Battle of Hattin: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:41, 13 May 2007

Latest revision as of 15:14, 1 July 2025

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{{Short description|1187 Saladin victory over the Crusaders}}

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{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with the [[Battle of the Horns of Hama]], Saladin's 1175 victory over the Zengids.}}

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{{Infobox Military Conflict

{{Infobox military conflict

|conflict=Battle of Hattin|

| conflict = Battle of Hattin

image=[[Image:Hattin.jpg|250px]]|

| partof = the [[Crusades#12th century|Wars of the Crusader States]]

caption=The Battle of Hattin, from a medieval manuscript|

| image = Saladin Guy.jpg

partof=the [[Crusade]]s|

| image_size = 300px

date=[[July 4]], [[1187]]|

| caption = The Battle of Hattin, from a 13th-century manuscript of the ''[[Chronica Majora]]'' depicting the capture of the [[True Cross]] by Saladin.<ref>https://blog.metmuseum.org/penandparchment/exhibition-images/cat410r3c_49h/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

place=[[Hittin]], near [[Tiberias]]|

| date = 3–4 July 1187

result=Decisive [[Ayyubid]] victory|

| place = [[Horns of Hattin]], [[Galilee]]

combatant1=[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]]|

| coordinates = {{Coord|32|48|13|N|35|26|40|E |scale:10000_type:event_region:IL_source:dewiki |display=inline,title}}

combatant2=[[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]|

| map_type = Israel

commander1=[[Saladin]]|

| map_relief = yes

commander2=[[Guy of Lusignan]]{{POW}},<br>[[Raymond III of Tripoli]],<br>[[Balian of Ibelin]]|

| map_caption = Location of the battle site on a map of Historical [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and modern [[State of Israel]]

strength1=Est. 12,000-20,000|in muslim history (12,000-22,000)

| result = Ayyubid victory

strength2=Est. 18,000-24,000|in muslim history (51,000-60,000)

| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg}} '''[[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]'''<br />{{flagicon image|Banner of Arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.svg}} [[County of Tripoli]]<br />{{flagicon image|Bandeira Templária.svg}} [[Knights Templar]]<br />{{flagicon image|Banner of the Principality of Antioch.png}} [[Principality of Antioch]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg}} [[Knights Hospitaller]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Order of Saint Lazarus.svg}} [[Order of Saint Lazarus|Order of St. Lazarus]]<br />{{flagicon image|Cross of order of mountjoy.svg}} [[Order of Mountjoy]]

casualties1=Unknown|

| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Saladin's Standard.svg}} '''[[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid Sultanate]]'''

casualties2=Heavy|

| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg}} '''[[Guy of Lusignan]]'''{{surrendered}}<br /> {{flagicon image|Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg}} [[Raynald of Châtillon]]{{surrendered}}{{Executed}}<br />{{flagicon image|Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg}} [[Humphrey IV of Toron]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg}} [[Aimery of Cyprus|Aimery of Lusignan]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg}} [[Reginald of Sidon]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg}} [[Joscelin III, Count of Edessa|Joscelin III of Edessa]]<br />{{flagicon image|Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg}} [[Balian of Ibelin]]<br />{{flagicon image|Banner of Arms of the House of Toulouse-Tripoli.svg}} [[Raymond III of Tripoli]]<br />{{flagicon image|Bandeira Templária.svg}} [[Gerard de Rideford]]{{surrendered}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg}} [[Garnier de Nablus]]<br /> {{flagicon image|Banner of the Principality of Antioch.png}} [[Raymond IV, Count of Tripoli|Raymond of Antioch]]

| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Saladin's Standard.svg}} '''[[Saladin]]'''<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg}} [[Gökböri|Muzaffar ad-Din Gökböri]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg}} [[Al-Muzaffar Umar]]<ref>Nicolle (2011). pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ija3CwAAQBAJ&q=Muzaffar 22-23, 27, 29, 52].</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg}} [[Al-Adil I]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Ayyubid Dynasty.svg}} [[Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din]]<ref>Nicolle (2011). pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ija3CwAAQBAJ&q=Afdal 22, 23].</ref>

| strength1 = 18,000–20,000 men<ref name=Konstam133>{{harvnb|Konstam|2004|p=133}}</ref><ref name=RileyS110>{{harvnb|Riley-Smith|2005|p=110}}</ref>

* 1,200 knights<ref>Nicolle (1993). p. 59.</ref>

* 3,000 men-at-arms<ref>Nicolle (1993). p. 61.</ref>

* 500 turcopoles<ref>{{harvnb|Madden|2005}}</ref>

* 15,000 infantry

| strength2 = 20,000–40,000 men<ref name=Waterson126>Waterson (2010), p. 126</ref><ref name=RileyS110 /><ref name=Konstam119>{{harvnb|Konstam|2004|p=119}}</ref>{{sfn|France|2015|p=82}}{{sfn|Tibble|2018|p=317}}

*12,000 regular cavalry<ref name=Waterson126 />

| casualties1 = Most of the army

----200 captured knights executed{{sfn|France|2015|pp=102–103}}<br />Captured turcopoles executed<ref name=Richard207>Richard (1999). p. 207.</ref><br />Captured infantrymen enslaved<ref name=Newby>Newby (1992).{{page|date=August 2022}}</ref>

| casualties2 = Light, mostly spearmen and some archers{{sfn|France|2015|p=120}}|

}}

{{Campaignbox Ayyubid-Crusader War}}

{{Campaignbox Crusades Battles}}

The '''Battle of Hattin''' took place on 4 July 1187, between the [[Crusader states]] of the [[Levant]] and the forces of the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] sultan [[Saladin]]. It is also known as the '''Battle of the Horns of Hattin''', due to the shape of the nearby extinct volcano of [[Horns of Hattin|that name]].

The Muslim armies under Saladin captured or killed the vast majority of the Crusader forces, removing their capability to wage war.<ref name=Madden2000>{{harvnb|Madden|2000}}</ref> As a direct result of the battle, Muslims once again became the eminent military power in the [[Holy Land]], [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|re-capturing Jerusalem]] and most of the other Crusader-held cities and castles.<ref name=Madden2000 /> These Christian defeats prompted the [[Third Crusade]], which began two years after the Battle of Hattin.

