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{{Short description|Sovereign of the Netherlands from 1598 to 1621}}
{{Moresources|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{distinguish|Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Isabella Clara Eugenia
| image = Isabella Rubens.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], {{circa}} 1615
| succession = [[Spanish Netherlands|Sovereign of the Netherlands]]{{efn|Monarchs from the [[House of Habsburg]] ruled the [[Low Countries]] with the titular title of [[Duke of Burgundy|Duke/Duchess of Burgundy]].}}
| moretext = ([[#External links|more..]])
| reign = 6 May 1598 – 13 July 1621
| predecessor = [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]
| successor = [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]]
| reg-type = Co-monarch
| regent = [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert]]
| succession1 = [[Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands]]
| reign1 = 13 July 1621 – 1 December 1633
| predecessor1 = Independent Sovereignty of the Netherlands
| successor1 = [[Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria|Ferdinand of Austria]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria]]<br />|18 April 1599|13 July 1621|end=d.}}
| house = [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]]
| father = [[Philip II of Spain]]
| mother = [[Elisabeth of Valois]]
| birth_date = 12 August 1566
| birth_place = [[Palace of Valsain]], [[Segovia]], [[Crown of Castile]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1633|12|1|1566|8|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Brussels]], [[Duchy of Brabant]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| burial_place = [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula]]
| signature = Signature of Isabella Clara Eugenia of Austria.png
| religion = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]
}}
'''Isabella Clara Eugenia''' ({{langx|es|link=no|Isabel Clara Eugenia}}; 12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633), sometimes referred to as '''Clara Isabella Eugenia''', was [[sovereign]] of the [[Habsburg Netherlands]], and the [[Free County of Burgundy]], from 1598 to 1621, ruling [[Joint monarchs|jointly]] with her husband [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Archduke Albert VII of Austria]]. After Albert's death, those regions were returned to the [[Spanish Habsburgs]], and she continued to rule as [[Governess (government)|governess]] of the [[Spanish Netherlands]] until her death.
Their reign is considered the Golden Age of the Habsburg Netherlands, which saw a revival of its economy and arts after a peace was concluded with the break-away [[Dutch Republic]]. Isabella was one of the most powerful women in 16th- and 17th-century Europe.
==Early life==
[[File:Infantas Isabella Clara Eugenia and Catalina Micaela, 1570.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Infantas Isabella Clara Eugenia and Catalina Micaela'', by [[Alonso Sánchez Coello]] or [[Jooris van der Straeten]], 1570]]
===Childhood===
[[File:Coat of Arms of Spanish Infantas as Single Women (1580-1700).svg|thumb|180px|Isabella Clara Eugenia's coat of arms as Infanta of Spain shows the fleurs-de-lis of [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] (modern)]]
Isabella Clara Eugenia of Austria was born in the [[Palace of Valsain]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://arterural.com/noticias/la-infanta-isabel-clara-eugenia-cuando-llego-la-casa-thiar-julia/|title=Isabel Clara Eugenia tenía años cuando llegó a la casa Thair Julia|date=26 November 2014|work=Arte Rural|access-date=5 June 2018|language=es-ES|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718055050/https://arterural.com/noticias/la-infanta-isabel-clara-eugenia-cuando-llego-la-casa-thiar-julia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Segovia]] on 12 August 1566. She was the first surviving daughter of King [[Philip II of Spain]] and his third wife, [[Elisabeth of Valois]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/407377/the-infanta-isabella-clara-eugenia-1566-1633-archduchess-of-austria|title=Frans Pourbus the Younger (Antwerp 1569 – Paris 1622) – The Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia (1566–1633), Archduchess of Austria|website=www.royalcollection.org.uk|language=en|access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref>
Her father was reportedly overjoyed at her birth and declared himself to be happier on the occasion than he would have been at the birth of a son. He already had a male heir, [[Carlos, Prince of Asturias]], but due to the Prince’s mental illness and emotional instability, father and son had never developed a close rapport and frequently lived in conflict with one another.{{cn|date=April 2024}}
Isabella was baptized by Juan Bautista Castaneo, apostolic [[nuncio]], later [[Pope Urban VII]]. Her godfather was her uncle [[John of Austria]]. She was named after her mother, the day of her birth, and the devotion to [[Pope Eugene I|St. Eugenio]], whose body her father had transferred the year before from [[Basilica of Saint-Denis|Saint Dionysius of Paris]] to [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] with her mother's help through her brother, King [[Charles IX of France]].{{cn|date=October 2021}}
A year later, Isabella's younger sister, [[Catalina Micaela of Spain|Catalina]], was born. Their parents were very close to their daughters, buying them jams, dolls, toys, and more. However, their mother miscarried a daughter in 1568 and died the same day.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
Isabella and Catherine grew up beloved by their father and stepmother, [[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain|Anna of Austria]], Philip's fourth wife. The sisters developed a close relationship. Their father ultimately fathered five children by Anna, all of whom died in early childhood except his heir, [[Philip III of Spain|Philip]].
