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{{distinguish|Two-nation theory}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
[[File:Israel and Palestine Peace.svg|thumb|A [[peace movement]] poster: Israeli and Palestinian flags and the
[[File:Occupied Palestinian Territories.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Map of the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]], 2011. Agreeing on acceptable borders is a major difficulty with the two-state solution.]]
[[File:Restricted space in the West Bank, Area C.png|thumb|200px|[[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]] of the West Bank, controlled by Israel, in blue and red, December 2011]]
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The '''two-state solution''' is a proposed approach to resolving the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], by creating two states on the territory of the former [[Mandatory Palestine]]. It is often contrasted with the [[one-state solution]], which is the establishment a single state in former Mandatory Palestine with equal rights for all its inhabitants. The two-state solution is supported by many countries and the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref name="CBC News-2024">{{Cite news |title=Palestinian Authority ready to work with an Israeli government that backs two-state solution: PM Shtayyeh |website=CBC News|date=1 February 2024| accessdate=3 September 2024|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/palestinian-authority-two-state-solution-israeli-government-1.7102024}}</ref> Israel currently does not support the idea, though it has in the past.<ref name="Magid-2024">{{Cite web |last=Magid |first=Jacob |title=Knesset overwhelmingly passes motion rejecting Palestinian statehood, days before PM's US trip |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/knesset-overwhelmingly-passes-motion-rejecting-palestinian-statehood-days-before-pms-us-trip/ |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-08-18}}</ref>
The first proposal for separate Jewish and Arab states in the territory was made by the British [[Peel Commission]] report in 1937.<ref name="Morris-2009a">{{Citation |last=Morris |first=Benny |title=The History of One-State and Two-State Solutions |date=2009-04-28 |work=One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict |pages=28–160 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1np7rh.7 |access-date=2024-06-28 |publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1np7rh.7 |isbn=978-0-300-15604-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1947, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted a [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|partition plan for Palestine]], leading to the [[1948 Palestine war]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The 1947 Partition Plan |date=2022 |work=International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict |pages=93–101 |editor-last=Sabel |editor-first=Robbie |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/international-law-and-the-arabisraeli-conflict/1947-partition-plan/BF9BEE2E6380D9CEAD0C710C6AC51C63 |access-date=2023-10-31 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108762670.006 |isbn=978-1-108-48684-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/DPIQoPPub_280220.pdf ''The Question of Palestine and the UN'', "The Jewish Agency accepted the resolution despite its dissatisfaction over such matters as Jewish emigration from Europe and the territorial limits set on the proposed Jewish State."]</ref> As a result, [[Israel]] was established on the area the UN had proposed for the Jewish state, as well as almost 60% of the area proposed for the Arab state. Israel took control of [[West Jerusalem]], which was meant to be part of an international zone. Jordan took control of [[East Jerusalem]] and what became known as the [[West Bank]], [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexing it the following year]]. The territory which became the [[Gaza Strip]] was [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|occupied by Egypt]] but never annexed. Since the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], both the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip have been militarily occupied by Israel, becoming known as the [[Palestinian territories]].
The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] has accepted the concept of a two-state solution since the 1982 Arab Summit, on the basis of an independent Palestinian state based in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem.<ref>{{
Currently there is no two-state solution proposal being negotiated between Israel and Palestinians. The [[Palestinian Authority]] supports the idea of a two-state solution;<ref name="CBC News-2024" /> Israel at times has also supported the idea, but currently rejects the creation of a Palestinian state.<ref name="Magid-2024" /> Long-serving Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] stated his objection to a Palestinian state on two separate occasions, in 2015 and 2023.<ref name="Azulay-2015" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=Palestinians furious over Netanyahu claims that Israel must 'crush' statehood ambitions |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-748435 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post
The major points of contention include the specific boundaries of the two states (though most proposals are based on the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 lines]]), the [[status of Jerusalem]], the [[Israeli settlements]] and the [[Palestinian right of return|right of return of Palestinian refugees]]. Observers have described the current situation in the whole territory, with the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank]] and [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], as one of ''[[de facto]]'' Israeli sovereignty.<ref name="Iraqi-2021">{{Cite web |last=Iraqi |first=Amjad |date=2021-01-12 |title=Why B'Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime, from the river to the sea |url=https://www.972mag.com/btselem-israel-apartheid-supremacy/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=+972 Magazine}}</ref><ref name="IPS-2021">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2021 |title=B'Tselem (Document): A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1650915 |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]}}</ref> The two-state solution is an alternative to the one-state solution and what observers consider a ''de facto'' one-state reality.<ref name="Iraqi-2021" /><ref name="IPS-2021" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barnett |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael N. Barnett |last2=Brown |first2=Nathan |author-link2=Nathan J. Brown (political scientist) |last3=Lynch |first3=Marc |author-link3=Marc Lynch |last4=Telhami |first4=Shibley |author-link4=Shibley Telhami |date=2023-04-14 |title=Israel's One-State Reality |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-palestine-one-state-solution |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=102 |issue=3 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref>
Following the [[
== History ==
{{Main|Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}
[[File:Map of Mandatory Palestine in 1946 with major cities (in English).svg|thumb|[[Mandatory Palestine]] in 1946.]]