The '''Battle of Hattin''' took place on Saturday, [[July 4]], [[1187]], between the [[crusade]]r [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and the forces of the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] under [[Saladin]]. It was a decisive setback in the fortunes of the [[Crusade]]r movement, enabling the [[Muslim]]s to regain control of [[Jerusalem]] from the [[Christian]]s who had invaded the [[Middle East]] from [[Europe]].

==Location==

[[File:Hittin.jpg|thumb|left|Horns of Hattin, 2005, as viewed from the east]]

The battle took place in the [[Galilee]] near [[Tiberias]] in present -day [[Israel]]. The battlefield, near the townvillage of [[Hittin]], had as its chief geographic feature a double hill, in fact an extinct [[volcano]], (the "[[Horns of Hattin]]") beside a pass through the northern mountains between [[Tiberias]] and the road from [[Akko|Acre]] to the westeast. The Darb al-Hawarnah[[Roman road]], builtknown byto the [[AncientArabs Rome|Romans]]as Darb al-Hawarnah, served as the main east-westeast–west passage between the [[Jordan]] fords, the [[Sea of Galilee]] and the [[Mediterranean]] coast.

==Background==

[[Guy of Lusignan]] became [[king of Jerusalem]] in 1186, [[jure uxoris|in right of his wife]], [[Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], after the death of her son [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]]. The [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] was divided between the "court faction" of Guy, consisting of Sibylla and relative newcomers to the kingdom such as [[Raynald of Châtillon]], [[Gerard of Ridefort]] and the [[Knights Templar]]; versus the "nobles' faction", led by [[Raymond III of Tripoli]], who had been a regent for the child-king Baldwin V and had opposed Guy's succession. Raymond III of Tripoli had supported the claim of Sibylla's half-sister [[Isabella I of Jerusalem|Isabella]] and Isabella's husband, [[Humphrey IV of Toron]], and led the rival faction to the court party. Open warfare was prevented only by Humphrey of Toron swearing allegiance to Guy, which ended the succession dispute. The Muslim chronicler [[Ali ibn al-Athir]] claimed that Raymond was in a "state of open rebellion" against Guy.<ref>Gabrieli (1989). "Events preceding Hittin", recounted by Ibn al-'Athir in ''[[The Complete History]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7LRWAAAAYAAJ&q=Events+preceding+Hittin 114] ff.</ref>

In the background of those divisions, Saladin had become [[Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)|vizier of Egypt]] in 1169 and had taken [[Damascus]] in 1174 and [[Aleppo]] in 1183. He controlled the entire southern and eastern flanks of the crusader states and united his subjects under [[Sunni Islam]], convincing them that he would wage [[jihad|holy war]] to push the Christian Franks from Jerusalem. Saladin often made strategic truces with the Franks when he needed to deal with political problems in the Muslim world, and one such truce was made in 1185.

[[Guy of Lusignan]] became [[king of Jerusalem]] in [[1186]], in right of his wife [[Sibylla of Jerusalem|Sibylla]], after the death of Sibylla's son (and Guy's stepson) [[Baldwin V of Jerusalem|Baldwin V]]. The [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] was at this time divided between the "court faction" of Guy, Sibylla, and relative newcomers to the kingdom such as [[Raynald of Chatillon]], as well as [[Gerard of Ridefort]] and the [[Knights Templar]]; and the "nobles’ faction", led by [[Raymond III of Tripoli]], who had been regent for the child-king Baldwin V and had opposed the succession of Guy. Raymond left Jerusalem for [[County of Tripoli|Tripoli]]. The situation was so tense that there was almost open warfare between Raymond and Guy, who wanted to besiege Tiberias, a fortress held by Raymond through his wife Eschiva, [[Principality of Galilee|Princess of Galilee]]. War was avoided through the mediation of Raymond's supporter [[Balian of Ibelin]].

It was rumoured by the Franks that Raymond III of Tripoli had made an agreement with Saladin under which Saladin would make him King of Jerusalem in return for peace. That rumour was echoed by Ibn al Athir, whether that was true is unclear. Raymond III was certainly reluctant to engage in battle with Saladin.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Meanwhile, the Muslim states surrounding the kingdom had been united during the 1170s and 1180s by Saladin. Saladin had been appointed vizier of [[Egypt]] in [[1169]] and soon came to rule the country as [[sultan]]. In [[1174]] he imposed his rule over [[Damascus]]; his authority extended to [[Aleppo]] by [[1176]] and [[Mosul]] by [[1183]]. For the first time, the Kingdom of Jerusalem was encircled by Muslim territory united under one ruler. The crusaders defeated Saladin at the [[Battle of Montgisard]] in [[1177]], and in the early 1180s there was an uneasy truce between the two sides, which was broken by the raids of Raynald on Muslim caravans passing through his fief of [[Oultrejordain]]. Raynald also threatened to attack [[Mecca]] itself.

In 1187 Raynald of Châtillon raided a Muslim [[Hajj]] caravan while the truce with Saladin was still in place.{{sfn|Hamilton|2000|p=225}} Saladin swore that he would kill Raynald for violating the truce, and he sent his son [[Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din|Al-Afdal]] and the emir [[Gökböri]] to raid the Frankish lands surrounding [[Acre (city)|Acre]]. Gerard de Ridefort and the Templars engaged Gökböri in the [[Battle of Cresson]] in May 1187 and were heavily defeated.<ref>Nicholson and Nicolle, p. 55</ref> The Templars lost around 150 knights and 300 foot-soldiers, who had made up a great part of the military of Jerusalem. Jonathan Phillips states that "the damage to Frankish morale and the scale of the losses should not be underestimated in contributing towards the defeat at Hattin".<ref>The Crusades 1095-1197, Jonathan Phillips, 2002</ref>

When Guy became king, Raymond made a separate truce with Saladin, and in 1187 allowed the sultan to send an army into the northern part of the kingdom. At the same time, an embassy was on its way from Jerusalem to Tripoli to negotiate a settlement between Raymond and Guy. This embassy was defeated at the [[Battle of Cresson]] on [[May 1]], by a small force under the command of Saladin's son. Raymond, wracked with guilt, reconciled with Guy, who assembled the entire army of the kingdom (essentially a ''[[levée en masse]]'') and marched north to meet Saladin.

