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{{Short description|Private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US}}
{{Redirect|Harvard}}
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{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name
| image
| image_upright = 0.7
| caption = [[Heraldry of Harvard University#Harvard University coat of arms|Coat of arms]]
| latin_name = Universitas Harvardiana<ref>{{Cite book |title=Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University |date=1894 |publisher=[[Hodges Figgis|Hodges, Figgis & Co.]] |isbn=9781355361602 |publication-place=[[Dublin]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Ireland]] |language=en-IE }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Peter John |author-link=Peter John Anderson |title=Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906 |date=1907 |publisher=Aberdeen University Press ([[University of Aberdeen]]) |isbn=9781363625079 |publication-place=[[Aberdeen]], [[United Kingdom]] |language=en-GB }}</ref>
| motto = {{lang|la|[[Veritas#Mottos|Veritas]]}} ([[Latin]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|title=The Founding of Harvard College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329|year=1968|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-31450-4|page=329|access-date=October 17, 2020|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154250/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA329|url-status=live}}</ref>
| mottoeng
| free_label = Newspaper
| free
| established = {{start date and age|1636|10|28|p=yes}}<ref>An appropriation of £400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636, NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though its 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates, {{Cite book |last=Quincy |first=Josiah |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=KynqxH_4lGUC|page=586 }}
|title=The History of Harvard University |date=1860 |publisher=Crosby, Nichols, Lee & Company |language=en|isbn=978-0-405-10016-1|page=586|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024126/https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC11636583&id=KynqxH_4lGUC&pg=RA1-PA586&lpg=RA1-PA586 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 }}, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: {{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,756722,00.html|date=September 28, 1936|access-date=September 8, 2006|magazine=Time|title=Cambridge Birthday|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205054221/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0%2C8816%2C756722%2C00.html|archive-date=December 5, 2012}}: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... £400 for that 'school or college' [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]." Bicentennial date: {{cite web|url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html|publisher=Harvard University|title=Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History|date=September 2, 2003|access-date=September 15, 2006|author=Marvin Hightower|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908144409/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/10.02/02-history.html|archive-date=September 8, 2006}}, "Sept. 8, 1836 – Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: ''The New York Times'', September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."</ref>
| founder = [[Massachusetts General Court]]
|
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[research university]]
| accreditation = [[New England Commission of Higher Education|NECHE]]
| endowment
| president = [[Alan Garber]]
| provost = [[John F. Manning]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Haidar |first1=Emma H. |last2=Kettles |first2=Cam E. |date=March 1, 2024 |title=Harvard Law School Dean John Manning '82 Named Interim Provost by Garber |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/3/2/john-manning-harvard-provost/ |access-date=March 2, 2024 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |archive-date=May 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240520195049/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/3/2/john-manning-harvard-provost/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| students = 21,189 (fall 2024)<ref name=CDS-B>{{cite web |title=Common Data Set 2024–2025 |url= https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/210/files/2025/06/HarvardUniversity_CDS_2024-2025.pdf |website=Office of Institutional Research |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=July 18, 2025 |archive-date=July 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718162105/https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.harvard.edu/dist/6/210/files/2025/06/HarvardUniversity_CDS_2024-2025.pdf }}</ref>
| undergrad = 7,038 (fall 2024)<ref name=CDS-B/>
| postgrad = 14,151 (fall 2024)<ref name=CDS-B/>
| academic_staff = ~2,400 faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)<ref name = glance>{{cite web |title=Harvard University Graphic Identity Standards Manual |url=https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/guidelines/files/2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf |date=July 14, 2017 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719035117/https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/guidelines/files/2017_14_07_harvard_graphic_identity_standards_manual.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| city = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
| state =
| country = United States
| coordinates = {{Coord|42|22|28|N|71|07|01|W|region:US-MA_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| campus = Midsize city<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027|title=IPEDS – Harvard University|access-date=October 28, 2022|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028192553/https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027|url-status=live}}</ref>
| campus_size = {{Convert|209|acre|ha}}
| sporting_affiliations = {{hlist|[[NCAA Division I]] [[NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]] – [[Ivy League]]|[[ECAC Hockey]]|[[New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association|NEISA]]|[[Collegiate Water Polo Association|CWPA]]|[[Intercollegiate Rowing Association|IRA]]|[[Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges|EAWRC]]|[[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|EARC]]|[[Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association|EISA]]}}
| sports_nickname = [[Harvard Crimson|Crimson]]
| mascot = [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]]
| colors = {{college color list|team=Harvard Crimson}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of American Universities|AAU]]|[[Consortium on Financing Higher Education|COFHE]]|[[National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities|NAICU]]|[[University of the Arctic|UArctic]]|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]|[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]}}
| website = {{official URL}}
| logo = Harvard University logo.svg
| logo_alt = Logotype of Harvard University
}}
'''Harvard University''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[research university]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], United States. Founded in 1636 as '''New College''', and later named for its first benefactor, the [[History of the Puritans in North America|Puritan]] clergyman [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]], it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.<!-- see [https://en.wikipedia.org/?oldid=591304650#Use_of_the_word_prestigious] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Harvard_University/Archive_3#RfC%3A_Is_%22Prestigious%22_an_acceptable_term_to_use_in_the_Lead] for extensive, prior discussions and RfCs on the mention of prestige --><ref>Examples include:
# {{cite book|title=Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University|url=https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell|url-access=registration|last1=Keller|first1=Morton|last2=Keller|first2=Phyllis|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-514457-0|quote=Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. [...] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes.|year=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell/page/463 463]–481}}
# {{Cite book|title=How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire|quote=... [Harvard's] tremendous institutional power and prestige [...] Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ...|chapter=Sexual Shakedown|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326 326–336]|year=1989|publisher=South End Press|isbn=0-89608-284-9|editor1-first=John|last=Spaulding|first=Christina|editor-last=Trumpbour|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326}}
# {{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html|title=Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports|author=David Altaner|publisher=Bloomberg|date=March 9, 2011|access-date=March 1, 2012|archive-date=March 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314002025/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-10/harvard-mit-ranked-most-prestigious-universities-study-reports.html|url-status=live}}
# {{cite book|title=Collier's Encyclopedia|publisher=Macmillan Educational Co. |year=1986|quote=Harvard University, one of the world's most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636.}}
# {{cite web|last=Newport|first=Frank|title=Harvard Number One University in Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place|date=August 26, 2003|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx|publisher=Gallup|access-date=October 9, 2013|archive-date=September 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925172644/http://www.gallup.com/poll/9109/harvard-number-one-university-eyes-public.aspx|url-status=live}}
# {{Cite news |last=Leonhardt |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html |title=Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins? |date=September 17, 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote=The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated. |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234643/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html |url-status=live }}
# {{cite book |last1=Hoerr |first1=John |title=We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard |year=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer |url-access=registration |publisher=Temple University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer/page/3 3] |isbn=978-1-56639-535-9 }}
# {{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/09/america-private-college-tuition/569812/ |title=At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige |magazine=The Atlantic |last=Wong |first=Alia |date=September 11, 2018 |quote=Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads. |access-date=May 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226171501/https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell |url-status=live }}</ref>
Harvard was founded and authorized by the [[Massachusetts General Court#Massachusetts Bay Colony|Massachusetts General Court]], the governing legislature of [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial]]-era [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].<ref>[https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=880222&p=6323072# "Harvard Charter of 1650"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101174223/https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=880222&p=6323072 |date=November 1, 2022 }}, [[Harvard Library]]</ref> While never formally affiliated with any [[Protestant church|Protestant denomination]], Harvard trained [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century.
By the 19th century, Harvard had emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the [[Boston Brahmin|Boston elite]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865|last=Story|first=Ronald|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=8|issue=3 |year=1975|pages=94–121|doi=10.1353/jsh/8.3.94|s2cid=147208647 |issn = 0022-4529 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Farrell|first=Betty G.|title=Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston|year=1993|isbn=0-7914-1593-7|publisher=State University of New York Press}}</ref> Following the [[American Civil War]], under [[President of Harvard University|Harvard president]] [[Charles William Eliot]]'s long tenure from 1869 to 1909, Harvard developed multiple professional schools, which transformed it into a modern research university. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref name="AAU">{{cite web |title=Member Institutions and years of Admission |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132512/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=aau.edu |publisher=Association of American Universities |language=en-US}}</ref> [[James B. Conant]] led the university through the [[Great Depression]] and World War II, and liberalized admissions after the war.
The university has ten academic faculties and a faculty attached to [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]]. The [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate [[academic discipline]]s, and other faculties offer graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three campuses:<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611155105/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=August 27, 2010 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref>
the main campus, a {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} in Cambridge centered on [[Harvard Yard]]; an adjoining campus immediately across [[Charles River]] in the [[Allston]] neighborhood of [[Boston]]; and the medical campus in Boston's [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area|Longwood Medical Area]].<ref name="Campus">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000940/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref> [[Harvard University endowment|Harvard's endowment]], valued at {{USD|53.2 billion|long=no}}, makes it the [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|wealthiest academic institution]] in the world.<ref name=BGendow>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harvard-posts-investment-gain-fiscal-2023-endowment-stands-507-billion-2023-10-20/|title=Harvard posts investment gain in fiscal 2023, endowment stands at $50.7 billion|website=Reuters.com|date=October 20, 2023|access-date=October 20, 2023|archive-date=October 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020010333/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harvard-posts-investment-gain-fiscal-2023-endowment-stands-507-billion-2023-10-20/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=HFRendow>{{cite report|url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy23_harvard_financial_report.pdf|title=Financial Report Fiscal Year 2023|publisher=Harvard University|page=7|date=October 19, 2023|access-date=October 23, 2023|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231023205617/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy23_harvard_financial_report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Harvard Library]], with more than 20 million volumes, is the world's largest [[academic library]].
Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers include [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|188 living billionaires]], [[List of presidents of the United States by education|8 U.S. presidents]], [[List of Harvard University politicians|24 heads of state and 31 heads of government]], founders of notable companies, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Nobel laureates]], [[Fields Medal]]ists, [[United States Congress|members of Congress]], [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellows]], [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall Scholars]], [[Turing Award|Turing Award Recipients]], [[Pulitzer Prize]] recipients, and [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholars]]; by most metrics, Harvard University ranks among the top universities in the world in each of these categories.<ref group="Notes" name="laureates">Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |title=The '''official''' Harvard count, which is '''49''', only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to '''some 160 Nobel affiliates''', the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165735/https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 }}
* {{Cite web|author=Rachel Sugar|date=May 29, 2015|title=Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5|access-date=November 5, 2020|website=businessinsider.com|language=en|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112191545/https://www.businessinsider.com/where-macarthur-geniuses-went-to-college-2015-5|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/|title=Top Producers|website=us.fulbrightonline.org|access-date=November 4, 2020|archive-date=October 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028121132/https://topproducing.fulbrightonline.org/|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics|title=Statistics|website=www.marshallscholarship.org|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/|title=US Rhodes Scholars Over Time|website=www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=November 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194727/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress|access-date=November 12, 2020|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124125611/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=The complete list of Fields Medal winners|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm|work=areppim AG|date=2014|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Harvard students and alumni have also collectively won 10 [[Academy Awards]] and [[List of American universities with Olympic medalist students and alumni|110 Olympic medals]], including 46 gold medals.
== History ==
{{Main|History of Harvard University}}
===Colonial era===
{{see also|John Harvard (clergyman)|Nathaniel Eaton|Increase Mather}}
[[File:A Westerly View of the Colledges in Cambridge New England by Paul Revere.jpeg|thumb|left|A 1767 engraving of [[Harvard College]] by [[Paul Revere]]]]
Harvard was founded in 1636 by a vote of the [[Massachusetts General Court|Great and General Court]] of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. Its first headmaster, [[Nathaniel Eaton]], took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired [[British North America|English North America]]'s first known [[printing press]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ireland |first=Corydon |date=March 8, 2012 |title=The instrument behind New England's first literary flowering |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard's-first-impressions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214002714/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard%27s-first-impressions/ |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rowley and Ezekiel Rogers, The First North American Printing Press |url=http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223546/http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=hull.ac.uk |publisher=Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull}}</ref> The same year, on his deathbed, [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]], a [[Puritans|Puritan]] clergyman who had emigrated to the colony from England, bequeathed the emerging college £780 and his library of some 320 volumes;<ref>{{cite web |last=Harvard |first=John |title=John Harvard Facts, Information. |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715230532/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx |archive-date=July 15, 2009 |access-date=July 17, 2009 |website=encyclopedia.com |publisher=The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008 |language=en-US |quote=He bequeathed £780 (half his estate) and his library of 320 volumes to the new established college at Cambridge, Mass., which was named in his honor.}}</ref> the following year, it was named [[Harvard College]].
In 1643, a Harvard publication defined the college's purpose: "[to] advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Louis B. |title=The Cultural Life of the American Colonies |publisher=Dover Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-486-42223-7 |edition=1st |publication-date=May 3, 2002 |page=116 |language=en-US}}</ref>
In its early years, the college trained many Puritan ministers<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grigg|first1=John A.|last2=Mancall|first2=Peter C.|title=British Colonial America: People and Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-025-4|page=47|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=January 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102050308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}</ref> and offered a [[Classical education|classical curriculum]] based on the English university model exemplified by the [[University of Cambridge]], where many colonial Massachusetts leaders had studied prior to emigrating to the colony. Harvard College never formally affiliated with any particular [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denomination, but its curriculum conformed to the tenets of Puritanism.<ref>{{cite web|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|title=Harvard guide intro|publisher=Harvard University|date=July 26, 2007|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726133429/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|archive-date=July 26, 2007}}</ref> In 1650, the charter for [[President and Fellows of Harvard College|Harvard Corporation]], the college's governing body, was granted.
From 1681 to 1701, [[Increase Mather]], a Puritan clergyman, served as Harvard's sixth [[President of Harvard University|president]]. In 1708, [[John Leverett the Younger|John Leverett]] became Harvard's seventh president and the first president who was not also a clergyman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.president.harvard.edu/history/07_leverett.php |title=John Leverett – History – Office of the President|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612033858/http://www.president.harvard.edu/history/07_leverett.php | archive-date=June 12, 2010}}</ref> Harvard faculty and students largely supported the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] cause during the [[American Revolution]].<ref>[https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/10/harvards-year-of-exile/ "Harvard's year of exile"], ''The Harvard Gazette'', October 13, 2011</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harvard.edu/in-focus/harvard-and-the-american-revolution/|title=Harvard and the American Revolution|first=Harvard|last=University|website=Harvard University|access-date=June 13, 2025|archive-date=June 13, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613085033/https://www.harvard.edu/in-focus/harvard-and-the-american-revolution/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The earliest known official seal of Harvard University, commonly referred to as the Seal of 1650 or the In Christi Gloriam seal, features a square shield bearing three open books arranged around a central chevron. This design symbolizes the pursuit of learning under divine guidance. The motto IN CHRISTI GLORIAM ("To the glory of Christ") appears prominently on the seal, which is encircled by the Latin inscription SIGILL COL HARVARD CANTAB NOV ANGL 1650, meaning "Seal of Harvard College, Cambridge, New England, 1650." This seal reflects the original religious mission of the institution.
In 1885, the Harvard Corporation adopted a revised design known as the Appleton Seal, based on an earlier version created by President Josiah Quincy in 1843. Designed by William Sumner Appleton (Harvard AB 1860), the seal features a triangular shield bearing three open books with the motto VERITAS ("Truth"). Surrounding the shield is the motto CHRISTO ET ECCLESIÆ ("For Christ and the Church"), and the outer border bears the inscription SIGILLVM ACADEMIÆ HARVARDINÆ IN NOV. ANG. ("Seal of Harvard College in New England"). This version of the seal sought to harmonize the university's intellectual pursuits with its ecclesiastical roots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Driscoll |first=Timothy |title=Research Guides: Harvard Presidential Insignia: Seals of 1650, 1843, and 1885 |url=https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=880222&p=6323074 |access-date=April 15, 2025 |website=guides.library.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref>
=== 19th century ===
{{See also|Charles William Eliot|Samuel Webber}}
[[File:John Harvard statue.jpg|thumb|The [[John Harvard statue]] in [[Harvard Yard]]]]
In the 19th century, Harvard was influenced by [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment Age]] ideas, including reason and free will, which were widespread among [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] ministers and which placed these ministers and their congregations at odds with more traditionalist, [[Reformed Christianity|Calvinist]] pastors and clergies.<ref name=Dorrien>{{Cite book|last=Dorrien|first=Gary J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L50mveyi6WoC|title=The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805–1900|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22354-0|language=en|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030528/https://books.google.com/books?id=L50mveyi6WoC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|1–4}} Following the death of [[Hollis Professor of Divinity]] [[David Tappan]] in 1803 and that of [[Joseph Willard]], Harvard's eleventh president, the following year, a struggle broke out over their replacements. In 1805, [[Henry Ware (Unitarian)|Henry Ware]] was elected to replace Tappan as Hollis chair. Two years later, in 1807, liberal [[Samuel Webber]] was appointed as Harvard's 13th president, representing a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to more liberal and [[Arminianism|Arminian]] ideas.<ref name=Dorrien />{{rp|4–5}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Field|first=Peter S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXHbEWJacwwC|title=Ralph Waldo Emerson: The Making of a Democratic Intellectual|date=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-8843-2|language=en|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021119/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXHbEWJacwwC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|24}}
In 1816, Harvard University launched new language programs in the study of [[French language|French]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and appointed [[George Ticknor]] the university's first professor for these language programs.
From 1869 to 1909, [[Charles William Eliot]], Harvard University's 21st president, decreased the historically favored position of [[Christianity]] in the curriculum, opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was an influential figure in the secularization of U.S. higher education, he was motivated primarily by [[Transcendentalism|Transcendentalist]] and [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] convictions influenced by [[William Ellery Channing]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], and others, rather than secularism. In the late 19th century, Harvard University's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Stephen P.|last=Shoemaker|title=The Theological Roots of Charles W. Eliot's Educational Reforms|journal=Journal of Unitarian Universalist History|year=2006–2007|volume=31|pages=30–45}}</ref>
=== 20th century ===
{{See also|A. Lawrence Lowell|James B. Conant}}
[[File:Rummell, Richard Harvard University.jpg|thumb|A 1906 aerial watercolor portrait of Harvard University<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Iconic College View: Harvard University, circa 1900. Richard Rummell (1848–1924)|url=http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=An Iconic College View|archive-date=April 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163107/http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref name="AAU" /> For the first few decades of the 20th century, the Harvard student body was predominantly "old-stock, high-status [[Protestantism|Protestants]], especially [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalians]], [[Congregational church|Congregationalists]], and [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]]," according to sociologist and author [[Jerome Karabel]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jerome Karabel|title=The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwf-Ofc--toC&pg=PA23|year=2006|page=23|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-618-77355-8|access-date=November 5, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwf-Ofc--toC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref>
Over the 20th century, as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with it, Harvard University's reputation as one of the world's most prestigious universities grew notably. The university's enrollment also underwent substantial growth, a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the [[Harvard College|undergraduate college]]. [[Radcliffe College]] emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools in the nation for women.
