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Most of the current BSD operating systems are [[Open-source software|open source]] and available for download, free of charge, under the [[BSD License]]. They also generally use a [[monolithic kernel]] architecture, apart from DragonFly BSD which feature [[hybrid kernel]]s. The various open source BSD projects generally develop the kernel and [[user space|userland]] programs and libraries together, the source code being managed using a single central source repository.
==Aims and philosophies==
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===NetBSD===
[[NetBSD]] aims to provide a freely redistributable operating system that professionals, hobbyists, and researchers can use in any manner they wish. The main focus is [[software portability|portability]], through the use of clear distinctions between machine-dependent and [[cross-platform software | machine-independent]] code. It runs on a wide variety of [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit]]
NetBSD places emphasis on [[Software verification and validation#Software validation|correct design]], well-written code, stability, and efficiency, where practical, close compliance with [[open API]] and [[open protocol | protocol standards]] is also aimed for. A powerful [[Internet protocol suite | TCP/IP stack]], combined with a small [[application footprint | footprint]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://machaddr.substack.com/p/netbsd-the-portable-lightweight-and |title=NetBSD: The Portable, Lightweight, and Robust Unix-Like OS | author=André Machado | date=4 November 2024}}</ref> make NetBSD well suited to be [[embedded system | embedded]] in [[Network service | networking applications]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://yazzy.org/docs/NetBSD/Embedding_NetBSD.pdf |title=Embedding the NetBSD Operating System |author=Wasabi Systems Inc |access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref> as well as to revive [[retrocomputing | vintage hardware]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/08/10/netbsd_93/ |title=NetBSD 9.3: A 2022 OS that can run on late-1980s hardware | author=The Register |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>
In June 2008, the NetBSD Foundation moved to a
Projects spawned by NetBSD include [[NPF (firewall)|NPF]], [[Rump kernel | Rump kernels ]], [[busdma]], [[pkgsrc]] and NVMM.
'''Derivatives:'''
*'''
*'''SEIL/SMFv2'''– The system management [[software framework | framework]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dev.smf.jp/|title=SMF developer site}}</ref> used by [[Internet Initiative Japan, Inc. | IIJ]]'s SEIL/X [[Customer-premises equipment|CPE]] routers, built on NetBSD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.netbsd.org/gallery/presentations/msaitoh/2014_AsiaBSDCon/ABC2014-P6B-paper.pdf |title=Developing CPE Routers based on NetBSD: Fifteen Years of SEIL |work=AsiaBSDCon 2014 |author=Masanobu SAITOH, Hiroki SUENAGA |date=March 2014 |access-date=14 February 2025 |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010134105/https://www.netbsd.org/gallery/presentations/msaitoh/2014_AsiaBSDCon/ABC2014-P6B-paper.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''OS108''' – system with graphical desktop environment based on [[NetBSD]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://os108.org/ |title=A fast, open and Secure desktop Operating System based on NetBSD |date=2020-11-13 |access-date=2021-08-02}}</ref>▼
*'''
*'''
▲*'''OS108''' – system with graphical [[desktop environment]] based on
*'''polyBSD/pocketSAN''' – Multipurpose framework for building embedded [[Storage area network|SAN]] and [[VPN]] [[computer appliance | appliances]] based on NetBSD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tdisecurity.com/labs/polybsd-pocketsan-pocketvpn/ |title=NetBSD on embedded devices - turning USB thumb-drives into VPNs. |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>
*'''smolBSD''' – Tiny BSD system creation tool, primarily aimed at building modern, lightweight, fast micro [[Virtual Machine | VMs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://smolbsd.org/ |title=smolBSD: make your own BSD UNIX MicroVM |access-date=2025-01-06}}</ref>
===OpenBSD===
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}}</ref>
OpenBSD emphasizes very high standards in all areas. Security policies include disabling all non-essential services and having sane initial settings; and integrated [[cryptography]] (originally made easier due to relaxed Canadian export laws relative to the United States), [[Full disclosure (computer security)|full public disclosure]] of all security flaws discovered; thoroughly [[auditing]] code for bugs and security issues; various security features, including the [[W^X]] page protection technology and heavy use of randomization to mitigate attacks. Coding approaches include an emphasis on searching for similar issues throughout the [[code base]] if any code issue is identified. Concerning software freedom, OpenBSD prefers the [[BSD license|BSD]] or [[ISC license]], with the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] acceptable only for existing software which is impractical to replace, such as the [[GNU Compiler Collection]]. NDAs are never considered acceptable. In common with its parent, NetBSD, OpenBSD strives to run on a wide variety of hardware.<ref>{{cite web | date = 2005-10-12 | url = http://www.openbsd.org/goals.html | title = OpenBSD Project Goals | publisher = OpenBSD | access-date = 2006-04-22}}</ref> Where licenses or code quality conflict with OpenBSD's philosophy, the OpenBSD team has re-implemented major pieces of software from scratch, which have often become the standard used within other versions of BSD. Examples include the [[PF (firewall)|pf]] [[packet filter]], new [[privilege separation]] techniques used to safeguard tools such as [[tcpdump]] and [[tmux]], much of the [[OpenSSH]] codebase, and replacing GPL licensed tools such as [[diff]], [[grep]] and [[pkg-config]] with [[ISC license|ISC]] or [[BSD license|BSD]] licensed equivalents.
