Snakehead (fish): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 00:02, 14 May 2005

Latest revision as of 21:31, 4 May 2025

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{{Short description|Family of fishes}}

{{Taxobox_begin | color = pink | name = Snakehead}}

{{Other uses|Snakehead (disambiguation)}}

{{Taxobox_image | image = [[image:northern snakehead.jpg|250px|]] | caption = ''[[Channa argus]]''}}

{{distinguish|Chanidae}}

{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = pink}}

{{Automatic taxobox

{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = [[Animal]]ia}}

| fossil_range = [[Eocene]] to recent, {{fossil range|48.6|0}}

{{Taxobox_phylum_entry | taxon = [[Chordata]]}}

| image = Snakehead - Channa argus 2.jpg

{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Actinopterygii]]}}

| image_caption = [[Northern snakehead]], ''Channa argus''

{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Perciformes]]}}

| parent_authority = [[Lev Berg|Berg]], 1940

{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = '''Channidae'''}}

| taxon = Channidae

{{Taxobox_end_placement}}

| authority = [[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1934

{{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = [[Genera]]}}

| subdivision_ranks = Genera

[[Channa]]<br/>

| subdivision = see text

[[Parachanna]]

}}

{{Taxobox_end}}

AThe '''snakeheadsnakeheads''', sometimesare called a "Frankenfish" for its ability to live in oxygen-depleted water, is any of about 31 speciesmembers of the [[fresh water|freshwater]] [[fishperciform]] [[familyfish (biology)|family]] '''Channidae'''., Theynative areto foundparts inof tropical [[Africa]] and theAsia. Indo-[[Pacific]]These regionelongated, especially [[China]],predatory [[Koreafish]] and [[Sri Lanka]], where they are considered a delicacy. The [[predator]]y fish is distinguished by atheir long [[dorsal fin]] fins, smalllarge headmouths, largeand mouth andshiny teeth,. andThey thebreathe abilityair towith survivegills, onwhich landallows forthem ato migrate short perioddistances ofover time (compare [[eel]])land. TheThey snakehead feeds on other fish,have [[earthwormBranchial arch|suprabranchial]]s, [[insect]]sorgans, aquaticwhich [[bird]]sare and,primitive occasionally,forms smallof [[mammal]]slabyrinth such as [[ratorgan]]s., Adultthat snakeheadsdevelop canwhen reachthey agrow lengtholder.<ref>Pinter, ofH. 1(1986). [[metre|meter]]''Labyrinth andFish.'' a weight of more than 6 [[kilogram]]Barron's. Educational

Series, Inc., {{ISBN|0-8120-5635-3}}.</ref> The two [[Extant taxon|extant]] [[genera]] are ''[[Channa]]'' in Asia and ''[[Parachanna]]'' in Africa, consisting of more than 50 species.

They are valuable as a food source and have become notorious as an intentionally released [[invasive species]]. These fish have been kept as pets but as they get larger, people let them go into ponds, lakes, and rivers, making these fish invasive.

Between [[2002]] and [[2004]], there have been snakeheads found in the wild in the [[Washington, DC]] area, prompting fears that it could become an [[invasive species]] and cause [[ecological damage]]. The snakeheads are sold as pets and were probably brought into the area for food purposes, but were then released for unknown reasons.

==Description==

On [[October 9]] [[2004]] a fisherman caught one in [[Lake Michigan]] at Burnham Harbor in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. They have also been spotted in [[Washington State]], [[California]], [[Texas]], [[Alabama]], [[Florida]], [[North Carolina]], [[Virginia]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], and [[Pennsylvania]].

The various [[species]] of snakeheads differ greatly in size; [[dwarf snakeheads]], such as ''[[Channa orientalis]]'', do not surpass {{convert|25|cm|abbr=on|0}} in length. Most other snakeheads reach between {{convert|30|and|90|cm|abbr=on}}. Five species (''[[Northern snakehead|C. argus]]'', ''[[Channa barca|C. barca]]'', ''[[Channa marulius|C. marulius]]'', ''[[Giant snakehead|C. micropeltes]]'', and ''[[Channa striata|C. striata]]'') can reach {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} or more.<ref>{{FishBase genus | genus=Channa | month=June | year= 2014}}</ref>

Snakeheads are thrust-feeders{{Clarify|reason=what is a "thrust-feeder"?|date=December 2024}} that consume [[plankton]], [[aquatic insect]]s, and [[mollusk]]s when small. As adults, they mostly feed on other fish (such as [[carp]]) or on frogs. In rare cases, small rodents such as rats are eaten.

