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{{Short description|Process
{{redirect|BIM|other uses|Bim (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Scan-to-BIM Mechanical Room.jpg|thumb| Building information model of a [[mechanical room]] developed from [[lidar]] data]]
'''Building information modeling ''' ('''BIM''') is an approach involving the generation and management of digital representations of the physical and functional characteristics of buildings or other physical assets and facilities. BIM is supported by various tools, processes, technologies and contracts. Building information models (BIMs) are [[computer files]] (often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which can be extracted, exchanged or networked to support decision-making regarding a built asset. BIM software is used by individuals, businesses and government agencies who plan, [[Building design|design]], [[construction|construct]], operate and maintain buildings and diverse [[hard infrastructure|physical infrastructure]]s, such as water, refuse, electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, railways, bridges, ports and tunnels.
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== History ==
The concept of BIM has existed since the 1970s. The first software tools developed for modeling buildings emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and included workstation products such as [[Charles M. Eastman|Chuck Eastman]]'s Building Description System<ref name=Eastman2008>{{cite book |first1=Charles |last1=Eastman |first2=David |last2=Fisher |first3=Gilles |last3=Lafue |first4=Joseph |last4=Lividini |first5=Douglas |last5=Stoker |first6=Christos |last6=Yessios |date=September 1974 |title=An Outline of the Building Description System |publisher=Institute of Physical Planning, Carnegie-Mellon University |url=http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED113833 |access-date=2013-12-13 |archive-date=2013-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213214253/http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED113833 |url-status=live }}</ref> and GLIDE, [[RUCAPS]], [[Sonata (building design software)|Sonata]], [[Reflex (building design software)|Reflex]] and [[Gable CAD|Gable 4D Series]].<ref name=Eastman1>{{cite book|last1=Eastman|first1=Chuck|last2=Tiecholz|first2=Paul|last3=[[Rafael Sacks|Sacks]]|first3=Rafael|last4=Liston|first4=Kathleen|title=BIM Handbook: a Guide to Building Information Modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers, and contractors|date=2008|publisher=John Wiley|___location=Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn=9780470185285|edition=1st|pages=xi–xii}}<!--|access-date=15 June 2015--></ref><ref name=Eastman2>{{cite book|last1=Eastman|first1=Chuck|last2=Tiecholz|first2=Paul|last3=Sacks|first3=Rafael|last4=Liston|first4=Kathleen|year = 2011 | title = BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors |url=https://archive.org/details/bimhandbookguide00east|url-access=limited| ___location = Hoboken, New Jersey|publisher=John Wiley|edition=2nd |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bimhandbookguide00east/page/n51 36]–37|isbn=9780470541371 }}</ref> The early applications, and the hardware needed to run them, were expensive, which limited widespread adoption.<ref name=Miller>{{Cite news|last=Miller|first=Kasper|date=January–February 2022|title=Exploring BIM's hidden past|work=AEC Magazine|url=https://aecmag.com/bim/exploring-bims-hidden-past-history-of-bim/|access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>
The pioneering role of applications such as RUCAPS, Sonata and Reflex has been recognized by Laiserin<ref>Laiserin, J. (2003) "[http://laiserin.com/features/issue17/feature02.php LaiserinLetterLetters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802153658/http://www.laiserin.com/features/issue17/feature02.php |date=2017-08-02 }}" (see Laiserin's comment to letter from John Mullan), ''The Laiserin Letter'', 6 January 2003.</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2012}} as well as the UK's [[Royal Academy of Engineering]];<ref name="RAEng-Ingram">{{cite web|title=Prince Philip Medal for engineer behind revolution in Building Information Modelling (22 June 2016)|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/news-releases/2016/june/prince-philip-medal-for-engineer-behind-revolution|website=Royal Academy of Engineering|publisher=RAEng|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-date=25 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625175004/http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/news-releases/2016/june/prince-philip-medal-for-engineer-behind-revolution|url-status=live}}</ref> former [[GMW Architects|GMW]] employee [[Jonathan Ingram]] worked on all three products.<ref name=Miller/> What became known as BIM products differed from architectural drafting tools such as [[AutoCAD]] by allowing the addition of further information (time, cost, manufacturers' details, sustainability, and maintenance information, etc.) to the building model.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
