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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|Naturally-occurring liquid present in fruits and vegetables}}
{{About|the beverage|other uses}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}{{pp-move-indef}}
[[File:Orange juice 1.jpg|thumb|upright|A glass of [[orange juice]]]]
[[File:Pomegranate Juice (2019).jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Pomegranate]] juice]]
[[File:Hand Press Juicer.jpg|thumb|170px|A hand press juicer machine]]
'''Juice''' is a [[drink]] made from the extraction or [[Cold-pressed juice|pressing]] of the natural [[liquid]] contained in [[fruit]] and [[vegetable]]s. It can also refer to liquids that are flavored with [[concentrate]] or other biological food sources, such as [[meat]] or [[seafood]], such as [[clam juice]]. Juice is commonly consumed as a [[beverage]] or used as an ingredient or flavoring in foods or other beverages, such as [[smoothie]]s. Juice emerged as a popular beverage choice after the development of [[pasteurization]] methods enabled its preservation without using [[fermentation]] (which is used in [[wine]] production).<ref name="bepress.com">{{cite web |url=https://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=ryan_ward |format=PDF |title=A Brief History of Fruit and Vegetable Juice Regulation in the United States |author=Ryan A. Ward |website=Works.bepress.com |date=1 May 2011 |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214075723/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=ryan_ward |url-status=dead }}</ref> The largest fruit juice consumers are [[New Zealand]] (nearly a [[Cup (unit)|cup]], or 8 ounces, each day) and [[Colombia]] (more than three quarters of a cup each day). Fruit juice consumption on average increases with a country's income level.<ref name="Singh et al 2015"/>
==Etymology==
[[File:Néctar smoothie before.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Fruit juice being used in the preparation of a [[smoothie]]]]
The word "juice" developed around the year 1300 from the Old French words ''jus, juis, jouis'' ("liquid obtained by boiling herbs").<ref name="etymonline.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=juice |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101091727/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=juice |url-status=live }}</ref> The Old French ''jus'' ("juice, sap, liquid") (13c.) came from Latin ''ius'' ("broth, sauce, juice, soup"), from the [[Proto-Indo-European root]] *''yeue''- ("to blend, mix food") (cognates: Sanskrit ''yus'' "broth", Greek ''zyme'' "a leaven", Old Church Slavonic ''jucha'' "broth, soup", {{langx|ru|уха}} ''[[ukha]]'', {{langx|lt|juse}} "fish soup").<ref name="etymonline.com"/>
The use of the word "juice" to mean "the watery part of fruits or vegetables" was first recorded in the early 14th century.<ref name="etymonline.com"/> Since the 19th century, the term "juice" has also been used in a [[#Figurative uses|figurative sense]] (e.g., to mean alcohol or electricity). Today, "''[[au jus]]''" refers to meat served along with its own juice, commonly as a [[gravy]].{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
==History==
Groups of grape pits dated to 8000 BCE show early evidence of juice production, although it is thought that the grapes may have been alternatively used to produce [[wine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu |first=Alina Maria Holban |title=Functional and Medicinal Beverages |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-12-816397-9 |edition=Volume 11: The Science of Beverages |___location=United Kingdom |pages=317 |language=English}}</ref> One of the first regularly produced juices was [[lemonade]], which appeared in 16th-century Italy as an import after its conception in the Middle East. Orange juice originated in the 17th century. In the 18th century, [[James Lind]] linked citrus fruits to the prevention of [[scurvy]], which, a century later, led to the implementation of the [[Merchant Shipping Act 1867]], requiring all ocean-bound British ships to carry citrus-based juice on board.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1867#4. |title=The Merchant Shipping Act}}</ref>
In 1869, a dentist by the name of Thomas B. Welch developed a pasteurization method that allowed for the storage of juice without the juice fermenting into [[ethanol|alcohol]]. His method involved filtering squeezed grape juice into bottles, sealing them with [[cork (material)|cork]] and [[wax]], and then placing them in boiling water. This method kills the [[yeast]] responsible for fermentation. He then sold his new product as "Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Justin R. |title=Factors Influencing Grape Juice Quality |journal=HortTechnology |volume=8 |issue=4 |date=October 1998 |pages=471–478 |doi=10.21273/HORTTECH.8.4.471 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the late 18th-century United States, the circulation of foreign fruit juices was heavily regulated by [[tariff]]s. The [[McKinley Tariff]] Act of 1890 increased import taxes from 38 to 49.5 percent and set taxes on fruit juices based on the alcohol content of the drink. Juices with 18% or less alcohol were taxed at 60 cents per gallon, while anything above 18% was taxed at US$2.50 per proof gallon.<ref name="bepress.com"/>