In July, Saladin laid siege to [[Tiberias]], where Raymond III's wife, [[Eschiva of Bures]], was trapped. In spite of that, Raymond argued that Guy should not engage Saladin in battle and that Saladin could not hold Tiberias because his troops would not stand to be away from their families for so long. The [[Knights Hospitaller]] also advised Guy not to provoke Saladin.

Gerard de Ridefort however advised Guy to advance against Saladin, and Guy took his advice. [[Norman Housley]] suggests that that was because "the minds of both men had been so poisoned by the political conflict 1180-1187 that they could only see Raymond's advice as designed to bring them personal ruin" and also because he had spent [[Henry II of England]]'s donations in calling the army and was reluctant to disband it without a battle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/norman-housley/saladins-triumph-battle-hattin-1187|title=Saladin's Triumph: The Battle of Hattin, 1187 - History Today|website=www.historytoday.com}}</ref> That was a gamble on Guy's part, as he had left only a few knights to defend the city of Jerusalem.<ref name=Runciman464>Runciman (1951). p. 464.</ref>

==Siege of Tiberias==

In late May, Saladin assembled the largest army he had ever commanded on the [[Golan Heights]], around 40,000 men, including about 12,000 regular cavalry.{{sfn|France|2015|p=82}}{{sfn|Hosler|2018|p=54}}{{sfn|Tibble|2018|p=317}} He inspected his forces at [[Tell-Ashtara]] before crossing the River Jordan on 30 June.{{sfn|France|2015|p=82}} Saladin had unexpectedly gained the alliance of the [[Druze]] community based in Sarahmul led by Jamal ad-Din Hajji, whose father, Karama, was a longtime ally of [[Nur ad-Din Zangi]].<ref>Nicolle (2011). p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ija3CwAAQBAJ&q=Jamal%20ad-Din%20Hajji 34].</ref> The city of Sarahmul had been sacked by the Crusaders on various occasions and according to Jamal ad-Din Hajji the Crusaders had even manipulated the [[Hashshashin|Assassins]] into killing his three elder brothers.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} Saladin's army was organised as a centre and two wings: Gökböri commanded the left of the army, Saladin himself commanded the centre and his nephew, Al-Muzaffar Umar (Taki ad-Din), the right.<ref>Ibn Khallikan, pp. 536-537</ref><ref>Runciman (1951). p. 455.</ref>

The opposing Crusader army gathered at [[Zippori|La Saphorie]], a well-watered position with a small castle,<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Nicolle|page=58|title=Hattin 1187. Saladin's greatest victory|date=28 January 1993 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-85532-284-4}}</ref> which had previously served as a mustering point in the event of Muslim intrusion from the east. On this occasion, the Crusader force consisted of around 18,000–20,000&nbsp;men, including 1,200 knights from Jerusalem and Tripoli and 50 from Antioch. Though the army was smaller than Saladin's, it was still larger than those usually mustered by the Crusaders.<ref name=RileyS110 /> The levy of those who owed feudal service was extended, on this occasion of extreme threat, to include a call to arms of all able-bodied men in the kingdom.<ref>Mayer (1988). p. 134.</ref>

After reconciling, Raymond and Guy met at Acre with the bulk of the crusader army. According to the claims of some European sources, it consisted of 1,200 [[knight]]s, possibly as many as 20,000 foot soldiers, and a large number of mercenaries (including [[Turcopoles]] and other Muslims) hired with money donated to the kingdom by [[Henry II of England]]. A more likely figure would be approximately 15,000 Franks and 18,000 Muslims. Also with the army was the [[relic]] of the [[True Cross]], carried by the [[Bishop of Acre]], who was there in place of the ailing [[Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem|Patriarch Heraclius]].

After reconciling, Raymond and Guy met at Acre with the bulk of the Crusader army. According to some European sources, aside from the knights there were a greater number of lighter cavalry and perhaps 10,000 foot soldiers, supplemented by crossbowmen from the Italian merchant fleet, and a large number of mercenaries (including indigenous [[Turcopoles]]) hired with money donated to the kingdom by [[Henry II of England|Henry II, King of England]].<ref>{{harvnb|O'Shea|2006|p=190}}</ref> The army's [[military standard|standard]] was the [[relic]] of the [[True Cross]], carried by the [[Latin Catholic Diocese of Acre|Bishop of Acre]], who was sent on behalf of the ailing [[Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem|Patriarch Heraclius]].<ref name=RileyS110 />

On [[July 2]] Saladin, who wanted to lure Guy into moving his army out from [[Sephoria]], personally led a siege of Raymond’s fortress of Tiberius while the main Muslim army remained at Kafr Sabt. The garrison at Tiberius tried to pay Saladin off, but he refused, later stating that "when the people realized they had an opponent who could not be tricked and would not be contented with tribute, they were afraid lest war might eat them up and they asked for quarter. . . . But the servant gave the sword dominion over them." The fortress fell the same day. Holding out, Raymond's wife Eschiva was besieged in the citadel. As the mining was begun on that structure, news was received by Saladin that Guy was moving the Frank army east. The Crusaders had taken the bait.

Saladin decided to lure Guy into moving his field army away from his secure fortified encampment, located by the [[Spring (hydrology)|springs]] at [[Saffuriya|La Saphorie]] (an important local source of water). He calculated the Crusaders could be defeated more easily in a [[field battle]] than by [[siege|besieging]] their fortifications. On 2 July Saladin personally led an assault on Raymond's fortress of Tiberias, while the main Muslim army remained at [[Kafr Sabt]].{{sfn|France|2015|p=83}} The garrison at Tiberias tried to bribe Saladin to leave the castle undisturbed, but he refused, later stating that "when the people realized they had an opponent who could not be tricked and would not be contented with tribute, they were afraid lest war might eat them up and they asked for quarter{{nbsp}}... but the servant gave the sword dominion over them."{{cnq|date=July 2019}} Within a day, one of the fortress' towers was [[Tunnel warfare|mined]] and collapsed. Saladin's troops stormed the breach, killing some of the opposing force and taking prisoners.{{sfn|France|2015|p=86}} Raymond's wife [[Eschiva of Bures]] held out with the surviving Frankish troops in the [[citadel]].{{sfn|France|2015|p=86}}

Guy's decision to leave the safety of his defenses was the result of a Crusader war council held the night of July 2nd. Though reports of what happened at this meeting are biased due to personal feuds among the Franks, it seems Raymond argued that a march from Acre to Tiberias was exactly what Saladin wanted while Sephoria was a strong position for the Crusaders to defend. Furthermore, Guy shouldn't worry about Tiberias, which Raymond held personally and was willing to give up for the safety of the kingdom. In response to this argument, and despite their reconciliation (internal court politics remaining strong), Raymond was accused of cowardice by Gerard and Raynald. The latter influenced Guy to attack immediately.

