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{{Short description|none}}
{{for|related races|1992 United States elections}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1992 United States presidential election
| country = United States
| flag_year = 1992
| type = presidential
| previous_election = 1988 United States presidential election
| previous_year = 1988
| election_date = November 3, 1992
| next_election = 1996 United States presidential election
| next_year = 1996
| votes_for_election = 538 members of the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]]
| needed_votes = 270 electoral
| turnout = 58.1%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present|title=National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present|work=United States Election Project|publisher=[[CQ Press]]|access-date=February 21, 2023|archive-date=July 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725110444/http://www.electproject.org/national-1789-present|url-status=live}}</ref> {{increase}} 5.3 [[percentage point|pp]]
| image_size = x150px
| image1 = File:Bill Clinton.jpg <!-- DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT PRIOR DISCUSSION ON THE ARTICLE'S TALK PAGE-->
| nominee1 = '''[[Bill Clinton]]'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[Arkansas]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[Al Gore]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''370'''
| states_carried1 = '''32 + [[Washington, D.C.|DC]]'''
| popular_vote1 = '''44,909,889'''
| percentage1 = '''43.0%'''
<!-- George H. W. Bush -->| image2 = George H. W. Bush presidential portrait (cropped 2).jpg <!-- DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT PRIOR DISCUSSION ON THE ARTICLE'S TALK PAGE-->
| party2 = Republican Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[Texas]]
| running_mate2 = [[Dan Quayle]]
| electoral_vote2 = 168
| states_carried2 = 18
| popular_vote2 = 39,104,550
| percentage2 = 37.5%
<!-- Ross Perot -->| image3 = File:RossPerotColor (cropped closein 3x4).jpg
<!-- DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT PRIOR DISCUSSION ON THE ARTICLE'S TALK PAGE-->
| nominee3 = [[Ross Perot]]
| party3 = Independent (politician)<!--Do not change to Reform - the Reform Party did not exist until 1995 so in this election Perot ran as an independent-->
| home_state3 = [[Texas]]
| running_mate3 = [[James Stockdale]]
| electoral_vote3 = 0
| states_carried3 = 0
| popular_vote3 = 19,743,821
| percentage3 = 18.9%
<!-- Map -->| map_size = 350px
| map = {{1992 United States presidential election imagemap}}
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. <span style="color:blue;">Blue</span> denotes states won by Clinton/Gore and <span style="color:red;">red</span> denotes those won by Bush/Quayle. Numbers indicate [[electoral votes]] cast by each state and the District of Columbia.
| title = President
| before_election = [[George H. W. Bush]]
| before_party = Republican Party (United States)
| after_election = [[Bill Clinton]]
| after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
| ongoing = No
}}
The '''1992 United States presidential election''' was the [[United States presidential election|presidential election]], held in the [[United States]], on November 3, 1992. The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] ticket of governor of Arkansas [[Bill Clinton]] and Senator from Tennessee [[Al Gore]] defeated the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] ticket of incumbent president [[George H. W. Bush]] and vice president [[Dan Quayle]] and the [[Independent politician|independent]] ticket of businessman [[Ross Perot]] and vice admiral [[James Stockdale]]. The election marked the end of 12 consecutive years of Republican rule of the [[White House]], as well as the end of a longer period of Republican dominance in American presidential politics that began in [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]], with the exception of [[Jimmy Carter]]'s narrow victory in [[1976 United States presidential election|1976]].
Bush had alienated many [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]] in his party by breaking his 1988 campaign [[Read my lips: no new taxes|pledge not to raise taxes]], but he fended off a [[1992 Republican Party presidential primaries|primary challenge]] from [[paleoconservative]] commentator [[Pat Buchanan]] without losing a single contest. Bush's popularity following his success in the [[Gulf War]] dissuaded high-profile Democratic candidates such as [[Mario Cuomo]] from entering the [[1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1992 Democratic primaries]]. Clinton, a leader of the centrist [[Democratic Leadership Council]], established himself as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination by sweeping the [[Super Tuesday]] primaries. He defeated former governor of California [[Jerry Brown]], former [[Massachusetts]] senator [[Paul Tsongas]], and other candidates to win the nomination, and chose [[Tennessee]] senator [[Al Gore]] as his running mate. The billionaire Perot launched [[Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign|an independent campaign]], emphasizing his opposition to the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] and his plan to reduce the [[National debt of the United States|national debt]].