==Terminology==
In the [[United Kingdom]], the name or names of the fruit followed by ''juice'' can only legally be used to describe a product that is 100% fruit juice, as required by the Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (England) Regulations<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fruijuicedraftreg.pdf |title=Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (England) Regulations |access-date=25 August 2014 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402154827/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fruijuicedraftreg.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Fruit Juices and Fruit Nectars (Scotland) Regulations 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fruit Juices & Fruit Nectars (Scotland) Regulations 2003|url=https://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/draftssifruitjuice.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402154838/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/draftssifruitjuice.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2012|access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref> However, a juice made by reconstituting concentrate can be called juice. A product described as fruit "nectar" must contain at least 25% to 50% juice, depending on the fruit. A juice or nectar including concentrate must state that it does. The term "juice drink" is not defined in the Regulations and can be used to describe any drink that includes juice, whatever the amount.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.health78.com/health-news/Parents-beware-juice-in-juice-drinks-costs-up-to-34-per-litre/5454/ |title=Parents beware: Juice in juice drinks costs up to £34 $10 per litre! |publisher=Health78.com |access-date=25 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009094011/http://www.health78.com/health-news/Parents-beware-juice-in-juice-drinks-costs-up-to-34-per-litre/5454/ |archive-date=9 October 2014 }}</ref> Comparable rules apply in all EU member states in their respective languages.{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
In the US, ''fruit juice'' can only legally be used to describe a product that is 100% fruit juice. A blend of fruit juice(s) with other ingredients, such as [[high-fructose corn syrup]], is called a ''juice cocktail'' or ''juice drink''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/CF102-33.HTML |title=The Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Sec. 102.33 Beverages that contain fruit or vegetable juice |access-date=25 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203120805/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/CF102-33.HTML |archive-date=3 December 2008 }}</ref> According to the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA), the term "nectar" is generally accepted in the US and in international trade for a diluted juice to denote a beverage that contains fruit juice or [[puree]], water, and [[artificial sweetener]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/juiceqa2.html |title=FDA Juice HACCP Regulation: Questions & Answers |date=4 September 2003 |access-date=25 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513234638/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/juiceqa2.html |archive-date=13 May 2009 }}</ref> "No [[added sugar]]" is commonly printed on the labels of juice containers, but the products may contain large amounts of naturally occurring sugars;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/inform/sugsuce.shtml |title=Canadian Food Inspection Agency: Criteria for the Nutrient Content Claim No Added Sugars |publisher=Inspection.gc.ca |access-date=25 August 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808101655/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/inform/sugsuce.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Juice and sweet drinks – children|url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Child_nutrition_juices_and_sweet_drinks?open|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913061651/http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Child_nutrition_juices_and_sweet_drinks?open|archive-date=13 September 2014|access-date=17 October 2014|publisher=State Government of Victoria}}</ref> however, sugar content is listed with other [[carbohydrate]]s on labels in many countries.{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
==Consumption==