OpenBSD prominently notes the success of its security approach on its website home page. {{As of|2024|July}}, only two vulnerabilities have ever been found in its default install (an [[OpenSSH]] vulnerability found in 2002, and a remote network vulnerability found in 2007) in a period of almost 22 years. According to OpenBSD expert Michael W. Lucas, OpenBSD "is widely regarded as the most secure operating system available anywhere, under any licensing terms."<ref>{{cite book
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*'''LibertyBSD''' – Aimed to be a 'deblobbed' version of OpenBSD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://libertybsd.net/ |title=Liberty BSD |work=libertybsd.net |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180830222805/https://libertybsd.net/ |archive-date=August 30, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are a number of reasons as to why blobs can be problematic, according to the project.<ref name="kerneltrap/6497">{{cite web |url=http://kerneltrap.org/node/6497 |first=Jeremy |last=Andrews |title=Interview with Jonathan Gray and Damien Bergamini |access-date=2008-01-06 |date=2006-04-19 |publisher=kerneltrap.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211025952/http://kerneltrap.org/node/6497 |archive-date=2007-12-11 }}</ref> LibertyBSD began going through the process to become [[Free Software Foundation]] [[FSDG]] certified, but ultimately never was accepted.<ref>[https://libertybsd.net/faq.html "LibertyBSD - FAQ"]. ''LibertyBSD''. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</ref> LibertyBSD is no longer actively developed, and the project page directs people instead to [[Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre|HyperbolaBSD]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Levesque|first=Jaidyn|title=LibertyBSD|url=https://libertybsd.net|access-date=2021-09-07|website=LibertyBSD}}</ref>
*'''Isotop''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=pavroo |title=Isotop |url=https://archiveos.org/isotop/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=ArchiveOS |date=17 May 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> a French project<ref>{{Cite web |title=3hg {{!}} isotop - index |url=https://www.3hg.fr/Isos/isotop/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=www.3hg.fr |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401081201/https://www.3hg.fr/Isos/isotop/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> aiming to adapt OpenBSD to desktops and laptops,<ref>{{Cite web |title=DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD. |url=https://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20191007#mazon |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=distrowatch.com}}</ref> using [[xfce]] then [[dwm]].
* '''fuguita'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fuguita.org/ |title=Welcome - fuguita |accessdate=2025-03-30}}</ref> – a live system based on OpenBSD for i386, amd64, and arm64
===DragonFly BSD===
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A number of BSD OSes use stylized version of their respective names for logos. This includes TrueOS, GhostBSD, DesktopBSD, ClosedBSD,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.closedbsd.org/images/logo.jpg | title = ClosedBSD logo
| format = JPEG | access-date = 2006-10-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050306153339/http://www.closedbsd.org/images/logo.jpg
| archive-date=2005-03-06}} Original last retrieved on 2006-04-22.</ref> and
[[MirOS]]'s site collects a variety of BSD mascots and [[Tux (mascot)|Tux]], the [[Linux]] mascot, together, illustrating the project's aim of supporting both BSD and Linux kernels. MirOS's slogan is "a wonderful operating system for a world of peace."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mirbsd.mirsolutions.de/ | title = MirOS/MirPorts: a wonderful operating system for a world of peace | publisher = MirOS Project | access-date = 2006-04-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060412181907/http://mirbsd.mirsolutions.de/ | archive-date = 2006-04-12 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
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==General information==
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{| class="sortable sort-under wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: auto;"
|+Overview of BSD versions
|-
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| 1993-12-01
| [[386BSD]], [[4.4BSD]]-Lite
| 14.2
|
| {{Yes|Free}}
| [[BSD licenses#2-clause|Simplified BSD]]
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| 1996-09-01
| [[NetBSD|NetBSD 1.0]]
| 7.
|
| {{Yes|Free}}
| [[ISC license|ISC]]
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| 1993-04-19
| [[386BSD]], [[4.4BSD]]-Lite
| 10.
| 2024-
| {{Yes|Free}}
| [[BSD licenses#2-clause|Simplified BSD]]
| |||