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{{Short description|Branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders}}
{{distinguish|Otology}}
[[File:Audiological Exam.jpg|alt=Image showing an audiologist testing the hearing of a patient inside a hearing booth and using an audiometer|thumb|upright=1.3|Audiological exam]]
'''Audiology''' (from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|audīre}} 'to hear'; and from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] branch of learning {{lang|grc|-λογία}}, ''[[wikt:-logia|-logia]]'') is a branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gelfand |first=Stanley A. |date=2009 |title=Essentials of Audiology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGdR8uCuRHUC |___location=New York |publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. |page=ix |isbn=978-1-60406-044-7 |access-date=17 March 2015 |edition=3 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of clinical audiology |date=2015 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-9163-9 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Jack |edition=7th |___location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Audiologists treat those with hearing loss and proactively prevent related damage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is an Audiologist |url=https://www.audiology.org/consumers-and-patients/what-is-an-audiologist/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=American Academy of Audiology |language=en-US}}</ref> By employing various testing strategies (e.g. behavioral [[hearing test]]s, otoacoustic emission measurements, and electrophysiologic tests), audiologists aim to determine whether someone has normal sensitivity to sounds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roeser |first=Ross J. |title=Roeser's audiology desk reference |last2=Clark |first2=Jackie L. |date=2013 |publisher=Thieme |isbn=978-1-60406-398-1 |edition=2nd |___location=New York Stuttgart}}</ref> If hearing loss is identified, audiologists determine which portions of hearing (high, middle, or low [[frequencies]]) are affected, to what degree (severity of loss), and where the lesion causing the hearing loss is found ([[outer ear]], [[middle ear]], [[inner ear]], [[auditory nerve]] and/or [[central nervous system]]). If an audiologist determines that a [[hearing loss]] or vestibular abnormality is present, they will provide recommendations for interventions or rehabilitation (e.g. [[hearing aid]]s, [[cochlear implant]]s, appropriate medical referrals).
In addition to diagnosing audiologic and vestibular pathologies, audiologists can also specialize in rehabilitation of [[tinnitus]], [[hyperacusis]], [[misophonia]], [[auditory processing disorder]]s, [[cochlear implant]] use and/or [[hearing aid]] use. Audiologists can provide hearing health care from birth to end-of-life.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1996 |title=Scope of practice in audiology. Ad Hoc Committee on scope of Practice in Audiology |journal=ASHA. Supplement |volume=38 |issue=2 Suppl 16 |pages=12–15 |issn=1072-8929 |pmid=8680260}}</ref>
==Audiologist==
An audiologist is a [[healthcare provider]] specializing in identifying, diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disorders of the [[Auditory system|auditory]] and [[vestibular system]]s. Audiologists are trained to diagnose, manage, and/or treat [[Hearing (sense)|hearing]], [[tinnitus]], or balance problems. They dispense, manage, and rehabilitate [[hearing aids]] and assess candidacy for and map hearing implants, such as [[cochlear implant]]s, [[middle ear implant]]s, and [[bone conduction]] implants. They counsel families through a new diagnosis of hearing loss in infants and help teach coping and compensation skills to late-deafened adults. They also help design and implement personal and [[Industrial safety|industrial]] hearing safety programs, [[Universal neonatal hearing screening|newborn hearing screening programs]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/your-babys-hearing-screening-and-next-steps|title=Your Baby's Hearing Screening|date=2017-06-19|website=NIDCD|language=en|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref> school hearing screening programs, and provide special or custom fitted [[ear plugs]] and other [[hearing protection device]]s to help prevent hearing loss. Audiologists are trained to evaluate peripheral vestibular disorders originating from pathologies of the vestibular portion of the [[inner ear]]. They also provide treatment for certain vestibular and balance disorders, such as [[benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]]. In addition, many audiologists work as auditory or acoustic scientists in a research capacity.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
Audiologists are trained in anatomy and physiology, hearing aids, cochlear implants, electrophysiology, acoustics, [[psychophysics]] and psychoacoustics, neurology, vestibular function and assessment, balance disorders, counseling, and communication options such as sign language. They may also run a neonatal hearing screening program, which has been made compulsory in many US, UK, and Indian hospitals. An audiologist usually graduates with one of the following qualifications: BSc, MSc(Audiology), [[Doctor of Audiology|AuD]], STI, [[PhD]], or [[ScD]], depending on the program and country attended.