The largest fruit juice consumers are [[New Zealand]] (nearly a cup, or 8 ounces, each day) and [[Colombia]] (more than three quarters of a cup each day). Fruit juice consumption, on average, increased with country income level.<ref name="Singh et al 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Gitanjali M. |last2=Micha |first2=Renata |last3=Khatibzadeh |first3=Shahab |last4=Shi |first4=Peilin |last5=Lim |first5=Stephen |last6=Andrews |first6=Kathryn G. |last7=Engell |first7=Rebecca E. |last8=Ezzati |first8=Majid |last9=Mozaffarian |first9=Dariush |last10=Müller |first10=Michael |title=Global, Regional, and National Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Fruit Juices, and Milk: A Systematic Assessment of Beverage Intake in 187 Countries |journal=PLOS ONE |date=5 August 2015 |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e0124845 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0124845 |pmid=26244332 |pmc=4526649 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1024845S |doi-access=free }}</ref>
In 2015, people in the United States consumed approximately 6.6 [[US gallon]]s of juice per capita, with more than half of [[Preschool|preschool-age]] children being regular drinkers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Erika R. |last2=Fiechtner |first2=Lauren G. |last3=Carroll |first3=Aaron E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/07/opinion/sunday/juice-is-not-healthy-sugar.html |title=Seriously, Juice Is Not Healthy |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 July 2018 |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709041722/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/07/opinion/sunday/juice-is-not-healthy-sugar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Production==
===Preparation===
[[File:Afghan pomegranates getting washed.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Pomegranates getting washed prior to processing in an Afghanistan fruit concentrate factory]]
Juice is prepared by mechanically squeezing or [[Maceration (food)|macerating]] (sometimes referred to as cold pressing<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/08/juicer-types-cold-press_n_2618000.html |title=Juicer Types: The Difference Between Cold Press Juicers vs. Centrifugal Juice Extractors |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=8 February 2013 |access-date=25 August 2014 |archive-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811163617/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/08/juicer-types-cold-press_n_2618000.html |url-status=live }}</ref>) fruit or vegetable flesh without the application of heat or solvents. For example, [[orange juice]] is the liquid extract of the fruit of the [[orange (fruit)|orange]] tree, and [[tomato juice]] is the liquid that results from pressing the fruit of the [[tomato plant]]. Juice may be prepared at home from fresh fruit and vegetables using a variety of hand or electric [[juicer]]s. Many commercial juices are [[Filtration|filtered]] to remove fiber or [[Juice vesicles|pulp]], but high-pulp fresh orange juice is a popular beverage. Additives are put in some juices, such as sugar and artificial flavours (in some fruit juice-based beverages) or savoury seasonings (e.g., in [[Clamato]] or [[Caesar (cocktail)|Caesar]] tomato juice drinks). Common methods for the preservation and processing of fruit juices include [[canning]], [[pasteurization]], [[concentrate|concentrating]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Understanding Concentrated Juice|url=https://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/understanding-concentrate-juice.html|website=Fitday|access-date=9 February 2022|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209090345/https://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/understanding-concentrate-juice.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[freezing]], [[evaporation]], and [[spray drying]].{{Cn|date=December 2024}}
Although processing methods vary between juices, the general processing method of juices includes:<ref name="sspindia.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.sspindia.com/fruit-juice-processing.html |title=Fruit Juice Processing, Fruit Juice Powder Plant, Fruit Juice Processing Plant, Juice Powder Plant |work=sspindia.com |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502113912/http://www.sspindia.com/fruit-juice-processing.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Washing and sorting food source
* Juice [[extraction (chemistry)|extraction]]
* Straining, [[filtration]] and [[clarification (water treatment)|clarification]]
* Blending pasteurization
* Filling, sealing and sterilization
* Cooling, labeling and packing
After the fruits are picked and washed, the juice is extracted by one of two automated methods. In the first method, two metal cups with sharp metal tubes on the bottom cup come together, removing the [[peel (fruit)|peel]] and forcing the flesh of the fruit through the metal tube. The juice of the fruit then escapes through small holes in the tube. The peels can then be used further, and are washed to remove [[oil]]s, which are reclaimed later for usage. The second method requires the fruits to be cut in half before being subjected to [[reamers]], which extract the juice.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}