The economy had recovered from a [[Early 1990s recession|recession in the spring of 1991]], followed by 19 consecutive months of growth, but perceptions of the economy's slow growth harmed Bush, for he had inherited a substantial economic boom from his predecessor [[Ronald Reagan]]. Bush's greatest strength, [[Foreign policy of the United States|foreign policy]], was regarded as much less important following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the end of the [[Cold War]], as well as the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the Gulf War. Perot led in several polls taken in June 1992, but severely damaged his candidacy by temporarily dropping out of the race in July. The Bush campaign criticized Clinton's character and emphasized Bush's foreign policy successes, while Clinton [[it's the economy, stupid|focused on the economy]].
Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote and a majority of the [[United States Electoral College|electoral vote]], breaking a streak of three consecutive Republican victories. Clinton flipped a total of 22 states that had voted Republican in the election of [[1988 United States presidential election|1988]]. Perot won 18.9% of the popular vote, the [[List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections|highest share]] of the vote won by a candidate outside of the two major parties since [[1912 United States presidential election|1912]].
== Democratic Party nomination ==
{{Bill Clinton series|expanded=Presidential campaigns}}
{{Al Gore series}}
{{Main|1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"|[[File:Democratic Disc.svg|65px|center|link=Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party (United States)]]<big>'''1992 Democratic Party ticket'''</big>
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"| [[Bill Clinton|{{color|white|Bill Clinton}}]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#3333FF; width:200px;"| [[Al Gore|{{color|white|Al Gore}}]]
|- style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#c8ebff;"
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for President'''''
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President'''''
|-
| [[File:Bill Clinton.jpg|center|200x200px]]
| [[File:Al Gore, Vice President of the United States, official portrait 1994.jpg|center|200x200px]]
|-
| [[List of governors of Arkansas|40th and 42nd]]<br />[[Governor of Arkansas]]<br /><small>(1979–1981, 1983–1992)</small>
| [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]]<br />from [[Tennessee]]<br /><small>(1985–1993)</small>
|-
| colspan=2 |[[Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign|'''Campaign''']]
|-
| colspan=2 |[[File:Clinton Gore 1992.svg|center|200x200px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
|- <sup>†</sup>
| colspan="9" style="text-align:center; width:700px; font-size:120%; color:white; background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|''Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries''
|- style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width:10em; font-size:120%;"|[[Jerry Brown]]
! scope="col" style="width:10em; font-size:120%;"|[[Paul Tsongas]]
! scope="col" style="width:10em; font-size:120%;"|[[Tom Harkin]]
! scope="col" style="width:10em; font-size:120%;"|[[Bob Kerrey]]
! scope="col" style="width:10em; font-size:120%;"|[[Douglas Wilder]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[File:Jerry Brown mayor 1 cropped and colourized.png|center|120x120px]]
|[[File:Paul Tsongas (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]]
|[[File:Tom Harkin Portrait Signed Crop.jpg|center|120x120px]]
|[[File:Bob Kerrey portrait.gif|center|120x120px]]
|[[File:Douglas Wilder 2003 NIH.jpg|center|120x120px]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[List of governors of California|Governor]]<br>of [[California]]<br/><small>(1975–1983)</small>
|U.S. Senator<br />from [[Massachusetts]]<br/><small>(1979–1985)</small>
|U.S. Senator<br />from [[Iowa]]<br/><small>(1985–2015)</small>
|U.S. Senator<br />from [[Nebraska]]<br/><small>(1989–2001)</small>
|[[List of governors of Virginia|Governor]]<br>of [[Virginia]]<br/><small>(1990–1994)</small>
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[File:JerryBrownLogo92.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[File:Tsongas '92 logo1.png|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[File:Harkin1992.gif|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[File:Bob Kerrey 1992 presidential campaign logo.svg|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[File:Dougwilder1992.gif|frameless|150x150px]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[Jerry_Brown#1992_presidential_election|Campaign]]