===Youth===
Isabella and Catherine were raised under the care of [[Margarita de Cardona]], their stepmother's lady-in-waiting, and some of their mother's own ladies-in-waiting, such as Claude de Vineulx. Both sisters were described as intelligent and well aware of their high social status.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
Isabella had a very good education. Her studies presumably included good manners, mathematics, and the languages [[Dutch language|Dutch]], French and Italian besides her native Spanish. Famous artist [[Sofonisba Anguissola]], who served as [[court painter]] at the time, influenced the Infanta's artistic works. Isabella was the only person whom King Philip permitted to help him with his work, sorting his papers and translating Italian documents into the Spanish language for him.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
===Candidate to the French throne===
After her maternal uncle, [[Henry III of France]], was assassinated by the fanatical young monk [[Jacques Clément]] on 2 August 1589, Philip II claimed the French crown on Isabella's behalf despite France's [[Salic law]], which forbade [[cognatic]] succession.
At any rate, her mother had ceded any claim to the French crown with her marriage to the Spanish king. However, the ''[[Parlement of Paris]]'', in power of the Catholic party, gave verdict that Isabella was "the legitimate sovereign" of France, provided she married a suitable husband in the nobility. Philip's first choice, that of [[Archduke Ernest of Austria]], also a member of the House of Habsburg, was overwhelmingly rejected. Searching for an option more palatable to the French nobility, Philip then chose the [[Henri I, Duke of Guise|Duke of Guise]], to the joy of the League, but the [[Charles, Duke of Mayenne|Duke of Mayenne]] blocked the proposed election of a king.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranke |first=Leopold|authorlink=Leopold Ranke|title=Civil Wars and Monarchy in France |publisher=| date=|page=467}}</ref>
The [[Huguenot]] leader, [[Henry III of Navarre]], the actual heir by traditional French inheritance laws, ultimately made his claim to the throne, converted to Catholicism and was crowned in 1594.<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Notes and Queries |title=omitted from original cite |volume=s11-VI | issue=145| date=5 October 1912 |page=272}}</ref>
===Candidate to the English throne===
Following the [[Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots|1587 execution]] of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], Isabella was suggested as a Catholic candidate in the [[succession to Elizabeth I]] as she was a legitimate descendant of [[John of Gaunt]] (unlike the [[House of Tudor|Tudors]]) and her father had been King of England by his earlier marriage to Queen [[Mary I of England]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas M. McCoog, SJ|editor1=Susan Doran |editor2=Paulina Kewes |title=Doubtful and dangerous: The question of succession in late Elizabethan England Doubtful and dangerous: The question of succession in late Elizabethan England |year=2014 |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |___location=Manchester |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719086069.003.0013 |chapter=A view from abroad: continental powers and the succession|pages=257–275 |doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719086069.003.0013 |isbn=9780719086069 }}</ref>
==Marriage proposals==
[[File:Isabella van Spanje, landvoogdes der Nederlanden.jpg|thumb|upright|195px|''Isabella and Her [[Court dwarf|Court Dwarf]]'' by [[Frans Pourbus the Younger]], c. 1599<ref>[https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/407377/the-infanta-isabella-clara-eugenia-1566-1633-archduchess-of-austria Royal Collection.]</ref>]]
As Infanta of Spain and Portugal, Isabella was quite eligible on the political marriage market, though she ended up marrying late for her time.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
===Engagement===
At the age of two, Isabella was promised to marry her cousin [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor]] (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612), son of her aunt [[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria]]. However, Isabella had to wait for more than 20 years before the eccentric Rudolf declared that he had no intention of marrying anybody. Meanwhile, she served as her father's primary caretaker during the last three years of his life, when he was plagued by [[gout]] and frequent illness.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
===Marriage===
[[Image:Otto van Veen - Portrait of the archdukes Albert and Isabella of Austria.jpg|thumb|160px|''Archdukes Albert and Isabella Clara'' by [[Otto van Veen]]]]
In 1598, Philip decided to cede the Spanish Netherlands to Isabella on condition that she marry her cousin, [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria]]. He was her former fiancé's younger brother, the former viceroy. They were to reign over the Habsburg Netherlands jointly and be succeeded by their descendants according to the male-preference [[primogeniture#Absolute primogeniture|cognatic primogeniture]] but should a female succeed, she was required to marry the King of Spain or the person chosen by the King of Spain. It was stipulated that, should they have no children, the Netherlands would revert to Spanish Habsburgs upon the death of either spouse.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isabella-Clara-Eugenia|title=Isabella Clara Eugenia, archduchess of Austria|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=5 June 2018|language=en}}</ref>
==
[[File:Map of the Spanish Netherlands in 1599.png|thumb|210px|right|The [[Spanish Netherlands]] in 1599]]
[[File:Burgundy 1540 (134037797).jpg|thumb|210px|right|The [[Free County of Burgundy]]]]
Formally from 1598-1599, and effectively beginning from 1601, the Archduke and Archduchess ruled the [[Spanish Netherlands]] together. Their reign is a key period in the history of the Spanish Netherlands. After Albert's death in 1621, sovereignty over their lands was returned to Spanish Habsburgs, and Isabella was appointed Governor of the Netherlands on the [[monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]]'s behalf.