As Graphisoft had been developing such solutions for longer than its competitors, Laiserin regarded its [[ArchiCAD]] application as then "one of the most mature BIM solutions on the market."<ref>Laiserin, J. (2003) "[http://www.laiserin.com/features/issue19/feature01.php Graphisoft on BIM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704135215/http://www.laiserin.com/features/issue19/feature01.php |date=2017-07-04 }}", ''The Laiserin Letter'', 20 January 2003.</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2012}} Following its launch in 1987, ArchiCAD became regarded by some as the first implementation of [[Building Information Modeling|BIM]],<ref name=Forbes>Lincoln H. Forbes, Syed M. Ahmed, (2010) ''Modern Construction: Lean Project Delivery and Integrated Practices'', CRC Press.</ref><ref>Cinti Luciani, S. Garagnani, R. Mingucci (2012) "BIM tools and design intent. Limitations and opportunities", in K. Kensek, J. Peng, ''Practical BIM 2012 – Management, Implementation, Coordination and Evaluation'', Los Angeles</ref> as it was the first [[computer-aided design|CAD]] product on a personal computer able to create both 2D and 3D geometry, as well as the first commercial BIM product for personal computers.<ref name=Forbes /><ref name=Quirk>{{cite web|last1=Quirk|first1=Vanessa|title=A Brief History of BIM|url=http://www.archdaily.com/302490/a-brief-history-of-bim|website=Arch Daily|date=7 December 2012|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014065748/http://www.archdaily.com/302490/a-brief-history-of-bim|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>M. Dobelis (2013), "Drawbacks of BIM concept adoption", in the 12th International Conference on Engineering Graphics, BALTGRAF 2013, 5–7 June 2013, Riga, Latvia</ref> However, Graphisoft founder [[Gábor Bojár]] has acknowledged to Jonathan Ingram in an open letter, that Sonata "was more advanced in 1986 than ArchiCAD at that time", adding that it "surpassed already the matured definition of 'BIM' specified only about one and a half decade later".<ref name="Ingram">In Appendix 6: Letter to the author, p. 281, {{cite book |last1=Ingram |first1=Jonathan |title=Understanding BIM: The Past, Present and Future |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |___location=Abingdon |isbn=9780367244187}}.</ref>
The term 'building model' (in the sense of BIM as used today) was first used in papers in the mid-1980s: in a 1985 paper by Simon Ruffle eventually published in 1986,<ref>Ruffle S. (1986) "Architectural design exposed: from computer-aided-drawing to computer-aided-design" Environments and Planning B: Planning and Design 1986 March 7 pp 385-389. [http://epb.sagepub.com/content/13/4/385.abstract Abstract]</ref> and later in a 1986 paper by Robert Aish<ref>Aish, R. (1986) "Building Modelling: The Key to Integrated Construction CAD" CIB 5th International Symposium on the Use of Computers for Environmental Engineering related to Building, 7–9 July.</ref> – then at
However, the terms 'Building Information Model' and 'Building Information Modeling' (including the acronym "BIM") did not become popularly used until some 10 years later. Facilitating exchange and interoperability of information in digital format was variously with differing terminology: by [[Graphisoft]] as "Virtual Building" or "Single Building Model",<ref name="Day-Feb2022">{{cite news|last1=Day|first1=Martyn|date=February 2022|title=What next for AEC software?|work=AEC Magazine|url=https://aecmag.com/construction/what-next-for-aec-software/|access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> [[Bentley Systems]] as "Integrated Project Models", and by [[Autodesk]] or [[Vectorworks]] as "Building Information Modeling".<ref name="Day-Feb2022" /> In 2002, Autodesk released a [[white paper]] entitled "Building Information Modeling,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laiserin.com/features/bim/autodesk_bim.pdf|title=Autodesk (2002). Building Information Modeling. San Rafael, CA, Autodesk, Inc.|website=laiserin.com|access-date=2014-04-08|archive-date=2015-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714214305/http://www.laiserin.com/features/bim/autodesk_bim.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and other software vendors also started to assert their involvement in the field.<ref>Laiserin, J. (2002) "[http://www.laiserin.com/features/issue15/feature01.php Comparing Pommes and Naranjas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729235018/http://www.laiserin.com/features/issue15/feature01.php |date=2017-07-29 }}", ''The Laiserin Letter'', 16 December 2002.</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2012}} By hosting contributions from Autodesk, Bentley Systems and Graphisoft, plus other industry observers, in 2003,<ref>Laiserin, J. (2003) "[http://laiserin.com/features/bim/index.php The BIM Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708012451/http://www.laiserin.com/features/bim/index.php |date=2015-07-08 }}", ''The Laiserin Letter''.</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2012}} Jerry Laiserin helped popularize and standardize the term as a common name for the digital representation of the building process.<ref>Laiserin, in his foreword to Eastman, et al (2008, ''op cit'') disclaimed he had coined the term, adding "it is my opinion that the historical record ... shows that Building Information Modeling was not an innovation attributable solely to any individual or entity." (p.xiii)</ref>
