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{{short description|Common human medical data ranges for blood test results}}
{{Reference ranges}}
'''Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests''' are sets of values used by a [[health professional]] to interpret a set of [[medical test]] results from blood samples. [[Reference range]]s for [[blood test]]s are studied within the field of [[clinical chemistry]] (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of [[pathology]] that is generally concerned with analysis of [[bodily fluids]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miri-Dashe |first1=Timzing |last2=Osawe |first2=Sophia |last3=Tokdung |first3=Monday |last4=Daniel |first4=Nenbammun |last5=Choji |first5=Rahila Pam |last6=Mamman |first6=Ille |last7=Deme |first7=Kurt |last8=Damulak |first8=Dapus |last9=Abimiku |first9=Alash'le |title=Comprehensive reference ranges for hematology and clinical chemistry laboratory parameters derived from normal Nigerian adults |journal=
Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reference Ranges and What They Mean|url=http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/start/6|publisher=Lab Tests Online (USA)|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-date=28 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828020717/http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/start/6|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Interpretation==
A [[reference range]] is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% [[prediction interval]]).<ref>
===Plasma or whole blood===
In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote [[blood plasma]] concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside [[red blood cells]] (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on [[hematocrit]] as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:<ref name="pmid33274357">{{
* All values in ''Hematology – red blood cells'' (except ''hemoglobin in plasma'')
* All values in ''Hematology – white blood cells''
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===Units===
* [[Mass concentration (chemistry)|Mass concentration]] (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
* [[Molar concentration]] (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.<ref>
* [[International unit]]s (IU) are based on measured [[biological activity]] or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
* [[Enzyme activity]] ([[katal|kat]]) is commonly used for e.g. [[liver function test]]s like [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]], [[Alanine transaminase|ALT]], [[lactate dehydrogenase|LD]] and [[Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase|γ-GT]] in Sweden.<ref name=uppsala/>
* [[Percentage]]s and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for [[beta cell]] function in [[Homeostatic model assessment|homeostasis model assessment]] or [[thyroid's secretory capacity]].<ref>{{
===Arterial or venous===
If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the [[vein|venous]] range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by [[venipuncture]]. An exception is for acid–base and [[blood gas]]es, which are generally given for arterial blood.<ref>{{
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in [[therapeutic drug monitoring]] (TDM) assays).<ref name="Dufour">
===Usual or optimal===
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===Variability===
{{Further|Reference range}}
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbassi-Ghanavati
==Sorted by concentration==
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|rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Calcium}} Ionized [[calcium]] (Ca) || 1.03,<ref name=Larsson>{{cite journal |vauthors=Larsson L, Ohman S |title=Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1962–65 |date=November 1978 |pmid=709830 |doi= 10.1093/clinchem/24.11.1962|url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=709830|doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> 1.10<ref name=uppsala/> || 1.23,<ref name=Larsson/> 1.30<ref name=uppsala/> || mmol/L ||rowspan=2| See [[hypocalcaemia]] or [[hypercalcaemia]]
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| [[Transferrin saturation]] || 20<ref name=uimc/> || 50<ref name=uimc/> || % ||
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|rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Ferritin}} [[Ferritin]] – Males and [[postmenopausal]] females || 12<ref name=medline>[https://
