Lamiales: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Order of dicot flowering plants}}

{{Taxobox

{{Automatic taxobox

| color = lightgreen

| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Ypresian|Recent|[[Ypresian]]-[[Holocene|Recent]]<ref>M. E. J. Chandler. 1964. The Lower Tertiary Floras of Southern England. IV. A summary and survey of findings in the light of recent botanical observations.</ref>}}

| name = Lamiales

| image = Galeopsis speciosa (Zellwald).jpg

| regnum = [[Plantae]]

| image_caption = ''[[Galeopsis speciosa]]''

| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]

| taxon = Lamiales

| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]

| authority = [[Edward Ffrench Bromhead|Bromhead]]{{r|APG3}}

| ordo = '''Lamiales'''

| subdivision_ranks =

| ordo_authority = [[Edward Ffrench Bromhead|Bromhead]]

| subdivision_ref = {{r|APG4}}

| subdivision_ranks = Families

| subdivision =

*[[Acanthaceae]]

See text

*[[Bignoniaceae]]

*[[Byblidaceae]]

*[[Calceolariaceae]]

*[[Carlemanniaceae]]

*[[Gesneriaceae]]

*[[Lamiaceae]]

*[[Linderniaceae]]

*[[Lentibulariaceae]]

*[[Martyniaceae]]

*[[Mazaceae]]

*[[Oleaceae]]

*[[Orobanchaceae]]

*[[Paulowniaceae]]

*[[Pedaliaceae]]

*[[Phrymaceae]]

*[[Plantaginaceae]]

*[[Plocospermataceae]]

*[[Schlegeliaceae]]

*[[Scrophulariaceae]]

*[[Stilbaceae]]

*[[Tetrachondraceae]]

*[[Thomandersiaceae]]

*[[Verbenaceae]]

}}

{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2012}}

The '''Lamiales''' (also known as the '''mint order''') are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[asterids]] clade of the [[Eudicots]].<ref name=APGIV2016>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Under the [[APG IV system]] of flowering plant classification the order consists of 24 families,<ref name=APGIV2016/> and includes about 23,810 species and 1,059 genera<ref name="Oxford University Press-2019">{{Cite book |title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-883333-8 |editor-last=Allaby |editor-first=Michael |edition=4 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198833338.001.0001}}</ref> with representatives found all over the world.<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Schäferhoff |first1=Bastian |last2=Fleischmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Fischer |first3=Eberhard |last4=Albach |first4=Dirk C |last5=Borsch |first5=Thomas |last6=Heubl |first6=Günther |last7=Müller |first7=Kai F |date=2010 |title=Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=352 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-352 |pmid=21073690 |pmc=2992528 |issn=1471-2148|doi-access=free |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..352S }}</ref> Well-known or economically important members of this order include aromatic, culinary, and medicinal [[herb]]s such as [[basil (herb)|basil]], [[mentha|mint]], [[rosemary]], [[Salvia officinalis|sage]], [[savory (herb)|savory]], [[marjoram]], [[oregano]], [[Hyssopus officinalis|hyssop]], [[thyme]], [[lavender]], [[perilla]], [[Aloysia citrodora|lemon verbena]], [[catnip]], [[Monarda|bee balm]], [[Leonotis leonurus|wild dagga]], and [[Leonurus japonicus|oriental motherwort]], as well as [[olive]]s, [[Fraxinus|ash trees]], [[teak]], [[Digitalis|foxgloves]], [[lilac]]s, [[jasmine]], [[Antirrhinum|snapdragons]], [[Streptocarpus_sect._Saintpaulia|African violet]]s, [[Jacaranda]]s, [[Paulownia]]s, [[Buddleja|butterfly bushes]], [[sesame]], and [[psyllium]].

==Description==

The '''Order Lamiales''' is a [[taxon]] in the [[Asteridae|asterid]] group of [[dicotyledon|dicotyledonous]] [[flowering plants]]. Lamiales formerly had a restricted circumscription (e.g., by [[Arthur Cronquist]]) that included the major families [[Lamiaceae]] (Labiatae), [[Verbenaceae]], and [[Boraginaceae]] plus a few smaller families. Recent phylogenetic work has shown that Lamiales is [[polyphyletic]] with respect to order [[Scrophulariales]] and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders Hippuridales and Plantaginales. Lamiales has become the preferred name for this much larger combined group. The placement of Boraginaceae is unclear but phylogenetic work shows that this family does not belong in Lamiales.

