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{{Short description|American slasher film}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Scream
| image = Scream (1996 film) poster.jpg
| caption
|
|
* [[Cathy Konrad]]
* [[Cary Woods]]
}}
| writer = [[Kevin Williamson (screenwriter)|Kevin Williamson]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|<!--These actors are listed on the poster. Please, do not add anyone else. Thank you.!-->
* [[David Arquette]]
* [[Neve Campbell]]
* [[Courteney Cox]]
* [[Matthew Lillard]]
* [[Rose McGowan]]
* [[Skeet Ulrich]]
* [[Drew Barrymore]]
}}
| music = [[Marco Beltrami]]
| cinematography = [[Mark Irwin]]
| editing = [[Patrick Lussier]]
| studio = Woods Entertainment
| distributor = [[Dimension Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1996|12|18|[[Los Angeles]]|1996|12|20|United States}}
| runtime = 111 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 111:07-->
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $14–15{{nbsp}}million
| gross = $173{{nbsp}}million
}}
'''''Scream''''' is a 1996 American [[slasher film]] directed by [[Wes Craven]] and written by [[Kevin Williamson (screenwriter)|Kevin Williamson]]. It stars [[David Arquette]], [[Neve Campbell]], [[Courteney Cox]], [[Matthew Lillard]], [[Rose McGowan]], [[Skeet Ulrich]], and [[Drew Barrymore]]. Set in the fictional town of Woodsboro, California, ''Scream''{{'}}s plot follows high school student [[Sidney Prescott]] (Campbell) and her friends, who, on the anniversary of her mother's murder, become the targets of a costumed [[serial killer]] known as [[Ghostface (Scream)|Ghostface]].
Williamson, who was struggling to get his projects off the ground, was inspired by reports of a series of murders by the [[Gainesville Ripper]] as he wrote a screenplay that satirized the [[cliché]]s of the slasher genre popularized in films such as ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'' (1978), ''[[Friday the 13th (1980 film)|Friday the 13th]]'' (1980), and ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'' (1984). Developed under the title ''Scary Movie'', Williamson's script became the subject of an intense bidding war from multiple studios before [[Miramax|Miramax Films]] purchased the rights. Craven, despite turning down the opportunity multiple times, agreed to direct the film after he had read the script as he was determined to re-establish himself after several career setbacks. The involvement of Barrymore and Cox helped secure more support from the studio. [[Principal photography]] took place from April to June 1996 in [[California]] on a budget of $15{{nbsp}}million. Craven trimmed down the violence in the film after being involved in a tense conflict with the [[Motion Picture Association|Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA) over the desired R-rating.
Released on December 20, ''Scream'' was not expected to perform well due to concerns over releasing a slasher film in a time normally reserved for holiday entertainment. However, it went on to gross approximately $173{{nbsp}}million worldwide through the strength of [[word of mouth]], becoming a surprise success and one of the highest-grossing films of the year. Contemporary reviews were positive, with praise going to the performances of its cast and its unique meta humor, but criticism was directed at its excessive violence and lack of suspense in favor of that humor. ''Scream'' revitalized both Craven's and Barrymore's careers and helped bolster the careers of its young cast.
In the years since its release, ''Scream''{{'}}s reception has continued to be positive. It has been credited with rekindling interest in the [[Horror fiction|horror genre]] during the 1990s following a decline in the genre's popularity and has been credited for shifting the genre towards younger audiences and casting established actors. The film's opening sequence, in which Barrymore's character is killed by Ghostface, is considered one of the most shocking and subversive in cinematic history. The success of the film launched a [[Scream (franchise)|multimedia franchise]], which comprises the sequels ''[[Scream 2]]'' (1997), ''[[Scream 3]]'' (2000), ''[[Scream 4]]'' (2011), ''[[Scream (2022 film)|Scream]]'' (2022), ''[[Scream VI]]'' (2023), and ''[[Scream 7]]'' (2026), as well as an [[Scream (TV series)|anthology television series]].
== Plot ==
<!-- Please review [[WP:FILMPLOT]] before adding material. -->
In the small town of Woodsboro, [[California]], high school student [[Casey Becker]] is home alone when she receives a phone call from an unknown person. They discuss horror films until the caller turns sadistic, threatening her life and revealing that her boyfriend, [[Steven Orth]], is tied up on her patio. The caller demands she answer questions about horror films to save his life, but Casey gives an incorrect answer about ''[[Friday the 13th (1980 film)|Friday the 13th]]'', resulting in Steve's death. Casey attempts to escape, but is stabbed to death by someone wearing a "[[Ghostface (Scream)|Ghostface]]" costume, and her disemboweled corpse is found hanging from a tree by her parents.
The next morning, the news media descend on the town as a police investigation ensues. Casey's classmate, [[Sidney Prescott]], struggles with the impending first anniversary of the rape and murder of her mother Maureen by [[Cotton Weary]]. The trauma has made her unable to consummate her relationship with her boyfriend, [[Billy Loomis]]. As her father Neil is traveling for work, Sidney waits at home alone for her best friend, [[Tatum Riley]]. She receives a call taunting her about Maureen's death and is attacked by Ghostface, who disappears just before Billy climbs through her window. Sidney immediately grows suspicious when he drops a cell phone, and Billy is arrested by Deputy Sheriff [[Dewey Riley]], Tatum's brother. Outside the police station, Sidney gets into a physical altercation with investigative journalist [[Gale Weathers]]. Gale had written a book claiming that Maureen had multiple extramarital affairs, including one with Cotton, whom Gale believes was falsely accused of Maureen's homicide. Sidney stays at Tatum's home but receives another taunting call from the killer. The calls are traced to Neil's phone, but the police are unable to locate him.
Following his release, Billy encounters Sidney at school and further upsets her by comparing his absent mother to Maureen's death. After suspending classes in the wake of the murders, Principal Himbry is killed in his office. To celebrate the school's closure, [[Stu Macher]], Tatum's boyfriend, hosts a party at his secluded home. Dewey and Gale keep watch on the party in case the killer strikes again. Tatum is isolated in the garage by Ghostface, who crushes her neck in the garage door. As fellow high schooler [[Randy Meeks]] details the rules of surviving a horror film, news arrives of Himbry's murder. Most partygoers leave to see his body, nearly running over Dewey and Gale while inadvertently leading them to Neil's hidden car. Billy arrives at the house to reconcile with Sidney, and they finally have sex. Afterward, they are attacked by Ghostface, and Billy is stabbed. Sidney evades Ghostface, who kills Gale's cameraman Kenny and stabs Dewey when he returns. Gale, attempting to flee in her van, crashes and is knocked unconscious. Sidney seeks refuge inside the house, locking Stu and Randy outside as they accuse each other of being the killer.
A seemingly wounded Billy emerges and allows Randy inside before shooting him in the shoulder, revealing himself as the killer and Stu as his accomplice. Billy confesses they killed Maureen because the discovery of her affair with his father led to his mother's abandonment. The pair abducted Neil to frame him for their crimes and proceed to stab each other to depict themselves as the last survivors. However, they are distracted by Gale's return, allowing Sidney to incapacitate Billy and kill Stu by dropping a television set on his head. Billy nearly stabs Sidney but is shot by Gale. After Randy remarks that horror film killers revive for a final scare, Billy lunges for them, but Sidney shoots him in the head, killing him. As dawn breaks, Neil is rescued, Dewey is taken away by ambulance, and Gale provides an impromptu news report about the night's events.
== Cast ==
{{further|topic=individual characters|List of Scream (film series) characters#Introduced in Scream (1996)|l1=List of Scream (1996) characters}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 450
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| footer = [[Neve Campbell]] (pictured in 2006), [[David Arquette]], and [[Courteney Cox]] (both 2009)
| image1 = NeveCampbellBAFTA06 cropped.jpg
| alt1 = A photograph of Neve Campbell
| image2 = David Arquette 2009.jpg
| alt2 = A photograph of David Arquette
| image3 = CourteneyCoxFeb09.jpg
| alt3 = A photograph of Courteney Cox
}}
<!-- These credits are based on the end featured credits present in ''Scream'' to avoid disputes, do not modify them -->
* [[David Arquette]] as Dewey Riley: The goofy and hapless, but caring deputy sheriff<ref name="ArquetteVariety" /><ref name="ArquetteThrillist" /><ref name="VultureCast" />
* [[Neve Campbell]] as Sidney Prescott: A strong and resilient high-schooler traumatized by the murder of her mother<ref name="FarOutCampbell" />
* [[Courteney Cox]] as Gale Weathers: A snarky and ruthless investigative journalist<ref name="CoxCBR" /><ref name="CoxVogue" /><ref name="VultureCast" />
* [[Matthew Lillard]] as Stu Macher: The eccentric and clumsy boyfriend of Tatum, and Billy's best friend<ref name="EmpireCast" /><ref name="StylistCast" />
* [[Rose McGowan]] as Tatum Riley: Sidney's spunky best friend and Dewey's sister<ref name="EWMcGowan" />
* [[Skeet Ulrich]] as Billy Loomis: Sidney's boyfriend, who possesses a passion for horror films<ref name="IndieWireBilly" /><ref name="TimeBilly" />
* [[Jamie Kennedy]] as Randy Meeks: A horror film fanatic<ref name="EmpireCast" />
* [[W. Earl Brown]] as Kenny: Gale's cameraman<ref name="ColliderCast" />
* [[Joseph Whipp]] as Burke: The town sheriff<ref name="ShortList15" /><ref name="BFICast" />
* [[Liev Schreiber]] as Cotton Weary: The man convicted of killing Sidney's mother<ref name="CastSchreiber" />
* [[Drew Barrymore]] as Casey Becker: A high-schooler<ref name="FarOutCasey" />
<!-- These credits are based on the end featured credits present in ''Scream'' to avoid disputes, do not modify them -->
''Scream'' also features [[Roger L. Jackson]] as the voice of Ghostface,<ref name="ViceJackson" /> and Kevin Patrick Walls as Steve Orth, Casey's boyfriend.<ref name="FarOutCasey" /><ref name="ColliderCast" /> Lawrence Hecht and [[Lynn McRee]] portray Sidney's parents, Neil and Maureen.<ref name="BFICast" /><ref name="ScreenRantMcRee" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=21}} C.W. Morgan appears as Hank Loomis, [[Frances Lee McCain]] portrays Mrs. Riley, and David Booth and Carla Hatley appear as Casey's father and mother.<ref name="BFICast" /> Leonora Scelfo portrays a "[[Bitch (slang)|bitchy]]" cheerleader in the school bathroom.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=16}} ''Scream'' features several [[cameo appearance]]s, including [[Henry Winkler]] as principal Arthur Himbry,{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=15}}<ref name="ReviewReelViews" /> [[Linda Blair]] as Obnoxious Reporter,<ref name="ColliderCameos" /> casting director Lisa Beach as a reporter,{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=15}}<ref name="BFICast" /> and director [[Wes Craven]] as Fred the janitor, an homage to iconic horror character [[Freddy Krueger]].<ref name="ColliderCameos" />
== Production ==
=== Writing ===
[[File:Kevin Williamson by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|alt=A photo of Kevin Williamson in 2012|Screenwriter [[Kevin Williamson (screenwriter)|Kevin Williamson]] (pictured in 2012)]]
In 1994, [[Kevin Williamson (screenwriter)|Kevin Williamson]] was a novice and financially struggling screenwriter, having recently sold his first script, ''[[Killing Mrs. Tingle]]'' (1999).{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=5}}<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="EWOral" />}} While house-sitting, Williamson watched a ''[[Turning Point (TV program)|Turning Point]]'' documentary about serial killer [[Danny Rolling]] which he said left him unsettled. Williamson later noticed an open window, armed himself with a knife, and called his friend for support. The pair began discussing horror characters that had resonated with them such as [[Freddy Krueger]] and [[Jason Voorhees]].<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="MTVLegacy" /> The following morning, Williamson was woken by a nightmare and used the experience as inspiration for the opening [[home invasion]] of ''Scream''. He was also influenced by a [[one-act play]] he wrote in college about an unknown caller taunting a young girl.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=5}}<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="MTVLegacy" />
Williamson spent the next three days writing a script for a slasher film he called ''Scary Movie'' while listening to the [[Halloween (soundtrack)|score to ''Halloween'']] (1978) for further inspiration.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=21}}<!--Halloween--><ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="MTVLegacy" /><ref name="EWOral" />}} He also drafted two five-page outlines for possible sequels.<ref name="MTVLegacy" />{{sfn|Shapiro|1998|p=22}} He developed much of the script around a single line of dialogue, "movies don't create psychos, movies make psychos more creative". This was his response to contemporary concerns about the influence of cinematic violence on audience, and he "thought it was a great line".<ref name="THROralHistory" /> Williamson's script drew upon many of his favorite horror films, such as ''[[Halloween (1978 film)|Halloween]]'', ''[[Friday the 13th (1980 film)|Friday the 13th]]'', ''[[Prom Night (1980 film)|Prom Night]]'' (both 1980), and ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'' (1984).{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=21}} At the time, the successful slasher films of the 1970s and 1980s had fallen out of favor, in part because of increasingly poorly received sequels to long-running horror franchises.<ref name="ETLegacy" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="EWOral" />
His characters were intentionally designed to be knowledgeable about these horror films and their typical elements, with the intention of creating a unique killer who was not only aware of horror film [[cliché]]s but also exploited them for his own advantage. Williamson expressed his approach, "I thought if you could expose the rules and play with them, then the audience doesn't know what they're going to get. Suddenly they're on edge. I started playing with the tropes, and the 'rules' were part of that."<ref name="EWOral" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /> The opening scene depicting Casey Becker's death emulates that of [[Janet Leigh]]'s character in ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960) by [[killing off]] a possible main character early on. Williamson believed it would hook studio executives and leave audiences unsure how the plot would progress.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /> Williamson set the script in his hometown of [[Bayboro, North Carolina]], believing its quiet atmosphere would provide a strong contrast with a serial killer's actions.{{sfn|French|1996|p=37}}
Williamson pursued ''Scary Movie'' because it was the type of horror film he enjoyed as a child but believed were no longer being made.{{sfn|Palmer|1997|p=14}}<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="ColliderWilliamson20" /> Even so, he did not believe studios would develop and intended to use it to garner attention and secure other work.<ref name="THROralHistory" /> Williamson's agent had him scale back the gore, removing descriptions such as "the insides are slowly rolling down her leg", because it would make it difficult to sell the script. Williamson refused to cut any dialogue, however, believing it set it apart from similar films.{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=21}}<ref name="MTVLegacy" />
===
[[File:Wes Craven 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A photograph of Wes Craven|Director [[Wes Craven]] (pictured in 2010)]]
By 1995, there was competition to secure the rights to ''Scary Movie'', with early interest expressed by [[Morgan Creek Entertainment]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Universal Pictures]], and filmmaker [[Oliver Stone]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="EWOral" />{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=21}}<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" />}} The script came to the attention of producer [[Cathy Konrad]] of Woods Entertainment, which had a development deal with production studio [[Miramax|Miramax Films]]. She brought it to Richard Potter, the director of development for Miramax Films' genre-film-focused subsidiary [[Dimension Films]].{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=6}} Potter expected a "stupid spoof" but was drawn in by the opening scene and recommended Miramax Films chairman, [[Bob Weinstein]], pursue the rights.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="NYTimesCravenInt" /> He agreed, considering it an opportunity to produce films instead of distributing those of others.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=7}} Although others offered larger figures, Williamson's lawyer advised him take Weinstein's offer ($400,000–$500,000) because Dimension Films was willing to make the film immediately.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="EWOral" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" />{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=21}}<ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|French|1996|p=35}}}}
Williamson revised the script based on studio input, removing some gorier content (such as exposed internal organs and severed limbs) and adding the murder of principal Himbry because Weinstein said there was too long a period following the opening without any deaths. This solved a separate difficulty Williamson was having explaining why all but the core group of characters leave Stu's party in the finale, as they go to see Himbry's corpse.{{sfn|French|1996|p=35}}<ref name="MTVLegacy" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=53}} The ''Scary Movie'' title was also changed to ''Scream'' late in production because Weinstein was concerned ''Scary Movie'' would lead audiences to believe it was a comedy instead of a horror.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="Jackson" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="EWMcGowan" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=7–8}}}}
The search for a director was protracted, with [[Danny Boyle]],{{sfn|Palmer|1997|p=14}}<ref name="MTVLegacy" /> [[Tom McLoughlin]],<ref name="BDDirectors" /> [[Sam Raimi]],<ref name="MTVLegacy" /> [[George A. Romero]],<ref name="BDDirectors" /> [[Bryan Singer]],{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=9}} [[Quentin Tarantino]],<ref name="TheRingerOral" /> [[Robert Rodriguez]],<ref name="TheRingerOral" />{{sfn|Palmer|1997|p=14}} and [[Anthony Waller]]{{sfn|Palmer|1997|pp=14–15}} being considered. No agreements were secured because those approached for the role interpreted the script as a comedy instead of a horror satire.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="MTVLegacy" /><ref name="ETLegacy" /><ref name="BDDirectors" />{{sfn|Palmer|1997|p=15}}}} Wes Craven was discounted by the studio due to his lack of experience directing satires.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=9}}{{sfn|Palmer|1997|p=14}} Craven liked the script but he wanted to work on less gory and more mainstream content (including a film adaptation of the 1959 horror novel ''[[The Haunting of Hill House]]'') because of the negative public perception of him based on his previous films.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="NYTimesCravenInt" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=9–10}}{{sfn|French|1996|pp=35–40}}}}