In 1923, a year after the proportion of [[Jews|Jewish]] students at Harvard reached 20%, [[A. Lawrence Lowell]], the university's 22nd president, unsuccessfully proposed capping the admission of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university's [[List of Harvard College freshman dormitories|freshman dormitories]], writing that, "We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/4/housing-desegregation/ |title=Compelled to coexist: A history of the desegregation of Harvard's freshman housing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928084627/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/11/4/housing-desegregation/ |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |newspaper=Harvard Crimson|date=November 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steinberg|first1=Stephen|title=How Jewish Quotas Began|journal=Commentary|date=September 1, 1971|url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/how-jewish-quotas-began/|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911071351/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/how-jewish-quotas-began/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Dirk|title=Yale's Limit on Jewish Enrollment Lasted Until Early 1960's Book Says|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/04/nyregion/yale-s-limit-on-jewish-enrollment-lasted-until-early-1960-s-book-says.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 4, 1986|access-date=December 3, 2017|archive-date=September 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923074453/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/04/nyregion/yale-s-limit-on-jewish-enrollment-lasted-until-early-1960-s-book-says.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lowell Tells Jews Limits at Colleges Might Help Them|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/06/17/109843455.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 17, 1922|access-date=September 10, 2017|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323102413/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/06/17/109843455.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Between 1933 and 1953, Harvard University was led by [[James B. Conant]], the university's 23rd president, who reinvigorated the university's creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among the nation and world's emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, and devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1945, under Conant's leadership, an influential 268-page report, ''[[General Education in a Free Society]]'', was published by Harvard faculty, which remains one of the most important works in [[curriculum studies]],<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Kridel |editor-first1=Craig |chapter=General Education in a Free Society (Harvard Redbook) |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GgMyFqxsXWoC&pg=PA400 400]–402 |title=Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies |date=2010 |volume=1 |language=en |isbn=978-1-4129-5883-7 |publisher=SAGE }}</ref> and women were first admitted to the [[Harvard Medical School|medical school]].<ref>{{cite report |title=First class of women admitted to Harvard Medical School, 1945 |publisher=Countway Repository, Harvard University Library |url=http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782 |access-date=May 2, 2016 |date= |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623235357/http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782 }}</ref>
Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students. Following the end of [[World War II]], for example, special exams were developed so veterans could be considered for admission.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Class of 1950 |newspaper=The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2000/6/5/the-class-of-1950-pin-a/ |access-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329172148/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2000/6/5/the-class-of-1950-pin-a/ |url-status=live }}</ref> No longer drawing mostly from prestigious [[College-preparatory school|prep schools]] in [[New England]], the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians remained underrepresented.<ref>{{cite news|first=Malka A. |last=Older |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=217911 |title=Preparatory schools and the admissions process |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911160531/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=217911 |archive-date=September 11, 2009 |newspaper=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|date=January 24, 1996}}</ref> Over the second half of the 20th century, however, the university became incrementally more diverse.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Powell|first1=Alvin|title=An update on Harvard's diversity, inclusion efforts|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/10/an-update-on-harvards-diversity-and-inclusion-efforts/|newspaper=The Harvard Gazette|date=October 1, 2018|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814075610/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/10/an-update-on-harvards-diversity-and-inclusion-efforts/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Between 1971 and 1999, Harvard controlled undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe's women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard University.<ref>{{cite report |title=Radcliffe Enters Historic Merger With Harvard |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard |access-date=May 6, 2016 |date= |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031437/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==
{{See also|Drew Gilpin Faust|Lawrence Bacow|Claudine Gay|Alan Garber}}
[[File:Harvard Yard at Night 03.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of Harvard University at night in 2017]]
On July 1, 2007, [[Drew Gilpin Faust]], dean of [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]], was appointed Harvard's 28th and the university's first female president.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press|title=Harvard Board Names First Woman President|date=February 11, 2007|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17103390|access-date=August 8, 2015|work=NBC News|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17103390/ns/us_news-education/t/harvard-board-names-first-woman-president/|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 1, 2018, Faust retired and joined the board of [[Goldman Sachs]], and [[Lawrence Bacow]] became Harvard's [[President of Harvard University|29th president]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=February 11, 2018 |title=Harvard University names Lawrence Bacow its 29th president |language=en-US |work=Fox News |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/harvard-university-names-lawrence-bacow-its-29th-president |url-status=live |access-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215084210/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/02/11/harvard-university-names-lawrence-bacow-its-29th-president.html |archive-date=February 15, 2018}}</ref>
In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Ryan |title=Harvard Postdocs, Other Non-Tenure-Track Trying to Unionize |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2023/02/07/harvard-postdocs-other-non-tenure-track-trying-unionize |date=February 6, 2023 |publisher=Inside Higher Education |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208233548/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2023/02/07/harvard-postdocs-other-non-tenure-track-trying-unionize |url-status=live }}</ref>
Bacow retired in June 2023, and on July 1 [[Claudine Gay]], a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and Dean of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], became Harvard's 30th president. In January 2024, just six months into her presidency, Gay resigned following [[Claudine Gay#Congressional hearing on antisemitism|allegations of antisemitism]] and [[Claudine Gay#Plagiarism investigations|plagiarism]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=HARVARD PRESIDENT CLAUDINE GAY RESIGNS, SHORTEST TENURE IN UNIVERSITY HISTORY |newspaper=The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/3/claudine-gay-resign-harvard/ |access-date=January 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102223704/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/3/claudine-gay-resign-harvard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Gay was succeeded by [[Alan Garber]], the university's provost, who was appointed interim president. In August 2024, the university announced that Garber would be appointed Harvard's 31st president through the end of the 2026–27 academic year.
==== Second presidency of Donald Trump ====
{{See also|Education policy of the second Donald Trump administration#Actions against universities}}
In February 2025, [[Leo Terrell]], the head of the Trump administration's [[Antisemitism in the United States#Efforts to combat antisemitism|Task Force to Combat Antisemitism]], announced that he would investigate Harvard University as part of the Department of Justice's broader investigation into [[Antisemitism in US higher education|antisemitism on college campuses]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the former Democrat leading Trump's charge against 10 universities |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/05/23/leo-terrell-trump-universities-harvard-00368352 |work=Politico |date=May 23, 2025}}</ref>
In April 2025, the United States federal government under President [[Donald Trump]] threatened to withhold nearly $9{{nbsp}}billion in government funds from the university unless the university complied with government demands to modify many of its policies. This threat was part of a broader battle over universities' autonomy following contentious [[2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses|student protests]] against the [[Gaza war]], and followed [[Education policy of the second Donald Trump administration#Actions against universities|similar demands]] made of [[Columbia University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Taylor Romine, Nouran Salahieh, Hanna Park, Andy |date=April 17, 2025 |title=DHS threatens to revoke Harvard's eligibility to host foreign students amid broader battle over universities' autonomy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/16/us/harvard-kristi-noem-international-students/index.html |access-date=April 21, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The university's leadership resisted the government's demands, claiming that they were an unlawful overreach of government authority.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/governance/executive-leadership/2025/04/14/harvard-resists-trumps-demands |title=Harvard Resists Trump's Demands |work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |first=Josh |last=Moody |date=April 14, 2025 |accessdate=April 14, 2025}}</ref> In response, the [[US Department of Education]] announced they were freezing $2.3{{nbsp}}billion in federal funds to Harvard.<ref name="guard-14apr2025">{{cite news |title=Trump officials cut billions in Harvard funds after university defies demands |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/apr/14/trump-harvard-funding-freeze |access-date=April 14, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 14, 2025}}</ref> The [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] subsequently threatened to revoke Harvard's eligibility to host [[international student]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Harvard responded by filing [[President and Fellows of Harvard College v. Department of Health and Human Services|a lawsuit]] against the Trump administration in the [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts|District Court of Massachusetts]], arguing that the freezing of funds was unconstitutional.<ref name="guard-21apr2025">{{cite news |last1=Bhuiyan |first1=Johana |title=Harvard sues Trump administration over efforts to 'gain control of academic decision-making' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2025/apr/21/harvard-sues-trump-administration |access-date=April 21, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=April 21, 2025}}</ref><ref name="nbc-21apr2025">{{cite news |last1=Grumbach |first1=Gary |last2=Stelloh |first2=Tim |title=Harvard sues federal government after Trump administration slashed billions in funding |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/harvard-sues-trump-administration-funding-rcna202276 |access-date=April 21, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=April 21, 2025}}</ref><ref name="guard-21jul2025">{{cite news |last1=Speri |first1=Alice |title=Harvard argues in court that Trump administration's $2.6bn cuts are illegal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2025/jul/21/harvard-trump-administrations-26bn-cuts-illegal |access-date=July 21, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 21, 2025}}</ref>
In May 2025, education secretary [[Linda McMahon]] informed Harvard president Garber that the federal government would no longer provide grant funding until the university complied with the Trump administration's demands.<ref name="guard-5may2025">{{cite news |last1=Mackey |first1=Robert |title=Trump blocks grant funding for Harvard until it meets president's demands |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/05/trump-harvard-grants |access-date=May 6, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> The following week, the Trump administration cut an additional $450 million in grants to the school.<ref name="ap-13may2025">{{cite news |title=Trump administration cuts another $450 million in grants for Harvard in escalating battle |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-administration-cuts-another-450-million-grants-harvard-escalatin-rcna206509 |access-date=May 13, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |agency=[[The Associated Press]] |date=May 13, 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Exhibit 25. May 22, 2025 DHS Decertification Letter.pdf|thumb|right|Decertification Letter sent by Kristi Noem on May 22, 2025]]