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An early BIM standard was the CIMSteel Integration Standard, CIS/2, a product model and data exchange file format for structural steel project information (CIMsteel: Computer Integrated Manufacturing of Constructional Steelwork). CIS/2 enables seamless and integrated information exchange during the design and construction of steel framed structures. It was developed by the [[University of Leeds]] and the UK's Steel Construction Institute in the late 1990s, with inputs from [[Georgia Tech]], and was approved by the [[American Institute of Steel Construction]] as its data exchange format for structural steel in 2000.<ref name="NIST-CIS/2">{{cite web |title=SteelVis (aka CIS/2 Viewer) |url=https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/steelvis-aka-cis2-viewer |website=NIST |date=20 May 2011 |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619205054/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/steelvis-aka-cis2-viewer |url-status=live }}</ref>
BIM is often associated with [[Industry Foundation Classes]] (IFCs) and [[aecXML]] – data structures for representing information – developed by [[buildingSMART]]. IFC is recognised by the [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] and has been an
Construction Operations Building information exchange ([[COBie]]) is also associated with BIM. COBie was devised by Bill East of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] in 2007,<ref name=East2007>{{cite web|last=East|first=E. William|title=Construction Operation Building Information Exchange|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA491932|publisher=USACE ERDC|access-date=8 October 2012|archive-date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131403/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA491932|url-status=dead}}</ref> and helps capture and record equipment lists, product data sheets, warranties, spare parts lists, and preventive maintenance schedules. This information is used to support operations, maintenance and asset management once a built asset is in service.<ref name=NIBSe-news>{{cite web|last=East|first=William|title=Corps of Engineers Pilots COBie|url=http://www.nibs.org/page/0612_COE_COBie/|work=Building Sciences Monthly e-Newsletter|publisher=NIBS|access-date=8 October 2012|archive-date=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609002308/http://www.nibs.org/page/0612_COE_COBie/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2011, it was approved by the US-based [[National Institute of Building Sciences]] as part of its National Building Information Model (NBIMS-US) standard.<ref name=ERDC>{{cite web|title=CERL's COBie is National Institute of Building Sciences Approved|url=http://erdc.usace.army.mil/news-2011/cerls-cobie-is-national-institute-of-building-sciences-approved/|work=Engineer Research & Development Center|publisher=ERDC|access-date=8 October 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212025312/http://erdc.usace.army.mil/news-2011/cerls-cobie-is-national-institute-of-building-sciences-approved/|archive-date=2012-12-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> COBie has been incorporated into software, and may take several forms including spreadsheet, IFC, and ifcXML. In early 2013 [[BuildingSMART]] was working on a lightweight XML format, COBieLite, which became available for review in April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=East|first=Bill|title=COBieLite: A lightweight XML format for COBie data|url=http://buildingsmartalliance.org/index.php/projects/cobielite/|publisher=National Institute of Building Sciences|access-date=27 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506100757/http://buildingsmartalliance.org/index.php/projects/cobielite/|archive-date=6 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2014, a code of practice regarding COBie was issued as a British Standard: BS 1192-4.<ref name=1192-4>{{cite web|title=BS 1192-4:2014 Collaborative production of information. Fulfilling employer's information exchange requirements using COBie. Code of practice|url=https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030294672|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=2020-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915075344/https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030294672|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===Management of building information models===
