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{{for|the database developed by DEC|Oracle Rdb}}
{{short description|Proprietary database management system}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
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== History ==
[[Larry Ellison]] and his two friends and former co-workers, [[Bob Miner]] and [[Ed Oates]], started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977, later [[Oracle Corporation]]. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name ''Oracle'' comes from the code-name of a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-funded project Ellison had worked on while formerly employed by [[Ampex]]
Ellison wanted his database to be compatible with [[IBM System R]], but that company's [[Don Chamberlin]] declined to release its error codes.{{r|rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612}} By 1985 Oracle advertised, however, that "Programs written for [[SQL/DS]] or [[DB2]] will run unmodified" on the many non-IBM mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers its database supported "Because all versions of ORACLE ''are'' identical".<ref name="oracle19850520">{{Cite magazine |date=1985-05-20 |title=Oracle announces portable version of IBM SQL/DS and DB2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygHfUXZWXlcC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=true |access-date=2025-06-07 |magazine=Computerworld |page=47 |type=Advertisement |volume=XIX |issue=20}}</ref>
=== Releases and versions ===
Oracle products follow a custom release-numbering and -naming convention. The "ai" in the current release, Oracle Database 23ai, stands for "Artificial Intelligence". Previous releases (e.g. Oracle Database 19c, 10g, and Oracle9i Database) have used suffixes of "c", "g", and "i" which stand for "Cloud", "Grid", and "Internet" respectively. Prior to the release of Oracle8i Database, no suffixes featured in Oracle Database naming conventions. There was no v1 of Oracle Database, as
| title= Larry Ellison Is A Billionaire Today Thanks to the CIA
| author= Julie Bort
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| archive-date= 16 January 2017
| url-status= live
}}</ref><ref name="rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary 1: Early Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702562-05-01-acc.pdf |pages=33,35 |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> For some database releases, Oracle also provides an Express Edition (XE) that is free to use.<ref>{{cite web |title=Free Oracle Database for Everyone |url=https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/appdev/xe.html |website=[[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref>{{r|rdbmslateryears20070612}}
Oracle Database release numbering has used the following codes:
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! Marquee <br /> Features
|-
|{{Version |c |Oracle Database 23ai (LTR)}}
|23.4.0
|On May 2, 2024, Oracle Database 23ai<ref>{{cite web|title=Announcing Oracle Database 23ai: General Availability|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-23ai-now-generally-available|access-date=2024-05-02|website=Oracle Corporation|language=en}}</ref> was released on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) as cloud services, including OCI Exadata Database Service, OCI Exadata Database Cloud@Customer, and OCI Base Database Service. It is also available in Always Free Autonomous Database. Oracle Database 23c (previously released in 2023) was renamed to Oracle Database 23ai (23.4) due to the significant additional engineering effort to add features that bring AI capabilities to the data in Oracle Database.
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|AI Vector Search<ref>{{cite web|title=Oracle Announces General Availability of AI Vector Search in Oracle Database 23ai|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-announces-general-availability-of-ai-vector-search-in-oracle-database-23ai|access-date=2024-05-02|website=Oracle Corporation|language=en}}</ref> (includes new Vector data type, Vector indexes, and Vector SQL operators/functions), JSON Relational Duality,<ref>{{cite web|title=Oracle Announces General Availability of JSON Relational Duality in Oracle Database 23ai|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/post/oracle-announces-general-availability-of-json-relational-duality-in-oracle-database-23ai|access-date=2024-05-02|website=Oracle Corporation|language=en}}</ref> JSON Schema Validation, Transactional Microservices Support, OKafka, Operational Property Graphs, Support for [[SQL/PGQ]], Schema Privileges, Developer Role, In-database SQL Firewall, TLS 1.3 Support, Integration with Azure Active Directory OAuth2, True Cache for mid-tier caching, Readable Per-PDB Standby, Globally Distributed Database with active-active RAFT-based replication, Real-time SQL Plan Management, Priority Transactions, SQL Syntax Simplification, Schema Annotations, Data Use Case Domains, Column Value Lock-free Reservations
|-
|{{Version |co |Oracle Database 21c (IR)}}
|21.1.0
|December 2020 (cloud)<ref>{{cite web|title=Oracle Database 21c|url=https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/21/index.html|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Oracle Help Center|language=en}}</ref>
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|Blockchain Tables, Multilingual Engine - JavaScript Execution in the Database, Binary JSON Data Type, Per-PDB Data Guard Physical Standby (aka Multitenant Data Guard), Per-PDB GoldenGate Change Capture, Self-Managing In-Memory, In-Memory Hybrid Columnar Scan, In-Memory Vector Joins with SIMD, Sharding Advisor Tool, Property Graph Visualization Studio, Automatic Materialized Views, Automatic Zone Maps, SQL Macros, Gradual Password Rollover
|-
| {{Version |co |Oracle Database 19c (LTR)}}
| 19.1.0 // 12.2.0.3
| February 2019 (Exadata)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-19c-now-available-on-oracle-exadata |access-date=2021-04-27 |title=Oracle Database 19c Now Available on Oracle Exadata|date=2019-02-13|first1=Dominic|last1=Giles|website=Oracle Database Insider }}</ref>
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| Active Data Guard DML Redirection, Automatic Index Creation, Real-Time Statistics Maintenance, SQL Queries on Object Stores, In-Memory for IoT Data Streams, Hybrid Partitioned Tables, Automatic SQL Plan Management, SQL Quarantine, Zero-Downtime Grid Infrastructure Patching, Finer-Granularity Supplemental Logging, Automated PDB Relocation
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle Database 18c (IR)}}