After the juice is filtered, it may be concentrated in [[Climbing and Falling Film Plate Evaporator|evaporators]], which reduce the size of the juice by a factor of 5, making it easier to transport and increasing its [[Shelf life|expiration date]]. Juices are concentrated by heating under a [[vacuum]] to remove water, and then cooling to around 13 degrees Celsius. About two-thirds of the water in a juice is removed.<ref name="sspindia.com"/> The juice is later reconstituted, a process in which the concentrate is mixed with water and other factors to restore any lost flavor from the concentrating process. Juices can also be sold in a concentrated state, in which the consumer adds water to the concentrated juice as preparation.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}
Juices are then pasteurized and filled into containers, often while still hot. If the juice is poured into a container while hot, it is cooled as quickly as possible. Packages that cannot stand heat require sterile conditions for filling. Chemicals such as [[hydrogen peroxide]] can be used to sterilize containers. Plants can make anywhere from 1 to 20 tonnes a day.<ref name="sspindia.com"/>
===Pulsed electric fields processing===
{{more references|section|date=March 2021}}
[[File:53f9da56f0a5c-458x456.png|thumb|left|200px|A variety of packaged juices in a supermarket]]
High-intensity pulsed electric fields are being used as an alternative to heat pasteurization in fruit juices. Heat treatments sometimes fail to make a quality, microbiologically stable product.<ref name="Toepfl et al 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Toepfl |first1=S. |last2=Heinz |first2=V. |last3=Knorr |first3=D. |title=High intensity pulsed electric fields applied for food preservation |journal=Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification |date=June 2007 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=537–546 |doi=10.1016/j.cep.2006.07.011 |bibcode=2007CEPPI..46..537T }}</ref> However, it was found that processing with high-intensity pulsed electric fields (PEF) can be applied to fruit juices to provide a shelf-stable and safe product.<ref name="Toepfl et al 2007" /> In addition, it was found that pulsed electric fields provide a fresh-like product with high nutritional value.<ref name="Toepfl et al 2007" /> Pulsed electric field processing is a type of nonthermal method for [[food preservation]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Food Process Engineering Research and Applications |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-7906-2 |series=Food Engineering Series |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4614-7905-5 |s2cid=113436343 }}</ref>
Pulsed electric fields use short pulses of electricity to inactivate microbes. In addition, the use of PEF results in minimal detrimental effects on the quality of the food. PEFs kill microorganisms and provide better maintenance of the original colour, flavour, and nutritional value of the food as compared to heat treatments. This method of preservation works by placing two electrodes between liquid juices, then applying high-voltage pulses for microseconds to milliseconds. The high-voltage pulses have an intensity in the range of 10 to 80 kV/cm.
The processing time of the juice is calculated by multiplying the number of pulses by the effective pulse duration. The high voltage of the pulses produces an electric field that results in the inactivation of microbes that may be present in the juice. The PEF temperatures are below the temperatures used in thermal processing. After the high-voltage treatment, the juice is aseptically packaged and refrigerated. Juice is also able to transfer electricity due to the presence of several ions from the processing. When the electric field is applied to the juice, electric currents are then able to flow into the liquid juice and be transferred around due to the charged molecules in the juice. Therefore, pulsed electric fields are able to inactivate microorganisms, extend shelf life, and reduce the enzymatic activity of the juice while maintaining similar quality as the original, fresh-pressed juice.
===Emerging or aspirational technologies===
Fruit juices contain compounds that can be undesirable to consumers. Apple juices can be cloudy, and grapefruit juices can be bitter. [[Enzyme|Enzymatic]] technologies, involving respectively [[pectinase]]s and [[naringinase]], address these problems.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1039/c3cs35506c |title=Industrial Use of Immobilized Enzymes |date=2013 |last1=Dicosimo |first1=Robert |last2=McAuliffe |first2=Joseph |last3=Poulose |first3=Ayrookaran J. |last4=Bohlmann |first4=Gregory |journal=Chemical Society Reviews |volume=42 |issue=15 |pages=6437–6474 |pmid=23436023 }}</ref>
==Health effects==
[[File:The Ladies' home journal (1948) (14743477936).jpg|thumb|Advertisers often urge parents to buy juice for their children.]]