Later that same month, Department of Homeland Security secretary [[Kristi Noem]] announced that Harvard's [[Student and Exchange Visitor Program]] certification had been revoked, barring Harvard from hosting international students.<ref name="guard-22may2025">{{cite news |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |title=Trump administration halts Harvard's ability to enroll international students |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/22/trump-harvard-international-students |access-date=May 22, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 22, 2025 |archive-date=May 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524032908/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/22/trump-harvard-international-students |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="dhs-22may2025">{{cite web |title=Harvard University Loses Student and Exchange Visitor Program Certification for Pro-Terrorist Conduct |url=https://www.dhs.gov/news/2025/05/22/harvard-university-loses-student-and-exchange-visitor-program-certification-pro |website=[[U.S. Department of Homeland Security]] |access-date=May 22, 2025 |date=May 22, 2025}}</ref> The following day, Harvard sued the Trump administration for banning them from enrolling international students and U.S. District Judge [[Allison D. Burroughs|Allison Burroughs]] granted a temporary restraining order stopping the ban.<ref name="guard-23may2025-1">{{cite news |last1=Sainato |first1=Michael |title=Harvard University sues Trump administration over ban on enrolling foreign students |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2025/may/23/harvard-university-sues-trump-administration-ban-foreign-students |access-date=May 23, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 23, 2025 |archive-date=May 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524191009/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2025/may/23/harvard-university-sues-trump-administration-ban-foreign-students |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="guard-23may2025-2">{{cite news |last1=Betts |first1=Anna |title=Harvard v Trump: takeaways from university's legal battle over international student ban |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/23/harvard-lawsuit-trump-international-student-ban |access-date=May 23, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 23, 2025}}</ref><ref name="harvard-suit-23may2025">{{cite web |title=Harvard Visa Complaint |url=https://www.harvard.edu/research-funding/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2025/05/Harvard-Visa-Complaint.pdf |website=Harvard University |access-date=May 23, 2025 |date=May 23, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Binkley |first1=Collin |title=Federal judge blocks Trump administration from barring foreign student enrollment at Harvard |url=https://apnews.com/article/harvard-foreign-students-enrollment-trump-lawsuit-94b65866c563e67a7a7a3c79e90144d6 |access-date=May 23, 2025 |work=Associated Press News |date=May 23, 2025 |archive-date=May 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524200130/https://apnews.com/article/harvard-foreign-students-enrollment-trump-lawsuit-94b65866c563e67a7a7a3c79e90144d6 |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 16, 2025, Burroughs postponed a ruling after hearing arguments from lawyers on both sides, leaving the temporary block in place for another week.<ref name="npr-16jun2025">{{cite news |last1=Nadworny |first1=Elissa |last2=Piper-Vallillo |first2=Emily |title=Judge postpones decision in Harvard lawsuit against Trump over international students |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/06/16/nx-s1-5432750/harvard-lawsuit-international-students-hearing |access-date=June 16, 2025 |work=[[NPR]] |date=June 16, 2025 |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616094240/https://www.npr.org/2025/06/16/nx-s1-5432750/harvard-lawsuit-international-students-hearing |url-status=live }}</ref>
On May 30, 2025, the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] ordered all US embassies and consulates to conduct "comprehensive and thorough vetting" of the online presence of anyone seeking to visit Harvard from abroad.<ref name="guard-30may2025">{{cite news |last1=Gedeon |first1=Joseph |title=White House targets Harvard again with social media screening of all foreign visitors to school |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/30/harvard-social-media-screening-visitors-trump-administration |access-date=May 30, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 30, 2025}}</ref>
On June 4, 2025, Trump issued a proclamation restricting international students from studying at Harvard, and directing the State Department to consider revoking the visas of current international students studying at that university.<ref name="guard-5jun2025">{{cite news |last1=Hawkins |first1=Amy |title=Trump signs proclamation to restrict foreign student visas at Harvard |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jun/04/trump-restricts-harvard-student-visas |access-date=June 5, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 5, 2025}}</ref><ref name="wh-proc-4jun2025">{{cite web |last1=Trump |first1=Donald |author1-link=Donald Trump |title=Enhancing National Security by Addressing Risks at Harvard University |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/06/enhancing-national-security-by-addressing-risks-at-harvard-university/ |website=[[The White House]] |access-date=June 5, 2025 |date=June 4, 2025}}</ref> The following day, Harvard filed a legal challenge, amending their existing federal complaint against the administration.<ref name="nbc-5jun2025">{{cite news |last1=Helsel |first1=Phil |title=Harvard files legal challenge to Trump's effort to block visas for international students |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/harvard-trump-visas-rcna211347 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=June 5, 2025}}</ref><ref name="guard2-5jun2025">{{cite news |title=Harvard asks judge to immediately block Trump's ban on foreign students |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2025/jun/05/harvard-trump-foreign-student-ban |access-date=June 5, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=June 5, 2025}}</ref><ref name="cl-5jun2025">{{cite web |title=President and Fellows of Harvard College v. United States Department of Homeland Security (1:25-cv-11472) |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/70349156/54/president-and-fellows-of-harvard-college-v-united-states-department-of/ |website=[[CourtListener]] |access-date=June 5, 2025}}</ref>
On June 20, Harvard was granted an injunction allowing it to continue hosting international students as litigation continues.<ref>{{cite news |title=Federal judge blocks Trump effort to keep Harvard from hosting foreign students |url=https://apnews.com/live/donald-trump-news-updates-6-20-2025#00000197-8ec1-d631-a1ff-eef5d8b70000 |access-date=June 20, 2025 |work=[[Associated Press News]] |date=June 20, 2025 |archive-date=June 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620121909/https://apnews.com/live/donald-trump-news-updates-6-20-2025#00000197-8ec1-d631-a1ff-eef5d8b70000 |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 30, a Trump administration investigation found Harvard violated federal civil rights law by failing to protect Jewish students, faculty, and staff.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadworny |first=Elissa |date=June 30, 2025 |title=Federal investigation finds Harvard violated civil rights law |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/06/30/nx-s1-5451732/trump-harvard-civil-rights-jewish-students-investigation |access-date=June 30, 2025 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref>
==Campuses==
===Cambridge===
{{See also|Harvard Divinity School|Harvard Graduate School of Design|Harvard Graduate School of Education|Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|Harvard Kennedy School|Harvard Law School|Harvard Radcliffe Institute}}
[[File:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University.JPG|thumb|[[Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)|Massachusetts Hall]], Harvard's oldest building, constructed in 1720<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k61161&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup85886|title=A Brief History of Harvard College|author=Harvard College|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=July 25, 2011|author-link=Harvard College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424033857/http://college.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k61161&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup85886|archive-date=April 24, 2011}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sanders theater 2009y.JPG|thumb|[[Memorial Hall (Harvard University)|Memorial Hall]], built on the main Cambridge campus in 1870]]
[[File:harvard memorial church winter 2009.JPG|thumb|[[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]], dedicated and opened in 1932 on [[Harvard Yard]]]]
[[File:HarvardYard.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Yard]] at the center of Harvard's main campus in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]]]
The {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} main campus of Harvard University is centered on [[Harvard Yard]], colloquially known as "the Yard", in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], about three miles (five km) west-northwest of downtown [[Boston]], and extending to the surrounding [[Harvard Square]] neighborhood. The Yard houses several Harvard buildings, including four of the university's libraries, [[Houghton Library|Houghton]], [[Lamont Library|Lamont]], [[Pusey Library|Pusey]], and [[Widener Library|Widener]]. Also on Harvard Yard are [[Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)|Massachusetts Hall]], built between 1718 and 1720 and the university's oldest still standing building, [[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]], and [[University Hall (Harvard University)|University Hall]].
Harvard Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], including [[Sever Hall]], [[Harvard Hall]], and [[List of Harvard College freshman dormitories|freshman dormitories]]. Upperclassmen live in the twelve [[Harvard House system|residential houses]], located south of Harvard Yard near the [[Charles River]] and on [[Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)|Radcliffe Quadrangle]], which formerly housed [[Radcliffe College]] students. Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |title=The Houses |publisher=Harvard College Dean of Students Office |access-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214033329/https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |url-status=live }}</ref>
Also on the main campus in Cambridge are the [[Harvard Law School|Law]], [[Harvard Divinity School|Divinity]] (theology), [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|Engineering and Applied Science]], [[Harvard Graduate School of Design|Design]] (architecture), [[Harvard Graduate School of Education|Education]], [[Harvard Kennedy School|Kennedy]] (public policy), and [[Harvard Extension School|Extension]] schools, and [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]] in Radcliffe Yard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/ |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022734/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/ |archive-date=October 5, 2021 }}</ref> Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf|title=Institutional Ownership Map – Cambridge Massachusetts|access-date=September 8, 2016|archive-date=October 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022201633/https://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tartakoff |first1=Joseph M. |first2= Jessica R. |last2=Rubin-wills |date=January 7, 2005 |title=Harvard Purchases Doubletree Hotel Building |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920021640/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |website=The Harvard Crimson |language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Allston ===
{{Main|Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts}}
[[Harvard Business School]], [[Harvard Innovation Labs]], and many athletics facilities, including [[Harvard Stadium]], are located on a {{convert|358|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the [[Allston]] section of [[Boston]] across the [[John W. Weeks Bridge]], which crosses the [[Charles River]] and connects the Allston and Cambridge campuses.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Tim|last=Logan|date=April 13, 2016|title=Harvard continues its march into Allston, with science complex|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518165423/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allston Planning and Development / Office of the Executive Vice President |url=http://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508133917/https://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2016 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bayliss |first=Svea Herbst |date=January 21, 2007 |title=Harvard unveils big campus expansion |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105603/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2021, the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] expanded into the new Allston-based Science and Engineering Complex (SEC), which is more than 500,000 square feet in size.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Brigid |title=SEAS moves opening of Science and Engineering Complex to spring semester '21 |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |website=The Harvard Gazette |date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515230512/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref> SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and Harvard Innovation Labs, and designed to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups and collaborations with mature companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Campus |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207222706/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref>
=== Longwood ===
{{Main|Longwood Medical and Academic Area}}
[[File:Harvard Medical School HDR.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Medical School]] in the [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area]] in [[Boston]]]]
The university's schools of [[Harvard Medical School|Medicine]], [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Dental Medicine]], and [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Public Health]] are located on a {{convert|21|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area]] in [[Boston]], about {{convert|3.3|mi|km}} south of the Cambridge campus.<ref name="Campus" />
Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], [[Boston Children's Hospital]], [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]], [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]], [[Joslin Diabetes Center]], and the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]]. Additional affiliates, including [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], are located throughout [[Greater Boston]].