|[[Paul_Tsongas#1992_presidential_campaign|Campaign]]
|[[Tom Harkin 1992 presidential campaign|Campaign]]
|[[Bob_Kerrey#1992_presidential_election|Campaign]]
|[[Douglas_Wilder#Campaigns_for_president_and_senate|Campaign]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|<small>'''Eliminated at Convention:'''<br>July 15, 1992</small><br /><small>'''4,071,232''' votes</small>
|<small>'''Suspended Campaign:'''<br>March 19, 1992</small><br><small>'''Endorsed Bill Clinton:'''<br>June 3, 1992</small><br /><small>'''3,656,010''' votes</small>
|<small>'''Withdrew:'''<br>March 9, 1992</small><br><small>'''Endorsed Bill Clinton:'''<br>March 26, 1992</small><br /><small>'''318,457''' votes</small>
|<small>'''Withdrew:'''<br>March 5, 1992</small><br><small>'''Endorsed Bill Clinton:'''<br>May 14, 1992{{efn|name=Kerrey's Clinton Endorsement|There hasn't been a definitive point found where Kerrey endorsed Clinton, but he had a speaking slot at the Democratic Convention which required one to have endorsed him; this is the closest determined instance}}</small><br /><small>'''280,304''' votes</small>
|<small>'''Withdrew:'''<br>January 8, 1992</small><br><small>'''Endorsed Bill Clinton:'''<br>July 14, 1992</small><br /><small>'''240''' votes</small>
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 15, 1992 |title=Jerry Brown Does Not Go Quietly |page=A3 |work=The Press Democrat |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/311862250 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-press-democrat-jerry-brown-does-not/161701590/ |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 20, 1992 |title=Reshaping Race, Tsongas Bows Out |page=8 |work=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/439717596 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-reshaping-race-tsongas/161698766/ |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 3, 1992 |title=Tsongas Endorses Clinton; Seeks Speech At Convention |page=A10 |work=Camarillo Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/930247040 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/camarillo-star-tsongas-endorses-clinton/161694261/ |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 10, 1992 |title=Harkin Withdraws But Pledges To Stay True To Populist Principles |page=A4 |work=The Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/930247040 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-harkin-withdraws-b/161699044/ |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 27, 1992 |title=Harkin Throws Support To Clinton |page=A6 |work=The Sioux City Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/337304803/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sioux-city-journal-harkin-throws-sup/161699419/ |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 5, 1992 |title=Bob Kerry Drops Out Of Presidential Race |page=16 |work=The Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/544545441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-bob-kerry-drops-out-of-preside/161699995/ |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 15, 1992 |title=Kerry Almost Endorses Clinton |page=10 |work=Batesville Guard |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1094215399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/batesville-guard-kerry-almost-endorses-c/161700894/ |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 9, 1992 |title=Wilder Drops Out Of Race |page=1 |work=The Roanoke Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/919509807 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-roanoke-times-wilder-drops-out-of-ra/161701334/ |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 15, 1992 |title=Virginia's Wilder Gives His Blessing |page=3A |work=USA Today |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1142755916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/usa-today-virginias-wilder-gives-his-bl/161701467/ |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|}
=== Overview ===
Following the successful performance by U.S. and coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War, President [[George H. W. Bush]]'s approval ratings were 89%. His re-election was considered very likely; several high-profile candidates, such as [[Mario Cuomo]] and [[Jesse Jackson]], refused to seek the Democratic nomination. U.S. Senator [[Al Gore]] from Tennessee refused to seek the nomination due to the fact his son had been struck by a car and was undergoing surgery and physical therapy; however, [[Tom Harkin]], [[Paul Tsongas]], [[Jerry Brown]], [[Larry Agran]], [[Bob Kerrey]], [[Douglas Wilder]], and [[Bill Clinton]] chose to run as candidates.