Juices are often consumed for their perceived [[health benefits (medicine)|health benefits]]. For example, orange juice with natural or added [[vitamin C]], [[folic acid]], and [[potassium]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Franke |first1 = AA |last2 = Cooney |first2 = RV |last3 = Henning |first3 = SM |last4 = Custer |first4 = LJ |year = 2005 |title = Bioavailability and antioxidant effects of orange juice components in humans |journal = J Agric Food Chem |volume = 53 |issue = 13 |pages = 5170–8 |doi=10.1021/jf050054y |pmid = 15969493 |pmc=2533031|bibcode = 2005JAFC...53.5170F }}</ref> Juice provides nutrients such as [[carotenoid]]s, [[polyphenol]]s, and vitamin C that offer health benefits.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Benton | first1 = David | last2 = Young | first2 = Hayley A | year = 2019 | title = Role of fruit juice in achieving the 5-a-day recommendation for fruit and vegetable intake | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 77 | issue = 11| pages = 829–843 | doi = 10.1093/nutrit/nuz031 | pmid = 31504822 | pmc = 6786897 }}</ref>
High consumption of fruit juice with added sugar may be linked to weight gain,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/5/2066.short |title=Fruit Juice Intake Predicts Increased Adiposity Gain in Children From Low-Income Families: Weight Status-by-Environment Interaction |journal=Pediatrics |volume=118 |issue=5 |pages=2066–2075 |author1=Myles S. Faith |author2=Barbara A. Dennison |author3=Lynn S. Edmunds |author4=Howard H. Stratton |date=27 July 2006 |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-1117 |pmid=17079580 |s2cid=25420639 |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319074615/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/5/2066.short |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Association of key foods and beverages with obesity in Australian schoolchildren |author1=Andrea M Sanigorski |author2=A Colin Bell |author3=Boyd A Swinburn |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume= 10|issue=2|pages= 152–157 |date=4 July 2006 |doi=10.1017/s1368980007246634|pmid=17261224 |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30007696 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}</ref> but not all studies have shown this effect.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = O'Neil |first1 = CE |last2 = Nicklas |first2 = TA |last3 = Kleinman |first3 = R |date = Mar 2010 |title = Relationship between 100% juice consumption and nutrient intake and weight of adolescents |journal = Am J Health Promot |volume = 24 |issue = 4| pages = 231–7 |doi=10.4278/ajhp.080603-quan-76 |pmid = 20232604 |s2cid = 25724565 }}</ref> If 100% from fruit, juice can help meet daily intake recommendations for some nutrients.<ref>{{cite web |title=All About the Fruit Group |url=https://www.choosemyplate.gov/fruit |website=Choose MyPlate |access-date=28 May 2017 |language=en |date=11 February 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601164843/https://www.choosemyplate.gov/fruit |url-status=live }}</ref>
===100% fruit juice===
Research suggests that 100% fruit juice is not associated with an increased risk of [[diabetes]].<ref name="Xi 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Xi |first1=Bo |last2=Li |first2=Shuangshuang |last3=Liu |first3=Zhaolu |last4=Tian |first4=Huan |last5=Yin |first5=Xiuxiu |last6=Huai |first6=Pengcheng |last7=Tang |first7=Weihong |last8=Zhou |first8=Donghao |last9=Steffen |first9=Lyn M. |title=Intake of Fruit Juice and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=PLOS ONE |date=28 March 2014 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=e93471 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0093471 |pmid=24682091 |pmc=3969361 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...993471X |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Murphy | first1 = M. | last2 = Barrett | first2 = E. | last3 = Bresnahan | first3 = K. | last4 = Barraj | first4 = L. | year = 2017 | title = 100 % Fruit juice and measures of glucose control and insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = Journal of Nutritional Science | volume = 6 | page = E59 | pmid = 29299307 | doi = 10.1017/jns.2017.63 | pmc = 5736636 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.endocrinologynetwork.com/t2-diabetes/100-percent-fruit-juice-does-not-affect-blood-sugar-levels "100 Percent Fruit Juice Does Not Affect Blood Sugar Levels"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223230159/https://www.endocrinologynetwork.com/t2-diabetes/100-percent-fruit-juice-does-not-affect-blood-sugar-levels |date=23 December 2019 }}. Retrieved 22 December 2019.</ref> A 2018 review concluded that 100% fruit juice increases the risk of tooth decay in children, but there is "no conclusive evidence that consumption of 100% fruit juice has adverse health effects."