Makurap language: Difference between revisions

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|+Makurap consonants<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Aspects morphosyntaxiques de la langue makurap/tupi (Braga 2005) - Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:braga-2005 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.etnolinguistica.org}}</ref>

!

! colspan="3" |

!Labial

!Alveolar

!Postalveolar

!Retroflex

!Palatal

!Velar

|-

! rowspan="4" |Occlusive

! rowspan="2" |<small>released</small>

!<small>voiceless</small>

|p

|t

|

|

|

|k

|-

! rowspan="3" |Affricate

!<small>voiced</small>

|b

|d

|

|

|tʃ&emsp;(dʒ)

|

|g

|-

! colspan="2" |[[No audible release|<small>inaudibly released</small>]]

|p̚

|t̚

|

|

|c̚

|k̚

|-

! colspan="3" |Fricative

! colspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small>

|(β)

|ᵐb

|ⁿd

|

|

|

|ᵑɡ

|-

! rowspan="3" |Affricate

! colspan="2" |<small>voiceless</small>

|

|

|tʃ

|

|

|

|-

!Tap/Flap

! colspan="2" |<small>voiced</small>

|

|

|dʒ

|

|

|

|-

! colspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small>

|

|

|ⁿdʒ

|

|

|

|-

! colspan="3" |Tap/Flap

|

|ɾ

|

|ɻ

|

|

|-

!Nasal

! colspan="3" |Lateral

|

|l

|

|

|

|

|-

! colspan="3" |Fricative

|β

|

|

|

|j

|

|-

! colspan="3" |Nasal

|m

|n

|

|(ɲ)

|ŋ

|

|-

! colspan="3" |Approximant

|

|w

|(l)

|(ɻ)

|

|yj

|

|}

Sounds /p, t, k/ are heard as voiced [b, d, ɡ] when before voiced consonants.

Sounds /p, t, tʃ, k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚, t̚, c̚, k̚] when in word-final position.

Nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ/ are heard as prenasalized stops [ᵐb, ⁿd, ᵑɡ] in syllable-initial positions in free variation.

/w/ is also heard as a fricative [β] in free variation.

/ɾ/ is also heard as liquid sounds [ɻ] and [l] in free variation.

/j/ may also be heard as an affricate [dʒ] or prenasal [ⁿdʒ] in word-initial positions, and as [ɲ] when in between nasal vowels.<ref name=":1" />

=== Vowels ===

Line 163 ⟶ 116:

|ẽ

|

| rowspan="2" |ə̃

|

|o

|õ

|-

!Open-mid

|(ɛ)

|

|

|ə̃

|

|

Line 183 ⟶ 135:

|

|}

/e/ may also be heard as [ɛ] in free variation.

A length distinction is lost among younger speakers. For example, the words {{IPA|[tsãn]}} 'sweet' and {{IPA|[tsã:n]}} 'cold' are homophones in modern pronunciation.<ref name=":0" />