==History==
{{Further|Leo Doerfler}}
The use of the terms ''audiology'' and ''audiologist'' in publications has been traced back only as far as 1946. The creator of the term remains unknown, but Berger<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Berger | first1 = KW | title = Genealogy of the words "audiology" and "audiologist" | journal = Journal of the American Audiology Society | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 38–44 | year = 1976 | pmid = 789309 }}</ref> identified possible originators as Mayer BA Schier, Willard B Hargrave, Stanley Nowak, [[Norman Canfield]], or [[Raymond Carhart]]. In a biographical profile by [[Robert Galambos]], [[Hallowell Davis]] is credited with coining the term in the 1940s, saying the then-prevalent term "auricular training" sounded like a method of teaching people how to wiggle their ears.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/hdavis.pdf |title=Hallowell Davis (1896—1992) |work=A Biographical Memoir by Robert Galambos (National Academy of Sciences) |access-date=July 17, 2010}}</ref> The first US university course for audiologists was offered by Carhart at [[Northwestern University]], in 1946.<ref>Raymond Carhart (1912-1975) Papers, 1938-1975. Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois. https://www.library.northwestern.edu/archives/findingaids/raymond_carhart.pdf Accessed 2006-07-31.</ref>
Audiology was born of interdisciplinary collaboration. The substantial prevalence of [[hearing loss]] observed in the veteran population after [[World War II]] inspired the creation of the field as it is known today. The [[International Society of Audiology]] (ISA) was founded in 1952 to "...facilitate the knowledge, protection and rehabilitation of human hearing" and to "...serve as an advocate for the profession and for the hearing impaired throughout the world." It promotes interactions among national societies, associations and organizations that have similar missions, through the organization of a biannual world congress, through the publication of the scientific peer-reviewed [[International Journal of Audiology]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bamford|first=John|date=10 December 2001|title=Editorial -Sound, British Journal of Audiology, International Journal of Audiology|journal=British Journal of Audiology|volume=35|issue=6|pages=327–328|doi=10.1080/00305364.2001.11745250|s2cid=78271611|issn=0300-5364}} {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/905834323 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/884080981 cite #1 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> and by offering support to the [[World Health Organization]]'s efforts towards addressing the needs of the hearing impaired and deaf community.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
==Requirements==
The [[International Society of Audiology]] maintains [[v:Global Audiology|Global Audiology]], which is a portal in [[Wikiversity]] that provides information on audiology education and practice around the world. Summary information is provided below:
===Australia===
In [[Australia]], audiologists must hold a Master of Audiology, Master of Clinical Audiology, Master of Audiology Studies, or alternatively a bachelor's degree from overseas certified by the private agency Vocational Education, Training and Assessment Services (VETASSESS). Although audiologists in Australia are not required to be members of any professional body, audiology graduates can undergo a clinical training program or internship leading to accreditation with Audiology Australia (AudA) or the Australian College of Audiology (ACAud), which involves supervised practice and professional development, and typically lasts one year.{{cn|date=September 2024}}
To provide rehabilitative services to eligible pensioners, war veterans, and children and young adults under 26 as part of the Hearing Services Program, an audiologist must hold a qualified practitioner (QP) number, which can be sought by first obtaining accreditation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hearing Services Program: How can I deliver services? |url=https://www.hearingservices.gov.au/wps/portal/hso/site/prof/deliveringservices/practitioners/provisional_qualified_hearing_practitioners/!ut/p/a1/lVJdb4MgFP0r20OfFgJYtPjoutbZzzT7qPpiqGIls-CU2vTfD7sl27KsW3kguXA495x7gDEMYSxZK7ZMCyVZ2dWxk0xXtoMDZE3p83KMPG_xNJuMiYV8AtcwhnEqdaULGBWNukqV1FzqHqr2m1KkPVSoHTc7Z7WQ26SqVc6b5sTe9FDGS9Hy7qbhdStSbs6qmqVadAJ4fSpVK94fJK97Vopc8Cz55PsC7rRUqchgRB1GbMwoyAnuA5I5GNCNiwHhfWtABoRiQoy5yJhDvywP_cv7GQiyPwBnWkRGwyCx6J137xIcLEfBCHlD_3Hi08DybRs-XGjqPOEMXUw4-WsMZoxWPR_Ot4aW6QIImSsY_kwWht_DCi9Jdn0L45vCfBj3AKvdjvaP4CVfLADb0OOBr67fAO41L0I!/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |publisher=Department of Health |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>
