Poker: Difference between revisions

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Latest revision as of 16:06, 27 August 2025

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{{Short description|Card game}}

{{dablink|For the domestic fireplace tool, see [[fireplace poker]].}}

{{Other uses}}

[[Image:Holdem.jpg|thumb|230px|right|A game of Texas hold'em, the most popular form of poker, in progress.]]

{{Redirect|Poker player|the magazine|Poker Player{{!}}''Poker Player''}}

'''Poker''' is a popular [[card game]] in which players with fully or partially concealed cards make wagers into a central [[pot (poker)|pot]]. The pot is awarded to the player or players with the best combination of cards or to the player who makes an uncalled bet. Poker can also refer to [[video poker]], a single-player game seen in casinos much like a [[slot machine]], or to other games that use poker hand rankings.

{{pp-pc|small=yes}}

[[File:Poker-Texas-Holdem-multiplayer.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A game of [[Texas hold 'em]] with eight players in progress.]]

'''Poker''' is a family of [[Card game#Comparing games|comparing card game]]s in which [[Card player|players]] [[betting (poker)|wager]] over which [[poker hand|hand]] is best according to that specific game's rules. It is played worldwide, with varying rules in different places. While the earliest known form of the game was played with just 20 cards, today it is usually played with a [[standard 52-card deck]], although in countries where [[short pack]]s are common, it may be played with 32, 40 or 48 cards.<ref name="Parlett2008">Parlett (2008), pp. 568–570.</ref> Thus poker games vary in deck configuration, the number of cards in play, the number [[Poker dealer|dealt]] face up or face down and the number [[Community card poker|shared by all players]], but all have rules that involve one or more rounds of [[Betting in poker|betting]].

== Game play ==

[[Image:Non-casino Poker game.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Poker played in a non-[[casino]] setting]]

Poker has many [[List of poker variants|variations]], each following the same pattern of play.

The right to deal each hand typically rotates among the players and is marked by a token called a [[Button (poker)|'dealer' button or buck]]. In a [[casino]], a house dealer handles the cards for each hand, but a button (typically a white plastic disk) is rotated clockwise among the players to indicate a nominal dealer to determine the order of betting.

In most modern poker games, the first round of betting begins with one or more of the players making some form of a forced bet (the ''[[blind (poker)|blind]]'' or ''ante''). In standard poker, each player bets according to the rank they believe their hand is worth as compared to the other players. The action then proceeds clockwise as each player in turn must either match (or "call") the maximum previous bet, or [[betting (poker)#Fold|fold]], losing the amount bet so far and all further involvement in the hand. A player who matches a bet may also "raise" (increase) the bet. The betting round ends when all players have either called the last bet or folded. If all but one player folds on any round, the remaining player collects the pot without being required to reveal their hand. If more than one player remains in contention after the final betting round, a [[showdown (poker)|showdown]] takes place where the hands are revealed, and the player with the winning hand takes the pot.

One or more players are required to make [[Betting (poker)#Forced bets|forced bets]] to create an initial stake for which the players will contest. The dealer [[shuffle]]s the cards, he [[cut (playing cards)|cuts]], and the appropriate number of cards are dealt to the players one at a time. Cards may be dealt either face-up or face-down, depending on the variant of poker being played. After the initial deal, the first of what may be several [[betting (poker)|betting]] rounds begins. Between rounds, the players' hands develop in some way, often by being dealt additional cards or replacing cards previously dealt. At the end of each round, all bets are gathered into the central pot.

With the exception of initial forced bets, money is only placed into the pot voluntarily by a player who either believes the bet has a positive [[expected value]] or who is trying to [[Bluff (poker)|bluff]] other players for various strategic reasons. Thus, while the outcome of any particular hand significantly involves chance, the long-run expectations of the players are determined by their actions chosen on the basis of [[probability]], [[psychology]] and [[game theory]].

At any time during a betting round, if a player makes a bet, opponents are required to fold, call or raise. If one player bets and no opponents choose to match the bet, the hand ends immediately, the bettor is awarded the pot, no cards are required to be shown, and the next hand begins. This possibility of winning a pot without showing a hand makes [[bluff (poker)|bluffing]] possible. Bluffing is a primary feature of poker, one that distinguishes it from other vying games and from other games that make use of [[hand rankings|poker hand rankings]].