[[File:Lavandula angustifolia - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-087.jpg|thumb|Example of Lamiales characteristics (shown on species ''[[Lavandula angustifolia]]'')]]Plant species within the order Lamiales are [[eudicots]] and are herbaceous or have woody stems.<ref name="Springer-2004">{{Cite book |title=Flowering plants, dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) |date=2004 |publisher=Springer |editor=J. W. Kadereit |isbn=3-540-40593-3 |___location=Berlin |oclc=53375899}}</ref> [[Zygomorphic]] flowers are common, having five petals with an upper lip of two petals and lower lip of three petals, but [[actinomorphic]] flowers are also seen.<ref name="Springer-2004" /><ref name="Endress-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Endress |first=Peter K |date=February 2001 |title=Evolution of floral symmetry |journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=86–91 |doi=10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00140-0|pmid=11163173 |bibcode=2001COPB....4...86E }}</ref> Species potentially have five [[stamen]]s, but these are typically reduced to two or four.<ref name="Springer-2004" /><ref name="Endress-2001" /> Lamiales also produce a single [[Style (botany)|style]] attached to an ovary typically containing two [[carpel]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Westerkamp |first1=Christian |last2=Claßen-Bockhoff |first2=Regine |date=2007-08-01 |title=Bilabiate Flowers: The Ultimate Response to Bees? |journal=Annals of Botany |language=en |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=361–374 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcm123 |doi-access=free |issn=1095-8290 |pmc=2735325 |pmid=17652341}}</ref> The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] is mostly observed to be [[Superior ovary|superior]].<ref name="Zhang-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Caifei |last2=Zhang |first2=Taikui |last3=Luebert |first3=Federico |last4=Xiang |first4=Yezi |last5=Huang |first5=Chien-Hsun |last6=Hu |first6=Yi |last7=Rees |first7=Mathew |last8=Frohlich |first8=Michael W |last9=Qi |first9=Ji |last10=Weigend |first10=Maximilian |last11=Ma |first11=Hong |date=2020-11-01 |editor-last=Saitou |editor-first=Naruya |title=Asterid Phylogenomics/Phylotranscriptomics Uncover Morphological Evolutionary Histories and Support Phylogenetic Placement for Numerous Whole-Genome Duplications |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=3188–3210 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa160 |pmid=32652014 |doi-access=free |issn=0737-4038}}</ref> The [[inflorescence]] is typically seen as [[Cyme (botany)|cyme]], [[raceme]] or [[Spike (botany)|spike]].<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" /> The fruit type is usually [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]] [[Capsule (fruit)|capsules]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McDade |first1=L. A. |last2=Daniel |first2=T. F. |last3=Kiel |first3=C. A. |date=2008-09-01 |title=Toward a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae s.l. (Lamiales) |url= |journal=American Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=95 |issue=9 |pages=1136–1152 |doi=10.3732/ajb.0800096 |pmid=21632432 |doi-access= |bibcode=2008AmJB...95.1136M |issn=0002-9122}}</ref>  [[Glandular hair]]s are present on the plants.<ref name="Springer-2004" />[[File:Utricularia aurea 8 Darwiniana.jpg|thumb|Carnivorous plant in the order Lamiales; ''[[Utricularia aurea]]'']]

A number of species of [[carnivorous plant]]s are found in the families [[Lentibulariaceae]] and [[Byblidaceae]].<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" /> [[Protocarnivorous plant|Protocarnivorous]] plant species have also been found in the order, specifically in the [[Martyniaceae]] family.<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" />[[File:Cordylanthusrigidus.jpg|thumb|Parasitic plant in the order Lamiales; ''[[Cordylanthus rigidus]]'']]

[[Parasitic plant]] species are found in the order, belonging to the family [[Orobanchaceae]].<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" /> These parasitic plants can either be [[hemi-parasite]]s or [[Holoparasitism|holoparasites]].<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" />

== Taxonomy ==

The circumscription of [[Scrophulariaceae]], formerly a heterogeneous para/polyphyletic group defined primarily by plesiomorphic characters and from within which numerous other families of the Lamiales were derived, has been radically altered to create a number of smaller, better-defined and putatively monophyletic families.