<ref name="NQ351">{{Cite journal |journal=Notes and Queries |title=omitted from original cite |volume=s11-VI|issue=149 |date=2 November 1912 |page=351}}</ref> She was succeeded as Governor by [[Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria]], the third son of her half-brother in 1633.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
===Foreign policy===
[[File:Coat of Arms of Infanta Isabella of Spain as Governor Monarch of the Low Countries.svg|thumb|right|180px|Isabella Clara Eugenia's coat of arms as sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands]]
The first half of Albert and Isabella's reign was dominated by war. After overtures to the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] and to Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]] proved unsuccessful, the Habsburg policy in the Low Countries aimed at regaining the military initiative and isolating the Dutch Republic. The strategy was to force its opponents to the conference table and negotiate from a position of strength.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
In pursuit of that goal and to get their political agenda to all [[County of Flanders|Flemish]] social classes, Albert and Isabella used the most diverse media. Visual art, in the [[baroque]] style popularized in the wake of the [[Counter-Reformation]], was the perfect tool. This, coupled with the political configuration of the period, made the Archduke's court at Brussels one of the foremost political and artistic centers in Europe of that time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangsen |first=S. |date=1 May 2007 |title=Biagio Marini, Sonate Sinfonie: Canzoni, Passemezzi, Balletti, Correnti, Gagliarde, & Ritornelli, a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 voci per ogni sorte di stromento, Opera VIII, ed. Maura Zoni. |journal=Music and Letters |language=en |volume=88 |issue=2 |pages=391–395 |doi=10.1093/ml/gcl154|issn=0027-4224}}</ref>
It became the testing ground for the Spanish Monarchy's European plans, a boiling pot full of people of all sorts: from artists and diplomats to defectors, spies and penitent traitors, from Spanish confessors, Italian counselors, Burgundian functionaries, English musicians, German bodyguards to the Belgian Nobles. Brussels became a vital link in the chain of Habsburg Courts and the diplomatic conduits between [[Madrid]], Vienna, Paris, London, [[Lisbon]], [[Graz]], [[Innsbruck]], [[Prague]], and [[The Hague]] could be said to run through there.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
The accession of [[James VI of Scotland]] as James I in England had paved the way for a separate peace with [[Kingdom of England|England]]. On 24 July 1604, England, Spain and the Archducal Netherlands signed the [[Treaty of London (1604)|Treaty of London]]. The return to peace was severely hampered by differences over religion. Events such as the [[Gunpowder Plot]] caused a lot of diplomatic tension between London and Brussels, but the relations between the two courts tended to be cordial on the whole. [[Anne of Denmark]] wore her portrait in a locket as a public token of friendship and kinship.<ref>Field, Jemma. ''Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts''. Manchester, 2020. p. 141.</ref>
The threat of diplomatic isolation and General [[Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquess of Los Balbases|Ambrogio Spínola]]'s campaigns induced the Dutch Republic to accept a ceasefire in April 1609. The subsequent negotiations between the warring parties failed to produce a peace treaty, but led to the [[Twelve Years' Truce]], agreed in [[Antwerp]] on 9 April 1609.{{cn|date=October 2021}} Under the Truce's terms, the United Provinces were to be regarded as a sovereign power for the duration of the truce. After four decades of war, the treaty brought a period of much-needed peace to the Southern Netherlands.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
===Economy===
[[File:Jeton Brabant Antwerpen Albert Isabella 1612.jpg|thumb|Jeton with portraits of Archdukes Albert and Isabella, struck in Antwerp in 1612.]]