=== Other ===
Harvard owns [[Dumbarton Oaks]], a research library in Washington, D.C., [[Harvard Forest]] in [[Petersham, Massachusetts]], Concord Field Station in [[Estabrook Woods]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite web|website=mcz.harvard.edu|url=http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|title=Concord Field Station|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=March 4, 2017|archive-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213183455/http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
the [[Villa I Tatti]] research center in [[Florence]], Italy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itatti.it/|title=Villa I Tatti: The Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies|publisher=Itatti.it|access-date=June 30, 2010|archive-date=July 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702154341/http://www.itatti.it/}}</ref> and the Center for Hellenic Studies in Greece. The Harvard Shanghai Center in [[Shanghai]], China,<ref>{{cite web|website=Harvard.edu|title=Shanghai Center|url=http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|access-date=January 3, 2014|archive-date=December 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217232815/http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
and [[Arnold Arboretum]] in the [[Jamaica Plain]] neighborhood of Boston.
== Organization and administration ==
=== Governance ===
{{See also|Harvard Board of Overseers|President and Fellows of Harvard College|President of Harvard University}}
Harvard is governed by a combination of its [[Harvard Board of Overseers|Board of Overseers]] and the [[President and Fellows of Harvard College]], which is also known as the Harvard Corporation. These two bodies, in turn, appoint the [[President of Harvard University]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bethell |first1=John T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166 |title=Harvard A to Z |last2=Hunt |first2=Richard M. |last3=Shenton |first3=Robert |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-02089-4 |pages=166– |language=en-US |access-date=May 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102142607/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166 |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
There are 16,000 staff and faculty,<ref>Burlington Free Press, June 24, 2009, page 11B, ""Harvard to cut 275 jobs" Associated Press</ref> including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Office of Institutional Research|title=Harvard University Fact Book 2009–2010|year=2009|url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723162517/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2011}}("Faculty")</ref>
As of 2025, Harvard differs radically from its peer universities in two important ways. First, Harvard does not make its governing statutes publicly available, meaning that members of the Harvard community interested in reform must first persuade the university to give them a copy of those documents. Second, Harvard does not have an [[academic senate]] like most of its peers, although it is currently attempting to create one.<ref name="Heller">{{cite magazine |last1=Heller |first1=Nathan |title=Will Harvard Bend or Break? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2025/03/10/will-harvard-bend-or-break |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=March 3, 2025}}</ref>
=== Endowment ===
{{Main|Harvard University endowment}}
Harvard has the largest [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|university endowment]] in the world, valued at about {{USD|50.7 billion|long=no}} as of 2023.<ref name=BGendow/><ref name=HFRendow/>
During the [[Great Recession|recession of 2007–2009]], it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F. Zhu |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston |language=en-US |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025755/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref> The endowment has since recovered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Healy |first=Beth |date=January 28, 2010 |title=Harvard endowment leads others down |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024541/http://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |archive-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first=John|last=Hechinger|title=Harvard Hit by Loss as Crisis Spreads to Colleges|page=A1|date=December 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Munk |first=Nina |date=July 20, 2009 |title=Nina Munk on Hard Times at Harvard |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true¤tPage=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829115742/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true¤tPage=all |archive-date=August 29, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew M. Rosenfield |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319001438/http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-date=March 19, 2009|title=Understanding Endowments, Part I|work=Forbes|date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref>
About {{USD|2 billion|long=no}} of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|title=A Singular Mission|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142638/https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|title=Admissions Cuts Concern Some Graduate Students|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225022732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 24, 2019 |title=Financial Report |url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181152/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref>
==== Divestment ====
Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated [[divestment|divesting]] Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in [[South Africa]] during [[apartheid]], [[Sudan]] during the [[Darfur genocide]], and [[tobacco industry|tobacco]], [[fossil fuel]], and [[private prison]] industries.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Alli |last=Welton|title=Harvard Students Vote 72 Percent Support for Fossil Fuel Divestment|magazine=The Nation|date=November 20, 2012|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-students-vote-72-percent-support-fossil-fuel-divestment/|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=July 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725011546/http://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-students-vote-72-percent-support-fossil-fuel-divestment/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Alexandra A.|last=Chaidez|title=Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign Delivers Report to Mass. Hall|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=October 22, 2019|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/prison-divestment-petition/|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-date=March 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306152230/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/prison-divestment-petition/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the late 1980s, during the [[disinvestment from South Africa]] movement, student activists erected a symbolic [[shanty town]] on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.<ref name="GeorgeKaufman2012">{{cite news|first1=Michael C.|last1=George|first2=David W.|last2=Kaufman|title=Students Protest Investment in Apartheid South Africa|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=May 23, 2012|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/23/Protest-Divestment-Apartheid/?page=single|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/23/Protest-Divestment-Apartheid/?page=single|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Anjali|last=Cadambi|title=Harvard University community campaigns for divestment from apartheid South Africa, 1977–1989|website=Global Nonviolent Action Database|date=September 19, 2010|url=http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/harvard-university-community-campaigns-divestment-apartheid-south-africa-1977-1989|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918195125/http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/harvard-university-community-campaigns-divestment-apartheid-south-africa-1977-1989|url-status=live}}</ref>
In response to pressure, the university eventually reduced its South African holdings by {{USD|230 million|long=no}} out of a total of {{USD|400 million|long=no}} between 1986 and 1987.<ref name="GeorgeKaufman2012" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Anthony Waters Jr.|title=Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQzZ0hhvGZAC&pg=PA77|date=March 20, 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6291-3|page=77|access-date=October 14, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQzZ0hhvGZAC&pg=PA77|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Academics ==
=== Teaching and learning ===
{|class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:280px;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| '''School''' || '''Founded'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard College]] || 1636
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard Medical School|Medicine]] || 1782
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard Divinity School|Divinity]] || 1816
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard Law School|Law]] || 1817
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|Engineering]] || 1847
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Dental Medicine]] || 1867
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate Arts and Sciences]] || 1872
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard Business School|Business]] || 1908
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard Extension School|Extension]] || 1910
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard Graduate School of Design|Design]] || 1936
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard Graduate School of Education|Education]] || 1920
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Public Health]] || 1913
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[Harvard Kennedy School|Government]]|| 1936
|}
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web |title=Carnegie Classifications – Harvard University |url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163149/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=iu.edu |publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching |language=en-US}}</ref>
offering 50 [[Harvard College|undergraduate]] majors,<ref name="liberal">{{cite web |title=Liberal Arts & Sciences |url=https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022949/https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref>
134 graduate degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|title=Degree Programs|work=Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook|pages=28–30|access-date=August 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909232153/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|archive-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref> and 32 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees" /> During the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees">{{cite web |title=Degrees Awarded |url=https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728204157/https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, Harvard University |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Harvard College]], the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a [[liberal arts education|liberal arts and sciences]] focus.<ref name="Carnegie" /><ref name = "liberal"/> To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Degrees |url=https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207214304/https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 8, 2019 |website=college.harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref>
In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101205233358/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=August 28, 2010}}</ref>
Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.<ref>{{cite web |title=How large are classes? |url=https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135247/https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref>
<!--ESTEEMED FELLOW EDITORS: here let's something on GSAS/FAS and something on each professional school -- possibly a paragraph each, possibly a subsection each -->
The [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], with an academic staff of 1,211 as of 2019, is the largest Harvard faculty, and has primary responsibility for instruction in [[Harvard College]], the [[Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)]], and the [[Harvard Division of Continuing Education|Division of Continuing Education]], which includes [[Harvard Summer School]] and [[Harvard Extension School]]. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties and a faculty attached to the [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]].
There are four Harvard joint programs with [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], which include the [[Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology]], the [[Broad Institute]], The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and [[edX]].
===Professional schools===
The university maintains 12 schools, which include:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! School
! Founded
! Enrollment<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard University Campus Information, Costs and Details |url=https://www.collegeraptor.com/colleges/Harvard-University-MA--166027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114042127/https://www.collegeraptor.com/colleges/Harvard-University-MA--166027 |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |access-date=November 14, 2022 |website=www.collegeraptor.com}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2025}}
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard Medical School|Medicine]]
|1782
|660
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard Divinity School|Divinity]]
|1816
|377
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard Law School|Law]]
|1817
|1,990
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Dental Medicine]]
|1867
|280
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate Arts and Sciences]]
|1872
|4,824
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard Business School|Business]]
|1908
|2,011
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard Extension School|Extension]]
|1910
|3,428
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard Graduate School of Design|Design]]
|1914
|878
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard Graduate School of Education|Education]]
|1920
|876
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Public Health]]
|1922
|1,412
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard Kennedy School|Government]]
|1936
|1,100
|-
| align="left" |[[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|Engineering]]
|2007
|1,750 (including undergraduates)
|}
=== Research ===
Harvard is a founding member of the [[Association of American Universities]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=5476 |title=Member Institutions and Years of Admission |publisher=Association of American Universities |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028050512/http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=October 28, 2012 }}</ref> and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine, according to the [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|Carnegie Classification]].<ref name="Carnegie" />
The [[Harvard Medical School|medical school]] consistently ranks first among medical schools for research,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Best Medical Schools: Research |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings/21775470034_control |access-date=February 17, 2022 |website=usnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716110736/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings/21775470034_control |url-status=live }}</ref> and biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school and its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research at Harvard Medical School |url=https://hms.harvard.edu/research |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006113655/https://hms.harvard.edu/research |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=December 9, 2019 |website=hms.harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard Medical School |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, the medical school and its affiliates attracted {{USD|1.65 billion|long=no}} in competitive research grants from the [[National Institutes of Health]], more than twice that of any other university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Which schools get the most research money? |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/most-research-money-rankings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105603/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/most-research-money-rankings |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=March 30, 2020 |website=U.S. News & World Report |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Libraries===
{{Main|Harvard Library}}
[[File:Widener Library.jpg|thumb|[[Widener Library]], the anchor of [[Harvard Library]], the largest [[academic library]] in the world with more than 20 million holdings]]
[[Harvard Library]], the largest [[academic library]] in the world with 20.4 million holdings, is centered in [[Widener Library]] in [[Harvard Yard]]. It includes 25 individual Harvard libraries around the world with a combined staff of more than 800 librarians and personnel.<ref>[https://library.harvard.edu/visit-about/about-harvard-library "About Harvard Library"], [[Harvard Library]] website</ref>
[[Houghton Library]], the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. The nation's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored in [[Pusey Library]] on [[Harvard Yard]], which is open to the public. The largest collection of [[East Asia|East-Asian]] language material outside of East Asia is held in [[Harvard-Yenching Library]].