Harkin, a U.S. Senator from Iowa, ran as a populist liberal with labor union support. Tsongas, a former U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, highlighted his political independence and fiscal conservatism. Jerry Brown, the former California governor who had run for the Democratic nomination in 1976 and 1980, declared a significant reform agenda, including Congressional [[Term limits in the United States|term limits]], [[Campaign finance reform in the United States|campaign finance reform]], and the adoption of a [[flat income tax]]. Nebraska senator Bob Kerrey was an attractive candidate based on his business and military background, but made several gaffes on the campaign trail. Arkansas governor Bill Clinton positioned himself as a centrist, or [[New Democrats (United States)|New Democrat]]. He was relatively unknown nationally before the primary season. That quickly changed when [[Gennifer Flowers]] alleged an extramarital affair. Clinton denied the story, appearing on ''[[60 Minutes]]'' with his wife, [[Hillary Clinton]]; later in 1998, he admitted the affair.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E4D91739F937A25750C0A96E958260|title=Testing of a President: the Accuser; Jones Lawyers Issue Files Alleging Clinton Pattern of Harassment of Women|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 14, 1998|quote=the President, though finally confirming a sexual encounter with Ms. Flowers|access-date=March 20, 2008|first=F|last=Clines|archive-date=June 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614084420/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E4D91739F937A25750C0A96E958260|url-status=live}}</ref>
The primary began with Harkin winning his native Iowa as expected. Tsongas won the [[1992 United States presidential election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire primary]] on February 18, but Clinton's second-place finish, helped by his speech labeling himself "The Comeback Kid", energized his campaign. Brown won the Maine caucus and Kerrey won [[South Dakota]]. Clinton won his first primary in Georgia. Tsongas won the Utah and Maryland primaries and a caucus in [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. Harkin won caucuses in Idaho and Minnesota while Brown won Colorado. Kerrey dropped out two days later. Clinton won the South Carolina and Wyoming primaries and Tsongas won Arizona. Harkin dropped out. Brown won the Nevada caucus. Clinton swept nearly all of the [[Super Tuesday]] primaries on March 10 making him the solid front runner. Clinton won the Michigan and Illinois primaries. Tsongas dropped out after finishing third in Michigan; however, Brown began to pick up steam, aided by using a phone number to receive funding from small donors. Brown scored surprising wins in Connecticut, Vermont and Alaska. As the race moved to the primaries in New York and Wisconsin, Brown had taken the lead in polls in both states. Then he made a serious gaffe by announcing to an audience of [[New York City's Jewish community]] that he would consider Reverend Jackson as a vice presidential candidate; Jackson had offended many Jewish people with remarks he had made during his own presidential campaigns.<ref name="aims">{{cite news|first1=Joyce|last1=Purnick|first2=Michael|last2=Oreskes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/29/magazine/jesse-jackson-aims-for-the-mainstream.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|title=Jesse Jackson Aims for the Mainstream|date=November 29, 1987|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 1, 2012|archive-date=June 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623133422/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/29/magazine/jesse-jackson-aims-for-the-mainstream.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Clinton won dramatically in New York (41%–26%) and closely in Wisconsin (37%–34%). Clinton then proceeded to win a long streak of primaries leading up to Brown's home state of California. Clinton won this state 48% to 41% and secured the delegates needed to lock the nomination.
The convention met in New York City, and the official tally was:
* [[Bill J. Clinton]] 3,372
* [[Jerry Brown]] 596
* [[Paul Tsongas]] 289
* [[Robert P. Casey]] 10
* [[Pat Schroeder]] 5
* [[Larry Agran]] 3
* [[Al Gore]] 1
Clinton chose Gore to be his running mate on July 9, 1992. Choosing fellow Southerner Gore went against the popular strategy of balancing a Southern candidate with a Northern partner. Gore served to balance the ticket in other ways, as he was perceived as strong on family values and environmental issues, while Clinton was not.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ifill|first=Gwen|date=July 10, 1992|title=Clinton Selects Senator Gore Of Tennessee As Running Mate|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/10/us/1992-campaign-democrats-clinton-selects-senator-gore-tennessee-running-mate.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=July 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702052545/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/10/us/1992-campaign-democrats-clinton-selects-senator-gore-tennessee-running-mate.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gore's similarities to Clinton also allowed him to push some of his key campaign themes, such as centrism and generational change.<ref>{{Citation|title=Al Gore|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Albert_Gore.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616155605/http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Albert_Gore.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 16, 2005|publisher=[[United States Senate]]}}</ref>
== Republican Party nomination ==
{{George H. W. Bush series}}
{{Main|1992 Republican Party presidential primaries}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="30"|[[File:Republican Disc.svg|65px|center|link=Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party (United States)]]<big>'''1992 Republican Party ticket'''</big>
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"| [[George H. W. Bush|{{color|white|George H. W. Bush}}]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#E81B23; width:200px;"| [[Dan Quayle|{{color|white|Dan Quayle}}]]
|- style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#ffd0d7;"
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for President'''''
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President'''''
|-
| [[File:George H. W. Bush presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|center|200x200px]]