The period of the Truce brought the Habsburg Netherlands a much-needed peace, mainly because the fields could be again worked in safety. The archducal regime encouraged reclamation of land that had been inundated in the course of the hostilities and sponsored the [[Polder|impoldering]] of [[De Moeren]], a marshy area that is presently astride the Belgian–French border.
The recovery of agriculture led in turn to a modest increase of the population (and thus workers) after decades of demographic losses. [[Industrial sector|Industry]] and in particular the luxury trades likewise underwent a recovery, bringing considerable economic stability and prosperity to the [[Southern Netherlands]].<ref name="EncBrit">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-VII#ref150363 |title=Albert VII {{!}} Archduke of Austria |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=5 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
However, international trade was hampered by the closure of the River [[Scheldt]]. The archducal regime had plans to bypass the blockade with a system of [[canal]]s linking [[Ostend]] via [[Bruges]] to the Scheldt in [[Ghent]] and joining the [[Meuse]] to the [[Rhine]] between [[Venlo]] and [[Rheinberg]]. To combat [[urban poverty]], the government supported the creation of a network of [[Mount of piety|''Monti di Pietà'']] based on the Italian model.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
===Religion===
[[File:Isabella Clara Eugenia as a nun.jpg|thumb|220px|''Portrait of Isabella Clara Eugenia As a Nun'' by [[Rubens]], 1625]]
The archducal regime ensured the triumph of the [[Counter-Reformation|Catholic Reformation]] in the Habsburg Netherlands. Most Protestants had by that stage left the Southern Netherlands. After one last execution in 1597, those that remained were no longer actively persecuted.
Under the terms of legislation passed in 1609, their presence was tolerated, provided they did not worship in public or engage in religious activities. The resolutions of the Third Provincial Council of Mechlin of 1607 were likewise given official sanction.
Through such measures and by the appointment of a generation of committed bishops, Albert and Isabella laid the foundation of the Catholic confessionalisation of the population. New and reformed religious orders enjoyed the particular support of the rulers. Although the Archduke had certain reservations about the order, the [[Jesuits]] received the largest cash grants, allowing them to complete their ambitious building programmes in Brussels and Antwerp. The [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchins]] were given considerable sums as well. The foundation of the first convents of [[Discalced Carmelites]] in the Southern Netherlands depended wholly on the personal initiative of the archducal couple and bore witness to the Spanish orientation of their spirituality.{{cn|date=October 2021}}
===Legislative system===
The reign of Albert and Isabella Clara Eugenia saw a strengthening of princely power in the Habsburg Netherlands. The [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]] of the loyal provinces were only summoned once in 1600. Thereafter, the government preferred to deal directly with the provinces.
The years of the Truce allowed the archducal regime to promulgate legislation on a whole range of matters. The so-called [[Perpetual Edict (1611)|Eternal Edict of 1611]], for instance, reformed the judicial system and ushered in the transition from customary to written law. Other measures dealt with monetary matters, the nobility, duels, gambling, etc.
===Relationship with Spain===
The actions of the two rulers stimulated the growth of a separate South Netherlandish identity.<ref name="EncBrit"/> However, Albert and Isabella's children died at a very young age and as the years passed, it became clear that they would have no more offspring and thus independence wouldn't be possible.
After that, Albert and Isabella's goal became the reincorporation of the Southern Provinces into the Spanish monarchy. They consolidated the authority of the [[House of Habsburg]] over the territory of the Southern Netherlands and largely succeeded in reconciling previous anti-Spanish sentiments. As a result, the States of the loyal provinces swore to accept the Spanish king as heir of the Archduke and Archduchess in a number of ceremonies between May 1616 and January 1617.
[[File:Hieronymus Francken Ii - The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|289px|''Albert and Isabella Visiting an [[Art museum|Art Gallery]]'' by [[Jan Brueghel the Elder]] and [[Hieronymus Francken II]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]]
|url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/14623
|title= The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet}}</ref>]]
===Final years and death===
After Albert's death in 1621, Isabella joined the [[Secular Franciscan Order|Third Order of St Francis]] but continued to rule on behalf of her nephew, [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]]. As Governess, Isabella alternated successes, such as that of the [[Siege of Breda (1624)|Capture of Breda]] in 1625, with failures and setbacks, such as the losses of [['s-Hertogenbosch|Den Bosch]] in 1629 and [[Maastricht]] in 1632. She died in Brussels in 1633.