Poker has increased in popularity since the beginning of the 21st century, and has gone from being primarily a recreational activity confined to small groups of enthusiasts to a widely popular activity, both for participants and spectators, including online, with many professional players and multimillion-dollar tournament prizes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2020 |title=Top 10 moments in poker history |url=https://www.casinocitytimes.com/tadas-peckaitis/article/top-10-moments-in-poker-history-67088 |access-date=2021-02-24 |website=Casino City Times}}</ref>

At the end of the last betting round, if more than one player remains, there is a [[showdown (poker)|showdown]], in which the players reveal their previously hidden cards and evaluate their hands. The player with the best hand according to the poker variant being played wins the pot.

==History==

The most popular poker variants are as follows:

{{summarize|from|better=y|History of poker|date=April 2018}}

;[[Draw poker]]:Players each receive five — as in [[five-card draw]] — or more cards, all of which are hidden. They can then replace one or more of these cards a certain number of times.

{{Main|History of poker}}

;[[Stud poker]]:Players receive cards one at a time, some being displayed to other players at the table. The key difference between stud and 'draw' poker is that players are not allowed to discard or replace any cards.

While poker's exact origin is the subject of debate, many game scholars point to the French game [[Poch|Poque]] and the Iranian game [[As-Nas]] as possible early inspirations.<ref>"History of Poker" in {{cite book|last=Roya|first=Will|date=2021|title=Card Night: Classic Games, Classic Decks, and the History Behind Them|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers|page=203|isbn=9780762473519}}</ref> For example, in the 1937 edition of Foster's Complete [[Edmond Hoyle|Hoyle]], [[R. F. Foster (games)|R. F. Foster]] wrote that "the game of poker, as first played in the United States, five cards to each player from a twenty-card pack, is undoubtedly the Persian game of As-Nas." However, in the 1990s the notion that poker is a direct derivative of As-Nas began to be challenged by gaming historians including [[David Parlett]]. What is certain, however, is that poker was popularized in the American South in the early 19th century, as gambling riverboats in the Mississippi River and around New Orleans during the 1830s helped spread the game. One early description of poker that was played on a steamboat in 1829 is recorded by the English actor, [[Joseph Cowell|Joe Cowell]]. The game was played with twenty cards ranking from Ace (high) to Ten (low).<ref>Cowell (1844), p. 94.</ref>

;[[Community card poker]]:Players combine individually dealt cards with a number of "community cards" dealt face up and shared by all players. Each player will attempt to make the best five card poker hand using the community cards and their own face down cards. Two or four individual cards may be dealt in the most popular variations, [[Texas hold 'em]] and [[Omaha hold 'em]], respectively.

In contrast to this version of poker, [[seven-card stud]] only appeared in the middle of the 19th century, and was largely spread by the US military.<ref>"History of Poker" in {{cite book|last=Roya|first=Will|date=2021|title=Card Night: Classic Games, Classic Decks, and the History Behind Them|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers|page=203|isbn=9780762473519}}</ref> It became a staple in many casinos following World War II and grew in popularity with the advent of the [[World Series of Poker]] in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Series of Poker Retrospective: Horseshoe History |url=https://gaming.unlv.edu/WSOP/history.html |access-date=2019-01-13 |website=gaming.unlv.edu}}</ref>

''See [[betting (poker)]] for detailed rules regarding forced bets, betting actions, limits, stakes, and all-in situations.''

''See [[List of poker variants]] and [[Rank of hands (poker)|poker hand rankings]] for order of play and other details for the most common poker variants.''

[[Texas hold 'em]] and other community card games began to dominate the gambling scenes over the next couple of decades. The [[Poker on television|televising of poker]] was a particularly strong influence increasing the popularity of the game during the turn of the [[Third millennium|millennium]], resulting in the [[poker boom]] a few years later between 2003 and 2006. Today the game has grown to become an extremely popular pastime worldwide.