Other major libraries in the Harvard Library system include [[Baker Library/Bloomberg Center]] at [[Harvard Business School]], [[Cabot Science Library]] at [[Harvard Science Center]], [[Dumbarton Oaks]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Monroe C. Gutman Library|Gutman Library]] at the [[Harvard Graduate School of Education]], [[Harvard Film Archive]] at the [[Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts]], [[Houghton Library]], and [[Lamont Library]].
===Museums===
{{Main|Harvard Art Museums}}
[[Harvard Art Museums]] includes three museums, the [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum]] covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art; the [[Busch–Reisinger Museum]] (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art; and the [[Fogg Museum]] covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian [[Early Renaissance painting|early Renaissance]], British [[pre-Raphaelite]], and 19th-century French art.
Harvard Museums of Science and Culture include the [[Harvard Museum of Natural History]], which itself includes the [[Harvard Mineralogical Museum|Harvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum]], the [[Harvard University Herbaria]] featuring the [[Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka|Blaschka]] [[Glass Flowers]] exhibit, and the [[Museum of Comparative Zoology]]. Others include the [[Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments]] at [[Harvard Science Center]], the [[Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East]] featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East, and the [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]], specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the [[Western Hemisphere]], the [[Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts]], designed by [[Le Corbusier]] and housing the [[Harvard Film Archive]], the [[Warren Anatomical Museum]] at [[Harvard Medical School]]'s [[Center for the History of Medicine]], and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at the [[Hutchins Center for African and African American Research]].
===Reputation and rankings===
{{Infobox US university ranking
<!-- U.S. rankings -->| Forbes = 8
| THE_WSJ = 6
| USNWR_NU = 3
| Wamo_NU = 1
<!-- Global rankings -->| ARWU_W = 1
| QS_W = 5
| THES_W = 3
| USNWR_W = 1
}}Harvard University is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Massachusetts Institutions |url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/ |access-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817130729/https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/ |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]}}</ref> Since its founding in 2003, the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' has ranked Harvard first in each of its annual rankings of the world's colleges and universities. Similarly, the ''[[Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings]]'', which was published from 2004 to 2009, ranked Harvard first in the world in each of its annual rankings. Since then, Harvard has been ranked first in the world each year since 2011 by its successor, the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|magazine=[[Times Higher Education]]|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305000224/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|url-status=live}}</ref>
Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the [[Center for Measuring University Performance]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lombardi|first1=John V.|last2=Abbey|first2=Craig W.|last3=Craig|first3=Diane D. |first4=Lynne N. |last4=Collis |date=2021 |title=The Top American Research Universities: 2023 Annual Report|url=https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2020.pdf|access-date=November 23, 2023|website=mup.umass.edu|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121030323/https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2020.pdf}}</ref>
Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the [[University Ranking by Academic Performance]] in 2019–20 and ''[[Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities]]'' in 2011, which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in [[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune'' Global 500]] companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking |url=https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 |website=University Ranking by Academic Performance |access-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218074911/https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 }}</ref> According to annual polls done by [[The Princeton Review]], Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States for both students and their parents.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|title=College Hopes & Worries Press Release|publisher=The Princeton Review |year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=September 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919064436/http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|title=Princeton Review's 2012 "College Hopes & Worries Survey" Reports on 10,650 Students' & Parents' Top 10 "Dream Colleges" and Application Perspectives|publisher=The Princeton Review |year=2012|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172634/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |year=2019 |title=2019 College Hopes & Worries Press Release |language=en-US |url=https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007224857/https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release |archive-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dickler |first=Jessica |date=March 5, 2024 |title=Harvard is back on top as college hopefuls' ultimate 'dream' school, despite recent turmoil |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/05/harvard-is-the-no-1-dream-school-princeton-review-poll-finds.html |access-date=April 10, 2024 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=April 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410052231/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/05/harvard-is-the-no-1-dream-school-princeton-review-poll-finds.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2019, Harvard's [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|engineering school]] was ranked the third-best school in the world for engineering and technology by ''[[Times Higher Education]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=contact |first=Press |date=February 11, 2019 |title=Harvard is #3 in World University Engineering Rankings |language=en-US |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/02/harvard-3-world-university-engineering-rankings |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210213722/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/02/harvard-3-world-university-engineering-rankings |archive-date=December 10, 2019}}</ref>
In [[international relations]], ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the [[Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best International Relations Schools in the World |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/20/top-fifty-schools-international-relations-foreign-policy/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129011647/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/20/top-fifty-schools-international-relations-foreign-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
|+ style="font-size:90%" |Undergraduate demographics as of Fall 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=College Scorecard: Harvard University |url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?166027-Harvard-University |website=College Scorecard |publisher=[[United States Department of Education]] |access-date=July 15, 2025 |archive-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224104/https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?166027-Harvard-University |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! Race and ethnicity
! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
|align=right| {{bartable|33|%|2||background:cyan}}
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
|align=right| {{bartable|22|%|2||background:orange}}
|-
| [[International student]]
|align=right| {{bartable|14|%|2||background:#008080}}
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]
|align=right| {{bartable|12|%|2||background:green}}
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
|align=right| {{bartable|9|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
| [[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]]
|align=right| {{bartable|7|%|2||background:violet}}
|-
| Unknown
|align=right| {{bartable|2|%|2||background:grey}}
|-
! colspan="4" data-sort-type=number |[[Economic diversity]]
|-
| [[American lower class|Low-income]]{{efn|The percentage of students who received an income-based federal [[Pell grant]] intended for low-income students.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|17|%|2||background:red}}
|-
| [[Affluence in the United States|Affluent]]{{efn|The percentage of students who are a part of the [[American middle class]] at the bare minimum.}}
|align=right| {{bartable|83|%|2||background:black}}
|}
==Student activities==
===Student government===
{{Further|Harvard Graduate Council}}
The [[Harvard Undergraduate Council|Undergraduate Council]] represented Harvard College undergraduate students until it was dissolved in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Students Vote Overwhelmingly to Dissolve Undergraduate Council in Favor of New Student Government {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/4/1/uc-referendum-results-yes-wins/ |access-date=March 29, 2024 |website=www.thecrimson.com |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329070233/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/4/1/uc-referendum-results-yes-wins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and replaced by the Undergraduate Association. The [[Harvard Graduate Council|Graduate Council]] represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.<ref>a) Law School Student Government {{cite web|url=https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/studentgovernment/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200415/https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/studentgovernment/|archive-date=June 24, 2021 | title=Harvard Law School Student Government }}
<br />b) School of Education Student Council {{cite web|url=https://osa.gse.harvard.edu/student-council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719035057/https://osa.gse.harvard.edu/student-council|archive-date=July 19, 2022 | title=Student Council }}
<br />c) Kennedy School Student Government {{cite web|url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/student-life/student-government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621184139/https://www.hks.harvard.edu/more/student-life/student-government|archive-date=June 21, 2021 | title=Student Government }}
<br />d) Design School Student Forum {{cite web|url=https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/resources/student-forum/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614171548/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/resources/student-forum/|archive-date=June 14, 2021 | title=Student Forum }}
<br />e) Student Council of Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Dental Medicine {{cite web|url=https://www.hmshsdmstuco.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610235703/https://www.hmshsdmstuco.com/|archive-date=June 10, 2021 | title=HMS & HSDM Student Council | Harvard Medical School | United States }}</ref>
===Student media===
{{Further|The Harvard Crimson}}
''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', founded in 1873 and run entirely by Harvard undergraduate students, is the university's primary [[Student publication|student newspaper]]. Many [[List of The Harvard Crimson people|notable alumni]] have worked at the ''Crimson'', including two [[President of the United States|U.S. presidents]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (AB, 1903) and [[John F. Kennedy]] (AB 1940).