=== Brazil ===
In [[Brazil]], audiology training is part of speech pathology and audiology undergraduate, four-year courses. The [[University of São Paulo]] was the first university to offer a bachelor's degree, and it started operations in 1977. At the federal level, the recognition of the educational programs and the profession of speech pathologists and audiologists took place on December 9, 1981, signed by President João Figueiredo (law no. 6965). The terms ''audiology'' and ''audiologist'' can be tracked in Brazilian publications since 1946. The work of audiologists in Brazil was described in 2007.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bevilacqua|first1=Maria Cecilia|last2=Novaes|first2=Beatriz Caiuby|last3=Morata|first3=Thais C.|date=2008-01-01|title=Audiology in Brazil|journal=International Journal of Audiology|volume=47|issue=2|pages=45–50|doi=10.1080/14992020701770843|pmid=18236235|s2cid=36199642|issn=1499-2027}}</ref>
===Canada===
In Canada, a master's of science (MSc) is the minimum requirement for practicing audiology. The profession is regulated in New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, where it is illegal to practice without being registered as a full member of the appropriate provincial regulatory body.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cicic.ca/en/professions.aspx?sortcode=2.19.21&prof=3141 |title=CICIC::Information for foreign-trained audiologists and speech-language pathologists |work=Occupational profiles for selected trades and professions }}</ref>
===Bangladesh===
A BSc (Hons) in audiology and speech-language pathology is required.
===India===
To practice audiology, professionals need a bachelor's or master's degree in audiology and registration with the Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI).
===Malaysia===
Three Malaysian educational institutions offer degrees in audiology.
===United Kingdom===
There are currently five routes to becoming a registered audiologist:
* FdSc in hearing aid audiology
* BSc in audiology
* MSc in audiology
* Fast-track conversion Diploma for those with a BSc in another relevant science subject, available at Southampton, Manchester, UCL, London, and Edinburgh
* BSc(Hons) in clinical physiology (audiology) available at [[Glasgow Caledonian University]] (all applicants must be NHS employees)
===United States===
In the United States, audiologists are regulated by state licensure or registration in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting in 2007, the doctor of audiology (AuD) became the entry-level degree for clinical practice for some states, with most states expected to follow this requirement very soon, as there are no longer any professional programs in audiology that offer the master's degree. Minimum requirements for the AuD degree include a minimum of 75 semester hours of post-baccalaureate study, meeting prescribed competencies, passing a national exam offered by Praxis Series of the Educational Testing Service, and practicum experience equivalent to 12 months of full-time, supervised experience. Most states have continuing education renewal requirements that must be met to stay licensed. Audiologists can also earn certification from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association or the American Board of Audiology (ABA). Currently, there are over 70 AuD programs in the United States.
In the past, audiologists have typically held a master's degree and the appropriate healthcare license. However, in the 1990s, the profession transitioned to a doctoral level as a minimum requirement. In the United States, starting in 2007, audiologists were required to receive a doctoral degree ([[AuD]] or [[PhD]]) in audiology from an accredited university graduate or professional program before practicing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.audiology.org/education-research/education/students/aud-facts|title=AuD Facts {{!}} Audiology|website=www.audiology.org|access-date=2016-09-18|date=2014-06-05}}</ref> All states require licensing, and audiologists may also carry national board certification from the American Board of Audiology or a certificate of clinical competence in audiology (CCC-A) from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
=== Pakistan ===
In Pakistan, a master's or doctoral degree in audiology is required to practice this profession. This medical degree must come from a recognized institute, most of which are government. Otherwise, the person didn't get a license to practice audiology. The [[Pakistan Medical Commission]] issues the practicing license to all medical students. Besides these, the person who provides the medical instruments to these doctors should also have the certificate of accreditation issued by the [[Pakistan National Accreditation Council]].