Craven's assistant [[Julie Plec]] and producer [[Marianne Maddalena]] continued to push ''Scream'' to Craven.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=11}} His interest was renewed after ''The Haunting of Hill House'' adaptation was cancelled and he experienced the personal disappointment of his failed horror comedy, ''[[Vampire in Brooklyn]]'' (1995).<ref name="TheRingerOral" />{{sfn|Palmer|1997|pp=14–15}}{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=24}} After reading the script, Plec said Craven suggested the studio {{" '}}make him an offer he can't refuse.' And so Dimension did. And he took it."<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> The deal also offered Craven his choice of other projects to direct after ''Scream''.<ref name="NYTimesCravenInt" />
Williamson met Craven to discuss the script, believing he would request substantial rewrites, but Craven's notes related mainly to typos and some minor additions including restoring some of the gorier content and refining the ending which was not yet fully realized.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="MTVLegacy" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" />{{sfn|French|1996|p=35}}}} Williamson said "The story stayed pretty much intact, but we added some scares, and shortened it. Wes reworked some of the action sequences, and we would argue and go back and forth, but there's a point where I had to realize that Wes is more experienced than I am."{{sfn|French|1996|p=36}} Describing the script Craven said, "what it forces you to do is sort of look at the reality of things we typically look at as amusing, like the ''Friday the 13th'' type of deaths where people have arrows through their heads and kids scream and laugh. But that suddenly starts happening in their actual lives."{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=20}}
=== Casting ===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| direction = horizontal
| align = left
| footer = [[Rose McGowan]] (pictured in 2007) and [[Jamie Kennedy]] (2010)
| image1 = Rose McGowan.jpg
| alt1 = A photograph of Rose McGowan
| image2 = Jamie Kennedy by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg
| alt2 = A photograph of Jamie Kennedy
}}
Atypical for the genre at the time, ''Scream'' featured a cast of established stars, such as Drew Barrymore and Courteney Cox, as well as relatively unknown actors.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /> Executive producer [[Cary Woods]] used his friendship with Barrymore's agent to cast her in the lead role of Sidney Prescott, but she later requested the smaller role of Casey Becker.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=8, 16–17}}<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="EWBarrymore" />}} Maddalena suggested that Barrymore had wanted to leave the project entirely, but took the smaller role to avoid disappointing Bob Weinstein and his brother [[Harvey Weinstein|Harvey]].{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=17}} The filmmakers agreed to the change, believing it would be impactful to kill off their most well-known actor during ''Scream''{{'}}s opening and convince audiences that no character was safe.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="MovieWebColdOpen" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /> [[Vinessa Shaw]] and [[Reese Witherspoon]] were also considered for Sidney Prescott. Witherspoon was discounted because she looked too young compared to the other cast, and Williamson's choice, [[Molly Ringwald]], believed she was too old for the part.<ref name="MTVLegacy" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=17}} The final choices came down to [[Alicia Witt]], [[Brittany Murphy]], and Neve Campbell.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="ETLegacy" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> According to Williamson, Campbell swiftly emerged as the favored choice among the principal crew and, to improve her chances, they filmed her [[screen-test]] first, forcing the other contenders to try and surpass her performance.<ref name="THROralHistory" /> Beach and Maddalena said Campbell brought athleticism from her dancing background with a combination of strength and vulnerability.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /> Describing what attracted her to the role, Campbell said Sidney was "a fantastic character for any kind of movie" who transitions from "tormented, traumatized, insecure young woman to overwhelmingly empowered and strong".{{sfn|Spelling|1997|pp=67–68}}
Woods suggested Courteney Cox for the cold and calculating Gale Weathers, believing it would be interesting to play against her typical personable characters in series such as ''[[Family Ties]]'' (1982–1989) and ''[[Friends]]'' (1994–2004). Craven did not believe Cox could play the part and so she wrote a letter assuring him that "being 'a bitch' wouldn't be a stretch at all".<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> [[Brooke Shields]] and [[Janeane Garofalo]] were considered but a more established actress was preferred.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=15}} David Arquette auditioned for unspecified younger characters, but he was attracted to the role of Dewey and acting against Cox. The character was written as a "dumb [[Jock (stereotype)|jock]]" but Arquette interpreted it as a "position of authority getting no respect{{spaces}}... He wants to be [[John Wayne]]{{spaces}}... He wants to be this tough guy, but he's just got a heart of gold."<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> Rose McGowan's agent jeopardized her chance to play Tatum by insisting on a payment of $250,000 instead of the offered $50,000, which was lower than the $100,000 received by some other principal actors. As a result, McGowan had to reaudition for the role twice.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=18}}<ref name="EWMcGowan" /> McGowan influenced Tatum's design, dying her hair blonde to avoid having two dark-haired main female characters,<ref name="EWMcGowan" /> removing an [[Indigo Girls]] poster from Tatum's bedroom (because she would not listen to the relatively older band), and rejecting costuming suggestions in favor of her self-bought outfits.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=54–55}} [[Thora Birch]] and [[Natasha Lyonne]] also auditioned for the role; Lyonne was the preferred choice but, as she was under 18, could not consent to joining without parental permission.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=18}}
Believing he was rising in popularity, [[Vince Vaughn]] was the studio's preferred choice for Billy Loomis, but he was too ill to audition.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=16}} Skeet Ulrich did not attend auditions because of scheduling conflicts but his girlfriend did and mentioned Ulrich brought her; Beach went out to meet him personally.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=16}} Ulrich liked playing a serial killer after more innocent and naive previous roles.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="RottenTomatoesLegacy" /> To develop his character, Ulrich researched serial murders, psychological profiles, and outfitted one of his hotel rooms to the Billy persona to help him get into character, outfitting it with [[punk rock]] posters and blacklights. He said, "I was into punk music in my teens and really just trying to recapture that angst{{spaces}}... I would sit in there and read about serial killers and watch ''[[Faces of Death]]'' (1978){{spaces}}... anything to get into that gory mindset."<ref name="RottenTomatoesLegacy" /><ref name="EWUlrich" /> Ulrich and Campbell starred together in ''[[The Craft (film)|The Craft]]'' (1996), which they believed fostered a natural relationship between their characters.{{sfn|Spelling|1997|p=68}} Matthew Lillard auditioned for Billy, but the casting directors did not consider him the right actor to "make out with [Campbell]" and had him audition as Stu for Craven, who immediately offered him the part.<ref name="EWOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" />
[[Seth Green]], [[Jason Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]], and [[Breckin Meyer]] were all preferred for Randy, the "lanky, gangly, opinionated fifth wheel, who really has a love and passion for movies", but Craven and Williamson appreciated the innocence and comedy that Jamie Kennedy brought to his portrayal. Kennedy credited Craven for supporting his casting.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="EWOral" />{{sfn|Garcia|1997b|p=25}} W. Earl Brown and Craven were friends and he was not required to audition but did have to gain about {{cvt|20|lbs|kg}}; he originally wanted to portray Dewey.<ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=21}} Roger L. Jackson was hired based on his voice work for ''[[Mars Attacks!]]'' (1996).<ref name="ViceJackson" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /> He recounted overhearing his competitors discussing the Ghostface as the "new Freddy Krueger", but Jackson interpreted it as a more subtle role which required charisma and sexiness to keep his target on the phone even though they want to hang up.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> Barrymore wanted someone to act against in her scene instead of the character's lines being read to her, and while the filmmakers intended to dub over Jackson's voice with [[Tom Kane]], Craven liked his performance.<ref name="ViceJackson" /><ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=37–38}} Henry Winkler shared an agent with Craven and made his cameo appearance as a favor.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=14}} Lynn McCree, Sidney's mother, was a Sonoma local; she spent two hours taking pictures with Campbell for the role but had no knowledge of the character's backstory.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=21}} Liev Schreiber took the part of Cotton Weary for $20,000 during an unrelated meeting with Bob Weinstein.<ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=20}} [[Extra (acting)|Extras]] were drawn from locals including the owners of a restaurant frequented by the cast and crew.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=48}}
===Pre-production===
{{see also|Ghostface (Scream)#Concept and creation|l1=Concept and creation of the Ghostface costume}}
[[File:Macherhouse.jpg|thumb|An isolated home in [[Tomales, California]] served as the ___location of ''Scream''{{'}}s finale.]]
It was determined early on that ''Scream'' required too many different interior and exterior locations to be filmed on sets. Production designer Bruce Miller explained that it was important to portray the characters as vulnerable in their homes which made it essential that they could film inside and outside the properties.{{sfn|French|1996|p=42}} Scouts researched locations in the United States and Canada but struggled to locate a house for the opening scene which featured plentiful windows and visibility.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=23}} Craven initially researched [[Wilmington, North Carolina]] but it failed to meet his expectations: "I wanted to have very American looking houses{{spaces}}... and a lot of the houses there were very dark brown, or brick, and that didn't look attractive to me."{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=23}}{{sfn|French|1996|p=37}} Locations near [[Vancouver]] were discounted for similar reasons, as was [[Napa County, California]].{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=23}}{{sfn|French|1996|p=37}}
[[Santa Rosa, California|Santa Rosa]] in [[Sonoma County, California]] offered most features the filmmakers required, but the Weinsteins rejected the additional $1 to 2{{spaces}}million required to film there until the filmmakers convinced them that Craven's name would attract enough audiences to compensate for the added cost.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="EWOral" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=24–25}}{{sfn|French|1996|p=37}}}} The opening scene used a house in [[Glen Ellen, California|Glen Ellen]].<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="Cinemaholic" /> Miller said, "We didn't want homes that looked like castles, or that you could really protect yourself in{{spaces}}... so if somebody was going to be stalking them, they could get to them very quickly."{{sfn|French|1996|p=38}} Other Santa Rosa locations used in ''Scream'' include Sidney's House at 1820 Calistoga Road, interiors of Tatum's house at 824 McDonald Avenue, and the Bradley Video store, where Randy works.<ref name="ScreenRantLocations" /><ref name="Cinemaholic" /><ref name="SFGateLocation" /> The [[Healdsburg, California]] town square appears as the ___location of the Woodsboro Town Square, the fountain, and the exterior of the town police station.<ref name="Cinemaholic" /><ref name="ScreenRantLocations" /><ref name="YahooLocations" />
Stu's home was an unoccupied property in [[Tomales, California|Tomales]] which offered a dark and isolated atmosphere for the finale.<ref name="EWOral" /><ref name="DreadHouse" /><ref name="Distractify" /> Cinematographer [[Mark Irwin]] unsuccessfully argued against using the property because it was on top of a hill, introducing logistical challenges for accessing trailers and equipment.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=57}} Miller built a facade of barns in front of the house so trailers could be sited closer while remaining concealed.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=57–58}} The art department extensively modified the house, adding Gothic elements such as beams and stained-glass windows to give it a haunted feel, painting the walls red (although they realized later this made the blood stand out less), and adding a white picket fence.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=57}}<ref name="DreadHouse" /> The farmhouse-style home offered a "convoluted" layout for a convincing setting where the murders could occur without the other characters realizing. The production crew also added a volleyball net to make it appear as if a teenager lived there.<ref name="DreadHouse" />
[[Santa Rosa High School (Santa Rosa, California)|Santa Rosa High School]] was selected to portray Woodsboro High School due to its gothic and castle-like imposing visuals.{{sfn|French|1996|p=37}}<ref name="LATimesSchool" /> Ten days of filming were to take place there in early June at a cost of $30,000 to 50,000, but permission was revoked in March 1996 by the Santa Rosa school district. The change was ostensibly because of the disruption filming would cause during school hours and scheduled exams, but several school board members objected to the violent content in the script, and hundreds of locals attended a council meeting to debate against and for the production; the board ultimately voted against allowing filming.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=25–28}}<ref name="LATimesSchool" />{{sfn|French|1996|p=37}}
The Sonoma Community Center served as a replacement filming ___location, but scenes had to be rewritten to accommodate the new ___location and additional costs to transform the former elementary school into one appropriate for young adults, including larger desks and installing lockers.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=28}}<ref name="LATimesSchool" /> Craven estimated the disruption and ___location changes caused by the Santa Rosa district's decision cost the production $350,000, including the $27,000 the center was paid for three days of filming.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=28}}{{sfn|French|1996|p=38}}<ref name="LATimesSchool" /> The disruption to filming by the school was not forgotten, with the film's credits stating "No thanks whatsoever to the Santa Rosa city school district governing board."<ref name="LATimesSchool" />
Williamson's script had not described the killer's appearance beyond wearing a "ghostly white mask".{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=31}}<ref name="FangoriaMask" /> Special effects company [[KNB EFX Group]] was commissioned to design a mask, but the filmmakers disliked their "gargoyle-ish", witch, and goblin-like masks designs.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=31}}<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="FangoriaMask" /> While [[___location scouting]] a house, Maddalena came across what would become the Ghostface mask.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=31–32}}<ref name="FangoriaMask" /> This mask, featuring a white shroud, was designed by Brigitte Sleiertin as "the Peanut-Eyed Ghost" for the novelty company Fun World in 1991, based on a design by makeup artist Loren Gitthens.<ref name="THRMask" /><ref name="FangoriaMask" /> However, Craven and the studio wanted to own the design used in the film and tasked KNB EFX with creating a similar but legally distinct design, stretching the nose and chin.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=32}}<ref name="FangoriaMask" /> Unhappy with the results, Craven eventually decided to pursue the original Fun World design.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=32}} The killer's outfit was completed with a black shroud to avoid their clothing or movements hinting at their identity.{{sfn|French|1996|p=43}}
=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on April 15, 1996, on a $14{{spaces}}million budget.<ref name="TCM" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="VarietyLegacy" />{{efn|The 1996 budget of $14{{nbsp}}million is equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|14000000|1996}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}.}} The first week was spent filming the Casey Becker scenes.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /> To elicit the necessary emotions, Barrymore recalled a sad story developed with Craven and made herself hyperventilate.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="EWBarrymore" /> To enhance her performance, Jackson was situated outside the house so that he could see Barrymore while making the calls but she could not see him.<ref name="TheRingerOral" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=38}} Jackson was used similarly for other Ghostface call scenes, and never met the cast in person.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="ViceJackson" /> He said "the scariest monsters are the monsters you don't see, but the monsters you make in your mind. So just having the voice to react to made it larger in their minds".<ref name="TheRingerOral" />
For safety, [[stunt performer]]s portrayed the killer in costume, although Craven portrays the killer in parts of the opening.<ref name="MTVLegacy" /><ref name="ColliderUlrich" /> The first few days of filming used a custom mask designed for ''Scream'', but Craven did not like it and reshot various scenes with the Fun World design before it was licensed.{{sfn|French|1996|p=43}} Because the hung Casey was to appear gutted from chest to waist, effects artist [[Howard Berger]] decided against applying prosthetics to Barrymore in favor of a mannequin that could be hollowed out, showing her spine holding her upper and lower parts together. The effect was enhanced with various rubber and vinyl guts.{{sfn|Garcia|1997b|p=71}} For Steve Orth's death, KNB created an open back chair allowing the actor to kneel behind a hollowed out anatomical mannequin torso cut open at the abdomen and filled with latex, rubber, and gelatin intestines.{{sfn|Rico|2001|loc=17:57–18:30}}
After viewing the [[dailies]] raw footage, Bob criticized the quality of Craven's work as "workmanlike at best", believing it lacked tension and had an inconsistent tone.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=33}}<ref name="THROralHistory" /> He was critical of the Fun World Mask—believing it was "flat" and not scary—and ordered that the opening scene be re-filmed with alternative masks to see which worked best.<ref name="IndieWireCraven" /><ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=32–33}} Barrymore was also criticized for lacking sex appeal because of the [[Pageboy|pageboy hairstyle]] she had chosen.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=33}} Williamson recounted Craven receiving a call from the brothers and seeing "his back slump. He just started sliding down the chair."<ref name="IndieWireCraven" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> The studio considered firing Craven, and sent him dailies from other films, such as ''[[Nightwatch (1997 film)|Nightwatch]]'' (1997), to demonstrate what they wanted for ''Scream''.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="IndieWireCraven" /><ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=33}}}}