==Removal from Unwanted Areas==

When the process begins, officials will apply the herbicides Diquat Dibromide and Glyphosate (also known as Rodeo) to the pond to eliminate aquatic vegetation. These chemicals cause oxygen levels to drop, and a subsequent fish kill occurs. The herbicides are sprayed on and into the water from boats.

==History==

Approximately one to two weeks after the application of the herbicides, application of the piscicide Rotenone, eliminates remaining fish. Dead fish are removed daily; however, unpleasant odors from decaying organic material are to be expected. Like the herbicides, Rotenone will be sprayed on and into the water from boats.

The Channidae are well represented in the fossil record and known from numerous specimens. They likely originated in the south Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day northern India and eastern Pakistan) at least 50 million years ago (Mya), during the [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]] epoch. Two of the earliest known species, ''[[Eochanna chorlakkiensis]]'' <!-- <small>Roe 1991</small> --> and ''Anchichanna kuldanensis'' <!-- <small>Murray & Thewissen, 2008</small> -->, have both been found in the [[Middle Eocene]] of Pakistan.<ref name=Murray2008>{{cite journal |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[41:EAFFPW]2.0.CO;2 |year=2008 |volume=28 |pages=41–52 |title=Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan, with the description of a new genus and species of channid (channiformes) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |last1=Murray |first1=A. M. |last2=Thewissen |first2=J. G. M. |s2cid=85925173 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roe |first1=L. J. |year=1991 |hdl=2027.42/48541 |title=Phylogenetic and Ecological Significance of Channidae (Osteichthyes Teleostei) from the Early Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Pakistan |journal = Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=93–100 }}</ref> By 17 Mya, during the [[Burdigalian|Early Miocene]], Channidae had spread into western and central Eurasia, and by 8 Mya, during the late [[Tortonian]], they existed throughout Africa and East Asia.<ref name="Böhme">{{cite journal |doi=10.1130/G20316.1 |title=Migration history of air-breathing fishes reveals Neogene atmospheric circulation patterns |journal=Geology |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=393 |year=2004 |last1=Böhme |first1=M. |bibcode=2004Geo....32..393B }}</ref> As Channidae are adapted to climates of high precipitation with mean temperatures of 20&nbsp;°C (68&nbsp;°F), their migrations into Europe and Asia correspond to the development of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]], which increased air humidity, and the intensification of the [[East Asian monsoon]]. Both weather patterns emerged due to greater vertical growth of the [[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]], and [[Himalayas]], which affected Eurasian climatic patterns.<ref name="Böhme"/>

==Ecological concerns==

[[File:Gabus 070909 0242 rwg.jpg|thumb|right|Snakehead murrel, ''[[Channa striata]]'', Java, Indonesia]]

Snakeheads can become invasive species and cause [[Ecosystem health|ecological damage]] because, in many areas to which they are not native, the absence of natural enemies makes them an [[apex predator]]. Not only can they breathe air, but they can also survive on land for up to four days, provided they are wet, and are known to migrate up to 400 m (1/4&nbsp;mi) on wet land to other bodies of water by wriggling with their bodies and fins.

[[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|''National Geographic'']] has referred to snakeheads as "fishzilla"<ref name="natgeo-1">{{cite web|url=http://ngcblog.nationalgeographic.com/ngcblog/2007/12/snakehead_frenzy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208013918/http://ngcblog.nationalgeographic.com/ngcblog/2007/12/snakehead_frenzy.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 8, 2007 |title=Snakehead Frenzy! |work=NGC Blog |publisher=[[National Geographic Channel]] |date=2007-12-03 |first=Elena |last=Cruz}}</ref> and the [[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|National Geographic Channel]] reported the "northern snakehead reaches sexual maturity by age two or three. Each spawning-age female can release up to 15,000 eggs at once. Snakeheads can mate as often as five times a year. This means in just two years, a single female can release up to 150,000 eggs."<ref name="natgeo-2">{{cite web|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/wild/3449/Overview#tab-Videos/03181_10 |title=Fishzilla: Snakehead Invasion |work=Wild |publisher=[[National Geographic Channel]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515220447/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/wild/3449/Overview |archive-date=2008-05-15 }} Video clip titled: "The Northern Snakehead fish wreaks havoc".</ref>