In the wake of [[Aliyah|Jewish migration]] from Europe in the context of [[Zionism]] and [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|intercommunal conflict]] in [[Mandatory Palestine]], the first proposal for the creation of Jewish and Arab states in the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]] was made by the British [[Peel Commission]] report of 1937 led by [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Pappe |first=Ilan |title=Zionism and the two-state solution |date=2007 |work=Where now for Palestine? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350223936.ch-002 |access-date=2024-06-28 |publisher=Zed Books Ltd |doi=10.5040/9781350223936.ch-002 |isbn=978-1-84277-839-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Morris-2009a" /> The plan maintained a mandate covering a small area containing [[Jerusalem]] and allotted the poorest lands of Palestine, including the [[Negev Desert]], and areas that are known today as the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]] to the Arabs; while most of the coastline and some of Palestine's most fertile agricultural land in the [[Galilee]] were allotted to the Jews.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LILdBDrm-ksC|title=The Arabs: A History|edition=3rd|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|author-link=Eugene Rogan|page=257|publisher=Penguin|year=2012|isbn=9780718196837}}</ref> Consequently, the recommended partition proposal was rejected by the Arab community of Palestine, and was accepted by most of the Jewish leadership.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ted|last=Swedenburg|date=1988|chapter=The Role of the Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt 1936–1939|title=Islam, Politics, and Social Movements|editor1-first=Edmund III |editor1-last=Burke|editor2-first=Ira|editor2-last=Lapidus|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|___location=Berkeley, California|isbn=0-520-06868-8|pages=189–194}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Marvin|last1=Gettleman|authorlink1=Marvin Gettleman|first2=Stuart|last2=Schaar|date=2003|title=The Middle East and Islamic World Reader|publisher=[[Grove Press]]|___location=New York City|isbn=0-8021-3936-1|pages=177–181}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Pappé|last=Ilan|date=2004|title=A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|___location=Cambridge, England|page=106|isbn=0-521-55632-5}}</ref>
Partition was again proposed by the [[1947 UN Partition Plan]] for the division of Palestine. It proposed a three-way division, again with Jerusalem held separately, under international control. The partition plan was accepted by [[Jewish Agency for Palestine]] and most Zionist factions who viewed it as a stepping stone to territorial expansion at an opportune time.<ref>{{cite book|first=Benny|last=Morris|title=1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|___location=New Haven, Connecticut|page=75|isbn=978-0-300-12696-9|quote=The night of 29–30 November passed in the Yishuv’s settlements in noisy public rejoicing. Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow. A collective cry of joy went up when the two-thirds mark was achieved: a state had been sanctioned by the international community.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/DPIQoPPub_280220.pdf|title=The Question of Palestine and the UN|publisher=[[United Nations]]|___location=Washington, DC|date=2008}}</ref> The [[Arab Higher Committee]], the [[Arab League]] and other Arab leaders and governments rejected it on the basis that Arabs formed a two-thirds majority and owned a majority of the lands.<ref>Benny Morris, ''1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War'', 2008, pp. 66, 67, 72</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LILdBDrm-ksC&q=eugene+rogan+history+of+arabs|title=The Arabs: A History|edition=3rd|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|page=321|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|___location=New York City|date=2012|isbn=978-0-7181-9683-7}}</ref> They also indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division,<ref>Morris, ''1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War'', p. 2008, p. 73</ref> arguing that it violated the principles of [[Self-determination|national self-determination]] in the [[United Nations Charter|UN Charter]].<ref>[https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/DPIQoPPub_280220.pdf ''The Question of Palestine and the UN'']</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Sami |last=Hadawi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghf_OBksgykC&pg=PA76|title=Bitter Harvest: A Modern History of Palestine|publisher=Olive Branch Press|___location=Northampton, Massachusetts|date=1991|isbn=9780940793767|page=76}}</ref> They announced their intention to take all necessary measures to prevent the implementation of the resolution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perkins |first1=Kenneth J. |last2=Gilbert |first2=Martin |date=1999 |title=Israel: A History |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120539 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=149 |doi=10.2307/120539 |jstor=120539 |issn=0899-3718|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Best |first=Antony |title=International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond |date=2004 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315739717-1 |pages=531 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |___location=Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England|doi=10.4324/9781315739717-1 |isbn=978-1-315-73971-7 |access-date=June 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=James |last=Rothrock|title=Live by the Sword: Israel's Struggle for Existence in the Holy Land|publisher=WestBow Press|___location=Bloomington, Indiana|date=2011|isbn=9781449725198|page=14}}</ref><ref>Lenczowski, G. (1962). ''The Middle East in World Affairs'' (3rd Ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 723</ref> Subsequently, the [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|Intercommunal conflict]] in Palestine gave way to [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]]<ref>Article "History of Palestine", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2002 edition), article section written by [[Walid Khalidi|Walid Ahmed Khalidi]] and Ian J. Bickerton.</ref> and the plan was not implemented.<ref>{{cite book|first=Itzhak|last=Galnoor|title=The Partition of Palestine: Decision Crossroads in the Zionist Movement|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|___location=Albany, New York|date=1994|isbn=9781438403724|page=195}}</ref>
