Robert C. Cousland, James, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hcW-i_nrpWEC&pg=PA161 161]</ref>
Although the connection of Helios to Zeus does not seem to have basis in early Greek cult and writings, nevertheless there are many examples of direct identification in later times.<ref>Cook, pp [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/186/mode/2up?view=theater 186–187]</ref> The Hellenistic period gave birth to [[Serapis]], a Greco-Egyptian deity conceived as a chthonic avatar of Zeus, whose solar nature is indicated by the sun crown and rays the Greeks depicted him with.<ref name=":co188">Cook, pp [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/188/mode/2up?view=theater 188–189]</ref> Frequent joint dedications to "Zeus-Serapis-Helios" have been found all over the Mediterranean,<ref name=":co188"/> for example, the Anastasy papyrus (now housed in the [[British Museum]] equates Helios to not just Zeus and [[Serapis]] but also [[Mithras]],<ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/190/mode/2up?view=theater 190]</ref> and a series of inscriptions from [[Lajat|Trachonitis]] give evidence of the cult of "Zeus the Unconquered Sun".<ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater 193]</ref> There is evidence of Zeus being worshipped as a solar god in the Aegean island of [[Amorgos]], based on a lacunose inscription ''{{lang|grc|Ζεὺς Ἥλ[ιο]ς}}'' ("Zeus the Sun"), meaning sun elements of Zeus's worship could be as early as the fifth century BC.<ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/194/mode/2up?view=theater 194]</ref>
The [[Crete|Cretan]] Zeus [[Talos|Tallaios]] had solar elements to his cult. "Talos" was the local equivalent of Helios.<ref>Karl Kerenyi, The Gods of the Greeks 1951:110.</ref>
== Later representations ==
=== Philosophy ===
In [[Neoplatonism]], Zeus's relation to the gods familiar from mythology is taught as the [[Demiurge]] or Divine [[nous|Mind]], specifically within [[Plotinus]]'s work the ''[[Enneads]]''<ref>In Fourth Tractate 'Problems of the Soul' The Demiurge is identified as Zeus.10. "When under the name of Zeus we are considering the Demiurge we must leave out all notions of stage and progress, and recognize one unchanging and timeless life."</ref> and the ''Platonic Theology'' of [[Proclus]].
=== The Bible ===
Zeus is mentioned in the New Testament twice, first in Acts 14:8–13: When the people living in [[Lystra]] saw the [[Apostle Paul]] heal a lame man, they considered Paul and his partner [[Barnabas]] to be gods, identifying Paul with [[Hermes]] and Barnabas with Zeus, even trying to offer them sacrifices with the crowd. Two ancient inscriptions discovered in 1909 near Lystra testify to the worship of these two gods in that city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/library/|title=Online Bible Study Tools – Library of Resources|website=biblestudytools.com}}</ref> One of the inscriptions refers to the "priests of Zeus", and the other mentions "Hermes Most Great" and "Zeus the sun-god".<ref>The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, edited by J. Orr, 1960, Vol. III, p. 1944.</ref>
The second occurrence is in Acts 28:11: the name of the ship in which the prisoner Paul set sail from the island of Malta bore the [[figurehead]] "Sons of Zeus" aka [[Castor and Pollux]] (Dioscuri).
The deuterocanonical book of [[2 Maccabees]] 6:1, 2 talks of King [[Antiochus IV]] (Epiphanes), who in his attempt to stamp out the Jewish religion, directed that the temple at Jerusalem be profaned and rededicated to Zeus (Jupiter Olympius).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://st-takla.org/pub_Deuterocanon/Deuterocanon-Apocrypha_El-Asfar_El-Kanoneya_El-Tanya__9-Second-of-Maccabees.html|title=The Second Book of the Maccabees < Deuterocanonical Books (Deuterocanon) | St-Takla.org|website=st-takla.org}}</ref>
==Genealogy==
{{Family tree of the Olympians|title=Zeus's family tree|collapsed=no|cap_zeus=y}}
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Marie Pierre Abduction of Europa.JPG| The abduction of Europa
File:Calyx-krater olympian assembly MAN.jpg| Olympian assembly, from left to right: Apollo, Zeus and Hera
File:Schloss Rastatt-Goldener Mann.jpg| The "Golden Man" Zeus statue
File:Getty Villa - Collection (5305219094).jpg| Enthroned Zeus (Greek, c. 100 BC) - modeled after the Olympian Zeus by Pheidas (c. 430 BC)
File:Zeus with Hera.jpg| Zeus and Hera
File:Poseidon Zeus Marabouparken.JPG| Zeus/Poseidon statue
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Myths|Religion}}
* [[
* [[Agetor]]
* [[Ambulia]] – Spartan epithet used for [[Athena]], Zeus, and [[Castor and Pollux]]
* [[Hetairideia]] – Thessalian Festival to Zeus
* [[Temple of Zeus, Olympia]]
* [[Zanes of Olympia]] – Statues of Zeus
==
{{
== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== References ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary'', edited and translated by Francis Celoria, Routledge, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-415-06896-3}}. [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Bibliotheca (Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. {{ISBN|0-674-99135-4}}. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Hans von Arnim|Arnim, Hans von]], ''Stoicorum veterum fragmenta'', Volume II, [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Stuttgart, Teubner, 1964. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110955019 Online version at De Gruyter]. [https://archive.org/details/stoicorumveterum02arniuoft/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Apostolos Athanassakis|Athanassakis, Apostolos N.]], and Benjamin M. Wolkow, ''The Orphic Hymns'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013) {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0882-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC Google Books].