As the Muslim troops began to construct a second mine to attack the citadel on 3 July, Saladin received news that Guy was moving the Frankish army east. The Crusaders had taken the bait. Guy's decision to leave La Saphorie was the result of a Crusader war council held on the night of 2 July. Records of this meeting are biased due to personal feuds among the Franks, but it seems Raymond argued that a march from Acre to Tiberias was exactly what Saladin wanted, while [[Sephoria|La Saphorie]] was a strong position for the Crusaders to defend. Raymond also claimed Guy should not worry about Tiberias, which Raymond held personally and was willing to give up for the safety of the kingdom. In response to this argument, and despite their reconciliation (internal court politics remaining strong), Raymond was accused of cowardice by Gerard and Raynald. This led Guy to resolve on an immediate [[counter-attack]] against Saladin at Tiberias.{{sfn|France|2015|p=86}}

Guy thus ordered the army to march against Saladin at Tiberias, which is indeed just what Saladin had planned, for he had calculated that he could defeat the crusaders only in a field battle rather than by besieging their fortifications.

==The battleBattle==

[[File:Hattin-map-fr.svg|thumb|right|450px|Movement of troops to the battle (Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem in ''black'' and Muslim in ''green''). '''Fontaine'''- (''Spring''). '''Djebel'''- (''Mount''). '''Tiberiade'''- (''Tiberias''). '''Lac de Tiberiade'''- (''Lake Tiberias''). '''Cafsarsset'''- (''Kafr Sabt'').]]

On 3 July the Frankish army started out towards Tiberias, harassed constantly by Muslim archers. They passed the Springs of Turan, which were entirely insufficient to provide the army with water. At midday, Raymond of Tripoli decided that the army would not reach Tiberias by nightfall, and he and Guy agreed to change the course of the march and veer to the left in the direction of the Springs of Kafr Hattin, only 6 miles (9.7 km) away. From there they could march down to Tiberias the following day. The Muslims positioned themselves between the Frankish army and the water so that the Franks were forced to pitch camp overnight on the arid plateau near the village of Meskenah. The Muslims surrounded the camp so closely that "a cat could not have escaped". According to Ibn al Athir, the Franks were "despondent, tormented by thirst" whilst Saladin's men were jubilant in anticipation of their victory.<ref>Norman Housley, History Today Article, The Battle of Hattin</ref>

The crusaders began their march from Sephoria on [[July 3]]. Raymond led the [[vanguard]]; Guy the main army; and Balian, Raynald, and the military orders made up the rearguard. The crusaders were almost immediately under harassment from the Muslim skirmishers on horseback.

Throughout the night, the Muslims further demoralized the crusaders by praying, singing, beating drums, showing symbols, and chanting. They set fire to the dry grass, making the crusaders' throats even drier.<ref name=Runciman458>Runciman (1951). p. 458.</ref> The Crusaders were thirsty, demoralized and exhausted. The Muslim army, by contrast, had a caravan of camels bring goatskins of water up from Lake Tiberias (now known as the [[Sea of Galilee]]).<ref>Nicolle (1993). p. 64.</ref>

By noon on that day the Frankish army had reached a spring at the village of Turan some six miles from Sephoria. Here, according to Saladin, "The hawks of the Frankish infantry and the eagle of their cavalry hovered around the water."

[[File:Gustave Doré- Battle of Hattin.jpg|thumb|Battle of Hattin ([[Gustave Doré]])]]

It was still nine miles to Tiberias. Therefore, with only a half day of marching time remaining, any attempt to leave this sure water source to seek that objective the same day, all while under the constant attack of Saladin’s army, would be foolhardy. (In 1182 the Frankish army had only advanced 8 miles in a full day in face of the enemy and in 1183 Guy had managed but six miles in a similar situation, taking a full day.) But, as Saladin wrote, "Satan incited Guy to do what ran counter to his purpose." That is, for unknown reasons, Guy set out that very afternoon, marching his army forward, seeming to head for Tiberias.

On the morning of 4 July the crusaders were blinded by smoke from the fires set by Saladin's forces. The Franks came under fire from Muslim [[Mounted archery|mounted archers]] from the division commanded by Gökböri, who had been resupplied with 400 loads of arrows that had been brought up during the night. Gerard and Raynald advised Guy to form battle lines and attack, which was done by Guy's brother Amalric. Raymond led the first division with Raymond of Antioch, the son of Bohemund III of Antioch, while Balian and Joscelin III of Edessa formed the rearguard.<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Nicolle|pages=71 & 77|title=Hattin 1187. Saladin's greatest victory|date=28 January 1993 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=978-1-85532-284-4}}</ref>

It was a fatal mistake. When Saladin arrived from the taking of Tiberias, and after the Frankish army left Turan, the Muslims began their attack in earnest. Saladin sent the two wings of his army around the Frankish force and seized the spring at Turan, thus blocking the Frankish line of retreat. This maneuver would give Saladin his victory.

Thirsty and demoralized, the crusaders broke camp and changed direction for the springs of Hattin, but their ragged approach was attacked by Saladin's army, which blocked the route forward and any possible retreat. Count Raymond launched two charges in an attempt to break through to the water supply at Lake Tiberias. The second of these enabled him to reach the lake and make his way to Tyre.<ref>Richard, Jean. The Crusades c1071-c1291. p. 207. {{ISBN|0-521-625661}}</ref>

In the ensuing struggle the Frankish rearguard was forced to a halt by continuous attacks, thus halting the whole army on the plateau. The crusaders were thus forced to make camp surrounded by the Muslims. They now had no water nor any hope of receiving supplies or reinforcements.

