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From 1960 through 1997, [[Ivar Lovaas]] researched the efficacy of ABA techniques on autistic children. While Lovaas is often considered a pioneer in the field of ABA<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Tristram |last2=Eikeseth |first2=Svein |date=March 2011 |title=O. Ivar lovaas: pioneer of applied behavior analysis and intervention for children with autism |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=375–378 |doi=10.1007/s10803-010-1162-0 |issn=1573-3432 |pmid=21153872}}</ref> and his work was instrumental in establishing it as an effective treatment for autism, his early use of aversives (including slapping and electric shocks) has raised considerable ethical concerns. The practice has been condemned by the [[Association for Behavior Analysis International]] (ABAI).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Larsson |first1=EV |last2=Wright |first2=S |title=O. Ivar Lovaas (1927-2010) |journal=The Behavior Analyst |date=2011 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=111, 114 |doi=10.1007/BF03392239 |pmc=3089401}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Association for Behavior Analysis International |title=Position Statement on the Use of CESS - 2022 |publisher=Association for Behavior Analysis International |url=https://www.abainternational.org/about-us/policies-and-positions/position-statement-on-the-use-of-cess-2022.aspx}}</ref>
During the 1960s and 70s, researchers began experimenting on the use of ABA techniques in the form of gay [[conversion therapy]]. These methodologies often involved the use of punishment procedures.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Conine |first1=Daniel E. |last2=Campau |first2=Sarah C. |last3=Petronelli |first3=Abigail K. |title=LGBTQ + conversion therapy and applied behavior analysis: A call to action |journal=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis |date=February 2022 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=6–18 |doi=10.1002/jaba.876|pmid=34407211 }}</ref> Lovaas and his doctoral student [[George Rekers]] published an article titled "Behavioral treatment of deviant sex-role behaviors in a male child" in 1974.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rekers |first1=George A. |last2=Lovaas |first2=O. Ivar |date=June 1974 |title=Behavioral Treatment of Deviant Sex-Role Behaviors in a Male Child1 |journal=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=173–190 |doi=10.1901/jaba.1974.7-173 |pmc=1311956 |pmid=4436165}}{{Expression of Concern|doi=10.1002/jaba.781|pmid=33084123|http://retractionwatch.com/2020/10/22/journal-flags-but-does-not-retract-decades-old-paper-on-correcting-gender-identity/ ''Retraction Watch''|intentional=yes}}</ref> Several of Lovaas's contemporaries published criticisms of the article shortly after its publication, and conversion therapy has been condemned by ABAI in modern times.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy Statement on Conversion Therapy and Practices, 2021 - Association for Behavior Analysis International |url=https://www.abainternational.org/about-us/policies-and-positions/policy-statement-on-conversion-therapy-and-practices,-2021.aspx |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.abainternational.org}},</ref> The journal of this article also published an Expression of Concern regarding attempts to reduce gender nonconforming behaviors.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020 |title=Expression of Concern |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jaba.781 |journal=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis |language=en |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1837 |doi=10.1002/jaba.781 |pmid=33084123 |issn=1938-3703|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=John O. |last2=Heron |first2=Timothy E. |last3=Heward |first3=William L. |title=Applied behavior analysis |date=2019 |publisher=Pearson |___location=Hoboken, New Jersey |isbn=978-0134752556 |page=8 |edition=Third}}</ref>
Over the years, "behavior analysis" gradually superseded "behavior modification." Instead of simply attempting to alter maladaptive behavior, behavior analysts sought to understand the function of that behavior, what reinforcement histories (i.e., attention seeking, escape, automatic ([[Stimming|sensory stimulation]]), access to preferred items or activities) promote and maintain it, and how it can be replaced by an alternative, more appropriate behavior.<ref name="JEAB">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mace FC, Critchfield TS | title = Translational research in behavior analysis: historical traditions and imperative for the future | journal = Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 293–312 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 21119847| pmc = 2861871 | doi = 10.1901/jeab.2010.93-293 }}</ref><ref name=Mace1994/><ref name=PeliosEtAl1999/>
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