==Patronage of arts==
===Court of Brussels===
Isabella and Albert were very supportive of the arts. In their patronage, they selected artists who were able create works that would promote the chief political goals of the Archdukes: to show that their reign was a continuation of the rule of the previous Burgundian and Habsburg rulers as well as to promote the ideals of the revitalized Catholic Church of which they were the staunch defenders. Their favorite artists created new iconography and genres that captured the devoutness and splendor of the archducal court.<ref>Anne T. Woollett and Ariane van Suchtelen; with contributions by Tiarna Doherty, Mark Leonard, and Jørgen Wadum, ''Rubens and Brueghel: A Working Friendship'', 2006, pp. 4-5</ref> Their patronage of such artists and architects as [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (their court painter since 1609), [[Wenceslas Cobergher]], [[Jan Brueghel the Elder]], [[Jacob Franquart]], [[Pieter Brueghel the Younger]], the De Nole family, [[Otto van Veen]], and stimulated the growth of the artistic movement of [[Flemish Baroque painting]], sculpture and architecture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mangsen|first=S.|date=1 May 2007|title=Biagio Marini, Sonate Sinfonie: Canzoni, Passemezzi, Balletti, Correnti, Gagliarde, & Ritornelli, a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 voci per ogni sorte di stromento, Opera VIII, ed. Maura Zoni.|journal=Music and Letters|language=en|volume=88|issue=2|pages=391–395|doi=10.1093/ml/gcl154|issn=0027-4224}}</ref>
[[File:Daniel van Heil, Jan-Baptist van Heil - Infante Isabella in the gardens of the Coudenberg Palace.jpg|thumb|299px|''Infante Isabella in the Gardens of the Coudenberg Palace'' by [[Daniel van Heil]] and [[Jan Baptist van Heil]]]]
However, virtually nothing remains of Albert and Isabella's palace on the [[Coudenberg]] in Brussels, their summer retreat in [[Mariemont, Belgium|Mariemont]], or their hunting lodge in [[Tervuren]]. Their magnificent collections were scattered after 1633, and considerable parts of them have been lost. Still, the Archdukes enjoy a well-merited reputation as patrons of the arts. By far, the best preserved ensemble of art from the archducal period is to be found at [[Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel|Scherpenheuvel]], where Albert and Isabella directed Cobergher, [[Theodoor van Loon]], and the de Noles to create a pilgrimage church in a planned city.
===Descalzas reales===
For a month in 1598 Isabella had lived in the [[Convent of Las Descalzas Reales]] in [[Madrid]], alongside her mother-in-law Maria.<ref name="NQ351"/> She continued to take an active interest in the convent, and donated major artworks to it, including a famous series of Brussels tapestries, designed by [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]]. These depict Isabella as the order's patron saint, "[[Clare of Assisi]] with [[Monstrance]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prieto |first=Elisabeth García |date=1 December 2014 |title=Antes de Flandes. La correspondencia de Isabel Clara Eugenia con Felipe III desde las Descalzas Reales en el otoño de 1598 |url=http://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/cnova/article/view/2562|journal=Chronica Nova. Revista de Historia Moderna de la Universidad de Granada |language=es |issue=40 |pages=327–349 |doi=10.30827/cn.v0i40.2562 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2445-1908}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
*Isabella Clara Eugenia is a minor character in the [[alternate history]] [[1632 series]]. She is most notable in the novel ''[[1634: The Bavarian Crisis]]''.
*In the 2002 [[alternate history]] novel ''[[Ruled Britannia]]'' by [[Harry Turtledove]], where the Armada has been successful, Isabella Clara Eugenia is temporarily made Queen of England.
*In the 2007 film ''[[Elizabeth: The Golden Age]]'', Isabella appeared in a minor role at the side of her father, [[Philip II of Spain]], at the time of the attempted invasion of England by the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588. The movie portrays Isabella as Philip's choice to replace Elizabeth on the throne of England. She was portrayed by actress Aimee King as a young girl rather than at the correct age of 19 years.