[[File:United_Nations_Palestine_map_showing_Armistice_Agreements_between_Israel_&_Lebanon,_Syria,_Jordan_&_Egypt_1949-1950.jpg|thumb|1955 United Nations map showing the borders of Israel according to the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] of the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]].]]
At the end of the British Mandate, with the [[establishment of the State of Israel]] and entry of Arab regular armies into what had been Mandatory Palestine, the [[1948 Palestine war|1948 war]] became an [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|international conflict]].<ref name="Morris-2009b">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |title=1948: a history of the First Arab-Israeli war |date=2009 |publisher=Yale Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-300-15112-1 |___location=New Haven, Conn.}}</ref> At the end of the war, the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] established by the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]] became the de facto borders of the State of Israel.<ref name="Morris-2009b" /> The war resulted in the [[1948 Palestinian exodus|fleeing or expulsion of 711,000 Palestinians]], which the Palestinians call ''[[Nakba]]'', from the territories which became the state of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|author=United Nations General Assembly |date=23 August 1951 |url=https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/b792301807650d6685256cef0073cb80/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883?OpenDocument |title=General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine |format=OpenDocument |access-date=3 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822123836/http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/b792301807650d6685256cef0073cb80/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883?OpenDocument |archive-date=22 August 2011 |df=dmy}}</ref>
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===6th Netanyahu cabinet===
In December 2022, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] returned as Prime Minister of Israel, forming the most right-wing government in Israel's history. Netanyahu's coalition partners rejected the two-state solution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's most right-wing government agreed under Benjamin Netanyahu |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63942616 |date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's Netanyahu says deal agreed with far-right to form gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/22/israels-netanyahu-says-deal-agreed-with-far-right-to-form-govt |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In February 2023, Netanyahu said he would be willing to grant Palestinians autonomy but not sovereignty, and in any future deal Israel would maintain full security control of the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gold |first1=Hadas |title=Netanyahu outlines vision for two-state solution – without Palestinian sovereignty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/01/middleeast/netanyahu-palestinian-sovereignty-mime-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In June 2023, Netanyahu told members of the Knesset that Israel must block the creation of a Palestinian state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu's call to block creation of Palestinian state sparks fury, condemnation |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2328446/middle-east |work=Arab News |date=26 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinians furious over Netanyahu claims that Israel must 'crush' statehood ambitions |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-748435 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post
Later in 2023, despite Israeli PM Netanyahu's statement denying the creation of a Palestinian state as a condition for a normalization with Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaye |first1=Dalia Dassa |title=The Case Against an Israeli-Saudi Deal |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-against-israeli-saudi-deal |work=Foreign Affairs |date=17 August 2023 |quote=In an early August interview with Bloomberg, Netanyahu...called the Palestinian issue no more than a “checkbox” and reiterated his opposition to a Palestinian state.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel-Saudi peace can end all hope for Palestinian statehood – opinion |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-754207 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post
In October 2023, [[Hamas]] launched an attack on Israel. Numerous sources identified the lack of a Palestinian state as a cause of the war.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Matar |first1=Haggai |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza's shock attack has terrified Israelis. It should also unveil the context |url=https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181619/https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |publisher=+972 Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{
== Diplomatic efforts ==