===Phylogeny===

The [[APG IV]] system gives the following cladogram for Lamiales.{{r|APG4}}

{{clade

Under this definition some well-known members of Lamiales are [[lavender]], [[lilac]], [[olive]], [[jasmine]], the [[ash tree]], [[teak]], [[snapdragon]]s, and a number of table herbs such as [[mint]], [[basil]], and [[rosemary]].

|label1='''Lamiales'''

|1={{clade

|1=[[Plocospermataceae]]

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=[[Carlemanniaceae]]

|2=[[Oleaceae]]

}}

|2={{clade

|1=[[Tetrachondraceae]]

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=[[Peltantheraceae]]

|2={{clade

|1=[[Calceolariaceae]]

|2=[[Gesneriaceae]]

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=[[Plantaginaceae]]

|2={{clade

|1=[[Scrophulariaceae]]

|2={{clade

|1=[[Stilbaceae]]

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=[[Byblidaceae]]

|2=[[Linderniaceae]]

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=[[Acanthaceae]]

|2=[[Martyniaceae]]

|3=[[Pedaliaceae]]

}}

|2={{clade

|1=[[Bignoniaceae]]

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=[[Lentibulariaceae]]

|2=[[Schlegeliaceae]]

}}

|2={{clade

|1=[[Thomandersiaceae]]

|2=[[Verbenaceae]]

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=[[Lamiaceae]]

|2={{clade

|1=[[Mazaceae]]

|2={{clade

|1=[[Phrymaceae]]

|2={{clade

|1=[[Orobanchaceae]]

|2=[[Paulowniaceae]]

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

The Lamiales previously had a restricted circumscription (e.g., by [[Arthur Cronquist]]) that included the major families [[Lamiaceae]] (Labiatae), [[Verbenaceae]], and [[Boraginaceae]], plus a few smaller families. In the classification system of [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] the Lamiales were in the [[superorder]] Lamiiflorae (also called Lamianae). Recent phylogenetic work has shown the Lamiales are [[polyphyletic]] with respect to order [[Scrophulariales]] and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders [[Hippuridales]] and [[Plantaginales]]. Lamiales has become the preferred name for this much larger combined group. The placement of the [[Boraginaceae]] is unclear, but phylogenetic work shows this family does not belong in Lamiales.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

Under the older [[Cronquist system]] of classification, the Lamiales included the families [[Lamiaceae]], [[Verbenaceae]], [[Boraginaceae]], and [[Lennoaceae]]. Many of the other families listed below were placed in the Order [[Scrophulariales]]. Inclusion of all the following families is typical of newer classifications:

Also, the circumscription of family [[Scrophulariaceae]], formerly a [[paraphyletic]] group defined primarily by [[plesiomorphic]] characters and from within which numerous other families of the Lamiales were derived, has been radically altered to create a number of smaller, better-defined, and putatively [[monophyletic]] families.<ref name="Flei10" />

Species in the order Lamiales show typically the following characteristics, although there are exceptions to all of them:

=== Dating ===

* superior [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] composed of two fused [[carpel]]s

Much research has been conducted in recent years regarding the dating the Lamiales [[Lineage (evolution)|lineage]], although there still remains some ambiguity. A 2004 study, on the molecular [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] dating of [[Asterids|asterid]] flowering plants, estimated 106 million years (MY) for the stem lineage of Lamiales.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bremer |first1=K. |last2=Friis |first2=E. M. |last3=Bremer |first3=B. |date=2004 |title=Molecular phylogenetic dating of asterid flowering plants shows early Cretaceous diversification |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=496–505 |doi=10.1080/10635150490445913 |issn=1063-5157 |pmid=15503676 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A similar study in 2009 estimated 80 million years.<ref name="magallon2009">{{citation |author1=Susana Magallón |title=Angiosperm diversification through time |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=349–365 |year=2009 |doi=10.3732/ajb.0800060 |pmid=21628193 |name-list-style=amp |author2=Amanda Castillo}}</ref> Another 2009 study gives several reasons why the issue is particularly difficult to solve.<ref name="Schäferhoff-2010" />

* five [[petal]]s fused into a tube

* bilaterally symmetrical, often bilabiate [[corolla]]s

* four (or fewer) fertile stamens

There are about 11,000 species in the Lamiales. They are divided among 10 or more families ([http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d52/52e.htm Uni-Ham 52e] 2002-09-06):

* Family [[Lamiaceae]] ([[mint]] family)

** 200 genera, 3200 species (according to Gleason & Cronquist) Placed in this order by cladists.

* Family [[Verbenaceae]] ([[verbena]] family)

* Family [[Scrophulariaceae]] ([[figwort]] family)