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| 27<ref name=mass-ferritin>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1</ref> || 670<ref name=mass-ferritin/>|| pmol/L ||
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|rowspan=2| {{Anchor|Ammonia}} [[Ammonia]] || 10,<ref name=mitchell>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF |title=Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=125 |issue=8 |pages=1084–87 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11473464 |doi= 10.5858/2001-125-1084-MCCAHH|url=http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> 20<ref name=diaz>{{cite journal |vauthors=Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P |title=Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=41 |issue=7 |page=1048 |date=July 1995 |pmid=7600690 |doi= 10.1093/clinchem/41.7.1048a|doi-access=free }}</ref> || 35,<ref name=mitchell/> 65<ref name=diaz/> || μmol/L ||rowspan=2| See [[wikt:hypoammonemia#Noun|hypoammonemia]] and [[hyperammonemia]]
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| 17,<ref name=ammonia-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol</ref> 34<ref name=ammonia-molar/> || 60,<ref name=ammonia-molar/> 110<ref name=ammonia-molar/> || μg/dL
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|not established
|
|more than adults <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-07-01|title=Plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy neonates, children and adolescents measured with a high sensitive immunoassay method: High sensitive troponin I in pediatric age|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009898116301553|journal=Clinica Chimica Acta|language=en|volume=458|pages=68–71|doi=10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.029|pmid=27118089|issn=0009-8981|last1=Caselli|first1=C.|last2=Cangemi|first2=G.|last3=Masotti|first3=S.|last4=Ragusa|first4=R.|last5=Gennai|first5=I.|last6=Del Ry|first6=S.|last7=Prontera|first7=C.|last8=Clerico|first8=A.|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baum|first1=Hannsjörg|last2=Hinze|first2=Anika|last3=Bartels|first3=Peter|last4=Neumeier|first4=Dieter|date=2004-12-01|title=Reference values for cardiac troponins T and I in healthy neonates|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009912004002218|journal=Clinical Biochemistry|language=en|volume=37|issue=12|pages=1079–82|doi=10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.08.003|pmid=15589813|issn=0009-9120|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
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| [[CA19-9]] || || 40<ref name=southwest/> || U/mL || Pancreatic cancer
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| [[CA-125]] || || 30,<ref name=gp-ca125>[http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-100270014 GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125)] Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009</ref> 35<ref>[http://www.clinlabnavigator.com/Test-Interpretations/ca-125.html ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626000109/http://www.clinlabnavigator.com/Test-Interpretations/ca-125.html |date=2012-06-26 }} Retrieved on March 8, 2011</ref> || kU/L or U/mL ||
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|rowspan=3| [[Carcinoembryonic antigen]] (CEA) || Non-smokers, 50 years || 3.4,<ref name=uppsala/> 3.6<ref name=bjerner>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, etal |s2cid=12545738 |title=Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation |volume= 68|issue= 8|pages=703–13 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18609108 |doi=10.1080/00365510802126836 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/11808120 }}</ref> ||rowspan=3| μg/L ||
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|rowspan=8| [[Testosterone]] ||rowspan=2| Male, overall || 8,<ref name=AA>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/pageContent.asp?pageCode=LOWTESTDIAG#LOWTESTDIAGNORM|title=Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis|access-date=2008-11-28|archive-date=2012-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217051046/http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/pageContent.asp?pageCode=LOWTESTDIAG#LOWTESTDIAGNORM|url-status=dead}}</ref> 10<ref name=testosterone-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol</ref> || 27,<ref name=AA/> 35<ref name=testosterone-mass/> || nmol/L
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| 230,<ref name=testosterone-molar>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol</ref> 300<ref name=medline-testosterone>[https://www.