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By 2010, when direct talks were scheduled to be restarted, continued growth of settlements on the West Bank and continued strong support of settlements by the Israeli government had greatly reduced the land and resources that would be available to a Palestinian state, creating doubt among Palestinians and left-wing Israelis that a two-state solution continued to be viable.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/21/world/middleeast/21assess.html|title=In Mideast Talks, Scant Hopes From the Beginning|first=Ethan|last=Bronner|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 20, 2010|accessdate=August 21, 2010}}</ref>
In January 2012 the European Union Heads of Mission report on East Jerusalem found that Israel's continuing settlement activities and the fragile situation of the Palestinian population in East Jerusalem, as well in area C, was making a two-state solution less likely.<ref>{{cite web|first=Amira|last=Hass|url=
On 29 November 2012, the [[UN General Assembly]] voted by 138 to 9, with 46 abstentions, to recognize Palestine as a "non-member observer state". On the following day, Israeli PM [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] announced the building of 3,000 new homes on land to the east of East Jerusalem, in an area referred to as "E-1".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/11/30/166252247/israel-plans-to-expand-settlements-in-east-jerusalem-west-bank|title=Israel Plans To Expand Settlements In East Jerusalem, West Bank|website=[[NPR]]|date=30 November 2012|accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> The move was immediately criticized by several countries, including the United States, with Israeli ambassadors being personally called for meetings with government representatives in the United Kingdom, France and Germany, among others. Israel's decision to build the homes was described by the [[Obama administration]] as "counterproductive", while Australia said that the building plans "threaten the viability of a two-state solution". This is because they claim the proposed E-1 settlement would physically split the lands under the control of the Palestinian National Authority in two, as the extent of the PNA's authority does not extend all the way to the [[River Jordan]] and the [[Dead Sea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/editorials/la-ed-e1-israeli-settlement-20121204,0,1913186.story|title=Israel takes a harder line|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 4, 2012|accessdate=December 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=
In March 2015, Netanyahu declared that a Palestinian state would not be established during his administration,<ref name="Azulay-2015">{{cite news|first=Moran|last=Azulay|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4637673,00.html|title=Netanyahu says no Palestinian state if he remains PM|website=[[Ynet]]|date=16 March 2015|quote=Whoever moves to establish a Palestinian state or intends to withdraw from territory is simply yielding territory for radical Islamic terrorist attacks against Israel}}</ref> while he also stated that he disapproved of the [[one-state solution]] for the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|ongoing conflict]] between two people.<ref>{{cite web|first=Harriet |last=Salem |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/us-says-it-will-re-evaluate-approach-to-israeli-palestinian-conflict-after-netanyahu-election-win/ |title=Netanyahu Backtracks on Election Pledge to Refuse a Two-State Solution After Sharp Words from the US |work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
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The establishment and expansion of the illegal settlements in the Occupied West Bank constitute a major challenge to the possibility of a two-state solution by "violating Palestinian sovereignty, threatening civil peace and security, jeopardizing water resources, and blocking agricultural development."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owda |first=Reham |date=2023-03-07 |title=How Israeli Settlements Impede the Two-State Solution |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2023/03/how-israeli-settlements-impede-the-two-state-solution?lang=en |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}</ref> This has progressively reduced [[Palestinian enclaves|Area A and B]] of the West Bank territory to a "shrinking archipelago of enclaves".<ref name="Graziano-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meakem |first=Allison |date=2024-02-28 |title=The Geopolitics of Palestine, Explained |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref>
Proposals have been offered for over 50 post-evacuation compensation of settlers for abandoned property{{Clarify|reason=The preceding words do not make sense|date=April 2024}}, as occurred following Israel's [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan#Compensation and resettlement|withdrawal of settlements from Gaza]] in 2005 and from the [[Sinai Peninsula]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite web|url=
== Public opinion in Israel and Palestine ==
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In a 2002 poll conducted by [[Program on International Policy Attitudes|PIPA]], 72% of both Palestinians and Israelis supported at that time a peace settlement based on the 1967 borders so long as each group could be reassured that the other side would be cooperative in making the necessary concessions for such a settlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/137.php?nid=&id=&pnt=137&lb=brme|title=Large Israeli and Palestinian Majorities Indicate Readiness for Two-State Solution Based on 1967 Borders|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405210125/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/137.php?nid=&id=&pnt=137&lb=brme|archive-date=2008-04-05}}</ref> A 2013 Gallup poll found 70% of Palestinians in the West Bank and 48% of Palestinians in Gaza Strip, together with 52% of Israelis supporting "an independent Palestinian state together with the state of Israel".<ref>{{cite web|first1=Lydia|last1=Saad|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Mendes|title=Israelis, Palestinians Pro Peace Process, but Not Hopeful|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/161456/israelis-palestinians-pro-peace-process-not-hopeful.aspx|website=[[Gallup.com]]|access-date=29 November 2016|date=March 21, 2013}}</ref>