| 18.1.0 // 12.2.0.2
| February 2018 (cloud, Exadata)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/database/oracle-database-18c-:-now-available-on-the-oracle-cloud-and-oracle-engineered-systems |access-date=2021-04-28 |date=2018-02-16 |title=Oracle Database 18c : Now available on the Oracle Cloud and Oracle Engineered Systems |website=Oracle Database Insider }}</ref>
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| 2002
| 9.2.0.8<br />April 2007
|
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle9''i'' Database}}
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| June 1992
|
| Distributed 2-phase commit,{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} PL/SQL stored procedures,
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle 6.2}}
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| 1988
| 6.0.37
| Row-level locking, [[symmetric multiprocessor|SMP]] scalability / performance, storing of undo in database,{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} online backup and recovery, B*Tree indexes, [[PL/SQL]] executed from compiled programs (C etc.). First version available for [[NetWare#NetWare 3.x|Novell Netware 386]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=O'Brien |first=Timothy |date=1991-04-29 |title=Oracle8 on Linux shows promise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA2 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |access-date=2019-09-07 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle v5}}
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| 1985
| 5.1.22
| C2 security certification. Support for [[
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle v4}}
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| 1984
| 4.1.4.4
| Multiversion read consistency. [[Halloween Problem]] solved. Improved concurrency.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} First version available for [[MS-DOS]]
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle v3}}
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| 1983
|
| [[Concurrency control]], data distribution, and [[scalability]]. Re-written in C for portability to other operating systems, including [[UNIX]].<ref>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=Data Processing Digest Volumes 29-30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eygmAQAAIAAJ&q=oracle+unix |publisher=[[Roger Sisson|Data Processing Digest]] |page=2}}</ref>{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}
|-
| {{Version |o |Oracle v2}}
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| 1979
|
| First commercially available SQL [[Relational database|RDBMS]]. Basic SQL queries, simple joins<ref name="VEI-Kuni-OraR2">{{cite web|url=http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=403|title=Oracle V2|website=Virtual Exhibitions in Informatics|publisher=University of Klagenfurt|author=Departments of Informatics|access-date=30 September 2019|url-status=live|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930122821/http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=403}}</ref> and <code>CONNECT BY</code> joins. Atomic role-level SQL statements. Rudimentary [[concurrency control]] and [[database integrity]]. No [[query optimizer]]. Written in [[assembly language]] for the [[PDP-11]]{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} to run in 128KB of [[Random-access memory|RAM]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Maheshwari |first=Sharad |date=2007 |title=Introduction to SQL and PL/SQL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1eMhnTq2BYC&pg=PA12 |publisher=Firewall Media |page=12 |isbn=9788131800386}}</ref> Ran on PDP-11 and [[VAX]]/VMS in PDP-11 compatibility mode.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}
|-
| colspan="6" | <small>{{Version |l |show=111100}} '''LTR''' = ''Long-Term Release'', '''IR''' = ''Innovation Release''</small>
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=== Competition ===
In the market for relational databases, Oracle Database competes against commercial products such as [[IBM Db2]] and [[Microsoft SQL Server]].<ref name="rdbmslateryears20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary Session: The Later Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102701921-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> Oracle and IBM tend to battle for the mid-range database market on Unix and Linux platforms, while Microsoft dominates the mid-range database market on [[Microsoft Windows]] platforms. However, since they share many of the same customers, Oracle and IBM tend to support each other's products in many middleware and application categories (for example: [[WebSphere]], [[PeopleSoft]], and [[Siebel Systems]] [[Customer relationship management|CRM]]), and IBM's hardware divisions work closely{{Citation needed|date= February 2010}} with Oracle on performance-optimizing server-technologies (for example, [[Linux on IBM Z]]). Niche commercial competitors include [[Teradata]] (in data warehousing and business intelligence), Software AG's [[ADABAS]], [[Sybase]], and IBM's [[Informix]], among many others.
In the cloud, Oracle Database competes against the database services of AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.
Increasingly, the Oracle database products compete against [[open-source software]] relational and non-relational database systems such as [[PostgreSQL]], [[MongoDB]], [[Couchbase]], [[Neo4j]], [[ArangoDB]] and others. Oracle acquired [[Innobase]], supplier of the [[InnoDB]] codebase to [[MySQL]], in part to compete better against open source alternatives, and acquired [[Sun Microsystems]], owner of MySQL, in 2010. Database products licensed as open-source are, by the legal terms of the [[Open Source Definition]], free to distribute and free of royalty or other licensing fees.
==Reception==
The ''[[Rosen Electronics Letter]]'' in February 1983 stated that Oracle was "the most comprehensive offering we've seen" among databases, with good marketing and substantial installed base encouraging developers to write software for it. The newsletter especially approved of the user interface, noting the "simplicity of setting up 'programs'—queries, data manipulation, updates—without actually programming".<ref name="rosen19830222">{{Cite news |date=1983-02-22 |title=DBMS and the workstation: Oracle gets close |url=https://cdn.oreillystatic.com/radar/r1/02-83.pdf |access-date=2025-06-05 |work=[[The Rosen Electronics Letter]] |pages=3-5}}</ref>
== See also ==
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