Konrad defended Craven to the brothers, and in response Bob Weinstein sent Dimension executives [[Cary Granat]] and [[Andrew Rona]] to the set to directly intervene.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=33}}{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=34}} Craven, Konrad, Maddalena, and line producer [[Stuart M. Besser]] met with Granat, who wanted the opening reshot with each of the Weinstein's alternative mask suggestions.<ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=32–33}} Instead, they offered to edit together the existing footage to prove the scene and mask worked and if it did not, then the project would be cancelled.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="MovieWebColdOpen" /><ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=34}}}}
Editor [[Patrick Lussier]] worked with Craven to piece together most of the opening, adding temporary music and sound effects.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=35–36}}<ref name="TheRingerOral" /> The Weinsteins barred Craven and the producers from attending screening of the footage.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=35}} Afterward, Bob Weinstein told the filmmakers, "What do I know about dailies? Keep going", and provided additional financing.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=32}}{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=35}} The producers suggested Weinstein had an "ulterior motive" to force the filmmakers to complete the footage – the upcoming [[Milan Film Festival]], as edited footage was not typically allowed to be screened until eight weeks after filming concluded.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=36–37}}
The next main scene filmed was of the central cast sitting around a fountain. Ulrich admitted he did not realize ''Scream'' was intended to be a horror with comedic elements and was confused by Lillard's and Kennedy's "humorous moments", believing they were "ruining the movie{{spaces}}... Like, 'This isn't funny. This isn't supposed to be funny.' And man, was I wrong."<ref name="EWUlrich" /><ref name="VarietyLegacy" /> Craven encouraged improvisation throughout filming, much of it coming from Arquette and Lillard, with Williamson acknowledging that Lillard's ad-libs improved the script.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="RottenTomatoesLegacy" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="ColliderUlrich" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" />{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=22}}}}
===The finale===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| direction = horizontal
| align = left
| footer = [[Matthew Lillard]] (pictured in 2012) and [[Skeet Ulrich]] (2010)
| image1 = Matthew Lillard 2012.jpg
| alt1 = A photograph of Matthew Lillard
| image2 = Skeet Ulrich 2010.jpg
| alt2 = A photograph of Skeet Ulrich
}}
The film's 42-minute end sequence set at Stu's party was filmed at night over three weeks.<ref name="EWLillard" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="DreadHouse" /> Issues filming at the ___location, including difficulties with providing proper lighting because of the uneven landscape, exacerbated tensions between Craven and Irwin regarding the quality of Irwin's footage. ''Scream'' was filmed with an [[anamorphic lens]], which distorts and stretches the image to achieve a specific aspect ratio. However, neither Craven nor Irwin had much experience with this type of lens. The crew, including Lussier, had raised concerns about lens flares and out-of-focus images, partially blaming the [[focus puller]] hired by Irwin.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=57–58}} Lussier explained, "You can often tell your focus is supposed to be on somebody's eye usually, {{spaces}}... and the focus puller just hasn't moved with the actor".{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=59}} As a result, there were limited options during the editing process due to the inconsistent focus.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=60}} Irwin said he was informed that all filmed footage was unusable and that 35 days of scenes needed to be reshot. After an argument with Maddalena, Irwin was immediately fired and replaced by [[Peter Deming]] for the final three weeks of filming.{{sfn|French|1996|p=43}}{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=59–60}} Irwin believed he was made a scapegoat for the film's behind-schedule status, risking Craven forfeiting his salary, but Konrad denied this.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=60}}
Kennedy's horror rules scene was initially performed in a single take, but he requested additional takes, feeling he could enhance the performance (Craven ultimately chose the third take).<ref name="EWOral" /> During Tatum's death scene, McGowan had trouble staying in the pet door as the garage door rose. To address this, the crew nailed her shirt to the frame to hold her in place.<ref name="MTVLegacy" /><ref name="EWMcGowan" /> Craven found it challenging managing the scene's tone, aiming to avoid trivializing Tatum's death while paying homage to other horror films.{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=22}} McGowan improvised the screams for her mother to give the character more humanity.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=56}} When Gale drives a van with Kenny's corpse on top, Brown was on top of the van, but the unprepared stunt driver accelerated at full speed. When he hit the brakes, Brown fell off the side of the van and the stunt coordinator grabbed Brown's pants and ankle, saving him from harm.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=61}}
Five nights were spent on the kitchen confrontation between Billy, Stu, and Sidney.<ref name="RottenTomatoesLegacy" /><ref name="VultureCast" /> By the time they had filmed Gale returning with a gun, Ulrich said he and Lillard were "roaming around like caged animals" to keep the intensity of their performances high, to the point Craven asked them to relax because they were scaring Cox. Lillard described maintaining that level of adrenaline as exhausting.<ref name="RottenTomatoesLegacy" /><ref name="EWLillard" /><ref name="VultureCast" /> Campbell, Kennedy, Lillard, and Ulrich endured multiple nights covered in fake blood, and the costumes could not be washed to maintain continuity (they were dampened each night to make the blood appear fresh).<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="EWLillard" /><ref name="EWKennedy" /> When Ulrich stabs a sofa, the filmmakers were unaware it was stuffed with feathers which stuck to the fake blood; Maddalena considered Craven "nuts" for keeping the feathers in the scene.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /> Lillard improvised lines such as "My mom's gonna be so mad at me" and "You fucking hit me with the phone, you dick", the latter taking place when Ulrich threw a phone near him as intended but the sticky blood caused it to veer off and inadvertently hit Lillard.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="ColliderUlrich" /> Ulrich suggested Billy cracking his neck before shooting Gale, and the sound was added in post-production.<ref name="RottenTomatoesLegacy" /> Campbell's stuntwoman accidentally stabbed Ulrich with an umbrella tip, missing the protective vest he was wearing and hitting the site of an open heart surgery Ulrich had as a child.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=61}}
Filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|concluded]] on June 14, 1996.<ref name="TCM" /> The cast spoke fondly of the "summer camp" atmosphere during filming and the camaraderie they formed.<ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=43,46}} The main cast and select crew members, including Craven, often gathered together in the early mornings after filming for meals, activities, and socializing.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=46}}<ref name="VultureCast" /> Arquette's hotel room was transformed into a makeshift club where they would congregate.<ref name="EWOral" /><ref name="ETLegacy" /> However, due to complaints from other residents, they eventually relocated their early morning gatherings to a nearby barn.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=46}}
=== Post-production ===
The ''Scary Movie'' title remained late into production, appearing on the cast and crew gifts for completing filming.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="EWMcGowan" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=8}} Harvey Weinstein suggested ''Scream'' based on the [[Michael Jackson|Michael]] and [[Janet Jackson]] song "[[Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song)|Scream]]".<ref name="Jackson" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=7}}{{sfn|Shapiro|1998|pp=22,24}} Many of the cast and crew were initially unhappy with the change. [[Sony Pictures]] filed a lawsuit against Dimension and Miramax, claiming ''Scream'' infringed on their copyright of ''[[Screamers (1995 film)|Screamers]]'' (1995). The case was settled out of court with Dimension being able to use ''Scream'' going forward.{{sfn|Shapiro|1998|pp=22,24}} Although Arquette's and Kennedy's characters were killed in the script, alternate scenes were filmed showing them survive in case they proved popular with [[test screening]] audiences.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=97}}<ref name="EntertainmaintIE" /> The successful screenings also resulted in Miramax asking Craven to direct two ''Scream'' sequels.{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=22}}
''Scream'' was rated [[Motion Picture Association film rating system#X replaced by NC-17|NC-17]] by the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA), restricting its audience to those over 17 years of age, which was considered "box-office suicide" by industry experts.<ref name="nc17deathformovies" /> The MPAA told Craven that ''Scream'' would never receive a more commercial R-rating, allowing younger people to see the film when accompanied by an adult.<ref name="nc17deathformovies" />{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=23}}<ref name="TheRingerOral" /> Craven said, "I'm a director who can do something very well but am not allowed to put it on screen. And they ultimately get you, as they did on this one, on intensity. They say, 'it's not a specific shot, it's not blood, it's just too intense{{'"}}.{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=23}}<ref name="DreadMPAA" /> The filmmakers eventually convinced the MPAA that ''Scream'' was a spoof, believing they were too focused on the horror aspects.<ref name="THROralHistory" />
It took up to nine cuts to address the MPAA's complaints,<ref name="NYTimesCravenInt" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=65}} including removing any movement of Steve Orth's internal organs,{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=23}} trimming Kenny's throat being slit (because the actor's pained expression was too "disturbing"), moving Billy and Stu stabbing each other off screen, and reducing scenes of Casey's hanging body and Tatum's crushed head.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=63–65}} The slow motion stabbing of Casey was considered excessive but was allowed with only a few frames removed because there was no alternate footage to use.<ref name="THROralHistory" /> The final cut runs for 111{{spaces}}minutes.<ref name="RunTime" />
==
{{main|Scream (1996 soundtrack){{!}}''Scream'' (1996 soundtrack)|Music of the Scream franchise{{!}}Music of the ''Scream'' franchise}}
{{Listen|filename=SidneysLament.ogg|pos=right|title=''Marco Beltrami – Sidney's Lament''|description=The theme for the main character of Sidney Prescott by Marco Beltrami|format=[[Ogg]]}}
Despite having no background in film scoring or an interest in the [[Horror fiction|horror genre]], [[Marco Beltrami]] was recommended to Plec and Craven, who found his music samples original compared with Beltrami's contemporaries.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="IGNMusic" /><ref name="MPAABeltrami" /><ref name="HuffPoBeltramI" />}} Craven gave Beltrami a weekend to compose "The Cue from Hell", the score for the film's opening sequence, which secured his hiring. Beltrami wrote the piece from Casey's perspective and used an "operatic" style, employing a range of instruments, including piano and brass.<ref name="FangoriaDiscSet" /><ref name="IGNMusic" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> Beltrami described himself as "bumbling" through the scoring process, acknowledging his limited knowledge of horror music styles.<ref name="MPAABeltrami" /><ref name="FilmTracks" /><ref name="FangoriaDiscSet" /> He incorporated elements of the [[Western (genre)|western genre]], particularly for Dewey's theme, and took cues from composers including [[Elliot Goldenthal]], [[Ennio Morricone]], [[Eric Serra]], [[Christopher Young]], and [[Hans Zimmer]].<ref name="MPAABeltrami" /><ref name="FilmTracks" /><ref name="FangoriaDiscSet" />
Due to budget constraints, Beltrami had to work with a small orchestra of fewer than 50 performers.<ref name="InsiderBeltrami" /><ref name="FilmTracks" /> To compensate for the lack of string harmonics, he instructed the string players to whistle, and asked Craven, Lussier, Maddalena, and Woods to join and boost their numbers.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="LATimesBeltrami" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=40}} Beltrami identified most with Sidney's character and considered her theme{{snd}}"Sidney's Lament"{{snd}}to be one of the score's crucial pieces.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="InsiderBeltrami" /> He chose not to assign a distinctive motif to Ghostface, to avoid hinting at the killer's identity.<ref name="FilmTracks" /> Licensed music for ''Scream'' was provided by [[TVT Records]] and includes covers of "[[(Don't Fear) The Reaper]]" by [[Gus Black]] and "[[Birds Fly (Whisper to a Scream)]]" by [[Soho (band)|Soho]], "[[School's Out (song)|School's Out]]" by [[Alice Cooper (band)|Alice Cooper]], "[[Everything Is Wrong (album)|First Cool Hive]]" by [[Moby]], and "[[Drop Dead Gorgeous (song)|Drop Dead Gorgeous]]" by [[Republica]].<ref name="ColliderMusic" /><ref name="FangoriaMusic" /><ref name="AVClubSoundtrack" /> Excepts from the ''Halloween'' score are also present.{{sfn|Garcia|1997|p=21}}
== Release ==
===Context===
{{See also|1996 in film}}
Over forty films were scheduled for release in late 1996, including ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head Do America]]'', ''[[Jerry Maguire]]'', ''Mars Attacks!'', ''[[Ransom (1996 film)|Ransom]]'', ''[[Space Jam]]'', and ''[[Star Trek: First Contact]]''.<ref name="AustinContext" /><ref name="NYTimesContext2" /> Bob Weinstein opted to release ''Scream'' in December as [[counterprogramming (film distribution)|counterprogramming]], offering teenagers an alternative to more traditional holiday fare. The decision was unpopular with the cast and crew, with Williamson expecting the film to fail.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /> Weinstein explained, "people said we were crazy to put out ''Scream'' over Christmas{{spaces}}... It was a [[Thriller film|thriller]]; it didn't have big stars; it couldn't compete. Well, after ''Beavis and Butt-Head'', where is that audience going to go?"<ref name="NYTimesPostBO" />
The marketing for ''Scream'' positioned Barrymore as the lead character to intentionally shock the audience with her death.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="MovieWebColdOpen" /> During a promotional interview, Ulrich inadvertently revealed he portrayed one of the killers and called his agent to get the story blocked.<ref name="EWSecrets" />
=== Box office ===
The premiere of ''Scream'' took place on December 18, 1996, at the AVCO theater in [[Westwood, Los Angeles]].<ref name="EWOral" /><ref name="YahooPremiere" /> It was released in the United States and Canada on December 20.<ref name="VarietyLegacy" /><ref name="EWOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> During its opening weekend, the film grossed $6.4{{spaces}}million across 1,413 theaters—an average of $4,497 per theater—making it the fourth-highest-grossing film of the weekend, behind ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|101 Dalmatians]]'' ($7{{spaces}}million), ''Jerry Maguire'' ($13.1{{spaces}}million), and the debut of ''Beavis and Butt-Head Do America'' ($20.1{{spaces}}million).<ref name="BOMWeekend1" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> The performance was considered a failure by industry professionals, resulting in ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' labeling ''Scream'' "[[dead on arrival]]".<ref name="VarietyLegacy" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" />{{verify source|reason=Primary source needed|date=October 2024}} Maddalena recounted herself and Craven observing a raucous audience for ''Beavis and Butt-Head Do America'' while ''Scream'' had "maybe seven people in there. No one was laughing or screaming. We went away so dejected."<ref name="TheRingerOral" /> However, ''Scream'' received positive audience [[word-of-mouth]] and exit-polling responses, leading the studio to increase the marketing and distribution budget. This contributed to ''Scream''{{'}}s performance improving in the following weeks.<ref name="EWOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /> Although it fell to fifth place in its second weekend, it increased its weekend gross to $9.1{{spaces}}million,<ref name="BOMWeekend2" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /> and again in its third weekend, rising to third place with $10{{spaces}}million.<ref name="BOMWeekend3" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> ''Scream'' remained in the top-ten-highest-grossing films for nine weeks in total, becoming a surprise success and grossing a total of $103{{spaces}}million.<ref name="BOMWeekends" /><ref name="NYTimesPostBO2" /><ref name="NYTimesHorrorSuccess" /> This figure made it the number{{spaces}}13 highest-grossing film of 1996,<ref name="BOM1996DOMESTIC" /> and highest-grossing slasher film of its time, until ''[[Halloween (2018 film)|Halloween]]'' (2018).<ref name="NYTimesHorrorSuccess" /><ref name="HighestSlasherHallo" /><ref name="BOMhighestslasher" /> It was Miramax's second film to gross $100{{nbsp}}million in the United States and Canada after ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' (1994).<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Screen International]] |title=Miramax in hit land |page=33 |date=August 22, 1997}}</ref> The film was most successful with teenagers and young people in their 20s.<ref name="NYTSuccess" />
Outside of the U.S. and Canada, ''Scream'' is estimated to have grossed a further $70{{spaces}}million, including $14{{nbsp}}million in the United Kingdom, making it the number{{spaces}}21 highest-grossing film.<ref name="TheNumbers1996INT" />{{sfn|Scott|1997|p=35}} This gives ''Scream'' a cumulative worldwide total of $173{{spaces}}million, making it the number{{spaces}}14 highest-grossing film of the year.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="VarietyLegacy" /><ref name="TheNumbers1996WW" />{{efn|The 1996 worldwide box office of $173{{nbsp}}million is equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|173000000|1996}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}.}} After four weeks of release, it became the highest-grossing horror film in France, with a gross of $6.2{{nbsp}}million (37.9{{nbsp}}million French Francs).{{sfn|Scott|1997|p=35}} In Japan, the release date was postponed from May 1997 to August after the murder of a 14-year-old boy, whose killer was apparently obsessed with horror movies.{{sfn|Scott|1997|p=35}}
Industry analysis showed that most of the films released toward the end of the year were box office failures, including both big-budget fare and a surge of films targeted toward women. Only a few were seen as successes, including ''101 Dalmatians'', ''Beavis and Butt-Head Do America'', ''Jerry Maguire'', ''Ransom'', ''Scream'', and ''Star Trek: First Contact''.<ref name="NYTimesPostBO" /> The success of ''Scream'' resulted in additional financial compensation for the principal crew and cast, triggered by the box office surpassing $40{{nbsp}}million and subsequent increments of $10{{nbsp}}million up to $100{{nbsp}}million. Kennedy noted that his first residual check was double his salary.<ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=69}}
== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Drew Barrymore Berlin 2014.jpg
| image2 = Neve Campbell at the Golden Globes in 2010 (crop).png
| footer = [[Drew Barrymore]] (left; pictured in 2014) was considered for the role of [[Sidney Prescott]] before she was cast as [[Casey Becker]]. The Prescott role went to [[Neve Campbell]] (right; pictured in 2010). Both were praised for their performances.