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Auerbach | first1 = Brandon J | last2 = Dibey | first2 = Sepideh | last3 = Vallila-Buchman | first3 = Petra | last4 = Kratz | first4 = Mario | last5 = Krieger | first5 = James | year = 2018 | title = Review of 100% Fruit Juice and Chronic Health Conditions: Implications for Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Policy | journal = [[Advances in Nutrition]] | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 78–85 | doi = 10.1093/advances/nmx006 | pmid = 29659683 | pmc = 5916434 }}</ref> A 2025 umbrella review concluded that "the balance of evidence does not support the exclusion of 100% juice from food-based guides to healthy eating".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beckett EL, Fayet-Moore F, Cassettari T, Starck C, Wright J, Blumfield M. |date=2025 |title=Health effects of drinking 100% juice: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=e722-e735 |doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuae036 |pmid=38679915|doi-access=free |pmc=11723140 }}</ref>
===Cranberry juice===
Preliminary research indicates that [[cranberry juice]] or capsules may decrease the number of [[urinary tract infection]]s in women with frequent infections,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang CH, Fang CC, Chen NC, Liu SS, Yu PH, Wu TY, Chen WT, Lee CC, Chen SC |title=Cranberry-containing products for prevention of urinary tract infections in susceptible populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |date=9 July 2012 |volume=172|issue=13|pages=988–96 |pmid=22777630 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3004}}</ref> and a more substantial [[Cochrane review]] concludes that there is some evidence that cranberry products reduce the risk of symptomatic urinary tract infections for women, children, and people following intervention, but not for the elderly, people with bladder emptying problems, or pregnant women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Stothart |first2=Christopher I. |last3=Hahn |first3=Deirdre |last4=Stephens |first4=Jacqueline H. |last5=Craig |first5=Jonathan C. |last6=Hodson |first6=Elisabeth M. |date=2023-11-10 |title=Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2023 |issue=11 |pages=CD001321 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub7 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=10636779 |pmid=37947276}}</ref> Long-term tolerance is also an issue, with gastrointestinal upset occurring in more than 30% of people.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rossi R, Porta S, Canovi B |title=Overview on cranberry and urinary tract infections in females. |journal=Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology |date=September 2010 |volume=44 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S61–2 |pmid=20495471 |doi=10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181d2dc8e}}</ref>
===Negative effects===
As of 2017, the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] says that fruit juice should not be given to children under the age of one due to its lack of nutritional benefit.<ref name=Hey2017>{{cite journal |last1=Heyman |first1=Melvin B. |last2=Abrams |first2=Steven A. |title=Fruit Juice in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Current Recommendations |journal=Pediatrics |date=22 May 2017 |pages=e20170967 |doi=10.1542/peds.2017-0967 |pmid=28562300 |volume=139 |issue=6 |s2cid=6024335 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt40q8484s/qt40q8484s.pdf?t=otwrqk |doi-access=free |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314061553/https://escholarship.org/content/qt40q8484s/qt40q8484s.pdf?t=otwrqk |url-status=live }}</ref> For children ages one to six, intake of fruit juice should be limited to less than {{cvt|4|-|6|oz|g}} per day (about a half to three-quarters of a cup)<ref name=Hey2017 /> due to its high sugar and low fiber content compared to fruit. Overconsumption of fruit juices may reduce nutrient intake compared to eating whole fruits and may produce diarrhea, gas, abdominal pain, bloating, or tooth decay.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/feedbaby.htm#milk |title=Feeding Your Baby and Toddler (Birth to Age Two): Your Child: University of Michigan Health System |publisher=Med.umich.edu |access-date=25 August 2014 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921191435/http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/feedbaby.htm#milk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=May 2001 |title=The use and misuse of fruit juice in pediatrics |author=American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition |journal=Pediatrics |volume=107 |issue=5|pages=1210–3 |doi=10.1542/peds.107.5.1210|pmid=11331711|doi-access=free }}</ref>