==Athletics==
{{Main|Harvard Crimson}}
[[File:Cornell_vs._Harvard_football_Oct_12,_2019.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Crimson football|Harvard football]] (right) taking on [[Cornell Big Red football|Cornell]] (left) at [[Harvard Stadium]] in October 2019]]
Harvard College competes in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] [[Ivy League]] conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |title=Harvard: Women's Rugby Becomes 42nd Varsity Sport at Harvard University |work=Harvard |publisher=Gocrimson.com |date=August 9, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929092318/http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh }}</ref>
Harvard and the other seven [[Ivy League]] universities are prohibited from offering [[athletic scholarship]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|title=The Harvard Guide: Financial Aid at Harvard|publisher=Harvard University|date=September 2, 2006|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182731/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|archive-date=September 2, 2006}}</ref> The school color is [[crimson]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Colors |url=https://identityguide.hms.harvard.edu/brand-design/colors |website=Identity Guide |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=March 15, 2024 |archive-date=March 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315162304/https://identityguide.hms.harvard.edu/brand-design/colors |url-status=live }}</ref>
===National championships===
In the NCAA Division I era, which began in 1973, Harvard Crimson teams have won five NCAA Division I championships as of 2024: [[Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey|men's ice hockey]] in 1989, women's lacrosse in 1990, women's rowing in 2003, and men's fencing in 2006 and 2024. Including the pre-NCAA era, Harvard has won 159 national championships across all sports. Its [[Harvard Crimson men's squash|men's squash team]] holds the record for the most national collegiate championships in the sport. Harvard's first national championship came in 1880, when its track and field team won the national championship.<ref>[https://gocrimson.com/sports/2020/5/5/information-history-nationalchampionships.aspx "Harvard's All-Time National Championships"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909225245/https://gocrimson.com/sports/2020/5/5/information-history-nationalchampionships.aspx |date=September 9, 2024 }}, [[Harvard Crimson]] website</ref>
===Rivalries===
{{Further|Cornell–Harvard hockey rivalry|Harvard-Yale football rivalry}}
Harvard's athletic programs maintain a long-standing rivalry with [[Yale Bulldogs|Yale]] in all sports, especially in [[college football]], where [[Harvard Crimson football|Harvard]] and [[Yale Bulldogs football|Yale]] compete in an [[Harvard–Yale football rivalry|annual football rivalry]], which has played 139 times as of 2024, dating back to its first meeting in 1875.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracken |first=Chris |date=November 17, 2017 |title=A game unlike any other |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2017/11/17/a-game-unlike-any-other/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021215707/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2017/11/17/a-game-unlike-any-other/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=September 9, 2020 |website=yaledailynews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
Every two years, Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale and Harvard Defeat Oxford/Cambridge Team|work=Yale |date=April 10, 2009 |url=http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|publisher=Yale University Athletics|access-date=September 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013022655/http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|archive-date=October 13, 2011}}</ref>
In [[Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey|men's ice hockey]], Harvard maintains a [[Cornell–Harvard hockey rivalry|historic rivalry]] with [[Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey|Cornell]], which dates back to their first meeting in 1910. The two teams play twice annually.
In [[Rugby union|men's rugby]], Harvard maintains a rivalry with [[McGill University|McGill]], as demonstrated by the biennial Harvard-McGill rugby games, alternately played in [[Montreal]] and Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruggers Set For Rivalry; McGill Comes to Town {{!}} Sports {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1987/10/30/ruggers-set-for-rivalry-mcgill-comes/ |access-date=December 12, 2024 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref>
== Notable people ==
=== Alumni ===
{{Further|List of Harvard University people|List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni|List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation}}
Since its founding nearly four centuries ago, Harvard alumni have distinguished themselves in academia, activism, arts, athletics, business, entrepreneurship, government, international affairs, journalism, media, music, non-profit organizations, politics, public policy, science, technology, writing, and other industries and fields. A 2024 study analyzed the educational backgrounds of the most successful and influential Americans—"30 different achievement groups totaling 26,198 people"—and found that Harvard alumni were unusually dominant.<ref name="Wai">{{cite journal |last1=Wai |first1=Jonathan |last2=Anderson |first2=Stephen M. |last3=Perina |first3=Kaja |last4=Worrell |first4=Frank C. |last5=Chabris |first5=Christopher F. |author5-link=Christopher Chabris |title=The most successful and influential Americans come from a surprisingly narrow range of ‘elite’ educational backgrounds |journal=[[Humanities and Social Sciences Communications]] |date=September 3, 2024 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-03547-8 |access-date=August 14, 2025}}</ref> A 2025 study of 6,141 of the most influential people in the world discovered that Harvard alumni are massively overrepresented among the global elite, and that this finding remains true when all American elites are removed.<ref name="Salas-Díaz">{{cite journal |last1=Salas-Díaz |first1=Ricardo |last2=Young |first2=Kevin L. |title=Where Did the Global Elite Go to School? Hierarchy, Harvard, Home and Hegemony |journal=[[Global Networks]] |date=January 2025 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=e12509 |doi=10.1111/glob.12509}}</ref>
Among the world's universities and colleges, Harvard has the most [[List of presidents of the United States by education|U.S. presidents]] (eight), [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|living billionaires]] (188), [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Nobel]] laureates (162), [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners (48), [[Fields Medal]] recipients (seven), [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall scholars]] (252), and [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]] (369) among its alumni. Harvard alumni also include nine [[Turing Award]] laureates, ten [[Academy Awards]] winners, and [[List of American universities with Olympic medalist students and alumni|108 Olympic medalists]], including 46 gold medal winners.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siliezar |first=Juan |date=November 23, 2020 |title=2020 Rhodes, Mitchell Scholars named |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/11/harvard-students-alum-awarded-rhodes-mitchell-scholarships/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124113104/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/11/harvard-students-alum-awarded-rhodes-mitchell-scholarships/ |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Communications |first=FAS |date=November 24, 2019 |title=Five Harvard students named Rhodes Scholars |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/11/five-harvard-students-named-american-rhodes-scholars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055252/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/11/five-harvard-students-named-american-rhodes-scholars/ |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |website=The Harvard Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Kathleen Elkins |date=May 18, 2018 |title=More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined |language=en-US |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522013005/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html |archive-date=May 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics |url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=December 1, 2015 |website=www.marshallscholarship.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pulitzer Prize Winners |url=https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/honors/pulitzer-prize-winners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905090033/https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/honors/pulitzer-prize-winners |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=February 2, 2018 |website=Harvard University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entrepreneurship.hbs.edu/founders/Pages/companies.aspx|title=Companies – Entrepreneurship – Harvard Business School|website=entrepreneurship.hbs.edu|access-date=March 28, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328152958/https://entrepreneurship.hbs.edu/founders/Pages/companies.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="packed" widths="140" heights="140" perrow="8" caption="Notable Harvard alumni include:">
File:US Navy 031029-N-6236G-001 A painting of President John Adams (1735-1826), 2nd president of the United States, by Asher B. Durand (1767-1845)-crop.jpg|2nd President of the United States [[John Adams]] (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barzilay |first1=Karen N. |title=The Education of John Adams |url=https://www.masshist.org/object-of-the-month/objects/the-education-of-john-adams-2007-06-01 |publisher=Massachusetts Historical Society |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726202845/https://www.masshist.org/object-of-the-month/objects/the-education-of-john-adams-2007-06-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:John Quincy Adams.jpg|6th President of the United States [[John Quincy Adams]] (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)<ref>{{cite web |title=John Quincy Adams |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-quincy-adams/ |publisher=The White House |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005104815/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-quincy-adams/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hogan |first1=Margaret A. |title=John Quincy Adams: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/jqadams/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812123606/https://millercenter.org/president/jqadams/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (AB, 1880)<ref>{{cite web |title=Theodore Roosevelt - Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/roosevelt/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=September 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905033556/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/roosevelt/biographical/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:FRoosevelt.png|32nd President of the United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (AB, 1903)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leuchtenburg |first1=William E. |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813025557/https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Thomas Stearns Eliot by Lady Ottoline Morrell (1934).jpg|Poet and Nobel laureate in literature [[T. S. Eliot]] (AB, 1910; AM, 1911)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=June 16, 2015 |title=T.S. Eliot as a Harvard student {{!}} Harvard Magazine |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2015/06/the-young-t-s-eliot |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.harvardmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref>
File:JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg|Physicist and leader of the [[Manhattan Project]] [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] (AB, 1925)
File:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|35th President of the United States [[John F. Kennedy]] (AB, 1940)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Selverstone |first1=Marc J. |title=John F. Kennedy: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812190501/https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau 1975 (UPI press photo) (cropped).jpg|15th Prime Minister of Canada [[Pierre Trudeau]] (MA, 1947)
File:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, April 2010.jpg|24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] (MPA, 1971)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf-bio.html |title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf - Biographical |website=www.nobelprize.org |access-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-date=July 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032807/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf-bio.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|43rd President of the United States [[George W. Bush]] (MBA, 1975)<ref>{{cite web |last1=L. Gregg II |first1=Gary |title=George W. Bush: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812225623/https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Official roberts CJ.jpg|17th Chief Justice of the United States [[John Roberts]] (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)
File:Ban Ki-Moon Davos 2011 Cropped.jpg|8th Secretary-General of the United Nations [[Ban Ki-moon]] (MPA, 1984)
File:Mark Carney portrait February 2020.jpg|24th Prime Minister of Canada [[Mark Carney]] (AB, 1988)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-09 |title=About {{!}} Prime Minister of Canada |url=https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/about |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Prime Minister of Canada |language=en}}</ref>
File:President Barack Obama.jpg|44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate [[Barack Obama]] (JD, 1991)<ref>{{cite web |title=Barack Obama: Life Before the Presidency |date=October 4, 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/obama/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812142731/https://millercenter.org/president/obama/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Barack H. Obama - Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/obama/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414110039/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/obama/biographical/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:KBJackson.jpg|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]] (AB,1992; JD, 1996)<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeSmith |first=Christy |date=November 20, 2024 |title=Ketanji Brown Jackson rejoins Michael Sandel's 'Justice' |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/11/ketanji-brown-jackson-returns-to-sandels-justice/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US |archive-date=May 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525211133/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/11/ketanji-brown-jackson-returns-to-sandels-justice/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Natalie Portman (48470988352) (cropped).jpg|[[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] and [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] winning actress [[Natalie Portman]] (AB, 2003)
</gallery>
=== Faculty ===
<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="packed" widths="140" heights="140" caption="Notable past and present Harvard faculty include:">
File:Stephen Breyer official SCOTUS portrait crop.jpg|[[Stephen Breyer]]
File:Henry Louis Gates, Jr (cropped).jpg|[[Henry Louis Gates Jr.]]