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''Scream'' received generally positive reviews.<ref name="NYTWarm" /> Critics, such as [[Roger Ebert]], [[James Berardinelli]], and [[Owen Gleiberman]], praised ''Scream''{{'}}s meta commentary about its horror predecessors and its self-referential humor while also writing that the self parody diluted any suspense, and criticizing the excessive violence.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewAustinChron" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoTrib" /><ref name="ReviewReelViews" /><ref name="ReviewSeattleTimes" /><ref name="ReviewEbert" /><ref name="ReviewLATimes" /><ref name="ReviewWAPOHarrington" /><ref name="ReviewTimeOut" /><ref name="ReviewEW" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoReadStamets" /><ref name="ReviewNYT" /><ref name="ReviewVariety" /><ref name="ReviewNYDaily" /><ref name="ReviewNewsWeek" />}} Some critics said that the film's intelligence and wit beneath the gore would be appreciated by "sophisticated viewers",<ref name="ReviewReelViews" /><ref name="ReviewSFGate" /> but Ebert was unsure if the degree of violence was "defused by the ironic way the film uses it and comments on it".<ref name="ReviewEbert" />
[[Janet Maslin]] wrote that while ''Scream'' offered original ideas for the genre, it quickly exhausted them.<ref name="ReviewNYT" /> John Hartl offered a similar sentiment, believing ''Scream'' was so focused on referencing other films that it did not know when to "settle down to tell a coherent story".<ref name="ReviewSeattleTimes" /> Bill Stamets considered these references insightful, particularly the killers' motives, saying "Killers without motives are far more scary."<ref name="ReviewChicagoReadStamets" />
Critics such as Berardinelli, Thomas, and Leonard Klady wrote positively of the ensemble cast and their instrumentality in the film's success.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewTimeOut" /><ref name="ReviewVariety" /><ref name="ReviewLATimes" /><ref name="ReviewReelViews" />}} Peter Stack and [[Dave Kehr]] praised Campbell for her standout performance that successfully carried the central focus on her character, portraying a tough, capable heroine who avoids the "damsel in distress" archetype.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewSFGate" /><ref name="ReviewTimeOut" /><ref name="ReviewReelViews" /><ref name="ReviewNYDaily" /><ref name="ReviewLATimes" />}} While some reviewers appreciated Cox for delivering a strong performance in an against-type role, others criticized her for being unconvincing as a tough and career-obsessed reporter.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewVariety" /><ref name="ReviewSFGate" /><ref name="ReviewTimeOut" /><ref name="ReviewReelViews" /><ref name="ReviewLATimes" />}} Thomas and John Hartl wrote that Arquette delivered a "goofily charming" performance.<ref name="ReviewLATimes" /><ref name="ReviewSeattleTimes" /> Lisa Alspector described Ulrich as the only cast member capable of balancing genuine characterization with self-parody.<ref name="ReviewChicagoRead" /><ref name="ReviewLATimes" /><ref name="ReviewTimeOut" />
The film's opening sequence received praise for building tension and suspense. Gleiberman and Richard Harrington appreciated the absence of gratuitous nudity in the scene, which was atypical for the genre.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewSeattleTimes" /><ref name="ReviewEW" /><ref name="ReviewBBC" /><ref name="ReviewWAPOHarrington" />}} [[Kevin Thomas (film critic)|Kevin Thomas]] credited Irwin's "resourcefulness" and Lussier's "razor-sharp" editing as key to ''Scream''{{'}}s success.<ref name="ReviewLATimes" />
===
At the [[23rd Saturn Awards]] in 1997, ''Scream'' won awards for [[Saturn Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Campbell), [[Saturn Award for Best Writing|Best Writing]] (Williamson), and [[Saturn Award for Best Horror Film|Best Horror Film]].<ref name="saturnaward" /> The film was named [[MTV Movie Award for Best Movie|Best Movie]] at the [[1997 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards]], and Campbell was nominated for [[MTV Movie Award for Best Performance|Best Female Performance]].<ref name="mtvmovieaward1997" /> ''Scream'' was named Best Film by the [[International Horror Guild Award|International Horror Guild]].<ref name="internationalhorrorguild" /> Craven also received the Grand Prize at the [[Gérardmer Film Festival]].<ref name="GerardmerFestival2" />
==Post-release==
=== Home media ===
The [[Scream (1996 soundtrack)|soundtrack of ''Scream'']] was released in December 1996 by TVT Records as ''Scream: Music From The Dimension Motion Picture''; it sold poorly.<ref name="NYTimesSoundtrack" /><ref name="AVClubSoundtrack" /><ref name="SoundtrackNet1996" /> ''Scream'' was released on [[VHS]] and [[Laserdisc]] in June 1997,<ref name="NYTimes1997LaserDisc" /> and was especially successful in the [[video rental]] market, becoming the second most rented movie of 1997 in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 10, 1998 |title=Top Video Rentals |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1998/BB-1998-01-10.pdf |page=60 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> In 2000, ''Scream'' was released as part of "The Ultimate ''Scream'' Collection", alongside its then-two sequels, ''[[Scream 2]]'' (1997) and ''[[Scream 3]]'' (2000). The release introduced special features including cast screen tests, outtakes, and a documentary about the making of the three films featuring interviews with Craven, Williamson, Campbell, Cox, and Arquette.<ref name="LAtimesUltimate" /><ref name="FarOutUltimate" /> A director's cut release of ''Scream'' restored uncut sequences removed for the theatrical release.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=64}}
The film was released on [[Blu-ray]] in 2011, including previously released special features.<ref name="EWBluRay2011" /><ref name="IGNBluray2011" /><ref name="HiDefBluRay2011" /> For the film's 25th anniversary in 2021, ''Scream'' was remastered and released on [[4K Ultra HD Blu-ray]] in a steelbook case.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /> Alongside the previously released special features, the remastered version included "A Bloody Legacy: ''Scream'' 25 Years Later", a documentary featuring new interviews with the cast and crew.<ref name="BleedColin2021BluRay" /><ref name="BloodyDisgust2021BluRay" /> In 2022, [[Varèse Sarabande]] released the score in a limited-edition six-disc box CD set and [[Digital copy|digitally]], alongside Beltrami's work on other installments, as well as unreleased music, demos, and alternate versions. A four-[[LP record]] set was released separately in a jacket that turns into a Ghostface mask.<ref name="FangoriaDiscSet" />
==
A 2011 documentary, ''Still Screaming: The Ultimate Scary Movie Retrospective'', documents the production of the original trilogy of ''Scream'' films, and includes interviews with cast and crew from throughout the series.<ref name="AVClubStillScream" /> A book, ''It All Began With A Scream'' by Padraic Maroney, was also released that year, offering a similar look at the production of ''Scream'' and its three immediate sequels.<ref name="WorldCatItBegan" /><ref name="TelegraphItBegan" />
The popularity of the Ghostface character generated a variety of merchandise, and the killer's outfit remained a popular Halloween costume {{as of|lc=y|2023}}.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="TodayHalloween" /><ref name="BloodyGhostface" /><ref name="CBSHalloween" /><ref name="WWDHalloween" />}}
==Thematic analysis==
===Themes===
''Scream'' is influenced by, and pays many homages to, the history of the horror genre, including a school janitor referencing Freddy Krueger, a cameo appearance by Linda Blair, famed for her appearance in ''[[The Exorcist]]'' (1973), and the killers admonishing the police for not watching ''Prom Night'' for advice. In a meta reference, Randy recounts the rules of the genre: to survive a horror film, characters cannot sin by drinking, taking drugs, or having sex, and they cannot say "'I'll be right back.' Because you won't be back".<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="ReviewNYT" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoReadStamets" /> This self reference is extended when Randy (Jamie Kennedy), watches ''Halloween'' and yells at the lead character [[Laurie Strode|Laurie]] ([[Jamie Lee Curtis]]) to look behind her, oblivious to the killer approaching himself from behind. Further, Kenny futilely yells at Randy to look behind him while observing via a remote camera.<ref name="ReviewChicagoReadStamets" /> When Sidney confronts Billy and Stu, she says "You've seen one too many movies", to which Billy replies "Movies don't create psychos, movies make psychos more creative."{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="ReviewLATimes" /><ref name="ReviewChicagoReadStamets" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="MarySueAnalysis" />}} Writer Kate Gardener believed this dialogue rejects the blame on horror films for inspiring real-world violence.<ref name="MarySueAnalysis" /> Lussier said the MPAA had objected to this dialogue because "you can't speak that kind of truth".<ref name="THROralHistory" />
Writers Adam White and Michelle Delgado wrote that ''Scream'' is an exploration of the "exploitative" nature of the news media using traumatic events as entertainment. The debut of ''Scream'' coincided with growing discourse in the United States on the impact of on-screen violence and its potential consequences for society. During this time, the [[Clinton administration]] introduced the [[V-chip]], a device designed to enable parents to block mature television content. However, news programs remained exempt from the ratings system, which Delgado said continued to "exploit" violent incidents to captivate audiences.<ref name="IndependentFame" /><ref name="SmithsonianThemes" /> Gale portrays a relentless television reporter who used Maureen's murder to further her own career and seeks to do the same with the Woodsboro murders. Although Gale advocates for the innocence of Cotton Weary in Maureen's death, she does so both because she believes he is innocent and to secure a lucrative book deal.<ref name="IndependentFame" /><ref name="SmithsonianThemes" /><ref name="MarySueAnalysis" /> While Gale's actions revolve around profiting from the suffering of others, she is depicted not as a villain but a careerist and an antagonist to Sidney who evolves into a heroic figure, aiding in the deaths of Billy and Stu. Gardener wrote that making a living from murder is not morally equal to committing murder, but that it represents the commodification of crime and female trauma. ''Scream'' acknowledges the audience's voyeuristic interest in murder and horror, underscoring the monetary value placed on sensationalized crimes.<ref name="MarySueAnalysis" />
White described Williamson's script as emblematic of its time, featuring a "picture-perfect" mother raped and murdered in American suburbia and the stalking of her daughter one year later. He compared it to contemporary sensationalized cases such as the [[Murder trial of O. J. Simpson]], [[John and Lorena Bobbitt|Lorena Bobbit's assault of her husband]], the [[Long Island Lolita]] case, and the Gainesville Ripper.<ref name="IndependentFame" /> The Ripper's defence included his assertion of being influenced by films such as ''[[The Exorcist III]]'' (1990). Despite public concerns about the influence of violent media, instances of violent crime were decreasing when ''Scream'' was released and there remained no direct link between violent media content and real-life crimes.<ref name="SmithsonianThemes" /> Even so, public fascination with these media portrayals created a form of celebrity for the victims or perpetrators, with dramatic events being turned into documentaries and films. In ''Scream'', Sidney jokes that a film will be made about the traumatic events of her life and, in the sequels, the [[film-within-a-film]] ''Stab'' horror series is created, based partly on the events of each preceding ''Scream'' entry.<ref name="IndependentFame" />
===Analysis===
Author Padraic Maroney wrote that ''Scream'' was pro-feminism, depicting several [[final girl]]s who fight the killer instead of submitting. The success of ''Scream'' demonstrated to studios that although typically seen as fare for young males, horror films had an untapped female market.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=223}} Writer Aime Simon said Sidney, like Craven's [[Nancy Thompson (A Nightmare on Elm Street)|Nancy Thompson]], is allowed to develop as a character by surviving successive films.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=223}} The ''Scream'' films often explore female trauma through characters such as Sidney and Gale, including the dangers posed by angry males who feel rejected. Gardener said that although this may not have been Craven's intention, the film's narrative effectively conveys this theme. She continued that the male killers in ''Scream'' enact violence and intimidation primarily on women, including Casey who romantically rejects Stu before the events of the film, and Sidney's mother Maureen, as Billy blames her for the end of his parents' marriage. Maureen is not responsible for his mother leaving, but Billy blames her, takes his anger out on her directly, and then abuses Sidney's emotional vulnerability caused by her death. In this way, the portrayal of Billy and Stu as angry entitled men seeking revenge is more relatable and realistic than supernatural horror villains.<ref name="MarySueAnalysis" />
''Scream'' has been analyzed for homosexual or queer undertones, influenced by Williamson's own experiences as a gay man. He has expressed how his personal struggles informed Sidney's character because he identified parallels between her survival tactics and those of young gay individuals. In a 2021 interview, he said "as a gay kid, I related to the final girl and to her struggle because it's what one has to do to survive as a young gay kid, too. Subconsciously, I think the ''Scream'' movies are coded in gay survival."<ref name="DigitalSpyThemes" /> Several publications have highlighted the positive response from gay fans of the franchise to these underlying themes.<ref name="BloodyDisgustingThemes" /><ref name="DigitalSpyThemes" /><ref name="FangoriaThemes" />
Some writers, such as Maroney, Brant Lewis, and Joe Lipsett, have discussed the theory that Billy and Stu are in a homosexual relationship or that Stu held unrequited feelings for Billy.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=54}}<ref name="DigitalSpyThemes" /><ref name="FangoriaThemes" /><ref name="BloodyDisgustingThemes" />}} Professor David Greven wrote that Billy and Stu are representative of the changing notions of masculinity and the underlying currents of queer desire in 90s films. The interactions between them throughout the movie contain themes of homoeroticism, such as when Stu playfully touches Randy's earlobe or leans on Billy during the climax before they stab each other with phallic weapons. Greven believed that although it is easy to assign homosexuality to Stu because of his lack of motive to kill and apparent willingness to please his friend, Billy also features homoerotic characteristics such as the gay trope of fixating on his maternal relationship, similar to [[Norman Bates]] in ''Psycho'', and Billy's visual styling resembling actor [[James Dean]], considered a queer icon.<ref name="BloodyDisgustingThemes" /> Williamson loosely based the characters on [[Leopold and Loeb]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jordan |first1=Zoe |title=Scream: The Real Life Murderers Billy & Stu Were Based On |url=https://screenrant.com/scream-billy-stu-real-life-murderers-leopold-loeb/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=January 30, 2024 |date=September 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122084810/https://screenrant.com/scream-billy-stu-real-life-murderers-leopold-loeb/ |url-status=live}}</ref> queer individuals who committed murder to prove their intellectual superiority.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hardwick |first1=Courtney |title=QUEER CRIME: The Not-So-Perfect Partnership of Leopold and Loeb |url=https://inmagazine.ca/2021/08/queer-crime-the-not-so-perfect-partnership-of-leopold-and-loeb/ |website=IN Magazine |access-date=January 30, 2024 |date=August 30, 2021 |archive-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225002242/https://inmagazine.ca/2021/08/queer-crime-the-not-so-perfect-partnership-of-leopold-and-loeb/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BloodyDisgustingThemes" /><ref name="DigitalSpyThemes" /><ref name="FangoriaThemes" />}} In a 2022 interview he said he was "very hesitant to present the gay side of me in [''Scream'']" and that any queerness in Billy's and Stu's characters was "a little coded and maybe accidental".<ref name="PrideSource" />
== Legacy ==
===Cultural influence===
In the decades following its release, ''Scream'' has remained an enduringly popular horror film and launched a successful film franchise.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=223}}<ref name="THROralHistory" /> It is credited with revitalizing the horror genre, which had significantly declined in popularity by the early 1990s.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:{{sfn|Maroney|2021|pp=3–4}}<ref name="THRRejuvenate" /><ref name="THROralHistory" /><ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="ETLegacy" /><ref name="RottenTomatoesLegacy" /><ref name="VarietyLegacy" /><ref name="FarOutLegacy" />}} ''[[Far Out (magazine)|Far Out]]'' and [[MTV]] described ''Scream'' as a "ground-breaking" slasher film that "successfully crossed over into the mainstream" because of its deft blend of traditional horror with self-aware commentary and satire.<ref name="MTVLegacy" /><ref name="FarOutLegacy" /> ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'' wrote that ''Scream'' "mainstreamed metatextual storytelling and made that analytical understanding of the genre mainstream in a lot of ways".<ref name="VoxLegacy" />
Studios rushed to capitalize on ''Scream''{{'}}s success with teen-centric horror films and television series leading into the 2000s, such as ''[[I Know What You Did Last Summer]]'' (1997), ''[[Urban Legend (film)|Urban Legend]]'', ''[[The Faculty]]'' (both 1998), ''[[Final Destination (film)|Final Destination]]'', and ''[[Cherry Falls]]'' (both 2000), as well as sequels to popular, but diminished, franchises such as ''[[Halloween H20: 20 Years Later]]'' and ''[[Bride of Chucky]]'' (both 1998).{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="NYTimesHorrorSuccess" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=74}}<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="ETLegacy" /><ref name="MovieFoneScreamsLegacy" /><ref name="VoxLegacy" /><ref name="FangoriaScreamitation" />}} ''Scream'' also serves as the subject of the parody film ''[[Scary Movie]]'' (2000), which in turn launched its own franchise of horror spoofs.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=74}}<ref name="EbertscaryMovie" /><ref name="VultureScaryMovie" /> Director [[Jordan Peele]] has credited ''Scream'' as a direct inspiration for his own influential horror film, ''[[Get Out]]'' (2017), in manipulating the audience's expectations of the contemporary horror genre.<ref name="VoxLegacy" />
''Scream'' helped launch or bolster the careers of its principal stars, including Campbell, Ulrich, Lillard, McGowan, Kennedy, and Arquette.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="MovieFoneScreamsLegacy" /> Williamson became an in-demand screenwriter, contributing to horror films such as ''I Know What You Did Last Summer'' (1997) and television series ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'' (1998–2003).<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="NYTSuccess" /> ''Scream'' helped revitalize Craven's career after several career setbacks and a string of poor performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Ryan |date=January 15, 2022 |title=Tales From The Box Office: How Wes Craven's Scream Saved The Slasher Genre |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/735276/tales-from-the-box-office-how-was-cravens-scream-saved-the-slasher-genre/ |access-date=January 14, 2024 |website=/Film |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114014216/https://www.slashfilm.com/735276/tales-from-the-box-office-how-was-cravens-scream-saved-the-slasher-genre/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lussier credited his work on ''Scream''{{'}}s opening with his transition to director, beginning with ''[[Dracula 2000]]'' (2000).{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=38}} Barrymore's involvement helped raised the profile of the horror genre, making it a more attractive prospect for prominent actors instead of relative unknowns.{{sfn|Shapiro|1998|page=24}} In a 2021 interview, Kennedy said he was still approached by fans about his horror rules monologue.<ref name="EWOral" /> Lillard described ''Scream'' as a "seminal" moment of his career.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="MTVLegacy" /> He and Campbell began a two-year relationship during filming, while Cox and Arquette married and eventually divorced.<ref name="TheRingerOral" /><ref name="MTVLegacy" /><ref name="PeopleArquetteCox" />
''Scream'' has often been referenced in popular culture in and outside the horror genre.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=223}}<ref name="VoxLegacy" /> The Ghostface killer is considered to be among the most iconic cinematic horror villains.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="MTVLegacy" /><ref name="CBRLillard" /><ref name="USATodayGFace" /><ref name="EWGFace" /><ref name="InsiderGFace" /><ref name="PasteGFace" /><ref name="ShortListGFace" /><ref name="IndiewireGFace" />}} The Billy and Stu version of Ghostface (voiced by Jackson) appears as a playable character in the fighting game ''[[Mortal Kombat 1]]'' (2023).<ref name="MortalKombat" /> As of 2021, Lillard's improvised dialogue, "My mom and dad are gonna be so mad at me", was still quoted to him by fans.<ref name="THROralHistory" />
In the years since its release, ''Scream'' was cited as an influence in several violent crimes and murders, with perpetrators sometimes dressing as Ghostface, as in the 2006 [[murder of Cassie Jo Stoddart]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="GuardianControversy" /><ref name="controversyCBS" /><ref name="controversyBBC" /><ref name="controversyIndependent" /><ref name="controversySenate" /><ref name="OxygenStoddard" /><ref name="IrishFrance" /><ref name="LeParisien" /><ref name="TheTimesFrance" />}} Following the [[Columbine High School massacre]] in 1999, an increasing media and public scrutiny on the influence of violent films, games, and other media on society the [[United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation|United States Senate Commerce committee]] reviewed the marketing of films to youths, specifically the horror genre. ''Scream''{{'}}s opening was shown as an example of negative media which may be viewed by children.<ref name="controversySenate" /> The use of [[Caller ID]] to identify incoming callers also increased by 300% following ''Scream''{{'}}s release.{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=74}}<ref name="DOGCallerID" />