==History==

The history of poker is a matter of [[controversy|debate]]. It closely resembles the [[Iran|Persia]]n game of ''as nas'', and may have been taught to French settlers in [[New Orleans]] by Persian sailors. The name of the game likely descended from the [[French language|French]] ''poque'', which descended from the [[German language|German]] ''pochen'' ('to knock'). Yet it is not clear whether the origins of poker itself lie with the games bearing those names. It is commonly regarded as sharing ancestry with the [[Renaissance]] game of ''[[primero]]'' and the French ''brelan''. The [[England|English]] game ''[[Three-card brag|brag]]'' (earlier bragg) clearly descended from ''brelan'' and incorporated bluffing (though the concept was known in other games by that time). It is quite possible that all of these earlier games influenced the development of poker as it exists now.

==Gameplay==

English actor [[Joseph Crowell]] reported that the game was played in New Orleans in [[1829]], with a deck of 20 cards and four players betting on which player's hand was the most valuable. Jonathan H. Green's book, ''An Exposure of the Arts and Miseries of Gambling'' (G. B. Zieber, Philadelphia, 1843), described the spread of the game from there to the rest of the country by [[Mississippi]] [[riverboat]]s, on which [[gambling]] was a common [[pastime]]. As it spread up the Mississippi and West during the gold rush, it is thought to have become a part of the frontier pioneer [[ethos]].

{{further|topic=betting rules|Betting in poker}}

{{For|more details on rules for the most common poker variants|List of poker hands|List of poker variants}}

{{Imageframe|width=300|caption=Examples of top poker hand categories|align=right|content=

[[List of poker hand categories#Straight flush|Straight flush]]<br /><!--

-->{{card|club|J|60px}}{{card|club|10|60px}}{{card|club|9|60px}}{{card|club|8|60px}}{{card|club|7|60px}}

----

[[List of poker hand categories#Four of a kind|Four of a kind]]<br /><!--

-->{{card|club|6|60px}}{{card|diamond|6|60px}}{{card|heart|6|60px}}{{card|spade|6|60px}}{{card|club|A|60px}}

}}

In casual play, the right to [[poker dealer|deal]] a hand typically rotates among the players and is marked by a token called a ''[[button (poker)|dealer button]]'' (or ''buck''). In a [[casino]], a house dealer handles the [[playing card|cards]] for each hand, but the button (typically a white plastic disk) is rotated clockwise among the players to indicate a nominal dealer to determine the order of betting. The cards are dealt clockwise around the [[poker table]], one at a time.

One or more players are usually required to make [[Betting (poker)#Forced bets|forced bets]], usually either an ''ante'' or a ''blind bet'' (sometimes both). The dealer [[shuffle]]s the cards, the player on the chair to their right [[cut (playing cards)|cuts]], and the dealer deals the appropriate number of cards to the players one at a time, beginning with the player to their left. Cards may be dealt either face-up or face-down, depending on the variant of poker being played. After the initial deal, the first of what may be several [[betting (poker)|betting]] rounds begins. Between rounds, the players' hands develop in some way, often by being dealt additional cards or replacing cards previously dealt. At the end of each round, all bets are gathered into the central pot.

[[Image:Truman poker chips.jpg|frame|right|[[Harry Truman|Harry Truman's]] poker chips]]

Soon after this spread, the full 52-card English deck was used, and the [[flush (poker)|flush]] was introduced. During the [[American Civil War]], many additions were made, including [[draw poker]], [[stud poker]] (the five-card variant), and the [[Straight (poker)|straight]]. Further American developments followed, such as the [[Wild card (poker)|wild card]] (around 1875), [[Lowball (poker)|lowball]] and [[High-low split|split-pot poker]] (around 1900), and [[community card poker]] games (around 1925). The spread of the game to other countries, particularly in [[Asia]], is often attributed to the [[United States armed forces|U.S. military]].

At any time during a betting round, if one player bets, no opponents choose to ''call'' (match) the bet, and all opponents instead ''fold'', the hand ends immediately, the bettor is awarded the pot, no cards are required to be shown, and the next hand begins. This is what makes [[bluff (poker)|bluffing]] possible. Bluffing is a primary feature of poker, distinguishing it from other vying games and from other games that use [[hand rankings|poker hand rankings]].