Overconsumption of fruits and fruit juice may contribute to [[dental decay]] and [[dental caries|cavities]] via the effect of fruit acids on tooth enamel.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/367563/DBOHv32014OCTMainDocument_3.pdf |title=Delivering better oral health: an evidence-based toolkit for prevention |date=June 2014 |publisher=Public Health England |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121000120/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/367563/DBOHv32014OCTMainDocument_3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Longitudinal study|Longitudinal]] [[Prospective cohort study|prospective cohort studies]] showed a significantly increased risk of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]] when juices with added sugars were consumed compared to eating whole fruits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muraki |first1=Isao |last2=Imamura |first2=Fumiaki |last3=Manson |first3=Joann E. |last4=Hu |first4=Frank B. |last5=Willett |first5=Walter C. |last6=van Dam |first6=Rob M. |last7=Sun |first7=Qi |title=Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies |journal=BMJ |date=29 August 2013 |volume=347 |issue=aug28 1 |pages=f5001 |doi=10.1136/bmj.f5001 |pmc=3978819 |pmid=23990623 }}</ref> A 2014 review found that a higher intake of sugar-sweetened fruit juice was significantly associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.<ref name="Xi 2014"/>
Overconsumption of fruit juice with added sugars has also been linked to [[childhood obesity]]. The ''[[American Journal of Public Health]]'' proposed that the [[Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010|Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010]] in the United States eliminate 100% fruit juices and substitute them instead with whole fruits.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wojcicki |first1=Janet M. |last2=Heyman |first2=Melvin B. |title=Reducing Childhood Obesity by Eliminating 100% Fruit Juice |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=September 2012 |volume=102 |issue=9 |pages=1630–1633 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.300719 |pmc=3482038 |pmid=22813423 }}</ref>
==Juice bars==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
{{see also|Alcohol-free bar|Types of drinking establishments}}
[[Image:Juice bar selling oranges, red apples and other fruits, Clarke Quay MRT station, Singapore.jpg|thumb|Juice bar selling fresh oranges, red apples and other fruits behind a display case, in [[Singapore]]]]
[[File:JJB Galleria Esplanad Helsinki.jpg|thumb|upright|A juice drinks serving Jungle Juice Bar at the [[Galleria Esplanad]] [[shopping mall]] in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]]]]
A juice bar is an establishment that primarily serves prepared juice beverages such as freshly squeezed or extracted fruit juices, juice blends, fruit [[smoothies]] (a thick fruit drink, often iced), or other juices such as fresh [[wheatgrass]] juice. Sometimes other solid ingredients or nutritional supplements may be added as boosters, such as fresh [[Cavendish banana|bananas]], [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] or [[nut butter]], [[bodybuilding supplements]], [[soy protein]] powder, or others such as [[whey]] or [[hemp]] protein powders, [[wheat germ]], [[Spirulina (dietary supplement)|spirulina]], or [[chlorella]]. Also, if less juice is used with these same ingredients, drinks called [[health shake]]s may be produced.
Juice bars share some of the characteristics of a [[coffeehouse]], a [[soda fountain]], a [[café]], and a [[snack bar]], such as providing blended drinks and food, such as sandwiches. Juice bars may be standalone businesses in cities or located at gyms, along [[commuter]] areas, near lunchtime areas, at beaches, or at tourist attractions. In [[Mexico]], juice bars have become more popular in the 2000s. [[Mexican juice bar]]s often also sell healthy beverages and snacks.
==Figurative uses==
The use of the word "juice" to mean "liquor" (alcohol) dates from 1828.<ref name="etymonline.com"/> The use of the term "juice" to mean "electricity" dates from 1896.<ref name="etymonline.com"/> As a verb, the word "juice" was first recorded as meaning "to enliven" in 1964.<ref name="etymonline.com"/> The adjective "juiced" is recorded as meaning "drunk" in 1946 and "enhanced or as if enhanced by steroids" in 2003.<ref name="etymonline.com"/> The adjective "juicy" has meant "succulent" since the 15th century (e.g., a juicy roast beef).<ref name="etymonline.com"/> The figurative meaning "wealthy, full of some desired quality" dates from the 1620s<ref name="etymonline.com"/> (e.g., a pirate calling a heavily laden ship he aims to plunder a "juicy catch"). The meaning "lively, suggestive, racy, sensational" (e.g., a juicy scandal) is from 1883.<ref name="etymonline.com"/>
==In religion==
The [[Catholic Church]] allows the use of unfermented grape juice in communion in the form of [[Must]] for cases where people are unable to drink alcohol.<ref name=CDF>[http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Documents/Coeliacs/Information.shtml "Gluten Allergies/Alcohol Intolerance and the Bread and Wine used at Mass"], circular letter Prot. 89/78-174 98 of 24 July 2003, [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]], to Presidents of [[Episcopal Conference]]s.</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of juices]]
* [[Juice fasting|Juice cleanse]]
* {{portal-inline|Drink}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Juices (drink)}}
{{Fruit juice}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Juice| ]]
[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]
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