===Retrospective assessments===
''Scream'' is regarded as a classic of the horror genre,<ref name="MovieWebColdOpen" />{{sfn|Maroney|2021|p=223}}<ref name="BFI5Essential" /> and among the greatest horror and slasher films ever made.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="BestHorrorGRadar" /><ref name="BestHorrorIGN" /><ref name="BestHorrorFarOut" /><ref name="BestHorrorPaste" /><ref name="BestHorrorThrill" /><ref name="BestHorrorRS" /><ref name="BestHorrorSlant" /><ref name="BestHorrorTimeOut" /><ref name="BestHorrorSyFy" /><ref name="BestHorrorSlash" /><ref name="BestHorrorRinger" /><ref name="BestHorrorIndieWire" /><br/><ref name="Empire50horror" /><ref name="BestSlasherAVClub" /><ref name="BestSlasherParade" /><ref name="BestSlasherEW" /><ref name="BestSlasherIndie" /><ref name="BestSlasherComplex" /><ref name="BestSlasherPaste" /><ref name="BestSlasherMens" />}} Several publications have also listed it among the best films of the 1990s.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="Best90sGQ" /><ref name="Best90sParade" /><ref name="Best90sMarieClaire" /><ref name="Best90sRS" /><ref name="Best90sRT" /><ref name="Best90sFSR" />}} Williamson believed ''Scream''{{'}}s success was due, in part, to fitting the contemporary zeitgeist when "everyone wanted to have scary and fun in their life{{spaces}}... If the movie had been released at any other time, I'm not sure that would've been the case". Campbell believed it connected with audiences because of a deft combination of humor, horror, and intelligence.<ref name="THROralHistory" /> {{as of|2023}}, ''Scream'' remains the highest-grossing film in the [[Scream (franchise)|''Scream'' film series]],<ref name="VarietyLegacy" /><ref name="TheNumbersAllScreams" /> and is generally considered to be the best film in the series.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="BestScreamParade" /><ref name="BestScreamWrap" /><ref name="BestScreamEW" /><ref name="BestScreamComplex" /><ref name="BestScreamPaste" /><ref name="BestScreamIndie" /><ref name="BestScreamSalon" /><ref name="BestScreamMary" /><ref name="BestScreamEsquire" /><ref name="BestScreamDOG" /><ref name="BestScreamCollider" />}} The franchise is also among the highest-grossing horror franchises, alongside ''[[Halloween (franchise)|Halloween]]'', ''[[Saw (franchise)|Saw]]'', and [[The Conjuring Universe|''The Conjuring'' Universe]].<ref name="VarietyLegacy" />
In 2008, ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' ranked the film number{{spaces}}482 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time",<ref name="Empire500Greatest" /> and ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' listed ''Scream'' as one of the Best High School movies and among the best films of the preceding 13 years.<ref name="EW50BestHighSchoolMovies" /><ref name="EW100BestFilms" /> On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of {{RT data|score}} from the aggregated reviews of {{RT data|count}} critics, with an average score of {{RT data|average}}. The consensus reads: "Horror icon Wes Craven's subversive deconstruction of the genre is sly, witty, and surprisingly effective as a slasher film itself, even if it's a little too cheeky for some".<ref name="RottenTomatoes" /> The film has a score of 66 out of 100 on [[Metacritic]] based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref name="MetaCritic" /> The [[British Film Institute]] (BFI) called the opening scene "one of the all-time great pre-credit scenes—an unforgettable masterclass of building tension, heart-stopping terror, and shocking images".<ref name="BFI5Essential" /> The scene appeared at number{{spaces}}13 on ''[[Bravo (American TV network)|Bravo]]''{{'}}s 2004 list of the [[The 100 Scariest Movie Moments|100 Scariest Movie Moments]].<ref name="Bravo100Scariest" />
== Sequels ==
{{further|Scream (franchise)}}
Due to the success of ''Scream'', development of a sequel began while the original was still in theaters.<ref name="THROralHistory" />{{sfn|Shapiro|1998|p=22}} ''[[Scream 2]]'' (1997) achieved similar financial and critical success as ''Scream''.<ref name="ColliderSequels" /> Williamson was unavailable to write ''[[Scream 3]]'' (2000), the trilogy's concluding chapter, and was replaced with [[Ehren Kruger]]. The film fared less well than its predecessors, commercially and critically, and is regarded as the franchise's most divisive entry.<ref name="ColliderSequels" /><ref name="FangoriaSequel" /> Williamson returned to the series with the [[Reboot (fiction)|reboot]] film ''[[Scream 4]]'' (2011).<ref name="EmpireScream4" /> While ''Scream 4'' has been positively reassessed since its release, its modest box office and critical reception on its release, as well as Craven's death, placed the franchise on hold.<ref name="BloodyDisgustingSequels" /><ref name="FangoriaSequel" /><ref name="DOGSequels" />
A television adaptation, ''[[Scream (TV series)|Scream]]'' (2015–2019), ran for three seasons. The Weinsteins refused to license the Fun World costume for the show or allow references to the films, which was controversial with fans and contributed to the series' low ratings, poor reception, and eventual cancellation.<ref name="BloodyTV" /><ref name="CBRTV" />
The film series was relaunched with ''[[Scream (2022 film)|Scream]]'' (2022), and its success led to immediate development of a sixth installment, ''[[Scream VI]]'' (2023). Both films are directed by [[Matt Bettinelli-Olpin]] and [[Tyler Gillett]], and written by [[James Vanderbilt]] and [[Guy Busick]].<ref name="ColliderSequels" /><ref name="DeadlineSequels" /><ref name="Gemmill" /> These films focus on a younger cast, including [[Melissa Barrera]] and [[Jenna Ortega]], with Campbell, Cox, and Arquette appearing in supporting legacy roles. ''Scream VI'' was the first film in the series not to feature Campbell, who declined to return following a dispute over pay, or Arquette.<ref name="ColliderSequels" /><ref name="DeadlineSequels" /> ''[[Scream 7]]'' began filming in January 2025, with Campbell reprising her role and Kevin Williamson directing.<ref name="Scream7" />
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="AustinContext">{{cite web |first=Marjorie |last=Baumgarten |title=Ring in the HollyDaze |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/screens/1996-11-29/525712/ |date=November 29, 1996 |website=[[The Austin Chronicle]] |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208150531/https://www.austinchronicle.com/screens/1996-11-29/525712/ |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ArquetteThrillist">{{cite web |first=Gil |last=Macias |title=''Scream'' Veteran David Arquette is Excited to See Where the Horror Franchise Goes Next |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/scream-david-arquette-interview |date=January 14, 2022 |website=[[Thrillist]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210141930/https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/scream-david-arquette-interview |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="AVClubStillScream">{{cite web |title=Still Screaming: The Ultimate Scary Movie Retrospective (2011) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/still-screaming-the-ultimate-scary-movie-retrospective-2011 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406185926/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/still-screaming-the-ultimate-scary-movie-retrospective-2011 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Best90sGQ">{{cite web |first1=Dylan |last1=Jones |first2=Bill |last2=Prince |first3=Paul |last3=Henderson |first4=Thomas |last4=Barrie |first5=Olive |last5=Pometsey |first6=Ben |last6=Allen |first7=Charlie |last7=Burton |first8=Teo |last8=van den Broeke |first9=Robert |last9=Leedham |first10=Lucy |last10= Ford |title=The Best 90s Movies From Pulp Fiction To 10 Things I Hate About You |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/best-90s-movies |date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[GQ]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602125624/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/best-90s-movies |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Best90sParade">{{cite web |first=Samuel R. |last=Murrian |title=We Ranked the 65 Best Movies of the 1990s, From ''Fargo'' To ''Forrest Gump'' |url=https://parade.com/1214385/samuelmurrian/best-90s-movies/ |date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405201044/https://parade.com/1214385/samuelmurrian/best-90s-movies/ |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Best90sMarieClaire">{{cite web |first1=Kayleigh |last1=Roberts |first2=Brooke |last2=Knappenberger |title=We Scoured the Archives—These Are the Most Iconic '90s Movies to Binge-Watch Right Now |url=https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/g22520389/best-90s-movies/ |date=May 5, 2022 |website=[[Marie Claire]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625025819/https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/g22520389/best-90s-movies/ |archive-date=June 25, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Best90sRS">{{cite web |first1=Daniel |last1=Kreps |first2=Scott |last2=Tobias |first3=Alex |last3=Suskind |first4=Joshua |last4=Rothkopf |first5=Noel |last5=Murray |first6=Stephen |last6=Garrett |first7=Jenna |last7=Scherer |first8=Phoebe |last8=Reilly |first9=Tim |last9=Grierson |first10= Eric |last10=Hynes |first11=Bilge |last11=Ebiri |first12=David |last12=Fear |first13=Jason |last13=Newman |first14=Kory |last14=Grow |first15=Sean T. |last15=Collins |first16=Dan |last16=Epstein |first17=Rob |last17=Sheffield |first18=Kristen |last18=Yoonsoo Kim |first19=Gina |last19=Mcintyre |first20=Brian |last20=Tallerico |first21=Abbey |last21=Bender |first22=Judy |last22=Berman |first23=Steven |last23=Boone |first24=Vikram |last24=Murthi |title=The 100 Greatest Movies of the Nineties |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-lists/the-100-greatest-movies-of-the-nineties-195513/being-john-malkovich-1999-2-195318/ |date=July 12, 2017 |website=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122002334/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-lists/the-100-greatest-movies-of-the-nineties-195513/romeo-juliet-1996-197037/ |archive-date= November 22, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Best90sRT">{{cite web |title=140 Favorite 90s Movies |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/140-favorite-90s-movies/ |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602152644/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/140-favorite-90s-movies/ |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Best90sFSR">{{cite web |first=Valerie |last=Ettenhofer |title=The 50 Best Movies Of The 1990s |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/best-movies-1990s/9/ |date=August 17, 2019 |website=[[Film School Rejects]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602125622/https://filmschoolrejects.com/best-movies-1990s/9/ |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestHorrorGRadar">{{cite web |first=Louise |last=Blain |title=The 30 Best Horror Movies That Will Haunt You Long After The Credits Roll |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/best-horror-movies/ |date=November 11, 2022 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705223234/https://www.gamesradar.com/best-horror-movies/ |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestHorrorIGN">{{cite web |title=The 25 Best Horror Movies Of All Time |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/best-horror-movies-of-all-time |date=June 2, 2022 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705020224/https://www.ign.com/articles/best-horror-movies-of-all-time |archive-date=July 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestHorrorFarOut">{{cite web |first=Calum |last=Russell |title=The 50 Greatest Horror Films Of All Time |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-50-greatest-horror-films-of-all-time/ |date=October 17, 2022 |website=[[Far Out (magazine)|Far Out]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601175134/https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-50-greatest-horror-films-of-all-time/ |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestHorrorPaste">{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Vorel |title=The 100 Best Horror Movies Of All Time |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/horror-movies/best-horror-movies-ever-of-all-time-scariest-films |website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705130306/https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/horror-movies/best-horror-movies-ever-of-all-time-scariest-films |archive-date= July 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestHorrorThrill">{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Weinberg |title=The 75 Best Horror Movies Of All Time |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/best-horror-movies-ever |date=February 18, 2016 |website=[[Thrillist]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601061224/https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/best-horror-movies-ever |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestHorrorRS">{{cite web |first1=David |last1=Fear |first2=A.A. |last2=Dowd |first3=Stephen |last3=Garrett |first4=Katie |last4=Rife |first5=Tim |last5=Grierson |first6=Jason |last6=Bailey |first7=Keith |last7=Phipps |first8=Kory |last8=Grow |first9=Esther |last9=Zuckerman |first10=Robert |last10=Daniels |first11=Noel |last11=Murray |title=101 Best Horror Movies Of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-lists/best-horror-movies-of-all-time-1234597766/a-girl-walks-home-at-night-1234604350/ |date=October 28, 2022 |website=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601175132/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-lists/best-horror-movies-of-all-time-1234597766/a-girl-walks-home-at-night-1234604350/ |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestHorrorSlant">{{cite web |title=The 100 Best Horror Movies Of All Time |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/100-greatest-horror-movies-of-all-time/ |date=October 28, 2022 |website=[[Slant Magazine]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322184248/https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/100-greatest-horror-movies-of-all-time/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestHorrorTimeOut">{{cite web |title=The 100 Best Horror Movies Of All Time |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/best-horror-films |date=May 10, 2023 |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623183410/https://www.timeout.com/film/best-horror-films |archive-date= June 23, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestHorrorSyFy">{{cite web |first=Matthew |last=Jackson |title=From ''Nosferatu'' To ''Get Out'': The Best Horror Movies Of all Time |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/best-horror-movies-of-all-time |date=May 23, 2023 |website=[[Syfy]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230628132951/https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/best-horror-movies-of-all-time |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="BestHorrorRinger">{{cite web |first=Sean |last=Fennessey |title=Introducing The Horror Oscars: The 40 Best Scary Movies Since ''Halloween'' |url=https://www.theringer.com/movies/2018/10/1/17921290/horror-movie-academy-awards-halloween-40-alien-shining-nightmare-elm-street-silence-lambs-scream |date=October 1, 2018 |website=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601175135/https://www.theringer.com/movies/2018/10/1/17921290/horror-movie-academy-awards-halloween-40-alien-shining-nightmare-elm-street-silence-lambs-scream |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestHorrorIndieWire">{{cite web |first=Alison |last=Foreman |title=The 225 Best Horror Movies Of All Time |url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-horror-movies-all-time-scary-films/tales-from-the-hood-2/ |date=November 16, 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601175133/https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-horror-movies-all-time-scary-films/tales-from-the-hood-2/ |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamParade">{{cite web |first=Samuel R. |last=Murrian |title=We Ranked All Six ''Scream'' Movies Worst To Best |url=https://parade.com/1294275/samuelmurrian/scream-movies-ranked/ |date=April 22, 2023 |website=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414172046/https://parade.com/1294275/samuelmurrian/scream-movies-ranked/ |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamWrap">{{cite web |first=William |last=Bibbiani |title=Every ''Scream'' Movie Ranked From Worst To Best |url=https://www.thewrap.com/scream-movies-ranked-worst-to-best/ |date=March 10, 2023 |website=[[TheWrap]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602133813/https://www.thewrap.com/scream-movies-ranked-worst-to-best/ |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamEW">{{cite web |first=Michael Lee |last=Simpson |title=The ''Scream'' Movies, Ranked |url=https://ew.com/movies/scream-movies-ranked/ |date=September 27, 2022 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230314202017/https://ew.com/movies/scream-movies-ranked/ |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamComplex">{{cite web |first=Trace William |last=Cowen |title=All the ''Scream'' Movies Ranked, From Worst To Best |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/scream-movies-ranked |date=March 7, 2023 |website=[[Complex Networks]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405220703/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/scream-movies-ranked |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamPaste">{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Vorel |title=Every ''Scream'' Movie, Ranked |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/horror-movies/scream-series-ranking-scream-vi-sequels-reboot |date=March 10, 2023 |website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705082459/https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/horror-movies/scream-series-ranking-scream-vi-sequels-reboot |archive-date= July 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamIndie">{{cite web |first1=Alison |last1=Foreman |first2=Christian |last2=Zilko |title=All 6 ''Scream'' Movies Ranked, From The 1996 Original To ''Scream VI'' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/scream-movies-ranked/ |date=March 11, 2023 |website=[[IndieWire]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602133820/https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/scream-movies-ranked/ |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamSalon">{{cite web |first=Lauren |last=Piester |title=All The "''Scream''" Movies, Ranked From Worst To Best |url=https://www.salon.com/2023/03/26/scream-movies-ranked-from-worst-to-best/ |date=March 26, 2023 |website=[[Salon.com]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616123404/https://www.salon.com/2023/03/26/scream-movies-ranked-from-worst-to-best/ |archive-date=June 16, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamMary">{{cite web |first=Rachel |last=Ulatowski |title=All ''Scream'' Movies Ranked Worst To Best |url=https://www.themarysue.com/all-scream-movies-ranked-worst-to-best/ |date=March 18, 2023 |website=[[The Mary Sue]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602133812/https://www.themarysue.com/all-scream-movies-ranked-worst-to-best/ |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamEsquire">{{cite web |first1=Bria |last1=McNeal |first2=Sirena |last2=He |title=Every ''Scream'' Movie, Ranked From Best To Worst |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/g43264714/best-scream-movies-ranked/ |date=March 11, 2023 |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602133812/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/g43264714/best-scream-movies-ranked/ |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamDOG">{{cite web |first1=Sarah |last1=Dobbs |first2=David |last2=Crow |title=''Scream'' Movies Ranked From Worst To Best |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/scream-movies-ranked-from-worst-to-best/ |date=April 29, 2023 |website=[[Den of Geek]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602133813/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/scream-movies-ranked-from-worst-to-best/ |archive-date= June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestScreamCollider">{{cite web |first=Perri |last=Nemiroff |title=All the ''Scream'' Movies Ranked From Worst To Best |url=https://collider.com/best-scream-movies-ranked-worst-to-best/ |date=April 29, 2020 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409120512/https://collider.com/best-scream-movies-ranked-worst-to-best/ |archive-date= April 9, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestSlasherAVClub">{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Newby |title=The 20 Greatest Slasher Horror Movies Of All Time |url=https://www.avclub.com/best-slasher-horror-movies-of-all-time-1850187115/slides/20 |date=March 6, 2023 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230308073542/https://www.avclub.com/best-slasher-horror-movies-of-all-time-1850187115/slides/20 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestSlasherParade">{{cite web |first=Samuel R. |last=Murrian |title=The 32 Best Slasher Movies Of All Time, Ranked |url=https://parade.com/707116/samuelmurrian/the-15-best-slasher-movies-of-all-time/ |date=June 6, 2023 |website=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412211413/https://parade.com/707116/samuelmurrian/the-15-best-slasher-movies-of-all-time/ |archive-date= April 12, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestSlasherEW">{{cite web |first=Steven |last=Thrash |title=The 20 Best Slasher Movies Of All Time |url=https://ew.com/movies/best-slasher-movies-of-all-time/ |date=October 27, 2022 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601180553/https://ew.com/movies/best-slasher-movies-of-all-time/ |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestSlasherIndie">{{cite web |first1=Anne |last1=Thompson |first2=Alison |last2=Foreman |title=The 13 Best Slasher Movies Ever Made, From ''Candyman'' To ''Psycho'' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-slasher-movies/scream-1996-5/ |date=October 31, 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601180559/https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-slasher-movies/scream-1996-5/ |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BestSlasherComplex">{{cite web |first=Matt |last=Barone |title=The Best Slasher Movies |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/best-slasher-movies-of-all-time |website=[[Complex Networks]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612142418/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/best-slasher-movies-of-all-time |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="BestSlasherMens">{{cite web |first1=Evan |last1=Romano |first2=Joshua |last2=Ocampo |title=The 56 Most Terrifying Slasher Flicks Of All Time |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/g34520922/slasher-movies/ |date=October 25, 2022 |website=[[Men's Health]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413181008/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/g34520922/slasher-movies/ |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BDDirectors">{{cite web |first=Meagan |last=Navarro |title="I Wanna Play a Game": What If Wes Craven Never Directed ''Scream''? |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3548961/wanna-play-game-wes-craven-never-directed-scream/ |date=March 5, 2019 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]] |access-date= February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203145842/https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3548961/wanna-play-game-wes-craven-never-directed-scream/ |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BFICast">{{cite web |title=''Scream'' (1996) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7f498103 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213133250/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7f498103 |archive-date=February 13, 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="BFI5Essential">{{cite web |first=Lou |last=Thomas |title=''Scream'': 5 Essential Moments From The Meta Slasher Series |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/scream-5-essential-moments-from-meta-slasher-series |date=January 14, 2022 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226202802/https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/scream-5-essential-moments-from-meta-slasher-series |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BleedColin2021BluRay">{{cite web |first=Jeremy |last=Konrad |title=''Scream'' Getting a New 4K Steelbook Release In February |url=https://bleedingcool.com/movies/scream-4k-blu-ray-steelbook-new-features-craven/ |date=December 25, 2022 |website=[[Bleeding Cool]] |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331221853/https://bleedingcool.com/movies/scream-4k-blu-ray-steelbook-new-features-craven/ |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BloodyDisgust2021BluRay">{{cite web |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3677700/full-details-announced-4k-ultra-hd-release-wes-cravens-scream-watch-remastered-trailer/ |title=Full Details Announced for 4K Ultra HD Release of Wes Craven's ''Scream''; Watch the Remastered Trailer! |date=August 10, 2021 |first=John |last=Squires |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]] |access-date=August 10, 2021 |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818160415/https://bloody-disgusting.com/home-video/3677700/full-details-announced-4k-ultra-hd-release-wes-cravens-scream-watch-remastered-trailer/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BloodyTV">{{cite web |first=Luiz H. |last=C. |title=MTV's ''Scream'' TV Series – Revisiting the Franchise's Three Seasons On The Small Screen |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3750665/mtvs-scream-tv-series-revisiting-the-franchises-three-seasons-on-the-small-screen/ |date=February 10, 2023 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]] |access-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230319034409/https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3750665/mtvs-scream-tv-series-revisiting-the-franchises-three-seasons-on-the-small-screen/ |archive-date= March 19, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BOMhighestslasher">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=slasher.htm |title=Horror – Slasher |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=January 18, 2013 |archive-date=March 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302113533/http://boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=slasher.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="BOM1996DOMESTIC">{{cite web |title=Domestic Box Office For 1996 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/1996/?grossesOption=totalGrosses |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=July 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320094456/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/1996/?grossesOption=totalGrosses |archive-date= March 20, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BOMWeekends">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=scream.htm |title=''Scream'' (1996) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=August 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802233708/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=scream.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BOMWeekend1">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1996W51/?ref_=bo_rl_table_1 |title=Domestic 1996 Weekend 51 December 20-22, 1996 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303230757/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1996W51/?ref_=bo_rl_table_1 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BOMWeekend2">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1996W52/?ref_=bo_rl_table_2 |title=Domestic 1996 Weekend 52 December 27-29, 1996 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303230759/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1996W52/?ref_=bo_rl_table_2 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BOMWeekend3">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1997W01/?ref_=bo_rl_table_3 |title=Domestic 1997 Weekend 1 January 3-5, 1997 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303230755/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1997W01/?ref_=bo_rl_table_3 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BloodyDisgustingThemes">{{cite web |first=Joe |last=Lipsett |title=[Horror Queers] Gaying Up the Biggest Horror Franchise Of The 90s With ''Scream''! |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3540235/horror-queers-gaying-biggest-horror-franchise-90s-scream/ |date=January 8, 2019 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617124650/https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3540235/horror-queers-gaying-biggest-horror-franchise-90s-scream/ |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BloodyDisgustingSequels">{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Keiper |title=Bet You Didn't See That Coming: Why ''Scream 4'' May Be The Best Film In The Franchise |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3660168/bet-didnt-see-coming-scream-4-may-best-film-franchise/ |date=April 14, 2021 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]] |access-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404060320/https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3660168/bet-didnt-see-coming-scream-4-may-best-film-franchise/ |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BloodyGhostface">{{cite web |first=John |last=Squires |title=''Scream'' – Official Ghostface Merch From Spirit Halloween Includes 5-foot Animatronic And Chrome Mask |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/the-further/3699541/scream-official-ghostface-merch-spirit-halloween-includes-5-foot-animatronic-chrome-mask/ |date=January 18, 2022 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513223319/https://bloody-disgusting.com/the-further/3699541/scream-official-ghostface-merch-spirit-halloween-includes-5-foot-animatronic-chrome-mask/ |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Bravo100Scariest">{{cite web |url=http://www.bravotv.com/The_100_Scariest_Movie_Moments/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030070540/http://www.bravotv.com/The_100_Scariest_Movie_Moments/index.shtml |archive-date=October 30, 2007 |title=The 100 Scariest Movie Moments |website=[[Bravo (American TV network)|Bravo]] |date=October 2004 |access-date=June 2, 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="CBSHalloween">{{cite web |title=Most Popular Halloween Costumes Of 2011 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/most-popular-halloween-costumes-of-2011/ |date=October 31, 2011 |website=[[CBS News]] |access-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045210/https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/most-popular-halloween-costumes-of-2011/ |archive-date=May 15, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CBRTV">{{cite web |first=Noah |last=Dominguez |title=''Scream'': The TV Series Is Doomed to Be Forgotten - But It Shouldn't Be |url=https://www.cbr.com/scream-tv-series-films-mtv-vh1/ |date=October 28, 2022 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]] |access-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108043941/https://www.cbr.com/scream-tv-series-films-mtv-vh1/ |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CBRLillard">{{cite web |first=Kellie |last=Lacey |title=''Scream'' Cast Lillard As Stu Because They Didn't Want Him Making Out With Neve Campbell |url=https://www.cbr.com/scream-matthew-lillard-not-making-out-neve-campbell/ |date=December 26, 2021 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]] |access-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210160300/https://www.cbr.com/scream-matthew-lillard-not-making-out-neve-campbell/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CastSchreiber">{{cite web |first=Tamera |last=Jones |title=''Scream 2'': Kevin Williamson Reveals How the Studio Tried To Change Cotton Weary's Role |url=https://collider.com/scream-2-cotton-weary-role-kevin-williamson-comments/ |date=December 23, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106054444/https://collider.com/scream-2-cotton-weary-role-kevin-williamson-comments/ |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Cinemaholic">{{cite web |first=Vrinda |last=Bachchan |title=Where Was ''Scream'' (1996) Filmed? |url=https://thecinemaholic.com/where-was-scream-1996-filmed/ |date=August 7, 2022 |website=The Cinemaholic |access-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313193302/https://thecinemaholic.com/where-was-scream-1996-filmed/ |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ColliderCast">{{cite web |first1=Kristen |last1=Santer |first2=Shawn |last2=Van Horn |title=The ''Scream'' Franchise: All Of Ghostface's Kills, Ranked |url=https://collider.com/scream-ghostface-kills-ranked/ |date=January 5, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234922/https://collider.com/scream-ghostface-kills-ranked/ |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ColliderCameos">{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Sasaguay |title=''Scream'' Cameos Unmasked: Carrie Fisher, Linda Blair, And Beyond |url=https://collider.com/scream-cameos-carrie-fisher/ |date=December 28, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226204501/https://collider.com/scream-cameos-carrie-fisher/ |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ColliderMusic">{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Sasaguay |title=''Scream'': The Best Needle Drops Across All 5 Movies |url=https://collider.com/scream-soundtrack-best-needle-drops/#scream-2022 |date=January 26, 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305211913/https://collider.com/scream-soundtrack-best-needle-drops/#scream-2022 |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ColliderUlrich">{{cite web |first=Perri |last=Nemiroff |title=''Scream'': Skeet Ulrich Reveals Nobody Ever Really Knew Who Killed Who |url=https://collider.com/scream-who-killed-who-skeet-ulrich-interview/ |date=October 19, 2021 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301202617/https://collider.com/scream-who-killed-who-skeet-ulrich-interview/ |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ColliderWilliamson20">{{cite web |first=Haleigh |last=Foutch |title=''Scream'': Kevin Williamson Remembers The Horror Hit 20 Years Later |url=https://collider.com/scream-kevin-williamson-vampire-diaries-interview/ |date=January 29, 2016 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226202802/https://collider.com/scream-kevin-williamson-vampire-diaries-interview/ |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ColliderSequels">{{cite web |first=Adam |last=Virgona |title=Here's How to Watch the 'Scream' Movies in Order (Chronologically and by Release Date) |url=https://collider.com/scream-movies-in-order/ |date=March 10, 2023 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405210012/https://collider.com/scream-movies-in-order/ |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CoxCBR">{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Mcdonald |title=''Scream'' Reboot Reveals Courteney Cox's Gale Weathers' Current Job |url=https://www.cbr.com/scream-reboot-courteney-cox-gale-weathers-job/ |date=December 3, 2021 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]] |access-date= February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210151150/https://www.cbr.com/scream-reboot-courteney-cox-gale-weathers-job/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CoxVogue">{{cite web |first=Christian |last=Allaire |title=Gale Weathers, the Cutthroat Journalist Of ''Scream'', Has Terrifyingly Good Style |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/gale-weathers-scream-fashion-moments |date=January 12, 2022 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date= February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524115528/https://www.vogue.com/article/gale-weathers-scream-fashion-moments |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="controversyBBC">{{cite web |last=Murphy |first=Paul |title=''Scream'' Attackers Given Six Years |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/481914.stm |website=[[BBC]] |date=October 22, 1999 |access-date=July 31, 2011 |archive-date=May 5, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040505130046/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/481914.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="controversySenate">{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Henry |title=Dr. Jenkins Senate Testimony |url=http://www.digitalvillage.org/dv_jenkins1.html |website=Digital Village |date=May 4, 1999 |access-date=March 30, 2011 |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322030927/http://www.digitalvillage.org/dv_jenkins1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="controversyIndependent">{{cite web |last=Shields |first=Rachel |title=Victim Of 1999 Attack By Two Schoolboys Demands Edlington Pair Get Longer Term |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/victim-of-1999-attack-by-two-schoolboys-demands-edlington-pair-get-longer-term-1884306.html |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=March 30, 2011 |date=January 31, 2010 |archive-date=August 23, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823074058/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/victim-of-1999-attack-by-two-schoolboys-demands-edlington-pair-get-longer-term-1884306.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="controversyCBS">{{cite web |title=2 Guilty Of ''Scream'' Murder |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1999/07/01/national/main52735.shtml |website=[[CBS News]] |access-date=March 27, 2011 |date=July 1, 1999 |archive-date=February 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204235947/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1999/07/01/national/main52735.shtml}}</ref>
<ref name="DigitalSpyThemes">{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Boyle |title=''Scream'' Rights A Wrong Of The Series' LGBTQ+ Representation |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a38812085/scream-lgbtq-queer-representation-mindy/ |date=January 19, 2022 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617124650/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a38812085/scream-lgbtq-queer-representation-mindy/ |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DOGCallerID">{{cite web |first=David |last=Crow |title=How ''Scream'' Scared Americans Into Buying Caller ID |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/scream-scared-americans-into-buying-caller-id/ |date=March 6, 2023 |website=[[Den of Geek]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601100538/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/scream-scared-americans-into-buying-caller-id/ |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DeadlineSequels">{{cite web |first=Matt |last=Grobar |title=''Project X'' Principals On Taking ''Scream'' Franchise To New Highs, Neve Campbell's Exit From Sixth Installment, First TV Series ''The Night Agent'' & More |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/scream-vi-producers-on-neve-campbell-exit-further-potential-sequels-more-1235280605/ |date=March 10, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406205440/https://deadline.com/2023/03/scream-vi-producers-on-neve-campbell-exit-further-potential-sequels-more-1235280605/ |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DOGSequels">{{cite web |first=David |last=Crow |title=Scream 4 Is Still The Best ''Scream'' Sequel |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/scream-4-the-best-scream-sequel/ |date=January 11, 2022 |website=[[Den of Geek]] |access-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610130032/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/scream-4-the-best-scream-sequel/ |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Distractify">{{cite web |title=Attention ''Scream'' Fans — You Can Now Visit Stu's House IRL |url=https://www.distractify.com/p/where-is-the-house-from-scream |date=October 29, 2021 |website=[[Distractify]] |access-date= March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310182825/https://www.distractify.com/p/where-is-the-house-from-scream |archive-date=March 10, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DreadMPAA">{{cite web |first=Max |last=Weinstein |title=The MPAA Wanted To Cut One Of The Best Lines In ''Scream'', But Wes Craven Won That Battle |url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/417538/the-mpaa-wanted-to-cut-one-of-the-best-lines-in-scream-but-wes-craven-won-that-battle/ |date=November 2, 2021 |website=[[Dread Central]] |access-date= February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226202812/https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/417538/the-mpaa-wanted-to-cut-one-of-the-best-lines-in-scream-but-wes-craven-won-that-battle/ |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="DreadHouse">{{cite web |first=Drew |last=Tinnin |title=The Spirit of Stu Still Lives On Inside the ''Scream'' House [Horror Reel Estate] |url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/422108/the-spirit-of-stu-still-lives-on-inside-the-scream-house-horror-reel-estate/ |date=January 24, 2022 |website=[[Dread Central]] |access-date= March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315185818/https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/422108/the-spirit-of-stu-still-lives-on-inside-the-scream-house-horror-reel-estate/ |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EbertscaryMovie">{{cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/scary-movie-2000 |title=Scary Movie |access-date=April 18, 2011 |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=July 7, 2000 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012164206/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/scary-movie-2000 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EWGFace">{{cite web |first=Steven |last=Thrash |title=The 20 Best Horror Villains Of All Time |url=https://ew.com/movies/best-horror-villains/ |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528205528/https://ew.com/movies/best-horror-villains/ |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EmpireCast">{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Travis |title=''Scream'' Recap: The Killers, The Plots, And The Most Memorable Deaths |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/scream-recap-killers-plots-most-memorable-deaths/ |date=January 11, 2022 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417031346/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/scream-recap-killers-plots-most-memorable-deaths/ |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Empire500Greatest">{{cite web |url=https://www.empireonline.com/500/4.asp |title=The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |year=2008 |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107015846/https://www.empireonline.com/500/4.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Empire50horror">{{cite web |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-horror-movies/ |title=The 50 Best Horror Movies Ever |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |year=2016 |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=February 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180211191528/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-horror-movies/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EmpireScream4">{{cite web |first=Owen |last=Williams |title=Kevin Williamson Talks ''Scream 4'' |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/kevin-williamson-talks-scream-4/ |date=November 12, 2009 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |access-date=March 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524204852/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/kevin-williamson-talks-scream-4/ |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ETLegacy">{{cite web |title='Scream' 20 Years Later: Neve Campbell and Kevin Williamson Share Untold Stories from the Set (Exclusive) | Entertainment Tonight |url=https://www.etonline.com/features/205294_scream_20_years_later_neve_campbell_and_cast_share_untold_stories |date=December 19, 2016 |website=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722162747/https://www.etonline.com/features/205294_scream_20_years_later_neve_campbell_and_cast_share_untold_stories |archive-date=July 22, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EWBarrymore">{{cite web |first=Tim |last=Stack |title=The Making Of ''Scream'': Drew Barrymore Looks Back On Filming The Horror Classic |url=https://ew.com/article/2011/04/15/making-of-scream-drew-barrymore/ |date=April 15, 2011 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420031519/https://ew.com/article/2011/04/15/making-of-scream-drew-barrymore/ |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EWMcGowan">{{cite web |first=Tim |last=Stack |title=The Making Of ''Scream'': Rose McGowan looks back on filming the horror classic |url=https://ew.com/article/2011/04/14/making-of-scream-rose-mcgowan/ |date=April 14, 2011 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527114355/https://ew.com/article/2011/04/14/making-of-scream-rose-mcgowan/ |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EWLillard">{{cite web |first=Tim |last=Stack |title=The Making Of ''Scream'': Matthew Lillard Looks Back On Filming The Horror Classic |url=https://ew.com/article/2011/04/13/making-of-scream-matthew-lillard/ |date=April 13, 2011 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125203751/https://ew.com/article/2011/04/13/making-of-scream-matthew-lillard/ |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EWKennedy">{{cite web |first=Tim |last=Stack |title=The Making Of ''Scream'': Jamie Kennedy Looks Back On Filming The Horror Classic |url=https://ew.com/article/2011/04/12/making-of-scream-jamie-kennedy/ |date=April 12, 2011 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719115046/https://ew.com/article/2011/04/12/making-of-scream-jamie-kennedy/ |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EWUlrich">{{cite web |first=Lauren |last=Huff |title=Why Skeet Ulrich Worried Matthew Lillard Was Ruining ''Scream'': 'This Isn't Funny!' |url=https://ew.com/movies/skeet-ulrich-worried-matthew-lillard-ruining-scream/ |date=July 19, 2023 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210211856/https://ew.com/movies/skeet-ulrich-worried-matthew-lillard-ruining-scream/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="EW50BestHighSchoolMovies">{{cite web |url=https://ew.com/gallery/50-best-high-school-movies-0/?slide=383546#383546 |title=The 50 Best High School Movies |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=December 2008 |access-date=March 23, 2011 |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828034722/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20215654_18,00.html}}</ref>