| [[File:Dan Quayle crop.jpg|center|200x200px]]
|-
| [[List of presidents of the United States|41st]]<br>[[President of the United States]]<br /><small>(1989–1993)</small>
| [[List of vice presidents of the United States|44th]]<br>[[Vice President of the United States]]<br /><small>(1989–1993)</small>
|-
| colspan=2 |'''[[George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign|Campaign]]'''
|-
| colspan=2 |[[File:Bush Quayle '92 logo.svg|center|200x200px]]
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
|- <sup>†</sup>
| colspan="9" style="text-align:center; width:700px; font-size:120%; color:white; background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|''Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal from the primaries''
|- style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width:10em; font-size:120%;"|[[Pat Buchanan]]
! scope="col" style="width:10em; font-size:120%;"|[[David Duke]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[File:Pat Buchanan 1985a (1).jpg|center|120x120px]]
|[[File:Rsz davidduke (cropped).jpg|center|120x120px]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[White House Communications Director]]<br/>from [[Virginia]]<br><small>(1985–1987)</small>
|[[Louisiana House of Representatives|State Representative]]<br />from [[Louisiana]]<br/><small>(1989–1992)</small>
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[File:Patbuchanan.gif|frameless|150x150px]]
|[[File:David Duke 1992 presidential campaign logo.svg|frameless|150x150px]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[Pat_Buchanan#1992_presidential_primaries|Campaign]]
|[[David_Duke#1992_Republican_Party_presidential_candidate|Campaign]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|<small>'''Withdrew:'''<br>August 17, 1992</small><br><small>'''Endorsed George Bush:'''<br>August 17, 1992</small><br /><small>'''2,899,488''' votes</small>
|<small>'''Withdrew:'''<br>April 22, 1992</small><br /><small>'''119,115''' votes</small>
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 17, 1992 |title=A Speech 'Only Pat' Can Give |page=2A |work=USA Today |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1143424508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/usa-today-a-speech-only-pat-can-give/161703121/ |archive-date=December 28, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1992 |title=Duke Out Of Race |page=18 |work=The Daily Review |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/470169187 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-review-duke-out-of-race/161703284/ |archive-date=December 28, 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|}
Paleoconservative journalist [[Pat Buchanan]] was the primary opponent of President Bush; [[Ron Paul]], the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]]'s presidential nominee in 1988, had planned to run against the President, but dropped out shortly after Buchanan's entry in December. Buchanan's best showing was in the New Hampshire primary on February 18, 1992—where Bush won by a 53–38% margin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAPTER 13: Toward the 21st Century |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103020223/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2004 |access-date=June 2, 2022 |website=usinfo.state.gov}}</ref> President Bush won 73% of all primary votes, with 9,199,463 votes. Buchanan won 2,899,488 votes; unpledged delegates won 287,383 votes, and [[David Duke]], [[Grand Wizard]] of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], won 119,115 votes. Just over 100,000 votes were cast for all other candidates, half of which were write-in votes for H. Ross Perot.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Guide to U.S. Elections |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-60426-536-1 |editor-last=Kalb |editor-first=Deborah |___location=Washington, DC |pages=451}}</ref> Former Minnesota governor Harold Stassen, who had run for president nine times since 1944, also mounted his final campaign.
President [[George H. W. Bush]] and Vice President [[Dan Quayle]] easily won renomination by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. However, the success of the opposition forced the moderate Bush to move further to the right than in [[1988 United States presidential election|the previous election]], and to incorporate many socially conservative planks in the party platform. Bush allowed Buchanan to give a prime time address at the [[1992 Republican National Convention|Republican National Convention]] in [[Houston]], Texas, and his "Culture War" speech alienated [[Rockefeller Republican|liberal Republicans]].
With intense pressure on the Buchanan delegates to relent, the tally for president went as follows:
* [[George H. W. Bush]] 2166
* [[Pat Buchanan]] 18
* former ambassador [[Alan Keyes]] 1
Vice President [[Dan Quayle]] was renominated by voice vote.
{{Main|Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign}}
{{Ross Perot series|expanded=Presidential campaigns}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="background:#f1f1f1;" colspan="2"|<big>'''1992 Independent ticket'''</big>
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#228B22; width:200px;"| [[Ross Perot|{{color|white|Ross Perot}}]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#228B22; width:200px;"| [[James Stockdale|{{color|white|James Stockdale}}]]
|- style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#90EE90;"
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for President'''''
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''for Vice President'''''
|-
| [[File:RossPerotColor.jpg |200x200px]]
| [[File:James Stockdale Formal Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|200x200px]]
|-
| President and CEO of <br>Perot Systems<br /><small>(1988–2009)</small>
| [[President of the Naval War College]]<br><small>(1977–1979)</small>
|-
| colspan=2 |[[Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign|'''Campaign''']]
|-
| colspan=2 |[[File:Ross Perot 1992 campaign logo.svg|center|200x200px]]
|-
|}
[[File:BallotAccessofRossPerot1992.svg|thumb|right|Ross Perot was on the ballot in every state; in six states ''(Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Louisiana, Oregon, Pennsylvania)'' Perot was placed on the ballot through the formation of a political party supporting his candidacy. His electoral performance in each of those states led to those parties being given ballot-qualified status.]]