"Since 2002, it has been illegal to possess a live snakehead in many U.S. states, where they are considered a destructive invasive species."<ref name=usgs2004 /> Virginia has criminalized the "introduction" of snakeheads into the state without specific authorization, although the relevant statute does not explain whether mere importation is sufficient to constitute "introduction into the Commonwealth" or whether instead release into the environment is required.<ref>[http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter7/section18.2-313.2/ Code of Virginia § 18.2-313.2]: "Any person who knowingly introduces into the Commonwealth any snakehead fish of the family Channidae[...] without a permit from the Director of Game and Inland Fisheries [...] is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor [punishable by up to twelve months in jail and/or a fine of up to $2,500]."</ref>

===Intentional introductions===

Humans have been introducing snakeheads to nonindigenous waters for over 100 years. In parts of Asia and Africa, the snakehead is considered a valuable food fish since the flesh is very tender, and is produced in [[fish farming|aquacultures]] (fisheries motivation) or by accidental release (as was the case in [[Crofton, Maryland]]).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fields |first=Helen |date=February 2005 |title=Invasion of the Snakeheads |at=Science |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/invasion-of-the-snakeheads-85051261/ }}</ref> Examples of the introduction of snakeheads to nonindigenous waters include:

* ''[[Channa maculata]]'' was introduced to Madagascar and to Hawaii around the end of the 19th century. It can still be found there today.

* ''[[Channa striata]]'' was introduced to islands east of the [[Wallace line]] by governmental programs in the latter half of the 20th century. In Fiji, the introduction failed.

* ''[[Channa asiatica]]'', which is native to southern China, was introduced to Taiwan and southern Japan; the origin of and reason for the introduction are unknown.

* ''[[Channa argus]]'', which is native to northern China's [[Amur River]], was introduced to central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan). It was introduced from the [[Korean Peninsula]] to Japan about 100 years ago due to fisheries' motivations. Its introduction to Czechoslovakia by its government in the 1960s failed.

===Reported sightings===

====In the United States====

<!-- Do not add sightings without also adding a reference from a reliable source, or it will be deleted. -->

Snakeheads became a national news topic in the United States because of the appearance of ''C. argus'', commonly known as [[northern snakehead]]s, spawning in a Crofton, Maryland, pond in 2002.<ref name="usgs2004">Courtenay, Jr., Walter R. and James D. Williams.

[https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1251 USGS Circular 1251: Snakeheads (Pisces, Chinnidae) - A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey]. 2004-04-01. Retrieved 2021-07-05.</ref> Northern snakeheads became permanently established in the [[Potomac River]] around 2004,<ref name="baltsun">[http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/outdoors/bal-md.snakeheads27apr27,0,6241227.story Potomac snakeheads not related to others] Associated Press, ''Baltimore Sun'', 27 April 2007.</ref> and possibly established in [[Florida]].<ref name="usgs2004" /> In about {{convert|120|mi|abbr=on}} of river, the population has surpassed 21,000 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160317-snakeheads-potomac-river-chesapeake-bay-invasive-species-fish/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319141417/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160317-snakeheads-potomac-river-chesapeake-bay-invasive-species-fish/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 19, 2016|title=Fishermen Battle Invasive 'Frankenfish' Snakeheads|first=Brian |last=Clark Howard |website=National Geographic News|access-date=2016-03-18|date=2016-03-17}}</ref>

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, snakeheads have also been spotted in <!-- DO NOT ADD STATES UNLESS YOU ADD A REF SUPPORTING THE CLAIM, OR IT WILL BE DELETED. -->[[California]], [[Delaware]], Florida, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Maine]], Maryland, [[Massachusetts]], [[Virginia]], Louisiana,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nola.com/news/environment/snakehead-aggressive-air-breathing-fish-invades-louisiana/article_51a2c736-06e0-11ee-b4a0-037e655cd1dc.html | title=The snakehead is here: Aggressive, air-breathing fish makes first appearance in Louisiana | date=9 June 2023 }}</ref> and [[Rhode Island]].<ref name="EPA">"History of introduction in the United States: Four species of snakeheads (''Channa argus, C. marulius, C. micropeltes,'' and'' C. striata'') have been recorded from open waters of the United States (California, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island), and two have become established as reproducing populations." [http://www.epa.gov/EPA-IMPACT/2002/October/Day-04/i25337.htm Injurious Wildlife Species; Snakeheads] Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2008.</ref> Snakeheads have also been spotted in [[New York (state)|New York State]] according to the state's Department of Environmental Conservation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Invasive Northern Snakehead - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/45470.html |website=NYS DEC |publisher=New York State |access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref> Snakeheads have been caught in New Jersey since at least 2008 and, according to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, the snakehead population appears to be growing and expanding its distribution. Due to the extensive habitat available and sheer size of the Delaware River, complete eradication of the species does not appear to be feasible.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Snakehead Management Activities: 2010" |url=https://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/pdf/fwfisheries/invasive_snakehead10.pdf}}</ref>

