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=== Severability and responses ===
In 2003, [[Matt Stephens (author)|Matt Stephens]] and Doug Rosenberg published ''Extreme Programming Refactored: The Case Against XP'', which questioned the value of the XP process and suggested ways in which it could be improved.<ref name=SR/> This triggered a lengthy debate in articles, Internet newsgroups, and web-site chat areas. The core argument of the book is that XP's practices are interdependent but that few practical organizations are willing/able to adopt all the practices; therefore the entire process fails. The book also makes other criticisms, and it draws a likeness of XP's "collective ownership" model to socialism in a negative manner.
Certain aspects of XP have changed since the publication of ''Extreme Programming Refactored''; in particular, XP now accommodates modifications to the practices as long as the required objectives are still met. XP also uses increasingly generic terms for processes. Some argue that these changes invalidate previous criticisms; others claim that this is simply watering the process down.
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== Criticism ==
Extreme programming's initial buzz and controversial tenets, such as [[pair programming]] and [[continuous design]], have attracted particular criticisms, such as the ones coming from McBreen,<ref name="mcbreen">{{cite book| last = McBreen| first = P.| title = Questioning Extreme Programming| year = 2003| publisher = Addison-Wesley| ___location = Boston, MA| isbn = 978-0-201-84457-3 }}</ref> Boehm and Turner,<ref name="boehm2004">{{cite book| author2 = R. Turner| last = Boehm| first = B.| author-link = Barry Boehm| title = Balancing Agility and Discipline: A Guide for the Perplexed| year = 2004| publisher = Addison-Wesley| ___location = Boston, MA| isbn = 978-0-321-18612-6 | author2-link = Richard Turner (computer scientist)}}</ref> Matt Stephens and Doug Rosenberg.<ref name="stephens2004">{{cite book| author2 = Doug Rosenberg| last = Stephens| first = Matt| author-link = Matt Stephens (author)| url=http://www.drdobbs.com/the-irony-of-extreme-programming/184405651 |title=The irony of extreme programming| work = Dr. Dobb's| year = 2004| publisher = Dr Dobbs journal| ___location = MA}}</ref> Many of the criticisms, however, are believed by Agile practitioners to be misunderstandings of agile development.<ref name="sdmagazine1811">[http://www.sdmagazine.com/documents/s=1811/sdm0112h/0112h.htm sdmagazine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316100811/http://www.sdmagazine.com/documents/s%3D1811/sdm0112h/0112h.htm |date=March 16, 2006 }}</ref>
In particular, extreme programming has been reviewed and critiqued by Matt Stephens's and Doug Rosenberg's ''Extreme Programming Refactored''.<ref name=SR/>
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* [[Ron Jeffries]], Ann Anderson and Chet Hendrickson (2000), ''Extreme Programming Installed'', Addison–Wesley.
* {{cite journal |last1=Larman |first1=C. |author-link1=Craig Larman |last2=Basili |first2=V.R. |title=Iterative and incremental developments. a brief history |url=https://www.craiglarman.com/wiki/downloads/misc/history-of-iterative-larman-and-basili-ieee-computer.pdf |journal=Computer |date=June 2003 |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=47–56 |doi=10.1109/MC.2003.1204375}}
* [[Matt Stephens (author)|Matt Stephens]] and Doug Rosenberg (2003). ''Extreme Programming Refactored: The Case Against XP'', Apress.
* Waldner, JB. (2008). "Nanocomputers and Swarm Intelligence". In: ISTE, 225–256.
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