===Portugal===
The exercise of the audiologist profession in Portugal necessarily implies the qualifications degree in audiology or legally equivalent as defined in Decree-Law 320/99 of August 11 Article 4.
===South Africa===
In South Africa, there are currently five institutions offering audiology training. The institutions offer different qualifications that make one eligible to practice audiology in South Africa. The qualifications are as follows: I) B. Audiology, II) BSc. Audiology, III) B. Communication Pathology (Audiology), and IV) B. Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology (BSLP&A). All practicing audiologists are required to be registered with the Health Professional Council of South Africa (HPCSA).
===Turkey===
Audiology in Turkey started in 1968 as an audiology master's degree program at Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat. The program, which was carried out as Audiology until 1989, has been revised this year and continued as "Audiology and Speech Disorders" Master's and Doctoral education. The first undergraduate program was opened in 2011, and as of 2011, Audiologist has become a profession defined and officially recognized by the state of the Republic of Turkey.
==Famous audiologists ==
* [[Robert Beiny]]
* [[Chris Campbell (politician)]]
* [[Raymond Carhart]]
* [[John Craton]]
* [[Harvey Dillon]]
* [[Leo Doerfler]]
* [[Richard Dowell]]
* [[Marion Downs (audiologist)]]
* [[Judy R. Dubno]]
* [[Kirsty Durward]]
* [[Deanna Frazier Gordon]]
* [[Sandra Gordon-Salant]]
* [[Ira Hirsh]]
* [[Sharon Kujawa]]
* [[Philipos C. Loizou]]
* [[Brian Moore (scientist)]]
* [[Kevin Munro (audiologist)]]
* [[Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya]]
* [[Pierre de Villiers Pienaar]]
* [[Elly Pourasef]]
* [[Alma Powell]]
* [[Anu Sharma]]
* [[Susan Shore]]
* [[Iréne Slättengren]]
* [[Dafydd Stephens]]
* [[Richard S. Van Wagoner]]
* [[S. J. Watson]]
* [[James Yearsley]]
* [[Zhang Ling (author)]]
==See also==
{{Wikiversity|Global Audiology}}
{{Wikimedia Commons}}
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Audiology and hearing health professionals in developed and developing countries]]
* [[Auditory brainstem response]] (ABR)
* [[Auditory agnosia]]
* [[Auditory processing disorder]]
* [[Auditory verbal agnosia]]
* [[Audiometrist]]
* [[Audiometry]]
* [[Balance disorder]]
* [[Bone anchored hearing aid]] (BAHA)
* [[Cochlear implant]]
* [[Computational audiology]]
* [[Dichotic listening test]]
* [[Earplug]]
* [[Electronystagmography]] (ENG/VNG)
* [[Global Audiology]]
* [[Hearing Aid]]
* [[Hearing impairment]]
* [[International Society of Audiology]]
* [[Listening]]
* [[Noise induced hearing loss]]
* [[Otoacoustic emission]]s
* [[Otolaryngology]]
* [[Otology]]
* [[Otoscope]]
* [[Speech and language pathology]]
* [[Speech banana]]
* [[Spatial hearing loss]]
* [[Tympanometry]]
* [[World Hearing Day]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*
{{Auditory_system}}
{{Auditory and vestibular pathways}}
{{Diseases of the ear and mastoid process }}
{{Cleft lip and palate}}
{{Allied health professions}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Audiology| ]]
[[Category:Otology]]
[[Category:Rehabilitation team]]
[[Category:Auditory system]]
[[Category:Acoustics]]
[[Category:Hearing]]
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