Building information models span the whole concept-to-occupation time-span. To ensure efficient management of information processes throughout this span, a BIM manager might be appointed. The BIM manager is retained by a design build team on the client's behalf from the pre-design phase onwards to develop and to track the object-oriented BIM against predicted and measured performance objectives, supporting multi-disciplinary building information models that drive analysis, schedules, take-off and logistics.<ref>[http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=17109&channelPage=/ep/channel/gsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-24291] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112145341/http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=17109&channelPage=%2Fep%2Fchannel%2FgsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-24291|date=12 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senaatti.fi/document.asp?siteID=2&docID=588|title=Senate Properties modeling guidelines|publisher=Gsa.gov|access-date=17 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226194436/http://www.senaatti.fi/document.asp?siteID=2&docID=588|archive-date=26 February 2012}}</ref> Companies are also now considering developing BIMs in various levels of detail, since depending on the application of BIM, more or less detail is needed, and there is varying modeling effort associated with generating building information models at different levels of detail.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.autcon.2010.11.027 |title=Analysis of modeling effort and impact of different levels of detail in building information models |year=2011 |last1=Leite |first1=Fernanda |last2=Akcamete |first2=Asli |last3=Akinci |first3=Burcu |last4=Atasoy |first4=Guzide |last5=Kiziltas |first5=Semiha |journal=[[Automation in Construction]] |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=601–9|hdl=11511/35062 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
===BIM in construction management===
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[[File:Operational BIM 2D floor plan view in a mobile device.png|thumb|Operational BIM 2D floor plan view in a mobile device]]
Dynamic information about the building, such as sensor measurements and control signals from the building systems, can also be incorporated within software to support analysis of building operation and maintenance.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1061/41052(346)10 |chapter=Requirements and Evaluation of Standards for Integration of Sensor Data with Building Information Models |title=Computing in Civil Engineering |year=2009 |last1=Liu |first1=Xuesong |last2=Akinci |first2=Burcu |isbn=978-0-7844-1052-3 |pages=95–104 |editor1-first=Carlos H. |editor1-last=Caldas |editor2-first=William J. |editor2-last=O'Brien}}</ref> As such, BIM in facility operation can be related to [[internet of things]] approaches;<ref>Shu Tang, Dennis R. Shelden, Charles M. Eastman, Pardis Pishdad-Bozorgi, Xinghua Gao (2019), "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926580518305764 A review of building information modeling (BIM) and the internet of things (IoT) devices integration: Present status and future trends]," ''[[Automation in Construction]]'', Volume 101, pp 127-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.01.020.</ref> rapid access to data may also be aided by use of mobile devices (smartphones, tablets) and machine-readable [[Radio-frequency identification|RFID]] tags or [[barcodes]];<ref>Costin, A.M., Teizer, J. "Fusing passive RFID and BIM for increased accuracy in indoor localization". ''Visualization in Engineering''. 3, 17 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40327-015-0030-6</ref> while integration and interoperability with other business systems - [[Computer-aided facility management|CAFM]], [[Enterprise resource planning|ERP]], [[Building automation|BMS]],
There have been attempts at creating information models for older, pre-existing facilities. Approaches include referencing key metrics such as the [[Facility Condition Index]] (FCI), or using [[3D scanner|3D laser-scanning]] surveys and [[photogrammetry]] techniques (separately or in combination) or digitizing traditional building surveying methodologies by using mobile technology to capture accurate measurements and operation-related information about the asset that can be used as the basis for a model. Trying to retrospectively model a building constructed in, say 1927, requires numerous assumptions about design standards, building codes, construction methods, materials, etc, and is, therefore, more complex than building a model during design.