** about 190 genera and about 4000 species. According to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]] this family is to be recircumscribed to include [[Buddlejaceae]] and ''Myoporaceae'' and exclude several former members; these are assigned to [[Calceolariaceae]], [[Orobanchaceae]], [[Paulowniaceae]], [[Phrymaceae]] and [[Plantaginaceae]]

* Family [[Myoporaceae]]

** 3 genera ([http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d52/52efam.htm Uni-Ham 52efam] 2002-09-06)

* Family [[Orobanchaceae]] ([[broomrape]] family)

** 5 genera. Not listed in Uni-Ham; used to be included in Scrophulariaceae. ([http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/Relation-Scroph.html siu.edu] 2002-09-06)

* Family [[Acanthaceae]] ([[Acanthus (genus)|acanthus]] family) (incl. [[Avicenniaceae]])

** about 250 genera and about 2500 species. [http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/vascular/acanth.htm Uni-Ham acanth] 2002-09-06)

* Family [[Pedaliacae]] ([[pedalium]] family)

** 17 genera ([http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d52/52efam.htm Uni-Ham 52efam] 2002-09-06)

* Family [[Bignoniaceae]] ([[trumpet creeper]] family)

** about 100 genera and about 800 species ([http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/vascular/bignoni.htm Uni-Ham bignoni] 2002-09-06)

* Family [[Lentibulariaceae]] ([[bladderwort]] family)

** 3 genera ([http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d52/52efam.htm Uni-Ham 52efam] 2002-09-06)

* Family [[Plantaginaceae]] ([[plantago]] family) (includes the former Globulariaceae)

* Family [[Paulowniaceae]]

* Family [[Martyniaceae]]

* Family [[Byblidaceae]]

* Family [[Phrymaceae]]

* Family [[Schlegeliaceae]]

* Family [[Stilbaceae]]

* Family [[Tetrachondraceae]]

* Family [[Carlemanniaceae]]

* Family [[Gesneriaceae]] ([[gesneria]] family)

** about 150 genera and 3200 species

* Family [[Calceolariaceae]] ([[slipper flower]]s)

* Family [[Oleaceae]] ([[olive]] family)

** about 25 genera ([http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cgi-bin/web.dbs/genlist.pl?OLEACEAE Kew Oleaceae] 2002-09-06) and about 600 species ([http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/vascular/ole.htm ole] 2002-09-06). Sometimes found under [[Gentianales]].

* Family [[Plocosperma]]taceae

== Habitat ==

The Lamiales order can be found in almost all kinds of habitats world-wide.<ref name="Fonseca 107287">{{Cite journal |last=Fonseca |first=Luiz Henrique M. |date=November 2021 |title=Combining molecular and geographical data to infer the phylogeny of Lamiales and its dispersal patterns in and out of the tropics |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=164 |article-number=107287 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107287|pmid=34365014 |bibcode=2021MolPE.16407287F }}</ref> These habitats include [[forest]]s, [[valley]]s, [[grassland]]s, rocky terrain, [[rainforest]]s, [[Tropics|the tropics]], [[temperate regions]], [[marsh]]es, [[coastlines]], and even frozen areas.<ref name="Zhang-2020" /><ref name="Fonseca 107287" /><ref name="Sharma-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Archna |last2=Sharma |first2=Alka |last3=Kumar |first3=Vijay |last4=Kumar |first4=Ashwini |date=2015 |title=Selected Medicinal Plants of Order Lamiales Used in Traditional Medicine |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271211959 |journal=American Journal of Pharmacy and Health Research |volume=3 |issue=1 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

== External linksUses ==

The order Lamiales has a variety of species with anthropogenic uses, the most popular belonging to the [[Lamiaceae]] and [[Acanthaceae]] families.<ref name="Sharma-2015" /> Many of these species in the order Lamiales produce medicinal properties from [[alkaloid]]s and [[saponin]]s to help a variety of [[infection]]s and [[disease]]s.<ref name="Sharma-2015" /> These alkaloids and saponins may help with [[digestion]], the [[common cold]] or [[Influenza|flu]], [[asthma]], liver infections, [[pulmonary infection]]s and contain [[antioxidant]] properties.<ref name="Sharma-2015" />

{{wikispecies}}

* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiales Lamiales]

* [http://depts.washington.edu/phylo/OlmsteadPubs/Asteridae.1993.Annals.pdf A parsimony analysis of the Asteridae sensu lato based on rbcL sequences]

* [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/2/348 Distintegration of the Scrophulariaceae] (deals with relationships throughout Lamiales)