After Raymond escaped, Guy's position was now even more desperate. Most of the Christian infantry had effectively deserted by fleeing [[en masse]] onto the Horns of Hattin, where they played no further part in the battle. Overwhelmed by thirst and wounds, many of Guy's soldiers were killed on the spot without resistance while the remainder were taken prisoner. Their plight was such that five of Raymond's knights went over to the Muslim leaders to beg that they be mercifully put to death.<ref name=Runciman458/> Guy attempted to pitch the tents again to block the Muslim cavalry. The Christian knights and mounted [[Sergeant#History|serjeants]] were disorganized, but still fought on.<ref name=Runciman458/>

Behe ad-Din summarizes the situation of the Frankish army:

Now the crusaders were surrounded and, despite three desperate charges on Saladin's position, were broken up and defeated. An eyewitness account of this is given by Saladin's 17-year-old son, al-Afdal. It is quoted by Muslim chronicler Ibn al-Athir:<ref>D. S. Richards, trans., The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from al-Kāmil fi'l-ta'rīkh by ʻIzz al-Dīn Ibn al-Athīr, Part 2: The Years 541-589/1146-1193: The Age of Nur al-Din and Saladin (Ashgate, 2007) pg. 323.</ref>

:They were closely beset as in a noose, while still marching on as though being driven to death that they could see before them, convinced of their doom and destruction and themselves aware that the following day they would be visiting their graves.

<blockquote>When the king of the Franks [Guy] was on the hill with that band, they made a formidable charge against the Muslims facing them, so that they drove them back to my father [Saladin]. I looked towards him and he was overcome by grief and his complexion pale. He took hold of his beard and advanced, crying out "Give the lie to the Devil!" The Muslims rallied, returned to the fight, and climbed the hill. When I saw that the Franks withdrew, pursued by the Muslims, I shouted for joy, "We have beaten them!" But the Franks rallied and charged again like the first time and drove the Muslims back to my father. He acted as he had done on the first occasion and the Muslims turned upon the Franks and drove them back to the hill. I again shouted, "We have beaten them!" but my father rounded on me and said, "Be quiet! We have not beaten them until that tent [Guy's] falls." As he was speaking to me, the tent fell. The sultan dismounted, prostrated himself in thanks to God Almighty, and wept for joy.</blockquote>

On the morning of [[July 4]] the crusaders were blinded by smoke from fires that Saladin’s forces had set to add to the Frankish army’s misery, through which the Muslim cavalry pelted them with 400 loads of arrows that had been brought up during the night. Gerard and Raynald advised Guy to form battle lines and attack, which was done by Guy's brother [[Amalric II of Jerusalem|Amalric]]. Raymond led the first division with [[Raymond IV of Tripoli|Raymond of Antioch]], the son of [[Bohemund III of Antioch]], while Balian and [[Joscelin III of Edessa]] formed the rearguard. While this was being arranged, five of Raymond's knights defected to Saladin and told them of the dire situation in the crusader camp.

==Surrender of crusaders==

Thirsty and demoralized, the crusaders broke camp and changed direction for the springs of Hattin, but their ragged approach was attacked by Saladin's army which blocked the route forward and any possible retreat. Count Raymond launched two charges in an attempt to break through to the water supply at the Sea of Galilee. The second of these saw him cut off from the main army and forced to retreat. Most of the crusader infantry had effectively deserted by moving on to the Horns of Hattin. Guy attempted to pitch the tents again to block the Muslim cavalry, but without infantry protection the knights' horses were cut down by Muslim archers and the cavalry was forced to fight on foot. Then they too retreated to the Horns.

Prisoners after the battle included Guy, his brother [[Amalric II]], [[Raynald of Châtillon|Raynald de Chatillon]], [[William V of Montferrat]], [[Gerard de Ridefort]], [[Humphrey IV of Toron]], [[Hugh of Jabala]], [[Plivain|Plivain of Botron]], [[Hugh III Embriaco]], and other barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Guy of Lusignan and Raynald of Chatillon were brought to Saladin's tent. Saladin offered Guy water, which was a sign in [[Muslim culture]] that the prisoner would be spared, but Guy was unaware of that. Guy passed the goblet to Raynald, but Saladin struck it from his hands and said, "I did not ask this evil man to drink, and he would not save his life by doing so". He then charged Raynald with breaking the truce.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Now the crusaders were surrounded and, despite three desperate charges on Saladin's position, were eventually defeated. An eyewitness account of this is given by Saladin’s son, al-Afdal. It is quoted by Ibn al-Athir:

Some reports, such as that of Baha al-Din, claim that Saladin himself then executed Raynald with a single stroke of his sword. Others record that Saladin struck Raynald as a sign to his bodyguards to behead him. Guy assumed that he would also be beheaded, but Saladin assured him that "kings do not kill kings."<ref name=utub>{{Cite AV media |title=The Crusades: Crescent & the Cross (part 2) |type=Television production |people=Elliott, Stuart (director) |publisher=[[History (American TV network)|History]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/show/SCO_irkljom-KaAvV7DNTAyQ?sbp=GhoKGFVDSnJ4Q3l0Y01GVGFjemFSNndBRWdrUQ%253D%253D |date=2005-11-07}}</ref><ref name=Newby/>

:When the King [Guy] reached the hill with that company, they launched a savage charge against the Muslims opposite them, forcing them to retreat to my father [Saladin]. I looked to him and saw that he had turned ashen pale in his distress and had grasped his beard. . . . Then the Muslims returned to the attack against the Franks and they went back up the hill. When I saw them retreating with the Muslims in pursuit, I cried out in joy: "We have beaten them." But the Franks charged again as they had done before and drove the Muslims up to my father. He did what he had done before and the Muslims turned back against them and forced them back up the hill. I cried out again: "We have beaten them." My father turned to me and said: "Be silent. We shall not defeat them until that tent [Guy’s] falls." As Saladin spoke these words, the red tent of the King fell.