Support for a two-state solution varies according to the way the question is phrased. Some Israeli journalists suggest that the Palestinians are unprepared to accept a Jewish State on any terms.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Jeffrey|title=Book Review {{!}} 'One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict,' by Benny Morris|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/24/books/review/Goldberg-t.html?_r=1&ref=books|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=29 November 2016|date=20 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Stephens|first1=Bret|authorlink1=Bret Stephens|title=The No-State Solution|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123180651247875547|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=29 November 2016|date=14 January 2009|quote=The No-State Solution ; Hamas cares more about Shariah than 'Palestine'}}</ref> According to one poll, "fewer than 2 in 10 Arabs, both Palestinian and all others, believe in Israel's right to exist as a nation with a Jewish majority."<ref>{{cite news|title=The two-state 'solution' mirage, Time for reality-based diplomacy on Israel and Palestinians|first=Tony|last=Blankley|date=May 19, 2009|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/may/19/the-two-state-solution-mirage/|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]}}</ref> Another poll, however, cited by the [[US State Department]], suggests that "78 percent of Palestinians and 74 percent of Israelis believe a peace agreement that leads to both states living side by side as good neighbors" is "essential or desirable".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.america.gov/st/mena-english/2009/July/200907021105032SAdemahoM0.6612164.html |first=Ahmed |last=Mohamed |date=July 2, 2009 |title=Polls Show Vast Support for Two-State Mideast Peace Solution |access-date=January 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208142417/http://www.america.gov/st/mena-english/2009/July/200907021105032SAdemahoM0.6612164.html |archive-date=February 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hoffman|first=Gil|date=July 15, 2011|title=6 in 10 Palestinians reject 2-state solution, survey finds|url=
In 2021, a poll by the [[Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research]] revealed that 39% of Palestinians supported "the concept of the two-state solution", while 59% said they rejected it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=December 27, 2021|title=Public Opinion Poll No (82)|url=http://www.pcpsr.org/en/node/866|access-date=January 20, 2022|website=www.pcpsr.org|publisher=[[Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research]]}}</ref> Support is even lower among younger Palestinians; in 2008, then-[[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] noted: "Increasingly, the Palestinians who talk about a two-state solution are my age."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-israel-one-statemay14,0,5082382.story|title=Can 2 foes live under 1 roof?|first1=Richard|last1=Boudreaux|first2=Ashraf|last2=Khalil|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=May 14, 2008|access-date=June 17, 2008}}</ref> A survey taken before the [[Operation Protective Edge|outbreak of fighting in 2014]] by the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] (WINEP) found that 60 percent of Palestinians say the goal of their national movement should be "to work toward reclaiming all of historic Palestine from the river to the sea" compared to just 27 percent who endorse the idea that they should work "to end the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza and achieve a two-state solution." WINEP says that "this is a new finding compared to similar (but not identical) questions asked in the past, when support for a two-state solution typically ranged between 40–55 percent".<ref name="Yglesias-2014" /><ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Pollock|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-palestinian-poll-shows-hardline-views-some-pragmatism-too|title=New Palestinian Poll Shows Hardline Views, But Some Pragmatism Too|publisher=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]|date=June 25, 2014|accessdate=November 4, 2023}}</ref> By 2020, 40% in Gaza and 26% in the West Bank believe that a negotiated two-state solution should solve the conflict.<ref name="WINEP-2021" /> Another report, published also in 2021 by the [[RAND Corporation]], found that also 60% of Israelis across the political spectrum were opposed to a two-state solution.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 10, 2021|title=Israelis unwilling to risk two-state solution, says new report|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-02-israelis-unwilling-two-state-solution.html|access-date=March 13, 2021|website=phys.org}}</ref>
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==== Italy ====
Following a meeting with Palestinian Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mustafa (
==== Canada, Australia and New Zealand ====
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=== Three-state solution ===