==== World record ====

According to the [[International Game Fish Association]], two {{cvt|13.61|kg|lboz}} [[Channa micropeltes|giant snakeheads]], both from [[Rawang, Malaysia]] are tied for the record.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://igfa.org/member-services/world-record/common-name/Snakehead,%20giant|title=Snakehead, giant (''Channa micropeltes'')|website=International Game Fish Association|access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>

==Culinary use==

Snakeheads are valuable [[food fish]]. Called ''nga yant'' in Burmese and in Manipur [Meiteilon] as ''porom'', they are prized fish eaten in a variety of ways. In south India, specifically the state of Kerala natively called '''Varal''' (Malayalam: '''വരാൽ''') this fish is used to make Varal curry which is very famous in the state. In Vietnam, they are called ''cá lóc'', ''cá quả'', or ''cá chuối'', and are served in clay-pot, steamed, and pickled preparations. Larger species, such as ''C. striata'', ''C. maculata'', and ''[[Parachanna obscura]]'', are farmed in [[aquaculture]]. In the United States, chefs have suggested controlling the snakehead invasion by serving them in restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.msn.com/pop-culture/chefs-solution-for-invading-frankenfish-eat-em |title=Chefs' solution for invading 'Frankenfish'? Eat 'em |publisher=News.msn.com |access-date=2014-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320040239/http://news.msn.com/pop-culture/chefs-solution-for-invading-frankenfish-eat-em |archive-date=2014-03-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In Indonesia, snakehead fish, called ''ikan gabus'', are served as the main parts of traditional dishes such as the [[Betawi people]]'s ''pucung gabus'', and considered to be a delicacy due to their rarity in the wild and in aquaculture, as they are harder to raise than other popular [[freshwater fish]] such as catfish and carp. In the [[Philippines]], where it's called "Haluan" (the [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]] call it "Dalag"), it is a favorite among [[Maguindanao people|Maguindanaons]] and [[Iranun people|Iranuns.]]

[[File:Punkt-Schlangenkopf (Channa pleurophthalma) 5.jpg|thumb|right|''C. pleurophthalma'']]

==Classification==

The snakeheads comprise two [[Extant taxon|extant]] genera:

* ''[[Channa]]'' <small>[[Giovanni Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1777</small> (49 species native to Asia)

* ''[[Parachanna]]'' <small>Teugels & Daget 1984</small> (three extant species, one fossil species, all native to Africa)

Two other genera are only known from fossils:

* [[Extinction|†]]''[[Anchichanna]]'' <small>Murray & Thewissen, 2008</small><ref name = Murray>{{cite journal | author1 = A. M. Murray | author2 = J.G.M. Thewissen | name-list-style = amp | title = Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan, with the description of a new genus and species of channid (channiformes) | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[41:EAFFPW]2.0.CO;2 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | year = 2008 | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–52| s2cid = 85925173 }}</ref> (one species)

* †''[[Eochanna]]'' <small>Roe, 1991</small> (one species)

The genus ''[[Aenigmachanna]]'' was initially classified in Channidae upon its discovery, but analysis supports it being reclassified into its own family [[Aenigmachannidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Britz|first1=Ralf|last2=Dahanukar|first2=Neelesh|last3=Anoop|first3=V. K.|last4=Philip|first4=Siby|last5=Clark|first5=Brett|last6=Raghavan|first6=Rajeev|last7=Rüber|first7=Lukas|date=2020-09-30|title=Aenigmachannidae, a new family of snakehead fishes (Teleostei: Channoidei) from subterranean waters of South India|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=16081|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-73129-6|pmid=32999397|pmc=7527459|bibcode=2020NatSR..1016081B |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

<!--please do not add a list of shows that simply mention the fish. Named items should be directly concerned with the animal itself-->

