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Changing short description from "Changing between languages during a single conversation" to "Changing between languages during a conversation" |
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* {{em|Intra-word switching}} occurs ''within'' a word itself, such as at a [[morpheme]] boundary.<ref name="Types" /> In [[Shona language|Shona]]-English switching one could say, "But ''ma''-day-s ''a-no a-ya ha-ndi-si ku-mu-on-a.'' ("But ''these'' days ''I don't see him much.''") Here the English plural morpheme -''s'' appears alongside the Shona prefix ''ma''-, which also marks plurality.<ref name="Winford" />
Most code-switching studies primarily focus on intra-sentential switching because it creates hybrid grammatical structures that require explanation. By contrast, the other types typically involve utterances that follow the grammar of a single language. Within intra-sentential switching, two major patterns are commonly distinguished: alternational and insertional. In alternational code-switching, a new mixed grammar emerges that combines elements of the two languages involved. In insertional code-switching, by contrast, elements from one language are inserted into the morphosyntactic frame of the other.<ref name="Winford" /> Corroborating this typology, recent empirical work on social-media conversations reports that insertional code-mixing predominates, followed by congruent lexicalization and alternation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aburqayiq |first1=Asma Mohammad Hussein |last2=Altakhaineh |first2=Abdel Rahman Mitib |last3=Alsariera |first3=Anas Hashem |date=26 April 2025 |title=Code-mixing between Arabic and English among Jordanians on social media |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311886.2025.2491705 |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1080/23311886.2025.2491705|doi-access=free }}</ref>
A {{em|portmanteau sentence}} is a particular type of intrasentential code-switching. It is a hybrid involving structures from two different languages in one sentence<ref name="Azuma-1990" />{{rp|199}} in which an item in one language is used as a bridge between portions of the sentence in languages which have differing [[word order|word order typologies]].<ref name="Azuma-1990">{{cite book |editor1-last=Hoji |editor1-first=Hajime |editor2-last=Clancy |editor2-first=Patricia |last1=Azuma |first1=Shoji |title=Japanese/Korean Linguistics: Volume 2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5tVDKFqZscC&pg=PA193 |year=1990 |publisher=Center for the Study of Language (CSLI) |isbn=978-1-881526-14-8 |chapter=Word Order vs. Word Class: Portmanteau Sentences in Bilinguals}}</ref>{{rp|193–194}} It is more of a "syntactic blend" than the kind of lexical blend one sees in [[portmanteau word]]s such as ''smog''.<ref name="Chan-2015">{{cite journal |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |last=Chan |first=Brian Hok-Shing |title=Portmanteau Constructions, Phrase Structure, and Linearization |issn=1664-1078 |volume=6 |date=21 December 2015 |page=1851 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01851 |pmid=26733894 |pmc=4685654 |quote=The term "portmanteau" is supposed to refer to "blends" originally (e.g., "smog" that is blended from "smoke" and "fog"). Portmanteau constructions in code-switching obviously do not refer to such lexical blends but they are more like "syntactic blends" (e.g., SVOV is blended from SVO and SOV).|doi-access=free }}; anthologized in: {{cite book |editor1-last=Alexiadou |editor1-first=Artemis |editor2-last=Lohndal |editor2-first=Terje |title=The Grammar of Multilingualism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8G0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |date=31 October 2016 |publisher=Frontiers Media SA |isbn=978-2-88945-012-1 |page=99}}</ref>
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