* http://www.itis.usda.gov of 2002-05-31 TSN: 500018

* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com

* http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/vascular/acanth.htm 2002-09-06

* http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d52/52e.htm 2002-09-06

* http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d52/52efam.htm 2002-09-06

* http://www.science.siu.edu/parasitic-plants/Relation-Scroph.html

* http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/web.dbs/genlist.html 2002-09-06

Species within the order are also known to have properties to repel insects and help control harmful diseases from insects, such as [[Malaria]] from [[mosquito]]s.<ref name="Rawani-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Rawani |first1=Anjali |last2=Ghosh |first2=Anupam |last3=Chandra |first3=Goutam |date=July 2014 |title=Mosquito larvicidal potential of four common medicinal plants of India |journal=The Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=102–108 |issn=0975-9174 |pmc=4181141 |pmid=25222784}}</ref><ref name="Sharma-2015" /> Plants of the family [[Acanthaceae]] have bioactive secondary metabolites within their mature leaves, which have been found to be toxic to insect larvae.<ref name="Rawani-2014" /> Botanical derived insecticides are a good alternate for chemical or synthetic insecticides as it is inexpensive, abundant and safe for other plants, non-target organisms and the environment.<ref name="Rawani-2014" />

[[Category:Lamiales| ]]

Many species within the order are used as decorations, [[flavouring agent]]s, [[cosmetics]] and [[fragrances]].<ref name="Sharma-2015" /> [[Natural dye]]s can also be extracted from Lamiales species.<ref name="Sharma-2015" /><ref name="Maxia-2013" /> For example, in [[Sardinia]] culture, the most common Lamiales plant species used for natural dyes is ''[[Lavandula stoechas]],'' where a light-green dye is extracted from the stem.<ref name="Maxia-2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Maxia |first1=Andrea |last2=Meli |first2=Francesca |last3=Gaviano |first3=Carla |last4=Picciau |first4=Rosangela |last5=De Martis |first5=Bruno |last6=Kasture |first6=Sanjay |last7=Kasture |first7=Veene |date=2013 |title=Dye plants: Natural resources from traditional botanical knowledge of Sardinia Island, Italy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262010451 |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge |pages=651–656}}</ref>

[[ca:Lamial]]

[[da:Læbeblomst-ordenen]]

==References==

[[de:Lippenblütlerartige]]

{{Reflist|refs=

[[es:Lamiales]]

<ref name="APG3">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

[[fr:Lamiales]]

[[ko:꿀풀목]]

<ref name="APG4">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[it:Lamiales]]

[[lt:Notreliečiai]]

<ref name=Flei10>{{Cite journal|last1=Schäferhoff|first1=Bastian|last2=Fleischmann|first2=Andreas|last3=Fischer|first3=Eberhard|last4=Albach|first4=Dirk C|last5=Borsch|first5=Thomas|last6=Heubl|first6=Günther|last7=Müller|first7=Kai F|date=2010|title=Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=352|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-352|pmid=21073690 |pmc=2992528 |issn=1471-2148|doi-access=free|bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..352S }}</ref>

[[hu:Árvacsalán-virágúak]]

}}

[[ms:Lamiales]]

[[nl:Lamiales]]

==External links==

[[ja:シソ目]]

*[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiales Lamiales]

[[no:Lamiales]]

*[http://depts.washington.edu/phylo/OlmsteadPubs/Asteridae.1993.Annals.pdf A parsimony analysis of the Asteridae sensu lato based on rbcL sequences]

[[pl:Jasnotowce]]

*[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/2/348 Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310225221/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/2/348 |date=2007-03-10 }} (deals with relationships throughout Lamiales)

[[pt:Lamiales]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] http://delta-intkey.com

[[ro:Lamiales]]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093942/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/vascular/acanth.htm Acanthaceae] 2002-09-06

[[ru:Губоцветные (порядок)]]

*https://web.archive.org/web/20070630151231/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d52/52e.htm 2002-09-06

[[fi:Lamiales]]

*https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093206/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/d52/52efam.htm 2002-09-06

[[sv:Lamiales]]

*https://web.archive.org/web/20050914001131/http://www.science.siu.edu/parasitic-plants/Relation-Scroph.html

[[vi:Bộ Hoa môi]]

*https://web.archive.org/web/20070311032641/http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/web.dbs/genlist.html 2002-09-06

[[tr:Ballıbabagiller]]

*{{Commons category-inline}}

[[zh:脣形目]]

*{{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Angiosperm orders}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q21742}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lamiales| ]]

[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]