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Line 15: In case of a [[naming collision]] between methods provided by different traits, the programmer must explicitly disambiguate which one of those methods will be used in the class; thus manually solving the ''[[Multiple inheritance#The diamond problem\|diamond problem]]'' of [[multiple inheritance]]. This is different from other composition methods in object-oriented programming, where conflicting names are automatically resolved by [[Scope (computer science)\|scoping rules]]. Operations which can be performed with traits include:<ref>{{cite ~~journal~~report \|first1 = Kathleen \|last1 = Fisher \| author1-link = Kathleen Fisher \|first2 = John \|last2 = Reppy Line 66: * [[Java (programming language)\|Java]]: Since version 8, Java has support for ''default methods'',<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/defaultmethods.html \| title=Default Methods \| website=The Java Tutorials \| publisher=Oracle \| access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref> which have some properties of traits.<ref>{{cite journal \| url=https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00432538/ \| title= FeatherTrait: A Modest Extension of Featherweight Java \| first1=Luigi \| last1=Liquori \| first2=Arnaud \| last2=Spiwack \| journal= ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems \| date=2008 \| volume= 30 \| issue= 2 \| pages= 11:1 \|doi=10.1145/1330017.1330022\| s2cid= 17231803 \| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| url=https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00432540/ \| title= Extending FeatherTrait Java with Interfaces \| first1=Luigi \| last1=Liquori \| first2=Arnaud \| last2=Spiwack \| journal= Theoretical Computer Science \| date=2008 \| volume= 398 \| issue= 1–3 \| pages= 243–260 \|doi=10.1016/j.tcs.2008.01.051\| s2cid= 12923128 \| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference \| url=https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01026531/en \| title=Trait-oriented Programming in Java 8 \| first1=Viviana \| last1=Bono \| first2=Enrico \| last2=Mensa \| first3=Marco \| last3=Naddeo \| conference=International Conference on Principles and Practices of Programming on the Java Platform: virtual machines, languages, and tools (PPPJ ’14) \| date=September 2014 \| conference-url=http://pppj2014.pk.edu.pl/ \|pages=181–6 \|doi=10.1145/2647508.2647520 \|citeseerx=10.1.1.902.161}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| title=Definition of the Trait Pattern in Java \| url=http://ageofjava.com/2016/02/definition-of-trait-pattern-in-java.html \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804005218/http://ageofjava.com/2016/02/definition-of-trait-pattern-in-java.html \| url-status=dead \| archive-date=August 4, 2016 \| website=Age of Java \| date=February 3, 2016 \| access-date=February 3, 2016 \| first=Emil \| last=Forslund}}</ref> * [[JavaScript]]: Traits can be implemented via functions and delegations<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://peterseliger.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-many-talents-of-javascript.html \| title=The Many Talents of JavaScript \| first=Peter \| last=Seliger \| date=April 11, 2014 \| access-date=January 23, 2015}}</ref> or through libraries that provide traits.<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://traitsjs.github.io/traits.js-website/ \| title=Traits.js: Traits for JavaScript \| access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| url=http://soft.vub.ac.be/Publications/2012/vub-soft-tr-12-19.pdf \| title=Robust Trait Composition for Javascript \| first1=Tom \| last1=Van Cutsem \| first2=Mark S. \| last2=Miller \| journal=Science of Computer Programming\| year=2012 \| access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url=https://cocktailjs.github.io/ \| title=CocktailJS \| access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref> * [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]]: Several packages implement traits, e.g.,<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://github.com/mauro3/SimpleTraits.jl \| title=SimpleTraits.jl \| author=~~mauro3~~Mauro Werder \| website=[[GitHub]] \| access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref> * [[Kotlin (programming language)\|Kotlin]]: Traits have been called ''interfaces''<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/interfaces.html \| title=Interfaces \| website=Kotlin Reference \| publisher=JetBrains \| access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref> since M12.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2015/05/kotlin-m12-is-out/ \| title=Kotlin M12 is out! \| first=Andrey \| last=Breslav \| website=Kotlin Blog \| publisher=JetBrains \| date=May 29, 2015 \| access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref> * [[Lasso (programming language)\|Lasso]]<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://lassoguide.com/language/traits.html \| title=Traits \| website=Lasso Language Guide \| publisher=LassoSoft \| date=January 6, 2014 \| access-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref> Line 193: === Rust === A trait in Rust declares a set of methods that a type must implement.<ref>{{Cite web \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529022632/http://gradebot.org/doc/ipur/trait.html\|archive-date=2023-05-29\|url-status=dead\|url=http://gradebot.org/doc/ipur/trait.html \| title=Traits - Introduction to Programming Using Rust}}</ref> Rust compilers require traits to be explicated, which ensures the safety of [[Generic programming\|generics]] in Rust. <syntaxhighlight lang="rust">

Trait (computer programming): Difference between revisions