* [[Athenaeus]], ''The Learned Banqueters, Volume IV: Books 8-10.420e'', edited and translated by S. Douglas Olson, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 235, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99626-7}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL235/2008/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Bernabé, Alberto, ''Poetae epici Graeci: Testimonia et fragmenta, Pars I'', [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Stuttgart and Leipzig, Teubner, 1996. {{ISBN|978-3-815-41706-5}}. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110936995 Online version at De Gruyter].
* ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 15'', Tuc-Zyt, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-04-14220-6}}. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-new-pauly Online version at Brill].
*
* Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (1 June 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}. [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Callimachus]], ''Aetia. Iambi. Lyric Poems'', edited and translated by Dee L. Clayman, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 421, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2022. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL421/2022/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Callimachus]], ''Callimachus and Lycophron, with an English Translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English Translation by G. R. Mair'', London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam, 1921. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL129/1921/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
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* Campbell, David A., ''Greek Lyric, Volume III: Stesichorus, Ibycus, Simonides, and Others'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 476, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1991. {{ISBN|978-0674995253}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL476/1991/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Campbell, David A., ''Greek Lyric, Volume IV: Bacchylides, Corinna'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 461, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99508-6}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL461/1992/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Arthur Bernard Cook|Cook, Arthur Bernard]], ''Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion'' (3 volume set), (1914–1925). New York, Bibilo & Tannen: 1964.
* {{cite book | last1= Cook | first1 = Arthur Bernard | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | title = Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Volume I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky | date = 1914 | author-link = Arthur Bernard Cook}}
** Volume 1: ''Zeus, God of the Bright Sky'', Biblo-Moser, 1 June 1964, {{ISBN|0-8196-0148-9}} (reprint)
** Volume 2: ''Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (Thunder and Lightning)'', Biblo-Moser, 1 June 1964, {{ISBN|0-8196-0156-X}}
** Volume 3: ''Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (earthquakes, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorites)''
* [[Cicero|Cicero, Marcus Tullius]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' in ''Cicero: On the Nature of the Gods. Academics'', translated by H. Rackham, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 268, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], first published 1933, revised 1951. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99296-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL268/1933/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Hermann Alexander Diels|Diels, Hermann A.]], ''Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'', Volume II, Berlin, Weidmann, 1912. [https://archive.org/details/diefragmenteder02diel/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Karl Wilhelm Dindorf|Dindorf, Karl Wilhelm]] (1875a), ''Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem'', Volume I, Oxford, E. Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1875. [https://archive.org/details/scholiagraecainh01homeuoft/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg5026.tlg001/ Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Karl Wilhelm Dindorf|Dindorf, Karl Wilhelm]] (1875b), ''Scholia Graeca in Homeri Iliadem'', Volume IV, Oxford, E. Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1875. [https://archive.org/details/scholiagraecainh04homeuoft/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive]. [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg5026.tlg001/ Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. translated by C. H. Oldfather, twelve volumes, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer].
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'' in ''Euripides: Helen, Phoenician Women, Orestes'', edited and translated by David Kovacs, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99600-7}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL011/2002/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'', translated by E. P. Coleridge in ''The Complete Greek Drama'', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill Jr., Volume 2, New York, Random House, 1938. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg014.perseus-eng1:1-30 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Joseph Eddy Fontenrose|Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy]], ''Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins'', [[University of California Press]], 1959. {{ISBN|978-0-520-04091-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC Google Books].
* [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2000), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0198147404}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC Google Books].
* [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Fowler, R. L.]] (2013), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-198-14741-1}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ Google Books].
* [[James George Frazer|Frazer, James George]], ''Fastorum Libri Sex: The ''Fasti'' of Ovid. Volume 3: Commentary on Books 3 and 4'', Cambridge University Press, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-108-08248-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n6uUBgAAQBAJ Google Books].
* [[Galen]], ''On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, First Part: Books I-V'', edited and translated by Phillip De Lacy, Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 1981. [https://archive.org/details/ondoctrinesofhip0000gale/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Gee, Emma, ''Ovid, Aratus and Augustus: Astronomy in Ovid's ''Fasti, Cambridge University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-521-65187-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NPsh5CsJprYC Google Books].