<ref name="EW100BestFilms">{{cite web |url=https://ew.com/gallery/100-new-movie-classics-no-75-51/ |title=The 100 Best Films of the Last 13 Years |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=March 23, 2011 |date=June 20, 2008 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514094811/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20206983,00.html#20069697 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EntertainmaintIE">{{cite web |title=''Scream'' At 25: How Wes Craven's Iconic Horror Rewrote The Rulebook |url=https://entertainment.ie/movies/movie-news/scream-at-25-504323/ |date=December 20, 2021 |website=[[Entertainment.ie]] |access-date= March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313211942/https://entertainment.ie/movies/movie-news/scream-at-25-504323/ |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EWSecrets">{{cite web |first=Tyler |last=Aquilina |title=10 Behind-The-Scenes Secrets About ''Scream'' |url=https://ew.com/movies/scream-behind-the-scenes-secrets/ |date=October 31, 2020 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401163747/https://ew.com/movies/scream-behind-the-scenes-secrets/ |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EWBluRay2011">{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Nashawaty |title=''Scream'' |url=https://ew.com/article/2011/03/25/scream-9/ |date=March 25, 2011 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315184937/https://ew.com/article/2011/03/25/scream-9/ |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FangoriaMask">{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Hills |title=Loren's Ghost: The Haunted History Of The ''Scream'' Mask |url=https://www.fangoria.com/lorens-ghost-the-haunted-history-of-the-scream-mask/ |date=March 9, 2023 |website=[[Fangoria]] |access-date=February 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202034224/https://www.fangoria.com/lorens-ghost-the-haunted-history-of-the-scream-mask/ |archive-date=December 2, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FangoriaThemes">{{cite web |first=Brant |last=Lewis |title=That Cuts Deep: The Queerness Of ''Scream'' (2022) |url=https://www.fangoria.com/original/that-cuts-deep-the-queerness-of-scream-2022/ |date=June 16, 2022 |website=[[Fangoria]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617195051/https://www.fangoria.com/original/that-cuts-deep-the-queerness-of-scream-2022/ |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FangoriaSequel">{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Collins |title=''Scream 3'' Was Once… Better? |url=https://www.fangoria.com/original/scream-3-was-once-better/ |website=[[Fangoria]] |access-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206130005/https://www.fangoria.com/original/scream-3-was-once-better/ |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FarOutLegacy">{{cite web |first=Ros |last=Tibbs |title=The Creativity And Controversy Of Wes Craven |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-creativity-and-controversy-of-wes-craven/ |date=September 11, 2022 |website=[[Far Out (magazine)|Far Out]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313210731/https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-creativity-and-controversy-of-wes-craven/ |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FangoriaDiscSet">{{cite web |first=Todd |last=Gilchrist |title=Score! The Sweet Sounds Of ''Scream'' |url=https://www.fangoria.com/original/score-the-sweet-sounds-of-scream/ |date=January 7, 2022 |website=[[Fangoria]] |access-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305213212/https://www.fangoria.com/original/score-the-sweet-sounds-of-scream/ |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FangoriaMusic">{{cite web |first=James |last=Wallace |title=What's Your Favorite Scary Movie... Soundtrack? A Look Back At All Four ''Scream'' Soundtracks |url=https://www.fangoria.com/original/whats-your-favorite-scary-movie-soundtrack-scream/ |date=January 19, 2022 |website=[[Fangoria]] |access-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127222939/https://www.fangoria.com/original/whats-your-favorite-scary-movie-soundtrack-scream/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FangoriaScreamitation">{{cite web |first=Jaden |last=Oberkrom |title=Screamitation Is The Sincerest Form Of Flattery |url=https://www.fangoria.com/original/screamitation-is-the-sincerest-form-of-flattery/ |date=March 7, 2023 |website=[[Fangoria]] |access-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402211500/https://www.fangoria.com/original/screamitation-is-the-sincerest-form-of-flattery/ |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FarOutCampbell">{{cite web |first=Aimee |last=Ferrier |title=Revisiting Neve Campbell's Iconic Performance In ''Scream'' |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/revisiting-neve-campbells-iconic-performance-as-sidney-prescott-in-scream/ |date=October 3, 2022 |website=[[Far Out (magazine)|Far Out]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210144751/https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/revisiting-neve-campbells-iconic-performance-as-sidney-prescott-in-scream/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="FarOutCasey">{{cite web |first=Aimee |last=Ferrier |title=Drew Barrymore Opens Up About The Brilliance Of ''Scream'' |url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/drew-barrymore-brilliance-of-scream/ |date=September 6, 2022 |website=[[Far Out (magazine)|Far Out]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211181835/https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/drew-barrymore-brilliance-of-scream/ |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="FilmTracks">{{cite web |first=Christian |last=Clemmensen |title=Filmtracks: Scream (Marco Beltrami) |url=https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/scream.html |date=July 21, 1998 |website=[[Filmtracks.com]] |access-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304173157/https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/scream.html |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="GuardianControversy">{{cite web |title=''Scream'' Movies Are Blamed By Teenage Girl's Copycat Killer |website=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/18/filmnews.film |date=November 18, 2001 |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825220047/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/18/filmnews.film |archive-date=August 25, 2013 |url-status=live |last1=Osborn |first1=Andrew}}</ref>
<ref name="HighestSlasherHallo">{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Scott |title=''Halloween'' Overtakes ''Scream'' As The Biggest Slasher Movie Of All-Time |url=https://movieweb.com/halloween-2018-box-office-beats-scream-highest-grossing-slasher-movie/ |website=[[MovieWeb]] |access-date=March 4, 2023 |date=October 30, 2018 |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102165352/https://movieweb.com/halloween-2018-box-office-beats-scream-highest-grossing-slasher-movie/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="IGNMusic">{{cite web |first=Spence |last=D. |title=Marco Beltrami Scores With Genre Films |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/07/16/marco-beltrami-scores-with-genre-films |date=July 16, 2003 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304175704/https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/07/16/marco-beltrami-scores-with-genre-films |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IGNBluray2011">{{cite web |first=Cindy |last=White |title=''Scream'' Trilogy Blu-ray Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/04/01/scream-trilogy-blu-ray-review |date=April 2011 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315184941/https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/04/01/scream-trilogy-blu-ray-review |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="MovieFoneScreamsLegacy">{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Hall |url=http://blog.moviefone.com/2011/03/31/scream-movies-legacy |title=The Lasting Legacy Of The ''Scream'' Franchise |website=[[Moviefone]] |date=March 31, 2011 |access-date=March 31, 2011 |archive-date=October 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028011253/http://blog.moviefone.com/2011/03/31/scream-movies-legacy/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MetaCritic">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/scream |title=''Scream'' |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=July 31, 2011 |archive-date=June 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627213352/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/scream |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MortalKombat">{{cite web |first=Wesley |last=Yin-Poole |title=Now Ghostface is Out for ''Mortal Kombat 1'', Players Can See the Actual Face Under the Mask |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/now-ghostface-is-out-for-mortal-kombat-1-the-face-under-the-mask-is-revealed |date=November 20, 2024 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=March 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212055643/https://www.ign.com/articles/now-ghostface-is-out-for-mortal-kombat-1-the-face-under-the-mask-is-revealed |archive-date=December 12, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MovieWebColdOpen">{{cite web |first=Jon |last=Holmes |title=How ''Scream'' Perfected the Art Of The Cold Open |url=https://movieweb.com/scream-perfect-cold-open/ |date=January 7, 2022 |website=[[MovieWeb]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827150758/https://movieweb.com/scream-perfect-cold-open/ |archive-date=August 27, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MPAABeltrami">{{cite web |first=Bryan |last=Abrams |title=From ''Scream'' to ''Snowpiercer'': Composer Marco Beltrami |url=https://www.motionpictures.org/2014/11/from-scream-to-snowpiercer-composer-marco-beltrami/ |date=November 5, 2014 |website=[[Motion Picture Association]] |access-date= March 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304173152/https://www.motionpictures.org/2014/11/from-scream-to-snowpiercer-composer-marco-beltrami/ |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="MTVLegacy">{{cite web |first=Crystal |last=Bell |title=13 Seriously Effed Up Facts About ''Scream'' |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/7bedwd/scream-things-you-didnt-know |date=July 6, 2015 |website=[[MTV]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805140946/https://www.mtv.com/news/7bedwd/scream-things-you-didnt-know |archive-date=August 5, 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="mtvmovieaward1997">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1997 |title=1997 MTV Movie Awards |website=[[MTV]] |date=June 10, 1997 |access-date=April 17, 2011 |archive-date=April 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416064235/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/1997/}}</ref>
<ref name="nc17deathformovies">{{cite web |last=Scott |first=Rachel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2010/dec/10/nc17-rating-oscars |title=Is The NC-17 Rating Ruining The Oscars? |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 27, 2010 |access-date=April 13, 2011 |archive-date=September 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920210331/http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2010/dec/10/nc17-rating-oscars |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesContext2">{{cite web |title=Film Glut Prompts Disney To Halve Production |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/17/business/film-glut-prompts-disney-to-halve-production.html |date=June 17, 1996 |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208150530/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/17/business/film-glut-prompts-disney-to-halve-production.html |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |url-status=live |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesCravenInt">{{cite web |last=Finn |first=Robin |title=Despite Its Charms, Horror Can Pale |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/02/garden/despite-its-charms-horror-can-pale.html |date=January 2, 1997 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226221756/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/02/garden/despite-its-charms-horror-can-pale.html |archive-date= December 26, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesHorrorSuccess">{{cite web |title=At The Movies |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/14/movies/at-the-movies.html |date=November 14, 1997 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229135841/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/14/movies/at-the-movies.html |archive-date= December 29, 2017 |url-status=live |last1=Weinraub |first1=Bernard}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesPostBO">{{cite web |title=Season Of Many Movies, But Not Many Hits |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/02/movies/season-of-many-movies-but-not-many-hits.html |date=January 2, 1997 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110185445/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/02/movies/season-of-many-movies-but-not-many-hits.html |archive-date= January 10, 2021 |url-status=live |last1=Weinraub |first1=Bernard}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesPostBO2">{{cite web |title=Seriously Goofy Awards from MTV |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/12/arts/seriously-goofy-awards-from-mtv.html |date=June 12, 1997 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228212700/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/12/arts/seriously-goofy-awards-from-mtv.html |archive-date= December 28, 2017 |url-status=live |last1=James |first1=Caryn}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimes1997LaserDisc">{{cite web |title=New Video Releases |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/20/movies/new-video-releases-733857.html |date=June 20, 1997 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228200242/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/20/movies/new-video-releases-733857.html |archive-date= December 28, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimesSoundtrack">{{cite web |title=Why Music From New Movies Is Outselling Other Albums |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/02/weekinreview/why-music-from-new-movies-is-outselling-other-albums.html |date=February 2, 1997 |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318231211/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/02/weekinreview/why-music-from-new-movies-is-outselling-other-albums.html |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |url-status=live |last1=Landler |first1=Mark}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTSuccess">{{cite web |title=At The Movies; Honors, Yes, But A Problem |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/26/movies/at-the-movies-honors-yes-but-a-problem.html |date=December 26, 1997 |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229091757/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/26/movies/at-the-movies-honors-yes-but-a-problem.html |archive-date=December 29, 2017 |url-status=live |last=Weinraub |first=Bernard}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTWarm">{{cite web |title=''Scream'' At 25: How Meta Can You Get? |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/14/movies/scream-movie.html |date=January 14, 2022 |access-date= July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414113424/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/14/movies/scream-movie.html |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |url-status=live |last=Marsh |first=Calum}}</ref>
<ref name="OxygenStoddard">{{cite web |first=Jill |last=Sederstrom |title=Idaho Teen Is Found Brutally Stabbed To Death In Terrifying Crime Inspired By ''Scream'' |url=https://www.oxygen.com/crime-news/brian-draper-torey-adamcik-convicted-killing-cassie-jo-stoddart |date=July 6, 2022 |website=[[Oxygen (TV channel)|Oxygen]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319163229/https://www.oxygen.com/crime-news/brian-draper-torey-adamcik-convicted-killing-cassie-jo-stoddart |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PasteGFace">{{cite web |first=Rachel |last=Haas |title=The 10 Most Iconic Horror Movie Villains |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/greatest-horror-movie-villains |date=August 15, 2013 |website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529140056/https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/greatest-horror-movie-villains |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PeopleArquetteCox">{{cite web |first=Alexandra |last=Hurdato |title=Courteney Cox And David Arquette's Relationship: A Look Back |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |url=https://people.com/movies/courteney-cox-david-arquette-relationship-timeline/ |date=April 29, 2023 |access-date=July 13, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230616185619/https://people.com/movies/courteney-cox-david-arquette-relationship-timeline/ |archive-date=June 16, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PrideSource">{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Azzopardi |title=''Scream'' Screenwriter Kevin Williamson Confirms Billy And Stu's Queer-Coded Relationship Was Based On Real Gay Killers |website=[[Between the Lines (newspaper)|Between the Lines]] |url=https://pridesource.com/article/billyandstu/ |date=January 12, 2022 |access-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230724043543/https://pridesource.com/article/billyandstu/ |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewNYT">{{cite web |last=Janet Maslin |author-link=Janet Maslin |title=Tricks Of the Gory Trade |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/20/movies/tricks-of-the-gory-trade.html |date=December 20, 1996 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220201150559/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/20/movies/tricks-of-the-gory-trade.html |archive-date= February 1, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewAustinChron">{{cite web |first=Marc |last=Savlov |title=Movie Review: ''Scream'' |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/film/1996-12-20/scream/ |date=December 20, 1996 |website=[[The Austin Chronicle]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230632/https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/film/1996-12-20/scream/ |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewBBC">{{cite web |first=Almar |last=Haflidason |title=''Scream'' (1996) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/05/24/scream_1996_review.shtml |date=May 24, 2001 |website=[[BBC]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602062031/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2001/05/24/scream_1996_review.shtml |archive-date=June 2, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewChicagoRead">{{cite web |first=Lisa |last=Alspector |title=''Scream'' |url=https://chicagoreader.com/film/scream/ |date=September 23, 2014 |website=[[Chicago Reader]] |access-date= March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230636/https://chicagoreader.com/film/scream/ |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewChicagoReadStamets">{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Stamets |title=Bloody Deconstruction |url=https://chicagoreader.com/film/bloody-deconstruction/ |date=January 16, 1997 |website=[[Chicago Reader]] |access-date= March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230630/https://chicagoreader.com/film/bloody-deconstruction/ |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewChicagoTrib">{{cite web |first=John |last=Petrakis |title=''Scream'' Spoofs Slasher Films Too Predictably |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-12-20-9612200241-story.html |date=December 20, 1996 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230632/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-12-20-9612200241-story.html |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewEbert">{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Ebert |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=''Scream'' |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/scream-1996 |date=December 20, 1996 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018201005/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/scream-1996 |archive-date=October 18, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewEW">{{cite web |first=Owen |last=Gleiberman |author-link=Owen Gleiberman |title=''Scream'' (1996) |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,286394,00.html |date=January 10, 1997 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022164606/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,286394,00.html |archive-date=October 22, 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewLATimes">{{cite web |first=Kevin |last=Thomas |author-link=Kevin Thomas (film critic) |title=Craven's ''Scream'' A Bravura Sendup Of Horror Pictures |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-12-20-ca-10835-story.html |date=December 20, 1996 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230632/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-12-20-ca-10835-story.html |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewNewsWeek">{{cite web |first=David |last=Ansen |author-link=David Ansen |title=Aliens, Angels And Artiness |url=https://www.newsweek.com/aliens-angels-and-artiness-175446 |date=December 22, 1996 |website=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602123804/https://www.newsweek.com/aliens-angels-and-artiness-175446 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewNYDaily">{{cite web |first=Dave |last=Kehr |author-link=Dave Kehr |title=That Sweet Craven For Horror The Maestro Moves Into Virgin Territory With His Witty ''Scream'' |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/sweet-craven-horror-maestro-moves-virgin-territory-witty-scream-article-1.739883 |date=December 20, 1996 |website=[[New York Daily News]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411022620/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/sweet-craven-horror-maestro-moves-virgin-territory-witty-scream-article-1.739883 |archive-date= April 11, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewReelViews">{{cite web |first=James |last=Berardinelli |author-link=James Berardinelli |title=''Scream'' |url=https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/scream |website=[[ReelViews]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230630/https://www.reelviews.net/reelviews/scream |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewSeattleTimes">{{cite web |first=John |last=Hartl |title=''Scream'' Stifled By Too Many Jokes |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19961220&slug=2365953 |date=December 20, 1996 |website=[[The Seattle Times]] |access-date= June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230630/https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19961220&slug=2365953 |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewSFGate">{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Stack |title=Film Review -- Satirical ''Scream'' Is Out For Blood -- And Lots Of It |url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/FILM-REVIEW-Satirical-Scream-Is-Out-for-2955051.php |date=December 20, 1996 |website=[[SFGATE]] |access-date= March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230629/https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/FILM-REVIEW-Satirical-Scream-Is-Out-for-2955051.php |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewTimeOut">{{cite web |title=''Scream'' |url=https://www.timeout.com/movies/scream |date=April 28, 2016 |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307230629/https://www.timeout.com/movies/scream |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewWAPOHarrington">{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Harrington |title=Go Ahead And ''Scream'' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/review96/screamharr.htm |date=December 20, 1996 |website=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102165706/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/review96/screamharr.htm |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ReviewVariety">{{cite web |first=Leonard |last=Klady |title=Film Review: ''Scream'' |url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/scream-1117436711/ |date=December 22, 1996 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004144544/http://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/scream-1117436711/ |archive-date=October 4, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RottenTomatoes">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1074316-scream |title=''Scream'' |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716190119/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1074316-scream/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RottenTomatoesLegacy">{{cite web |first=Joel |last=Meares |title=Original ''Scream'' Star Skeet Ulrich Hopes New Film Will Honor Wes Craven |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/original-scream-star-skeet-ulrich-hopes-new-film-will-honor-wes-craven/ |date=October 19, 2021 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213165033/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/original-scream-star-skeet-ulrich-hopes-new-film-will-honor-wes-craven/ |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RunTime">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/scream-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmde0mtc |title=''Scream'' (18) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929143519/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/scream-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmde0mtc |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ShortListGFace">{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Victor |title=Best Horror Movie Villains: Iconic Horror Villains Of The Modern Age |url=https://www.shortlist.com/lists/best-horror-movie-villains-401157 |date=March 13, 2023 |website=[[ShortList]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602162046/https://www.shortlist.com/lists/best-horror-movie-villains-401157 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SmithsonianThemes">{{cite web |first=Michelle |last=Delgado |title=How ''Scream'' Explored The Exploitative Nature Of The Nightly News |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-scream-explored-the-exploitative-nature-of-the-nightly-news-180978960/ |date=October 29, 2021 |website=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528160420/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-scream-explored-the-exploitative-nature-of-the-nightly-news-180978960/ |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="saturnaward">{{cite web |url=http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html#filmactress |title=Past Saturn Awards |website=[[Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films]] |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211052459/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html |archive-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Scream7">{{Cite web |last=Tinoco |first=Armando |date=January 8, 2025 |title=Kevin Williamson Starts Filming ''Scream 7'': "I'm So Grateful For This Opportunity & To Wes Craven" |url=https://deadline.com/2025/01/kevin-williamson-starts-filming-scream-7-1236250827/ |access-date=January 8, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108032824/https://deadline.com/2025/01/kevin-williamson-starts-filming-scream-7-1236250827/ |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ScreenRantMcRee">{{cite web |first=Murray |last=Ferguson |title=''Scream'' 2022 Missed the Chance To Salvage ''Scream'' 3's Twist |url=https://screenrant.com/scream-2022-missed-the-chance-to-salvage-scream-3s-twist/ |date=January 31, 2022 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226204039/https://screenrant.com/scream-2022-missed-the-chance-to-salvage-scream-3s-twist/ |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ScreenRantLocations">{{cite web |first=Elizabeth |last=Lerman |title=''Scream'': Where Is Woodsboro? All Filming Locations |url=https://screenrant.com/scream-movies-every-filming-___location-woodsboro/ |date=August 8, 2020 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |access-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312072050/https://screenrant.com/scream-movies-every-filming-___location-woodsboro/ |archive-date=March 12, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SFGateLocation">{{cite web |first=Sam |last=Whiting |title=Movie Row / Santa Rosa's McDonald Avenue Retains The Charm That Got It Into Pictures |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Movie-Row-Santa-Rosa-s-McDonald-Avenue-retains-2787046.php |date=August 4, 2002 |website=[[SFGATE]] |access-date= March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313193300/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Movie-Row-Santa-Rosa-s-McDonald-Avenue-retains-2787046.php |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="ShortList15">{{cite web |first=Holly |last=Pyne |title=15 Things You (Probably) Didn't Know About ''Scream'' |url=https://www.shortlist.com/news/15-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-scream |date=October 17, 2013 |website=[[ShortList]] |access-date= February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524182626/https://www.shortlist.com/news/15-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-scream |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="SoundtrackNet1996">{{cite web |title=''Scream'' Soundtrack (1996) |url=https://www.soundtrack.net/album/scream/ |website=[[Soundtrack.Net]] |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330075657/https://www.soundtrack.net/album/scream/ |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="StylistCast">{{cite web |first=Kayleigh |last=Dray |title=6 Twisted ''Scream VI'' Fan Theories Everyone Believes After Watching That Trailer |url=https://www.stylist.co.uk/entertainment/film/scream-6-fan-theories/753896 |website=[[Stylist (magazine)|Stylist]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210211856/https://www.stylist.co.uk/entertainment/film/scream-6-fan-theories/753896 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheTimesFrance">{{cite web |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/scream-mask-killer-stabbed-girl-42-times-f08p8fdvgnp |title=''Scream'' Mask Killer Stabbed Girl 42 Times |last=Sage |first=Adam |date=May 1, 2004 |website=[[The Times]] |access-date=September 24, 2019 |archive-date=September 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924182225/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/scream-mask-killer-stabbed-girl-42-times-f08p8fdvgnp |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="THRRejuvenate">{{cite web |first=Borys |last=Kit |title=''Scream'' Reboot To Be Directed By ''Ready Or Not'' Filmmakers (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/scream-reboot-be-directed-by-ready-not-filmmakers-1282995/ |date=March 12, 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406203001/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/scream-reboot-be-directed-by-ready-not-filmmakers-1282995/ |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TelegraphItBegan">{{cite web |title=Summary Of Padraic Maroney's ''It All Began With A Scream'' |url=https://books.telegraph.co.uk/Product/IRB-Media/Summary-of-Padraic-Maroneys-It-All-Began-With-A-Scream/26553856 |date=November 19, 2021 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |isbn=9781638157229 |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513215754/https://books.telegraph.co.uk/Product/IRB-Media/Summary-of-Padraic-Maroneys-It-All-Began-With-A-Scream/26553856 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TCM">{{cite web |title=''Scream'' (1996) |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/300930/scream/#notes |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |access-date=March 11, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421085640/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/300930/scream/#notes |archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbersAllScreams">{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchise/Scream#tab=summary |title=Box Office History For ''Scream'' Movies |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-date=March 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312174530/https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/franchise/Scream#tab=summary |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1996INT">{{cite web |title=Top 1996 Movies At The International Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/international/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1996 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304164231/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/international/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1996 |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheNumbers1996WW">{{cite web |title=Top 1996 Movies At The Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1996 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=March 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304164232/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/worldwide/all-movies/cumulative/released-in-1996 |archive-date=March 4, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TheRingerOral">{{cite web |first=Alan |last=Siegel |title=Your Favorite Scary Movie: The Oral History of ''Scream'' |url=https://www.theringer.com/movies/2021/12/20/22840882/scream-oral-history-wes-craven-neve-campbell-drew-barrymore |date=December 20, 2021 |website=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]] |access-date= February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516082553/https://www.theringer.com/movies/2021/12/20/22840882/scream-oral-history-wes-craven-neve-campbell-drew-barrymore |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="THRMask">{{cite web |first=Emmet |last=McDermott |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/wes-cravens-last-interview-horror-788393/ |title=MTV's Terrifying Mistake? Wes Craven Explains Why The Original ''Scream'' Mask Is Too "Perfect" To Scrap |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=April 17, 2015 |access-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125212830/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/wes-cravens-last-interview-horror-788393/ |archive-date=January 25, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="THROralHistory">{{cite web |last=Cullins |first=Ashley |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/scream-movie-cast-stories-1235038248/ |title="Faster, Better And More Blood": A ''Scream'' Oral History |date=October 29, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206182214/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/scream-movie-cast-stories-1235038248/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TimeBilly">{{cite web |first=Shannon |last=Carlin |title=A Spoiler-Filled Breakdown Of The New ''Scream'' |url=https://time.com/6139657/scream-5-explained/ |date=January 14, 2022 |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date= February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114232011/https://time.com/6139657/scream-5-explained/ |archive-date=January 14, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TodayHalloween">{{cite web |first=Rachel Paula |last=Abrahamson |title=Beware! There Are Shortages Of These Costumes This Halloween |url=https://www.today.com/parents/halloween-2021-there-are-shortages-these-costumes-t234963 |date=October 19, 2021 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516174000/https://www.today.com/parents/halloween-2021-there-are-shortages-these-costumes-t234963 |archive-date=May 16, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="USATodayGFace">{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Gleeson |title=The 10 Scariest, Most Haunting Horror Movie Villains, From Chucky To Jason And Freddy |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2021/10/09/halloween-10-scariest-horror-movie-villains-chucky-jason/6052288001/ |date=October 9, 2021 |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009214914/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2021/10/09/halloween-10-scariest-horror-movie-villains-chucky-jason/6052288001/ |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VarietyLegacy">{{cite web |first=Jordan |last=Moreau |title=Matthew Lillard, Skeet Ulrich Reveal If They're In New ''Scream'' Movie And Reflect On Original's 25th Anniversary |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/scream-matthew-lillard-skeet-ulrich-1235087810/ |date=October 15, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210211857/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/scream-matthew-lillard-skeet-ulrich-1235087810/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name="ViceJackson">{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Hobbs |title='I Knew It Had To Be Sexy' – The Voice Of ''Scream''{{'}}s Ghostface Speaks|url= https://www.vice.com/en/article/scream-ghostface-voice-actor-roger-l-jackson/|date= October 29, 2019|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date= February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226204725/https://www.vice.com/en/article/43kpkq/scream-ghostface-voice-actor-roger-l-jackson |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VoxLegacy">{{cite web |first=Aja |last=Romano |title=Scream Turns 25 This Year. Here's How It Changed Horror Movies Forever |url=https://www.vox.com/22634481/scream-influence-horror-genre-wes-craven-new-nightmare-get-out |date=October 26, 2021 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602020926/https://www.vox.com/22634481/scream-influence-horror-genre-wes-craven-new-nightmare-get-out |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VultureCast">{{cite web |first=Jordan |last=Crucchiola |title=Matthew Lillard And Skeet Ulrich Answer All Our Questions About ''Scream'' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/01/matthew-lillard-and-skeet-ulrich-scream-interview.html |date=January 27, 2022 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202205344/https://www.vulture.com/2022/01/matthew-lillard-and-skeet-ulrich-scream-interview.html |archive-date= February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="VultureScaryMovie">{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2013/04/scary-movie-franchise-every-film-spoofed-referenced.html# |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |title=Every Movie 'Spoofed' in the ''Scary Movie'' Franchise |first=Adam K. |last=Raymond |date=April 15, 2013 |access-date=May 4, 2016 |archive-date=April 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422053955/http://www.vulture.com/2013/04/scary-movie-franchise-every-film-spoofed-referenced.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="WWDHalloween">{{cite web |first=Layla = |last=Ilchi |title=''Encanto'', ''Ted Lasso'' And More Top Halloween Costume Searches |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/popular-halloween-costumes-1235387610/ |date=October 14, 2022 |website=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |access-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513215751/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/popular-halloween-costumes-1235387610/ |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="WorldCatItBegan">{{cite web |title=''It All Began With A Scream'' |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1268943305 |website=[[WorldCat]] |access-date=July 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715222723/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1268943305 |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="YahooLocations">{{cite web |first=Ashley |last=Hume |title=Person Roaming In ''Scream'' Ghostface Costume Prompts Multiple Police Calls |url=https://news.yahoo.com/person-roaming-scream-ghostface-costume-002415700.html |date=March 3, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313193307/https://news.yahoo.com/person-roaming-scream-ghostface-costume-002415700.html |archive-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="YahooPremiere">{{cite web |first=Gianna |last=Mucci |title=''Scream'' 20 Years Later: The All-Star Red Carpet Flashback |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/scream-20-years-later-star-122022453 |date=October 28, 2016 |website=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202205344/https://www.vulture.com/2022/01/matthew-lillard-and-skeet-ulrich-scream-interview.html |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
===Works cited===
* {{cite magazine |last=French |first=Lawrence |date=January 1996 |title=Wes Craven's ''Scream'' |magazine=[[Cinefantastique]] |volume=28 |number=7 |pages=33–47 |publisher=Fourth Castle Micromedia |___location=[[Forest Park, Illinois]] |url=https://archive.org/details/cinefantastique_1970-2002/Cinefantastique%20Vol%2028%20No%207%20%28Jan%201997%29/page/n33/mode/2up |access-date=July 21, 2023}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Garcia |first=Chris |date=January 1997b |title=Scream With Fear, Scream With Laughter |magazine=[[Fangoria]] |issue=159 |pages=20–25, 71 |publisher=Fangoria Publishing, LLC |___location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Garcia |first=Chris |date=March 1997 |title=One Last Scream |magazine=[[Fangoria]] |issue=160 |pages=20–23 |publisher=Fangoria Publishing, LLC |___location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]}}
* {{cite book |last=Maroney |first=Padraic |title=It All Began With A Scream |publisher=BearManor Media |___location=[[Orlando, Florida]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-62933-779-1 |oclc=1268943305}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Palmer |first=Randy |date=November 1997 |title=The Screams of Summer |magazine=[[Fangoria]] |issue=168 |pages=14–18 |publisher=Fangoria Publishing, LLC |___location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]}}
* {{Cite AV media |people=Rico, Diana (Director, Writer) |title=E! A True Hollywood Story: ''Scream'' |medium=Television Production |work=[[E!]] |publisher=[[NBCUniversal]] |___location=[[Los Angeles]], California |date=October 31, 2001 |ref={{sfnref|Rico|2001}}}}
* {{cite magazine |title=Screaming Success |last=Scott |first=Mary |magazine=[[Screen International]] |date=August 22, 1997 |page=35 |publisher=Media Business Insight |___location=[[London]], [[England]]}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Shapiro |first=Mark |date=January 1998 |title=Super-Secret Scream 2 |magazine=[[Fangoria]] |issue=169 |pages=20–25 |publisher=Fangoria Publishing, LLC |___location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Spelling |first=Ian |date=May 1997 |title=Scream and Scream Again |magazine=[[Fangoria]] |issue=162 |pages=66–68 |publisher=Fangoria Publishing, LLC |___location=[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]}}
== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.miramax.com/movie/scream/}}
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Scream}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for ''Scream''
|list =
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Movie}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Horror Film 1991–2010}}
}}
{{Wes Craven}}
{{Kevin Williamson}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=1990s|portal2=Film |portal3=United States|portal4=Horror|commons=yes|wikt=yes|q=yes|d-search=Q27411}}
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[[Category:Scream (film series) films|1]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
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[[Category:1990s English-language films]]
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[[Category:1990s teen horror films]]
[[Category:American high school films]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:American satirical films]]
[[Category:American serial killer films]]
[[Category:American slasher films]]
[[Category:American teen horror films]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Dimension Films films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Wes Craven]]
[[Category:Films produced by Cathy Konrad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Marco Beltrami]]
[[Category:Films set in 1996]]
[[Category:Films set in California]]
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[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kevin Williamson (screenwriter)]]
[[Category:Films about home invasion]]
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