The public's concern about the federal budget deficit and fears of professional politicians led to the independent candidacy of billionaire Texan [[Ross Perot]] increasing in popularity in the polls—at one point Perot was leading the major party candidates.<ref name=PerotJuly>{{Citation|date=June 11, 1992|title=The 1992 Campaign: On the Trail; Poll Gives Perot a Clear Lead|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/11/us/the-1992-campaign-on-the-trail-poll-gives-perot-a-clear-lead.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=April 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411100640/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/11/us/the-1992-campaign-on-the-trail-poll-gives-perot-a-clear-lead.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Perot crusaded against the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), and internal and external national debt, tapping into voters' potential fear of the deficit. His volunteers succeeded in collecting enough signatures to get his name on the ballot in all 50 states. In June, Perot led the national public opinion polls with support from 39% of the voters (versus 31% for Bush and 25% for Clinton).<ref name=PerotJuly /> Perot severely damaged his credibility by dropping out of the presidential contest in July and remaining out of the race for several weeks before re-entering. He compounded this damage by eventually claiming, without evidence, that his withdrawal was due to [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] operatives attempting to disrupt his daughter's wedding.<ref>{{Citation|last=Berke|first=Richard L.|date=October 26, 1992|title=The 1992 Campaign: The Overview; Perot Says He Quit In July To Thwart G.O.P. 'Dirty Tricks'|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/26/us/1992-campaign-overview-perot-says-he-quit-july-thwart-gop-dirty-tricks.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=March 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320002428/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/26/us/1992-campaign-overview-perot-says-he-quit-july-thwart-gop-dirty-tricks.html?|url-status=live}}</ref>
Perot and retired Vice Admiral [[James Stockdale]] drew '''19,743,821''' votes (19% of the popular vote).
== Minor parties and independents ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
| style="background:#f1f1f1;font-size:big" colspan="30"|'''Minor party candidates, 1992'''
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#8B0000; width:100px;"| {{color|white|Libertarian}}
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#8B0000; width:100px;"| {{color|white|New Alliance}}
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#8B0000; width:100px;"| {{color|white|Natural Law}}
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#8B0000; width:100px;"| {{color|white|Populist}}
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#8B0000; width:100px;"| {{color|white|U.S. Taxpayers'}}
! style="width:3em; font-size:135%; background:#8B0000; width:100px;"| {{color|white|Democrats for <br> Economic Recovery}}
|- style="color:#000; font-size:100%; background:#F08080;"
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''[[Andre Marrou]]'''''
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''[[Lenora Fulani]]'''''
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''[[John Hagelin]]'''''
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''[[Bo Gritz]]'''''
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''[[Howard Phillips (activist)|Howard Phillips]]'''''
| style="width:3em; width:200px;"|'''''[[Lyndon LaRouche]]'''''
|-
| [[File:Marrou-1988-Richmond.jpg|center|100x100px]]
| [[File:Lenora Fulani.jpg|center|100x100px]]
| [[File:John S. Hagelin.jpg|center|100x100px]]
|
| [[File:Howard Phillips retusche.jpg|center|100x100px]]
| [[File:Lyndon LaRouche.jpg|center|100x100px]]
|-
| [[Alaska House of Representatives|Alaska State<br> Representative]]<br><small>(1985–1987)</small>
| Psychologist and <br>political activist
| Scientist<br>and researcher
| Conservative<br>political activist
| Conservative<br>political activist
| Political activist
|-
|}
=== Libertarian Party nomination ===
[[File:BallotAccessofAndreMarrou1992.svg|thumb|right|Andre Marrou was on the ballot in every state.]]
Libertarian candidates:
* [[Andre Marrou]], former [[Alaska]] [[Alaska House of Representatives|State Representative]] and 1988 vice presidential nominee
* [[Richard B. Boddie]], political science professor from California
The [[1991 Libertarian National Convention|6th Libertarian Party National Convention]] was held in Chicago, Illinois. There, the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] nominated [[Andre Marrou]], former [[Alaska]] [[Alaska House of Representatives|State Representative]] and the Party's 1988 vice presidential candidate, for president. [[Nancy Lord]] was his running mate.