==Aftermath==

===Crusader battle losses===

The True Cross was supposedly fixed upside down on a lance and sent to Damascus.<ref name=Runciman460>Runciman (1951). p. 460.</ref>

The Crusader king, Guy of Lusignan, was taken to [[Damascus]] as a prisoner and granted release in 1188, while the other noble captives were eventually ransomed.<ref>Runciman (1951). p. 462.</ref>

The Muslims captured the royal tent of King Guy, as well as the True Cross after the Bishop of Acre was killed in the fighting. Prisoners included Guy, his brother [[Amalric II]], Raynald, [[William V of Montferrat]], [[Gerard de Ridefort]], [[Humphrey IV of Toron]], [[Hugh of Jabala]], Plivain of Botron, [[Hugh of Gibelet]], and many others. Perhaps only as few as 3,000 Christians escaped the defeat. The anonymous text ''De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum Libellus'' claims that Raymond, Joscelin, Balian, and [[Reginald of Sidon]] fled the field in the middle of the battle, trampling "the Christians, the Turks, and the Cross" in the process, but this isn't corroborated by other accounts and reflects the author's hostility to the Poleins.

After executing Raynald of Chatillon, Saladin ordered that the other captive barons be spared and treated humanely. All 200{{sfn|France|2015|p=103}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Payne|pages=208|title=The Crusades|year=1998|publisher=Wordsworth Editions |isbn=1-85326-689-2}}</ref> of the Templar and Hospitaller Knights taken prisoner were executed on Saladin's orders, with the exception of the Grand Master of the Temple.<ref name=Runciman460/><ref>{{cite book |first= Helen |last= Nicholson |page= 54 |title= The Knights Templar |year= 2004 |publisher= Sutton Pub. |isbn= 0-7509-3839-0 }}</ref> The executions were by decapitation. [[Nicasius of Sicily|Saint Nicasius]], a [[Knight Hospitaller]] later venerated as a Roman Catholic [[martyr]], is said to have been one of the victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netgalaxy.it/san-nicasio.htm|title=San Nicasio Camuto de Burgio Patrono e Protettore della Città di Caccamo Cavaliere dell'Ordine|website=www.netgalaxy.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116034556/http://www.netgalaxy.it/san-nicasio.htm|archive-date=16 November 2014|access-date=24 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani|Imad ed-Din]], Saladin's secretary, wrote:

The exhausted captives were brought to Saladin's tent, where Guy was given a goblet of iced water as a sign of Saladin's generosity. When Guy passed the goblet to his fellow captive Raynald, Saladin allowed the old man (Raynald was about 60) to drink but shortly afterwards said that he hadn't offered water to Raynald and thus wasn't bound by the Muslim rules of hospitality. When Saladin accused Raynald of being an oath breaker, Raynald replied that "kings have always acted thus." Saladin then executed Raynald himself, doing so after Raynald refused conversion to Islam (as conversion to Islam would no longer justify his execution), beheading him with his sword. Guy fell to his knees at the sight of Raynald's corpse but Saladin bade him to rise, saying, "Real kings do not kill each other."

<blockquote>Saladin ordered that they should be beheaded, choosing to have them dead rather than in prison. With him was a whole band of scholars and [[sufis]] and a certain number of devout men and ascetics; each begged to be allowed to kill one of them, and drew his sword and rolled back his sleeve. Saladin, his face joyful, was sitting on his [[dais]]; the unbelievers showed black despair.<ref>Gabrieli (1989). p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7LRWAAAAYAAJ&q=beheaded p. 138]</ref></blockquote>

The True Cross was fixed upside down on a lance and sent to Damascus. Several of Saladin’s men now left the army, taking Frankish prisoners with them as slaves.

Captured [[turcopoles]] (locally recruited mounted archers employed by the crusader states) were also executed on [[Saladin]]'s orders. Though the prisoners claimed to be Christians [[Eastern Christianity|by heritage]], Saladin believed the turcopoles to be [[Apostasy in Islam|Christian converts from Islam]], which was punishable by death under the form of Islamic jurisprudence followed by the Ayyubid state.<ref name=Richard207/> Modern historians have corroborated Saladin's belief that the turcopoles in the Ayyubid–Crusader wars were mostly recruited from converted Turks and Arabs.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.academia.edu/8732828| title = (PDF) Saladin's Christian hostages and prisoners {{!}} Filippo Donvito - Academia.edu| last1 = Donvito| first1 = Filippo}}</ref>

On Sunday, July 5th, Saladin traveled the six miles to Tiberias and, there, Countess Eschiva surrendered the citadel of the fortress. She was allowed to leave for Tripoli with all her family, followers, and possessions. Raymond of Tripoli, having escaped the battle, died of [[pleurisy]] later in 1187.

The rest of the captured knights and soldiers were sold into slavery, and one was reportedly bought in Damascus in exchange for some sandals.<ref name=Newby/> The high-ranking Frankish barons captured were held in Damascus and treated well.<ref name=Runciman460/> Some of Saladin's men left the army after the battle, taking lower-ranking Frankish prisoners with them as slaves.<ref name=Runciman460/>

On Monday, July 6th, two days after the battle, the captured [[Templars]] and [[Hospitallers]] were given the opportunity to convert to Islam. According to Imad al-Din,

===Crusader kingdom falls to Saladin===

:only a few accepted, although those that did became good Muslims. The rest were given over to amateur executioners chosen from amongst the sufis and "men of piety," some of whom appointed substitutes lest they be laughed at, while Saladin watched with a glad face.