==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Isabella Clara Eugenia, Sovereign of the Netherlands'''
|2= 2. [[Philip II of Spain]]
|3= 3. [[Elisabeth of Valois]]
|4= 4. [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|5= 5. [[Isabella of Portugal]]
|6= 6. [[Henry II of France]]
|7= 7. [[Catherine de' Medici]]
|8= 8. [[Philip I of Castile]]
|9= 9. [[Joanna I of Castile]]
|10= 10. [[Manuel I of Portugal]]
|11= 11. [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria of Aragon]]
|12= 12. [[Francis I of France]]
|13= 13. [[Claude of France|Claude, Duchess of Brittany]]
|14= 14. [[Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino]]
|15= 15. [[Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne]]
<!-- |16= 16. [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|17= 17. [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary, Duchess of Burgundy]]
|18= 18. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
|19= 19. [[Isabella I of Castile]]
|20= 20. [[Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu]]
|21= 21. [[Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu|Beatrice of Portugal]]
|22= 22. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] (= 18)
|23= 23. [[Isabella I of Castile]] (= 19)
|24= 24. [[Charles, Count of Angoulême]]
|25= 25. [[Louise of Savoy]]
|26= 26. [[Louis XII of France]]
|27= 27. [[Anne of Brittany|Anne, Duchess of Brittany]]
|28= 28. [[Piero the Unfortunate|Piero de' Medici]]
|29= 29. [[Alfonsina Orsini]]
|30= 30. [[Jean IV de La Tour, Count of Auvergne]]
|31= 31. [[Jeanne of Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon|Jeanne of Bourbon]] -->
}}
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
<references />
== Bibliography ==
*L. Klingenstein, ''The Great Infanta: Isabel, Sovereign of the Netherlands'' (Methuen & Co., 1910).
*Cordula Van Wyhe (ed.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DMaoXwAACAAJ Isabel Clara Eugenia: Female Sovereignty in the Courts of Madrid and Brussels]'' (Madrid and London, 2011).
*Werner Thomas and Luc Duerloo (eds.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iqPpAAAAMAAJ Albert & Isabella, 1598–1621: Essays]'' (Turnhout, 1998).
*[[Marie de Villermont]], ''L'Infante Isabelle, Gouvernante des Pays-Bas'' (Paris, 1912).
== External links==
{{Commons category|Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Habsburg Spain|House of Habsburg]]|12 August|1566|1 December|1633}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|rows=|before=[[Philip II of Spain]]}}
{{s-ttl|rows=|title=[[Dukes of Brabant|Duchess of Brabant]],<br />[[Dukes of Limburg|Limburg]], [[Dukes of Lothier|Lothier]] and [[List of monarchs of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]];<br />[[Marquis of Namur|Margravine of Namur]];<br />[[List of counts of Burgundy|Countess Palatine of Burgundy]];<br />[[Counts of Artois|Countess of Artois]],<br />[[Counts of Flanders|Flanders]], [[Charolais (county)|Charolais]] and [[Counts of Hainaut|Hainaut]]|years=6 May 1598 – 13 July 1621|regent1=[[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert]]|years1=6 May 1598 – 13 July 1621}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Philip IV of Spain]]}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Archduke Albert of Austria]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands|Governor of the Spanish Netherlands]]|years=1621–1633}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Monarchs of Luxembourg}}
{{Austrian archduchesses}}
{{Portuguese infantas}}
{{Infantas of Spain}}
{{Austrian archduchesses by marriage}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Isabella Clara Eugenia}}
[[Category:1566 births]]
[[Category:1633 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish people]]
[[Category:17th-century Spanish people]]
[[Category:16th-century Spanish women]]
[[Category:16th-century House of Habsburg]]
[[Category:17th-century House of Habsburg]]
[[Category:17th-century women rulers]]
[[Category:16th-century dukes of Brabant]]
[[Category:17th-century dukes of Brabant]]
[[Category:17th-century Spanish nuns]]
[[Category:16th-century dukes of Limburg]]
[[Category:17th-century dukes of Limburg]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:17th-century monarchs of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:16th-century counts of Flanders]]
[[Category:17th-century counts of Flanders]]
[[Category:16th-century counts of Hainaut]]
[[Category:17th-century counts of Hainaut]]
[[Category:16th-century margraves of Namur]]
[[Category:17th-century margraves of Namur]]
[[Category:People from Segovia]]
[[Category:Spanish infantas]]
[[Category:Portuguese infantas]]
[[Category:Austrian princesses]]
[[Category:Countesses]]
[[Category:Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands]]
[[Category:Poor Clares]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula]]
[[Category:Children of Philip II of Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish people of Austrian descent]]
[[Category:Castilian infantas]]
[[Category:Aragonese infantas]]
[[Category:People from the Spanish Netherlands]]
[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:Female governors-general]]
[[Category:Spanish imperial proconsuls]]
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