The [[three-state solution]] has been proposed as another alternative. ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 2009<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.html?hp |work=The New York Times |title=Crisis Imperils 2-State Plan, Shifting a Balance |first=Michael |last=Slackman |date=January 12, 2009 |access-date=March 28, 2010}}</ref> reported that Egypt and Jordan were concerned about having to retake responsibility for Gaza and the West Bank. In effect, the result would be Gaza returning to Egyptian rule, and the West Bank to Jordan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel-Palestine: The return of the Jordanian option|url=
=== Jordanian option ===
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=== Dual citizenship ===
A number of proposals for the granting of Palestinian citizenship or residential permits to Jewish settlers in return for the removal of Israeli military installations from the West Bank have been fielded by such individuals<ref>{{Cite web|url=
Israeli Minister [[Moshe Ya'alon]] said in April 2010 that "just as Arabs live in Israel, so, too, should Jews be able to live in Palestine." ... "If we are talking about coexistence and peace, why the [Palestinian] insistence that the territory they receive be ethnically cleansed of Jews?"<ref>[
The idea has been expressed by both advocates of the two-state solution<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.co.il/com/Advertising/Ysadeh/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991006195817/http://www.jpost.co.il/com/Advertising/Ysadeh/|archive-date=6 October 1999|title=Jewish-Arab conflict}}</ref> and supporters of the settlers and conservative or fundamentalist currents in Israeli Judaism<ref>{{cite web|last1=El-Haddad |first1=Laila |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101013515/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/5EB5E1B3-B64F-43DF-A588-1C40FDDB0A83.htm |title=Interview: Israeli settler Avi Farhan |url=http://english.aljazeera.net:80/NR/exeres/5EB5E1B3-B64F-43DF-A588-1C40FDDB0A83.htm |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=29 November 2016 |archive-date=1 November 2005 |date=July 4, 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> that, while objecting to any withdrawal, claim stronger [[Eretz Israel|links to the land]] than to the state of Israel.
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[[File:New-state solution.webp|thumb|Map showing the Sinai Peninsula along the [[Mediterranean Sea]] with [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] and [[Israel]] on the right side.]]
The New-state solution to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] proposes to [[Conflict resolution|resolve]] the conflict by establishing a new [[city-state]] on the [[Sinai Peninsula]] along the [[Mediterranean Sea]] close to [[Arish]]. The implementation of a New-state solution would involve the establishment of a [[Democracy|democratic]] [[independent state|independent]] [[Sovereign state|sovereign]] [[State of Palestine]] away from the [[State of Israel]]
==See also==
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== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ashton |first=Nigel |title=King Hussein of Jordan |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-300-09167-0 |editor-last= |editor-first= |edition= |___location=New Haven and London}} No Google Books preview (August 2024).
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bani Salameh |first1=Mohammed Torki |last2=El-Edwan |first2=Khalid Issa |date=2016 |title=The identity crisis in Jordan: historical pathways and contemporary debates |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2016.1231454 |journal=Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity |publisher=Routledge |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=985–1002 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2016.1231454 |access-date= |via=|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |title=Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |year=2015 |isbn=9781138925373 |editor-last=Peters |editor-first=Joel |___location=London and New York |editor-last2=Newman |editor-first2=David}} No Google Books preview (August 2024).
* {{Cite book |last=Quandt |first=William B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Jm0YNKvQsAC&pg=PA261 |title=Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press and University of California Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780520246317 |edition=3rd |___location=Washington, D.C., Berkeley and Los Angeles |pages=261–262 |access-date=26 August 2024}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Companion-to-the-Israeli-Palestinian-Conflict/Siniver/p/book/9781032249018?srsltid=AfmBOopGWVNEf14__LcSfzP7lIz9YmpO5mWbE94WOdz673A6k29oyX2j |title=Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-032-24901-8 |editor-last=Siniver |editor-first=Asaf |___location=Abingdon and New York}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sharnoff |first=Michael |date=2024 |title=Visualizing Palestine in Arab postage stamps: 1948–1967 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2024.2314523 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |publisher=Routledge |volume= 60|issue= 6|pages=979–999 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2024.2314523 |access-date=27 August 2024 |via=|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shemesh |first=Moshe |date=2010 |title=On Two Parallel Tracks{{snd}}The Secret Jordanian-Israeli Talks (July 1967–September 1973) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/isr.2010.15.3.87 |journal=Israel Studies |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=87–120 |doi=10.2979/isr.2010.15.3.87 |jstor=10.2979/isr.2010.15.3.87 |access-date=26 August 2024 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |url= |title=Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace |publisher=[[Knopf]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4000-4305-7 |___location=New York}}
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