After its release in non-native North American waters, either accidentally or intentionally, the aggressive and predator-free snakehead's reputation as a "Frankenfish"<ref name="bc">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-s-snakehead-caught-after-burnaby-pond-drained-1.1242793 |title=B.C.'s snakehead caught after Burnaby pond drained. CBC News (Posted: June 8, 2012) |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2012-06-08 |access-date=2014-03-20}}</ref> or "monster fish" has become part of popular culture.<ref>"The Ultimate Monster Fish: The Frankenfish Snakehead", Carina Suarez, 28 July 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140913193821/http://tvblogs.nationalgeographic.com/2014/07/28/the-ultimate-monster-fish-the-frankenfish-snakehead/ National Geographic]</ref> Besides mentions on TV shows such as ''[[The Sopranos]],<ref>"[[Soprano Home Movies]]" episode 13, season 6, ''The Sopranos'', 8 April 2007, HBO</ref> [[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]'',<ref>{{Citation|title=Blackmail - The Office US|date=2018-02-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKRo6SAwYKA|access-date=2018-04-01}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> ''[[CSI:NY]]'' episode "Sangre por Sangre", [[Central Park (TV series)#Episodes|Central Park]] episode "A Fish Called Snakehead", and [[Bless the Harts]] episode "Crappy Death Day", the snakehead has been featured in four [[Syfy|Sci-fi Channel]] original pictures entitled ''[[Snakehead Terror]]'', ''[[Frankenfish]]'', ''[[Swarm of the Snakehead]]'', and ''Snakehead Swamp''.

In the [[Animal Planet]] TV series ''[[River Monsters]]'', [[Jeremy Wade]] shows a dramatization of a snakehead, "the fish from hell",<!--this is verbatim from the show, not vandalism or an editorial comment--> stalking an unsuspecting baby and a [[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahua]]. With the help of a snakehead researcher, however, Wade shows that although it is capable of living outside of water and is able to move on land, its weak pectoral muscles make movement difficult and render the snakehead an unlikely "stalker" on land.

In the animated series [[The Penguins of Madagascar|Penguins of Madagascar]], the snakehead is portrayed as a ferocious killer fish of monstrous size with a mouth full of razor-sharp teeth that scared off a family of [[ducks]] from their pond in [[Central Park]]. The penguins go to the park to investigate and end up running into the snakehead. All of the penguins (except Skipper) are terrified of the fish. But in the end, the penguins face their fears and build a submarine to hunt down and kill the snakehead. Eventually, the team defeats the fish by tossing a soda bottle, which was shaken up earlier by [[King Julien]] when he attempted to christen the penguin’s submarine, into the fish’s mouth, and the bottle explodes, killing the snakehead, which is later served as [[sushi]] by the penguins.

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/fish/river-monsters/giant-snakehead/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820142414/http://animal.discovery.com/fish/river-monsters/giant-snakehead/|archive-date=2012-08-20|title=GIANT SNAKEHEAD|website=animal.discovery.com}}</ref>

<!--please do not add a list of shows that simply mention the fish. Named items should be directly and centrally concerned with the animal itself-->

[[File:Amia calva 4.jpg|thumb|right|A [[bowfin]], a [[living fossil]], often confused with the snakehead]]

==See also==

* [[Amphibious fish]]

* [[Bowfin]]

{{clear}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{FishBase family | family = Channidae | month = January | year = 2006}}

* {{ITIS | taxon = Channidae | id = 166661 | access-date = 20 March 2006}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Channidae}}

*[http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=624&e=3&u=/ap/alien_fish AP article about a second snakehead fish found in Potomac]

{{Wikispecies|Channidae}}

*[http://www.scinet.cc/articles/northern-snakehead/frankenfish.html Overview of Northern Snakehead biology]

* [https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1251 Snakeheads—A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment] published by the [[U.S. Geological Survey]]

*[http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=166661 ITIS entry]

* [http://fishing.about.com/cs/fishfactsinfo/a/aa092703a.htm About.com's article on Snakeheads]

Student writes article on Snakehead problem in Florida

* [http://www.snakeheads.org snakeheads.org] world's largest website for snakeheads

http://www.biodiversitypartners.org/state/fl/snakehead.shtml

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051212212509/http://www.scinet.cc/articles/northern-snakehead/frankenfish.html Overview of Northern Snakehead biology]

----

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060822125124/http://www.mauricemartin.net/snakehead.htm Fish or Foul: Snakeheads near Washington, D.C., and the people who love them]

The term '''snakehead''' is also used for [[Chinese]] [[gang]]s that engage in [[alien smuggling]].

* [https://www.middletownpress.com/middletown/article/Connecticut-s-only-snakehead-predator-fish-17279610.php Sighting of snakehead predator fish in CT has DEEP 'concerned']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q503788}}

[[ja:&#12521;&#12452;&#12462;&#12519;]]

[[Category:PerciformesChannidae| ]]

[[Category:Freshwater fish of China]]

[[Category:Fish of Indonesia]]

[[Category:Freshwater fish of Taiwan]]

[[Category:Fish of Central Asia]]

[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]

[[Category:Taxa named by Henry Weed Fowler]]