File:Elena Kagan official SCOTUS portrait.jpg|[[Elena Kagan]]
File:Robert Reich.jpg|[[Robert Reich]]
File:Amartya Sen.jpg|[[Amartya Sen]]
File:B.F. Skinner at Harvard circa 1950 (cropped).jpg|[[B. F. Skinner]]
File:Elizabeth Warren 2016.jpg|[[Elizabeth Warren]]
File:Secretary Janet Yellen portrait (cropped).jpg|[[Janet Yellen]]
</gallery>
==In popular culture==
<!-- This section desperately needs inclusion criteria -->
[[File:Clock Tower University of Puerto Rico-San Marcos-Harvard.jpg|thumb|Tower at the [[University of Puerto Rico]], showing the emblem of Harvard (on right), the oldest in the United States, and that of [[National University of San Marcos]], Lima (left), the oldest in the [[Americas]]]]
Harvard's reputation as a center of elite achievement or elitist privilege has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman said in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Sarah |title='Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role |website=Boston.com |date=September 24, 2010 |url=https://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html |quote='In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness.... Someone from Missouri who has never lived in Boston ... can get this idea that it's all trust fund babies and ivy-covered walls.' |access-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232549/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html }}</ref>
===Literature===
In contemporary literature, Harvard University features prominently in multiple novels, including:
* ''[[The Sound and the Fury]]'' (1929) and ''[[Absalom, Absalom!]]'' (1936), two novels by [[William Faulkner]], both of which depict Harvard student life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crinkley |first=Richmond |date=July 12, 1962 |title=WILLIAM FAULKNER: The Southern Mind Meets Harvard In the Era Before World War I |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1962/7/12/william-faulkner-the-southern-mind-meets/ |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=www.thecrimson.com |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055801/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1962/7/12/william-faulkner-the-southern-mind-meets/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Of Time and the River]]'' (1935) by [[Thomas Wolfe]], a fictionalized autobiography, depicting Wolfe's [[alter ego]], Eugene Gant, a Harvard student.<ref name="Vaughan Bail-1958">{{Cite journal |last=Vaughan Bail |first=Hamilton |date=1958 |title=Harvard Fiction: Some critical and Bibliographical Notes |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525042.pdf |journal=American Antiquarian Society |pages=346–347 |access-date=March 1, 2024 |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301055757/https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525042.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[The Late George Apley]]'' (1937), by 1915 Harvard alumnus [[John P. Marquand]], a novel presenting a satirical view of Harvard men in the early 20th century,<ref name="Vaughan Bail-1958" /> which was awarded the [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Late George Apley |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100052807?d=%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100052807 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en |access-date=March 1, 2024 |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401214630/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100052807?d=/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100052807 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''The Second Happiest Day'' (1953), by John P. Marquand, portrays Harvard during the [[World War II]] generation.{{refn |{{cite book |title=Wrestling with the Angel|last=King|first=Michael|year=2002|page=371|quote=...praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class.}} }}{{refn|{{cite news|title=White Shoe and Weak Will|first=Michael J.|last=Halberstam|date= February 18, 1953 |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126180414/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/ |archive-date=November 26, 2015 |url-status=live |quote=The book is written slickly, but without distinction.... The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men.}} }}{{refn |{{cite news|last=Yardley|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Yardley|title=Second Reading|date=December 23, 2009|url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/22/AR2009122203456.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209173651/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/22/AR2009122203456.html|archive-date=December 9, 2015|url-status=live|quote= '...a balanced and impressive novel...' [is] a judgment with which I [agree].|newspaper=The Washington Post}} }}{{refn |{{cite news|title=Out of a Jitter-and-Fritter World|last=Du Bois|first=William|work=The New York Times|date=February 1, 1953|page=BR5|quote="exhibits Mr. Phillips' talent at its finest"}} }}{{refn |{{cite news|work=Southwest Review|volume=38|page=267|title=John Phillips, The Second Happiest Day|quote=So when the critics say the author of "The Second Happiest Day" is a new Fitzgerald, we think they may be right. }} }}
===Films===
Harvard University features prominently in the plots of multiple major films, including:
* ''[[Love Story (1970 film)|Love Story]]'' (1970), a romance between a wealthy [[Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey|Harvard ice hockey]] player, played by [[Ryan O'Neal]], and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means, played by [[Ali MacGraw]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/ |title=Never Having To Say You're Sorry for 25 Years... |work=Harvard Crimson |date=June 3, 1996 |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-date=July 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717001127/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|{{cite news|title=The Disease: Fatal. The Treatment: Mockery|first=Thomas | last=Vinciguerra |date=August 20, 2010|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310224906/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=August 21, 2010}}}}{{refn|{{cite news|date=February 8, 1996 |work=Harvard University Gazette |title=A Many-Splendored 'Love Story'.}}}}
*''[[The Paper Chase (film)|The Paper Chase]]'' (1973),{{refn|{{cite news|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/|title=The Paper Chase at 40|date=October 2, 2012|first=Colleen|last= Walsh|work=Harvard Gazette|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203171406/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/|archive-date=December 3, 2012|url-status=live|access-date=October 16, 2012}}}} a drama based on the 1971 [[The Paper Chase (Osborn novel)|novel of the same name]] by Harvard alumnus [[John Jay Osborn Jr.]], about a first year [[Harvard Law School]] student facing a demanding [[contract law]] course and professor.
* ''[[A Small Circle of Friends]]'' (1980), a drama about three Harvard University students in the 1960s
* ''[[Prozac Nation (film)|Prozac Nation]]'' (1994), a psychological drama starring [[Christina Ricci]] based on the [[Prozac Nation|novel of the same name]] by [[Elizabeth Wurtzel]], which documents her real life story as a 19-year-old Harvard freshman struggling with [[substance abuse]] and [[Major depressive disorder|clinical depression]].
* ''[[Legally Blonde]]'' (2001), a comedy film starring [[Reese Witherspoon]] a blonde [[sorority]] girl who enrolls in [[Harvard Law School]] to get her ex-boyfriend back.
* ''[[Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story]]'' (2003), a [[Lifetime (TV channel)|Lifetime]] biographical [[television film]], which chronicles the real life story of [[Liz Murray]] (played by [[Thora Birch]]), who overcomes homelessness and a dysfunctional family to gain entry and a scholarship to Harvard after winning a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]''-sponsored essay competition.
* ''[[The Social Network]]'' (2010), a biographical drama film which portrays the founding of social networking website [[Facebook]].
== See also ==
{{Portal|Massachusetts|United States}}
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* [[Academic regalia of Harvard University]]
* [[Gore Hall]]
* [[Harvard College social clubs]]
* [[Harvard University Police Department]]
* [[Harvard University Press]]
* [[Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society]]
* [[I, Too, Am Harvard]]
* [[List of Harvard University named chairs]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University]]
* [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation]]
* [[Outline of Harvard University]]
* [[Secret Court of 1920]]
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== Notes ==
<references group="Notes"/>
{{Notelist}}
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== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
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* Abelmann, Walter H., ed. ''The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970–1995'' (2004). 346 pp.
* Beecher, Henry K. and Altschule, Mark D. ''Medicine at Harvard: The First 300 Years'' (1977). 569 pp.
* Bentinck-Smith, William, ed. ''The Harvard Book: Selections from Three Centuries'' (2d ed.1982). 499 pp.
* Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; and Shenton, Robert. ''Harvard A to Z'' (2004). 396 pp. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0674012887 excerpt and text search]
* Bethell, John T. ''Harvard Observed: An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century'', Harvard University Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-674-37733-8}}
* Bunting, Bainbridge. ''Harvard: An Architectural History'' (1985). 350 pp.
* Carpenter, Kenneth E. ''The First 350 Years of the Harvard University Library: Description of an Exhibition'' (1986). 216 pp.
* Cuno, James et al. ''Harvard's Art Museums: 100 Years of Collecting'' (1996). 364 pp.
* Elliott, Clark A. and Rossiter, Margaret W., eds. ''Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives'' (1992). 380 pp.
* Hall, Max. ''Harvard University Press: A History'' (1986). 257 pp.
* Hay, Ida. ''Science in the Pleasure Ground: A History of the Arnold Arboretum'' (1995). 349 pp.
* Hoerr, John, ''We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard;'' [[Temple University Press]], 1997, {{ISBN|1-56639-535-6}}
* Howells, Dorothy Elia. ''A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879–1979'' (1978). 152 pp.
* Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Keller. ''Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University'' (2001), major history covers 1933 to 2002 {{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3a%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University |title=online edition|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702220422/https://www.questia.com/read/106186126?title=Making%20Harvard%20Modern%3a%20%20The%20Rise%20of%20America%27s%20University |archive-date=July 2, 2012 }}
* [[Harry R. Lewis|Lewis, Harry R.]] ''Excellence Without a Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education'' (2006) {{ISBN|1-58648-393-5}}
* Morison, Samuel Eliot. ''Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936'' (1986) 512pp; [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUUf7ssp1u4C excerpt and text search]
* Powell, Arthur G. ''The Uncertain Profession: Harvard and the Search for Educational Authority'' (1980). 341 pp.
* Reid, Robert. ''Year One: An Intimate Look inside Harvard Business School'' (1994). 331 pp.
* [[Henry Rosovsky|Rosovsky, Henry]]. ''The University: An Owner's Manual'' (1991). 312 pp.
* Rosovsky, Nitza. ''The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe'' (1986). 108 pp.
* Seligman, Joel. ''The High Citadel: The Influence of Harvard Law School'' (1978). 262 pp.
* Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. ''Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe'' (1993). 548 pp.
* <span id="Trumpbour">Trumpbour, John, ed.</span>, ''How Harvard Rules. Reason in the Service of Empire'', Boston: South End Press, 1989, {{ISBN|0-89608-283-0}}
* Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed., ''[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4662764 Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History]'', New York: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], 2004. 337 pp.
* Winsor, Mary P. ''Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum'' (1991). 324 pp.
* Wright, Conrad Edick. ''Revolutionary Generation: Harvard Men and the Consequences of Independence'' (2005). 298 pp.
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