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====New Zealand====
In 2015, many projects in the rebuilding of [[Christchurch]] were being assembled in detail on a computer using BIM well before workers set foot on the site. The New Zealand government started a BIM acceleration committee, as part of a productivity partnership with the goal of 20 per cent more efficiency in the construction industry by 2020.<ref>''New Zealand Herald'', Tuesday 14 April 2015</ref> Today, BIM use is still not mandated in the country while several challenges have been identified for its implementation in the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Lijun |last2=Lovreglio |first2=Ruggiero |last3=Yi |first3=Wen |last4=Yiu |first4=Tak Wing |last5=Shan |first5=Ming |date=2022-02-18 |title=Barriers and strategies for building information modelling implementation: a comparative study between New Zealand and China |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2022.2040076 |journal=International Journal of Construction Management |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=2067–2076 |doi=10.1080/15623599.2022.2040076 |issn=1562-3599|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, members of the AEC industry and academia have developed a national BIM handbook providing definitions, case studies and templates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIMinNZ |url=https://www.biminnz.co.nz/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=BIMinNZ |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Purposes or dimensionality==
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===[[3D modeling|3D]]===
'''3D BIM''', an acronym for [[Three-dimensional space|three-dimensional]] building information modeling, refers to the graphical representation of an asset's geometric design, augmented by information describing attributes of individual components. 3D BIM work may be undertaken by professional disciplines such as architectural, structural, and [[Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing|MEP]],<ref name=3DBIM-R-01>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autodesk.com/industry/aec/bim|title=What is BIM|access-date=27 November 2021|archive-date=24 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324171303/https://www.autodesk.com/industry/aec/bim|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=3DBIM-R-02>{{Cite web|url=https://marsbiminternational.com/insights/resources/bim-dimensions/|title=BIM Dimensions|access-date=21 May 2022|archive-date=2 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602070852/https://marsbiminternational.com/insights/resources/bim-dimensions/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the use of 3D models enhances coordination and collaboration between disciplines. A 3D virtual model can also be created by creating a [[point cloud]] of the building or facility using [[laser scanning]] technology.<ref name="3DBIM-R-08">{{Cite web|url=https://constructible.trimble.com/detailer/the-basics-of-mep-3d-scanning-point-clouds-and-bim-models-2|title=The Basics of MEP 3D Scanning: Point Clouds and BIM Models|access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="3DBIM-R-09">{{cite web|url=https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/GSA_BIM_Guide_Series_03.pdf|title=BIM Guide For 3D Imaging|website=gsa.gov|publisher=General Services Administration|date=12 January 2009|url-status=
===4D===
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* [[GIS]]
* [[Digital Building Logbook]]
* [[Landscape design software]]
* [[Lean construction]]
* [[List of BIM software]]
* [[Macro BIM]]
* [[Open-source architecture]]
* [[List of free and open-source software packages#3D|Open-source 3D file formats]]
* [[OpenStreetMap]]
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* [[Facility management]] (or Building management)
* [[Building automation]] (and Building management systems)
*[[Xeokit]] - [[open-source]] [[JavaScript]] [[software development kit]] (SDK) for rendering 3D graphics in web browsers for BIM
==Notes==
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