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|rowspan=2| Male < 50 years || 10<ref name=uppsala/> || 45<ref name=uppsala/> || nmol/L
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|rowspan=2| [[Progesterone]]<br />{{hatnote|-more detailed ranges<br /> in [[Progesterone#Levels|Progesterone]] article}} ||rowspan=2| Female in mid-[[luteal phase]] (day 21–23) || 17,<ref name=Stricker/> 35<ref name=progesterone-mass>Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol</ref> || 92<ref name="progesterone-mass"/> || nmol/L
|-
| 6,<ref name=Stricker/> 11<ref name=Bhattacharya>Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) [http://medind.nic.in/jaq/t05/i4/jaqt05i4p350.pdf Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602092012/http://medind.nic.in/jaq/t05/i4/jaqt05i4p350.pdf |date=2010-06-02 }} J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 pp. 350–52</ref> || 29<ref name=Bhattacharya/> || ng/mL
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|rowspan=3| [[Androstenedione]] || Adult male and female || 60<ref name=nyhq/> || 270<ref name=nyhq/> ||rowspan=3| ng/dL
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! Unit
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|rowspan=2| [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone]] (ACTH) ||rowspan=2| || 2.2<ref name="Nieman">{{cite web |last1=Nieman |first1=Lynnette K |title=Measurement of ACTH, CRH, and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measurement-of-acth-crh-and-other-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-peptides |website=www.uptodate.com |publisher=UpToDate |access-date=25 June 2021 |date=29 September 2019 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625125528/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/measurement-of-acth-crh-and-other-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-peptides |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 13.3<ref name="Nieman"/> || pmol/L
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| 20<ref name=southwest/> || 100<ref name=southwest/> || pg/mL
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|rowspan=4| [[Cortisol]] ||rowspan=2| 09:00 [[ante meridiem|am]] || 140<ref name=goodhope>[http://www.goodhope.org.uk/departments/pathweb/refranges.htm Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720014644/http://www.goodhope.org.uk/Departments/pathweb/refranges.htm |date=2010-07-20 }} Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009</ref> || 700<ref name=goodhope/> || nmol/L
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| 5<ref name=cortisol-derived>Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol</ref> || 25<ref name=cortisol-derived/> || μg/dL
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| Thrombocyte/[[Platelets|Platelet]] count (Plt)|| 140,<ref name=southwest/> 150<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=firstaid/> || 350,<ref name=uppsala/><ref name=bloodbook/> 400,<ref name=firstaid/> 450<ref name=southwest/> || x10<sup>9</sup>/L or<br /> x1000/μL ||
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| [[Mean platelet volume]] (MPV) || 7.2,<ref name=Demirin2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Demirin H, Ozhan H, Ucgun T, Celer A, Bulur S, Cil H, Gunes C, Yildirim HA |title=Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study |journal=Thromb. Res. |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=358–60 |year=2011 |pmid=21620440 |doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007 |hdl=20.500.12684/3830 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> 7.4,<ref name=labcareplus>[http://www.labcareplus.org/docs/REFERENCE_RANGES.pdf Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727010934/http://www.labcareplus.org/docs/REFERENCE_RANGES.pdf |date=2011-07-27 }} From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010</ref> 7.5<ref name=Lozano1988>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lozano M, Narváez J, Faúndez A, Mazzara R, Cid J, Jou JM, Marín JL, Ordinas A |title=[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population] |language=es|journal=Med Clin (Barc) |volume=110 |issue=20 |pages=774–77 |year=1998 |pmid=9666418 }}</ref> || 10.4,<ref name=labcareplus/> 11.5,<ref name=Lozano1988/> 11.7<ref name=Demirin2011/> || [[femtolitre|fL]] ||
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| [[Prothrombin time]] (PT)|| 10,<ref name=merck/> 11,<ref name=firstaid/><ref name=medline003652>{{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|003652}}</ref> 12<ref name=southwest/> || 13,<ref name=merck/> 13.5,<ref name=medline003652/> 14,<ref name=southwest/> 15<ref name=firstaid/> || s || PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised
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|rowspan=2| [[Antithrombin]] || 0.80<ref name=uppsala/> || 1.2<ref name=uppsala/> || kIU/L || rowspan=2 |
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| 0.15,<ref name=teruya2014>{{EMedicine|article|2084978|Antithrombin III}}</ref> 0.17<ref name=mgh>[http://mghlabtest.partners.org/coagbook/co000300.htm Antithrombin CO000300] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909215510/http://mghlabtest.partners.org/coagbook/co000300.htm |date=2017-09-09 }} in ''Coagulation Test Handbook'' at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]]. In turn citing:
* Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327–58.</ref> || 0.2,<ref name=teruya2014/> 0.39<ref name=mgh/> || mg/mL
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