The game and [[Poker jargon|jargon]] of poker have become important parts of American culture and English culture. Such phrases and [[cliché]]s as ''[[ace in the hole]]'', ''ace up one's sleeve'', ''beats me'', ''[[blue chip]]'', ''call one's bluff'', ''cash in'', ''high roller'', ''[[Button (poker)|pass the buck]]'', ''poker face'', ''stack up'', ''up the ante'', ''when the chips are down'', ''[[Wild card (poker)|wild card]]'', and others are used in everyday conversation, even by those unaware of their origins at the poker table.

At the end of the last betting round, if more than one player remains, there is a [[showdown (poker)|showdown]], in which the players reveal their previously hidden cards and evaluate their hands. The player with the best hand according to the poker variant being played wins the pot. A poker hand comprises five cards; in variants where a player has more than five cards available to them, only the best five-card combination counts. There are 10 different kinds of poker hands, such as straight flush and four of a kind.

[[Image:Casino poker.jpg|thumb|Poker Room at the [[Trump Taj Mahal]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]]]]

==Variants==

Modern [[Poker tournament|tournament]] play became popular in [[United States|American]] casinos after the [[World Series of Poker]] began, in [[1970]]. Notable champions from these early WSOP tournaments include [[Johnny Moss]], [[Amarillo Slim]], [[Bobby Baldwin]], and [[Doyle Brunson]]. It was also during that decade that the first serious strategy books appeared, notably ''[[Super/System]]'' by [[Doyle Brunson]] (ISBN 1-58042-081-8) and ''The Book of Tells'' by [[Mike Caro]] (ISBN 0-89746-100-2), followed later by ''The Theory of Poker'' by [[David Sklansky]] (ISBN 1-880685-00-0).

{{Main|List of poker variants}}

[[File:2006 WSOP Main Event Table.jpg|thumb|upright|[[2006 World Series of Poker|2006 WSOP]] Main Event table]]

Poker has many [[List of poker variants|variations]],<ref>Richard D. Harroch, Lou Krieger. ''Poker for Dummies''. John Wiley & Sons, 2010</ref><ref>Reuben, Stewart 2001. ''Starting out in Poker''. London: Everyman/Mind Sports. {{ISBN|1-85744-272-5}}</ref> all following a similar pattern of play<ref>[[David Sklansky|Sklansky, David]]. ''The Theory of Poker''. Two Plus Two Pub, 1999.</ref> and generally using the same hand ranking hierarchy. There are four main families of variants, largely grouped by the protocol of card-dealing and betting:

Poker’s popularity experienced an unprecedented spike at the beginning of the [[21st century]], largely because of the introduction of [[online poker]] and the invention of the [[hole-card camera]], which turned the game into a [[spectator sport]]. Viewers could now follow the action and drama of the game, and broadcasts of poker tournaments such as the [[World Series of Poker]] and the [[World Poker Tour]] brought in huge audiences for cable and [[Satellite television|satellite TV]] distributors. Because of the increasing coverage of poker events, poker pros are becoming more and more like celebrities, with poker fans all over the world entering into expensive tournaments for the chance to play with them. This increased camera exposure also brings a new dimension to the poker professional's game—the realization that their actions may be aired later on [[television|TV]].

;Straight: A complete hand is dealt to each player, and players bet in one round, with raising and re-raising allowed. This is the oldest poker family; the root of the game as now played was a game known as [[Primero]], which evolved into the game [[three-card brag]], a very popular gentleman's game around the time of the [[American Revolutionary War]] and still enjoyed in the U.K. today. ''Straight'' hands of five cards are sometimes used as a final showdown, but poker is almost always played in a more complex form to allow for additional strategy.

Major poker tournament fields have grown dramatically because of the growing popularity of online [[Poker jargon#satellite|satellite]]-qualifier tournaments where the prize is an entry into a major tournament. The 2003 and 2004 WSOP champions, [[Chris Moneymaker]] and [[Greg Raymer]], respectively, won their seats to the main event by winning online satellites.