{{Further|Siege of Jerusalem (1187)}}

On Sunday 5 July Saladin marched the six miles (10km) to Tiberias, and Countess Eschiva surrendered the citadel of the fortress. She was allowed to leave for Tripoli with all of her family, followers, and possessions.<ref>Runciman (1951). p 461.</ref> Raymond of Tripoli, having escaped the battle, died of [[pleurisy]] later in 1187.<ref>Runciman (1951). p. 469.</ref>

In fielding an army of 20,000 men, the Crusaders had reduced the garrisons of their castles and fortified settlements. The heavy defeat at Hattin meant there was little reserve with which to defend against Saladin's forces.<ref>{{harvnb|Smail|1995|p=33}}</ref> Only some 200 knights escaped the battle.{{sfn|France|2015|p=102}} The importance of the defeat is demonstrated by the fact that in its aftermath, fifty-two<ref name=e135>Mayer (1988). p. 135.</ref> towns and fortifications were captured by Saladin's forces.<ref>{{harvnb|Gibb|1969|p=585}}</ref> By mid-September, Saladin had taken [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Nablus]], [[Jaffa, Israel|Jaffa]], [[Toron]], [[Sidon]], [[Beirut]], and [[Ashkelon|Ascalon]]. Tyre was saved by the arrival of [[Conrad of Montferrat]], resulting in Saladin's [[Siege of Tyre (1187)|siege of Tyre]] being repulsed with heavy losses. Jerusalem was defended by Queen Sibylla, Latin Patriarch [[Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem|Heraclius of Jerusalem]], and Balian, who subsequently negotiated its [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|surrender to Saladin]] on 2 October.<ref name=e135/>

The executions were by beheading. [[Nicasius of Sicily|Saint Nicasius]], a Knight Hospitaller venerated as a Christian [[martyr]], is said to have been one of the victims.[http://home.att.net/~ilsiciliano/page35_st_nicasius.htm] Guy was taken to [[Damascus]] as a prisoner and the others were eventually ransomed.

===Significance in crusading history===

By mid-September Saladin had taken Acre, [[Nablus]], [[Jaffa, Israel|Jaffa]], [[Toron]], [[Sidon]], [[Beirut]], and [[Ascalon]]. Tyre was saved by the fortuitous arrival of [[Conrad of Montferrat]]. Jerusalem was defended by Queen Sibylla, [[Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem|Patriarch Heraclius]], and Balian, who subsequently negotiated its surrender to Saladin on [[October 2]] (see [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|Siege of Jerusalem]]).

According to the chronicler [[Ernoul]], news of the defeat brought to Rome by [[Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre]] caused [[Pope Urban III]] to die of shock.<ref>Mayer (1988). p. 138.</ref> Urban's successor, [[Pope Gregory VIII]], issued the [[papal bull|bull]] ''[[Audita tremendi]]'' calling for a new crusade within days of his election. In England and France, the [[Saladin tithe]] was enacted to raise funds for the new crusade.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Cazel |first= Fred A. |title= The Tax of 1185 in Aid of the Holy Land |journal=[[Speculum (journal)|Speculum]] |volume= 30 |issue= 3 |year= 1955 |pages= 385–392 |doi= 10.2307/2848077 |jstor= 2848077 |s2cid= 159681631 }}</ref> The subsequent [[Third Crusade]] did not get underway until 1189, but was a very successful military operation through which many Christian holdings were restored. Nonetheless, Christian control over territories in the Holy Land remained vulnerable for decades until the [[Battle of La Forbie]] of 1244, 57 years after the Battle of Hattin, which marked the final collapse of Crusader military power in [[Outremer]].<ref>Richard (1999). p. 330.</ref>

==See also==

News of the disastrous defeat at Hattin was brought to Europe by [[Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre]], as well as other pilgrims and travelers. Plans were immediately made for a new crusade; [[Pope Gregory VIII]] issued the [[papal bull|bull]] ''[[Audita tremendi]]'', and in England and France the [[Saladin tithe]] was enacted to fund expenses.

This is a succession of related campaigns that led up to the Battle of Hattin, on 3–4 July 1187:

* 1177: [[Battle of Montgisard]]

* 1179: [[Battle of Marj Ayyun]]

* 1179: [[Battle of Jacob's Ford]]

* 1182: [[Battle of Belvoir Castle]]

* 1183: [[Battle of Al-Fule (1183)|Battle of Al-Fule]]

* 1187: [[Battle of Cresson]]

==References==

The subsequent [[Third Crusade]], however, didn't get underway until [[1189]], being made up of three separate contingents led by [[Richard I of England|Richard Lionheart]], [[Philip II of France|Philip Augustus]], and [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick Barbarossa]].

===Notes===

{{Reflist|33em}}

==Legends and fiction==

According to the chronicler [[Ernoul]], news of the defeat caused [[Pope Urban III]] to die of shock.

===Bibliography===

The battle, and much of the background of the conflict, is depicted in the novel ''The Brethren'' by [[Sir]] [[Henry Rider Haggard]]. Although the battle itself was not shown, the aftermath, including the execution of Raynald, was depicted in the [[2005 in film|2005 movie]] ''[[Kingdom of Heaven (movie)|Kingdom of Heaven]]''.

{{Refbegin}}

* {{Cite book|last=France |first=John | title=Hattin: Great Battles Series |publisher=Oxford University Press| ___location=Oxford |year=2015 |isbn=978-0199646951 }}

* {{citation |last=Gabrieli |first=Francesco |author-link= Francesco Gabrieli |title=Arab Historians of the Crusades |translator= E. J. Costello |year=1989 |orig-year=1957 |publisher= Dorset Press |___location= New York |isbn=0-88029-460-4 }}

* {{citation |last=Gibb |first=Hamilton A. R. |author-link= Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb |contribution=The Rise of Saladin, 1169–1189 |title=A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years |publisher= University of Wisconsin Press |year= 1969 |orig-year= 1955 |___location= London |edition=2nd |pages= 563–589}}

* {{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Bernard |year=2000 |title=The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64187-6 }}

* {{cite book |author=Ibn Khallikan |date=1843 |title=Kitab wafayat ala'yan - Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary |translator-first=William |translator-last=MacGuckin de Slane |translator-link1=William McGuckin de Slane |volume=2 |___location=Paris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MdLAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3}}

* {{citation |last= Konstam |first= Angus |author-link= Angus Konstam |title= Historical Atlas of the Crusades |year= 2004 |orig-year= 2002 |___location= London |publisher= Mercury Books |isbn=978-1-904668-00-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9budQAAACAAJ}}

* {{citation |last=Madden |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas F. Madden |title=A Concise History of the Crusades |year=2000 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-9430-3}}

* {{citation |last=Madden |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas F. Madden |title=Crusades: The Illustrated History |year=2005 |___location=Ann Arbor |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-03127-6}}

*{{cite book |author=[[Hans Eberhard Mayer|Mayer, Hans Eberhard]] |title= The Crusades |page=134 |year= 1988 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-873097-7}}

*[[P. H. Newby|Newby, P. H.]] (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XuNXAAAAYAAJ ''Saladin in his Time'']. Dorset Press. {{ISBN|0880297751}}.