* Gifford, E. H. (1903a), ''Eusebii Pamphyli Evangelicae Praeparationis'', Volume I, Oxford, E. Typographeo Academico, 1903. [https://archive.org/details/evangelicaepraep01euse/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* Gifford, E. H. (1903b), ''Eusebii Pamphyli Evangelicae Praeparationis'', Volume III, Oxford, E. Typographeo Academico, 1903. [https://archive.org/details/eusebius-preparation-for-the-gospel-full-work-gifford-1903-trans/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* Grenfell, Bernard P., and Arthur S. Hunt, ''The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Part VII'', London, Egypt Exploration Fund, 1910. [https://archive.org/details/pt7oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Pierre Grimal|Grimal, Pierre]], ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[William Hansen (classicist)|Hansen, William]], ''Handbook of Classical Mythology'', [[ABC-Clio]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-576-07226-4}}.
* Hard, Robin (2004), ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-415-18636-0}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books].
* Hard, Robin (2015), ''Eratosthenes and Hyginus: Constellation Myths, With Aratus's Phaenomena'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-19-871698-3}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7IMSBwAAQBAJ Google Books].
* [[Herodotus]], ''[[The Histories of Herodotus|Histories]]'', translated by [[A. D. Godley]], Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1920. {{ISBN|0674991338}}. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.1.0 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', in ''Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2007, 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99721-9}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia'', edited and translated by [[Glenn W. Most]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99720-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150823032802/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Works and Days]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg002.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 2 ''to Demeter'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to Apollo'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:1-46 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 32 ''to Selene'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg032.perseus-eng1:32 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in Two Volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]]; ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A. T. Murray, Ph.D. in Two Volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[De astronomia]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/207 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at ToposText].
* Keightley, Thomas, ''The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy'', London, G. Bell and Sons, 1877. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JxQHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Google Books].
* [[Otto Kern|Kern, Otto]]. ''Orphicorum Fragmenta'', Berlin, 1922. [https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
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* Ogden, Daniel, ''Drakōn: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-19-955732-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC Google Books].
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* [[Denys Page|Page, Denys Lionel, Sir]], ''Poetae Melici Graeci'', Oxford University Press, 1962. {{ISBN|978-0-198-14333-8}}.
* Parada, Carlos, ''Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology'', Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. {{ISBN|978-91-7081-062-6}}.
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* [[Pindar]], ''Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments'', edited and translated by William H. Race, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 485, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99534-5}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL485/1997/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
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* [[Plutarch]], ''[[Moralia]], Volume VIII: Table-Talk, Books 1-6'', translated by P. A. Clement, H. B. Hoffleit, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 424, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1969. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99466-9}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL424/1969/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Plutarch]], ''[[Moralia]], Volume XV: Fragments'', translated by F. H. Sandbach, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 429, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1969. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99473-7}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL429/1969/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy'', translated by A. S. Way, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1913. [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* Harry, René, ''[[Photius]]: [[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Bibliothèque]]. Tome III: Codices 186-222'', ''[[Collection Budé]]'', Paris, [[Les Belles Lettres]], 1962. {{ISBN|978-2-25132-222-3}}. [https://topostext.org/work/237 English translation of excerpts by Roger Pearse at Topostext].
* [[Erwin Rohde|Rohde, Erwin]], ''Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Greeks'', 1925.
* Sandbach, F. H., ''[[Plutarch]], [[Moralia]], Volume XV: Fragments'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 429, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1969. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99473-7}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL429/1969/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Salowey, Christina, "The Gigantomachy", in ''The Oxford Handbook of Heracles'', pp. 235–50, edited by Daniel Ogdon, Oxford University Press, 2021. {{ISBN|978-0-190-65101-5}}.
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* [[Georg Wissowa|Wissowa, Georg]], ''[[Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]'', Band 1, Halbband 2, Stuttgart, J. B. Metzler, 1894. [https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Paulys_Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft Online version at Wikisource].
* Yasumura, Noriko, ''Challenges to the Power of Zeus in Early Greek Poetry'', Bloomsbury Academic, London, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-472-51968-9}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mVoDAAAAQBAJ Google Books].
{{Refend}}
==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Zeus
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{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.maicar.com/GML/Zeus.html Greek Mythology Link, Zeus] stories of Zeus in myth
*[http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Zeus.html Theoi Project, Zeus] summary, stories, classical art
*[http://www.theoi.com/Cult/ZeusCult.html Theoi Project, Cult Of Zeus] cult and statues
* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000065 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Zeus)]
{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Twelve Olympians}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]]
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[[Category:Characters in the Argonautica]]
[[Category:LGBTQ themes in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Consorts of Demeter]]
[[Category:Consorts of Selene]]
[[Category:Twelve Olympians]]
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