;[[Stud poker]]: Cards are dealt in a prearranged combination of face-down and face-up rounds, or ''streets'', with a round of betting following each. This is the next-oldest family; as poker progressed from three to five-card hands, they were often dealt one card at a time, either face-down or face-up, with a betting round between each. The most popular stud variant today, [[seven-card stud]], deals two extra cards to each player (three face-down, four face-up) from which they must make the best possible 5-card hand.

;[[Draw poker]]: [[Five-card draw]]: A complete hand is dealt to each player, face-down. Then each player must place an ante to the pot. They can then see their cards and bet accordingly. After betting, players can discard up to three cards and take new ones from the top of the deck. Then, another round of betting takes place. Finally, each player must show their cards and the player with the best hand wins.

== See also ==

{{wikibookspar||Poker}}

{{wikiquote}}

*[[List of poker terms]]

*[[List of poker related topics]]

*[[Rule variations (poker)]]

*[[Poker tournament]]

*[[Poker strategy]]

*[[World Series of Poker]]

*[[Poker probability]]

*[[Online poker]]

*[[SAFE Port Act]]

*[[Ring game]]s

*[[Poker chip]]

*[[Cardroom|Poker room/card room]]

;[[Community card poker]]: Also known as "flop poker," community card poker is a variation of stud poker. Players are dealt an incomplete hand of face-down cards, and then a number of face-up community cards are dealt to the center of the table, each of which can be used by one or more of the players to make a 5-card hand. [[Texas hold 'em]] and [[Omaha hold 'em|Omaha]] are two well-known variants of the community card family.

== References ==

* {{cite book | author = Brunson, Doyle | year = 1979 | title = Doyle Brunson's Super System | publisher = Cardoza | id = ISBN 1-58042-081-8 }}

* {{cite book | author = Sklansky, David | year = 1989 | title = The Theory of Poker (3rd Ed) | publisher = Two Plus Two Publications | id = ISBN 1-880685-00-0}}

* {{cite book | author = Vorhaus, John | year = 2002 | title = Killer Poker | publisher = Lyle Stuart | id = ISBN 0-8184-0630-5}}

* {{cite book | author = Ernest, James; Selinker, Mike; Foglio, Phil | year = 2005 | title = Dealer's Choice: The Complete Handbook of Saturday Night Poker | publisher = Overlook Press | id = ISBN 1-58567-654-3}}

* {{cite book | author = Caro, Mike | year = 1978 | title = Caro's Book of Poker Tells | publisher = Cardoza | id = ISBN 1-58042-082-6}}

There are several methods for defining the structure of betting during a hand of poker. The three most common structures are known as "fixed-limit," "pot-limit," and "no-limit." In fixed-limit poker, betting and raising must be done by standardized amounts. For instance, if the required bet is X, an initial bettor may only bet X; if a player wishes to raise a bet, they may only raise by X. In pot-limit poker, a player may bet or raise any amount up to the size of the pot. When calculating the maximum raise allowed, all previous bets and calls, including the intending raiser's call, are first added to the pot. The raiser may then raise the previous bet by the full amount of the pot. In no-limit poker, a player may wager their entire betting stack at any point that they are allowed to make a bet. In all games, if a player does not have enough betting chips to fully match a bet, they may go "all-in," allowing them to show down their hand for the number of chips they have remaining.

== External links ==

[[File:James Garner Bret Maverick Jack Kelly Bart Maverick.JPG|right|thumb|[[James Garner]] as fictional poker player [[Bret Maverick]] and [[Jack Kelly (actor)|Jack Kelly]] as his brother [[List of Maverick episodes|Bart Maverick]] from the 1957 television series ''[[Maverick (TV series)|Maverick]]'']]

<!-- Some fair warning, this section is watched closely. There are a few dozen high quality poker sites that could be linked here that would add to the value of the article. However, Wikipedia is not a link repository, so currently what is linked are the two authoritative link pages that link to almost all the most valuable poker content on the Internet. If you insist on thinking you have a link that is "special" enough to merit inclusion, please start a discussion to justify this (unlikely) circumstance. Also, this article is about general Poker history and information. If a link primarily deals with a variant of Poker, rather than a general resource, see if it is appropriate for that variant's article.