Marrou and Lord drew 291,627 votes (0.28% of the popular vote).
=== New Alliance Party nomination ===
[[File:BallotAccessofLenoraFulani1992.svg|thumb|right|Lenora Fulani was on the ballot in thirty-nine states ''(352 Electoral Votes)''. Those states with a lighter shade are states in which she was an official write-in candidate.]]
New Alliance candidate:
* [[Lenora Fulani]], Psychotherapist and political activist from [[New Jersey]], and the 1988 Presidential nominee
[[Lenora Fulani]], who was the 1988 presidential nominee of the [[New Alliance Party]], received a second consecutive nomination from the Party in 1992. Unlike in 1988, Fulani failed to gain ballot access in every state, deciding to concentrate some of that campaign funding towards exposure of her candidacy and the Party to the national public.
Fulani also sought the endorsement of the [[Peace and Freedom Party]] of California, but despite winning a majority in that party's primary, she would lose the nomination to [[Ronald Daniels (politician)|Ronald Daniels]], the former Director the [[Rainbow/PUSH|National Rainbow Coalition]]. Rather than pursuing a ballot space of her own, Fulani would endorse Daniels's candidacy in California.
Fulani and her running mate Maria Elizabeth Muñoz received 73,622 votes (0.1% of the popular vote).
=== Natural Law Party nomination ===
[[File:BallotAccessofJohnHagelin1992.svg|thumb|right|John Hagelin was on the ballot in twenty-eight states ''(264 Electoral Votes)''. Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate.]]
The newly formed [[Natural Law Party (United States)|Natural Law Party]] nominated scientist and researcher [[John Hagelin]] for president and Mike Tompkins for vice president. The Natural Law Party had been founded in 1992 by Hagelin and 12 others who felt that governmental problems could be solved more effectively by following "Natural Laws". The party platform included preventive health care, sustainable agriculture and renewable energy technologies. During this and future campaigns, Hagelin favored abortion rights without public financing, campaign finance law reform, improved gun control, a flat tax, the eradication of PACs, a ban on soft money contributions, and school vouchers.
The party's first presidential ticket appeared on the ballot in 28 states and drew 37,137 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote).
=== U.S. Taxpayers' Party nomination ===
[[File:BallotAccessofHowardPhillips1992.svg|thumb|right|Howard Phillips was on the ballot in twenty-one states ''(215 Electoral Votes)''. Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate.]]
U.S. Taxpayers' candidates:
* [[Howard Phillips (activist)|Howard Phillips]], conservative political activist from [[Virginia]]
* [[Pat Buchanan]], conservative columnist from [[Virginia]] (declined interest)
* [[Gordon J. Humphrey]], former senator from [[New Hampshire]] (declined interest)
The [[U.S. Taxpayers Party]] ran its first presidential ticket in 1992, having only been formed the prior year. Initially [[Howard Phillips (activist)|Howard Phillips]] had hoped to successfully entice a prominent conservative politician, such as the former senator [[Gordon J. Humphrey]] from New Hampshire, or even [[Patrick Buchanan]] who at the time had only been mulling over running against President Bush (he would officially declare in December 1991).
No one, however, announced any intention to seek the Taxpayers Party nomination; Buchanan himself in the end endorsed President Bush at the Republican National Convention in Houston. Phillips had been unofficially nominated earlier in the year so as to allow the Party to be able to seek ballot access properly. While initially a temporary post, it was made permanent at the party's national convention, which was held in [[New Orleans]] on September 4 and 5. At the convention, which was attended by delegates from thirty-two states and Washington, D.C., Phillips received 264 votes on the first ballot, while [[Albion W. Knight Jr.|Albion Knight]] was approved as his running mate by acclamation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Havel |first=James T. |title=U.S. Presidential Elections and the Candidates: A Biographical and Historical Guide |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1996 |isbn=0-02-864623-1 |volume=2: The Elections, 1789-1992 |___location=New York |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=412}}
Earlier that year, in the June 2 California primary, Phillips had received 15,456 votes in the [[American Independent Party]] primary. On August 30, the American Independent Party voted to affiliate with the U.S. Taxpayers Party, an affiliation which continued until 2008.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=378}}
Phillips and Knight drew 43,369 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote).