* {{cite book |last1=Nicholson |first1=H |last2=Nicolle |first2=D |date=2006 |title=God's Warriors: Knights Templar, Saracens and the Battle for Jerusalem |publisher=Osprey Publishing}}

*{{citation |last= Nicolle |first= David |author-link= David Nicolle |title= Hattin 1187: Saladin's Greatest Victory |year= 1993 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |series= Osprey Campaign Series #19 |isbn=1-85532-284-6}}

**2005 edition, [[Praeger Publishers]], Praeger Illustrated Military History Series, [[Westport, CT]] {{ISBN|0-275-98840-6}}.

*{{citation |last=Nicolle |first=David |title=Saladin: Leadership-Strategy-Conflict |year=2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |series=publOsprey Command series #12 |isbn= 9781849083188 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ija3CwAAQBAJ}} (paper-format edition), and {{ISBN|9781780962368}} for the [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq2HCwAAQBAJ eBook edition].

* {{citation |last=O'Shea |first=Stephen |title=Sea of Faith: Islam and Christianity in the Medieval Mediterranean World |year=2006 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-86197-521-8}}

*{{cite book |last= Richard |first= Jean |title= The Crusades, ''c.'' 1071-''c.'' 1291 |year= 1999 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 0-521-62566-1}}

* {{citation |last=Riley-Smith |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith |title=The Crusades: A History |year=2005 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8264-7269-4}}

* {{Runciman-A History of the Crusades|volume=2}}{{ISBN|0-521-06162-8}} hardback, {{ISBN|0-521-34771-8}} paperback. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ Partial view at Google Books], accessed 11 August 2022.

* {{citation |last=Smail |first=R. C. |title=Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193 |year=1995 |orig-year=1956 |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |___location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-45838-2}}

* {{cite book |last=Tibble|first=Steve| title=The Crusader Armies, 1099–1187 |year=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |___location=New Haven and London|isbn= 978-0-300-21814-5 }}

* {{citation |last=Waterson |first=James |title=Sacred Swords: Jihad in the Holy Land 1097-1291 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Frontline Books]] |___location=London |isbn=978-1-84832-580-7 }}

{{Refend}}

==Further reading==

{{Refbegin}}

*{{citation |last=Baldwin |first=M. W. |title=Raymond III of Tripolis and the Fall of Jerusalem (1140–1187) |year=1936 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |___location=Princeton }}

*{{citation |last=Brundage |first=James A. |chapter=[[Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum|De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum]] |title=The Crusades: A Documentary Survey |year=1962 |publisher=[[Marquette University Press]] |___location=Milwaukee }}

*{{citation |editor-last=Delcourt |editor-first=Thierry|title=Sébastien Mamerot, Les Passages d'Outremer. A chronicle of the Crusades |year=2009 |publisher=[[Taschen]] |___location=Cologne |isbn=978-3-8365-0555-0 |pages= 145}}

*{{citation |last=Edbury |first=Peter W. |title=The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation |year=1996 |publisher=Ashgate |___location=Aldershot |isbn=1-84014-676-1 }}

*{{citation |last=Gillingham |first=John |series=Yale English Monarchs |title=Richard I |year=1999 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |___location=New Haven |isbn=0-300-07912-5 }}

*{{citation |last=Holt |first=P. M. |title=The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 |year=1986 |publisher=[[Longman]] |___location=New York |isbn=0-582-49302-1 }}

*{{cite book |last=Hosler|first=John| title=The Siege of Acre, 1189–1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle that Decided the Third Crusade |year=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press|isbn= 978-0-30021-550-2 }}

*{{citation |last1=Lyons |first1=M. C. |last2=Jackson |first2=D. E. P. |title=Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |___location=New York |isbn=0-521-22358-X |url=https://archive.org/details/saladinpoliticso0000lyon |url-access=registration }}

*{{citation |last=Nicholson |first=R. L. |title=Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States, 1134–1199 |year=1973 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |___location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-03676-8 }}

*{{citation |last=Phillips |first=Jonathan |title=The Crusades 1095–1187 |year=2002 |publisher=Longman |___location=New York |isbn=0-582-32822-5 }}

*{{Citation |last= Reston Jr. |first= James |author-link= James Reston Jr. |year= 2001 |title= Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade |___location= New York |publisher= Anchor Books |isbn= 0-385-49562-5 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/warriorsofgod00jame }}

*{{citation |editor1-last=Setton |editor1-first=Kenneth |title=A History of the Crusades, vol. I |year=1958 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |___location=Philadelphia |url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=browse&scope=HISTORY.HISTCRUSADES }}

{{Refend}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Battle of Hattin}}

{{commonscat}}

*Excerpt from [https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182352/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1187hattin.html the Chronicle of Ernoul] at [[Internet Medieval Sourcebook]]

*[http://www.deremilitari.org De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History]

{{Authority control}}

==Sources==

*M. W. Baldwin, ''Raymond III of Tripolis and the Fall of Jerusalem (1140-1187)''. [[Princeton University Press]], 1936.

*''De Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum'', trans. James A. Brundage, in ''The Crusades: A Documentary Survey''. [[Marquette University Press]], 1962.

*Peter W. Edbury, ''The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation''. Ashgate, 1996.

*P. M. Holt, ''The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517''. [[Longman]], 1986.

*R. L. Nicholson, ''Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States, 1134-1199''. [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 1973.

*[[Steven Runciman]], ''A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187''. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1952.

*Kenneth Setton, ed. ''A History of the Crusades, vol. I''. [[University of Pennsylvania Press]], 1958 ([http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=browse&scope=HISTORY.HISTCRUSADES available online]).

*R. C. Smail, ''Crusading Warfare, 1097-1193''. Cambridge University Press, 1956.

*John Gillingham, "Richard I", Yale English Monarchs. [[Yale University Press]], 1999.

*Lyons & Jackson, "Saladin-The Politics of the Holy War". Cambridge University Press, 1982.

*Jonathan Phillips, "The Crusades 1095-1197". Longman, 2002.

{{Link FA|ar}}

[[Category:1187]]

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