While typical poker games award the pot to the highest hand as per the standard ranking of poker hands, there are variations where the lowest ranked hand wins. In such games the best hand contains the lowest cards rather than the highest cards; some variations may be further complicated by whether or not hands such as flushes and straights are considered in the hand rankings. There are also games where the highest and lowest hands divide the pot between them, known as "high low split" games.

Other games that use poker hand rankings may likewise be referred to as ''poker''. [[Video poker]] is a [[single-player video game]] that functions much like a [[slot machine]]; most video poker machines play draw poker, where the player bets, a hand is dealt, and the player can discard and replace cards. Payout is dependent on the hand resulting after the draw and the player's initial bet.

[[Strip poker]] is a traditional poker variation where players remove clothing when they lose bets. Since it depends only on the basic mechanic of betting in rounds, strip poker can be played with any form of poker; however, it is usually based on simple variants with few betting rounds, like five card draw.

Another game with the ''poker'' name, but with a vastly different mode of play, is called ''[[Acey deucey (card game)|acey deucey]]'' or ''[[Red dog poker|red dog]]'' poker. This game is more similar to [[blackjack]] in its layout and betting; each player bets against the house, and then is dealt two cards. For the player to win, the third card dealt (after an opportunity to raise the bet) must have a value in-between the first two. Payout is based on the odds that this is possible, based on the difference in values of the first two cards. Other poker-like games played at casinos against the house include [[three card poker]] and [[pai gow poker]].

==Computer programs==

A variety of [[computer poker player]]s have been developed by researchers at the [[University of Alberta]], [[Carnegie Mellon University]], and the [[University of Auckland]] amongst others.

In a January 2015 article<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bowling |first1=M. |last2=Burch |first2=N. |last3=Johanson |first3=M. |last4=Tammelin |first4=O. |year=2015 |title=Heads-up limit hold'em poker is solved |url=http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/%7Ebowling/papers/15science.pdf |journal=Science |volume=347 |issue=6218 |pages=145–149 |citeseerx=10.1.1.697.72 |doi=10.1126/science.1259433 |pmid=25574016 |bibcode=2015Sci...347..145B |s2cid=3796371 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122084955/http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~bowling/papers/15science.pdf |archive-date=2015-01-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> published in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', a group of researchers mostly from the [[University of Alberta]] announced that they "essentially weakly solved" [[Heads up poker|heads-up]] limit ''Texas Hold 'em'' with their development of their [[Cepheus (poker bot)|Cepheus poker bot]]. The authors claimed that Cepheus would lose at most 0.001 big blinds per game on average against its worst-case opponent, and the strategy is thus so "close to optimal" that "it can't be beaten with statistical significance within a lifetime of human poker playing."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=2015-01-08|title=Computer program 'perfect at poker'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30718558|access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|Games}}

* [[Glossary of poker terms]]

* [[List of poker hands]]

* [[Online poker]]

* [[Outline of poker]]

* [[Underground poker]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

== Literature ==

* [[Parlett, David]] (2008), ''The Penguin Book of Card Games'', London: Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-141-03787-5}}

==External links==

{{wikibooks|poker}}

{{wikiquote}}

{{wiktionary}}

{{commons category|Poker}}

{{wikisource|1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Poker|Poker}}

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<!-- Some fair warning: this section is watched closely. There are a few dozen high quality poker sites that could be linked here that would add to the value of the article. However, Wikipedia is not a link repository, so currently what is linked are the two authoritative link pages that link to almost all the most valuable poker content on the Internet. If you insist on thinking you have a link that is "special" enough to merit inclusion, please start a discussion to justify this (unlikely) circumstance. Also, this article is about general Poker history and information. If a link primarily deals with a variant of Poker, rather than a general resource, see if it is appropriate for that variant's article.

-->

*[http://www.everestpoker.com/S154QB/ Everest poker]

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