=== Populist Party nomination ===
[[File:BallotAccessofBoGritz1992.svg|thumb|right|Bo Gritz was on the ballot in eighteen states ''(161 Electoral Votes)''. Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate.]]
Populist candidate:
* [[Bo Gritz]], former [[United States Army]] [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Special Forces]] officer and [[Vietnam veteran]]
Former [[United States Army]] [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Special Forces]] officer and [[Vietnam veteran]] [[Bo Gritz]] was the nominee of the [[Populist Party (United States, 1984)|Populist Party]], facing virtually no opposition. Under the campaign slogan "God, Guns and Gritz" and publishing his political manifesto "The Bill of Gritz" (playing on his last name rhyming with "rights"), he called for staunch opposition to what he called "[[global government]]" and "The [[New World Order conspiracy theory|New World Order]]", ending all foreign aid, abolishing federal income tax, and abolishing the Federal Reserve System. During the campaign, Gritz openly proclaimed the United States to be a "Christian Nation", stating that the country's legal statutes "should reflect unashamed acceptance of Almighty God and His Laws". His run on the America First/Populist Party ticket was prompted by his association with another far-right political Christian talk radio host, Tom Valentine. During his campaign, part of Gritz's standard stump speech was an idea to pay off the national debt by minting a coin at the Treasury and sending it to the Federal Reserve. This predates the 2012 [[trillion-dollar coin]] concept.
During August 1992, Gritz attracted national attention as mediator during the government standoff with [[Randy Weaver]] at [[Ruby Ridge]], Idaho.
He received 106,152 votes nationwide (0.1% of the popular vote). In two states he had a respectable showing for a minor third-party candidate: Utah, where he received 3.8% of the vote and Idaho, where he received 2.1% of the vote. In some counties, his support topped 10%, and in Franklin County, Idaho, was only a few votes away from pushing [[Bill Clinton]] into fourth place in the county.
=== Lyndon LaRouche's candidacy ===
[[File:BallotAccessofLyndonLaRouche1992.svg|thumb|right|Lyndon LaRouche was on the ballot in seventeen states ''(156 Electoral Votes)''. Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate.]]
While officially running for the Democratic presidential nomination, [[Lyndon LaRouche]] also decided to run as an Independent in the general election, standing as the '''National Economic Recovery''' candidate.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LoudounNow|date=February 18, 2019|title=Perennial Presidential Candidate LaRouche Dies at 96|url=https://loudounnow.com/2019/02/18/perennial-presidential-candidate-larouche-dies-at-96/|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=Loudoun Now|language=en-US|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209004351/https://loudounnow.com/2019/02/18/perennial-presidential-candidate-larouche-dies-at-96/|url-status=live}}</ref> LaRouche was in jail at the time, having been convicted of conspiracy to commit mail fraud in December 1988; it was only the second time in history that the presidency was sought from a prison cell (after Socialist Party candidate [[Eugene V. Debs]], while imprisoned for his opposition to U.S. involvement in [[World War I]], ran in 1920). His running-mate was [[James Bevel]], a civil rights activist who had represented the LaRouche movement in its pursuit of the [[Franklin child prostitution ring allegations]].
In addition to the displayed states, LaRouche had nearly made the ballot in the states of New York and Mississippi. In the case of New York, while his petition was valid and had enough signatures, none of his electors filed declarations of candidacy; in the cases of Mississippi a [[sore-loser law]] was in place, and because he ran in that state's Democratic presidential primary he was ineligible to run as an Independent in the general. Ohio also had a sore-loser law, but it was ruled in Brown vs. Taft that it did not apply to presidential candidates.
LaRouche and Beval drew 22,863 votes. (<0.1% of the popular vote).
=== Socialist Workers' Party nomination ===
[[File:BallotAccessofJamesWarren1992.svg|thumb|right|James Warren was on the ballot in thirteen states ''(148 Electoral Votes)''. Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate.]]
Socialist Workers candidate:
* [[James Warren (presidential candidate)|James Warren]], journalist and steel worker from [[Illinois]], and the 1988 Presidential nominee
[[James Warren (presidential candidate)|James Warren]], who was the 1988 presidential nominee of the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]], received a second consecutive nomination from the Party on the first of November 1991. Warren had two running mates that varied from state to state; [[Estelle DeBates]] and [[Willie Mae Reid]], the latter also a resident of Illinois.
Warren received 22,882 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote).
=== Ron Daniels candidacy ===
[[File:BallotAccessofRonDaniels1992.svg|thumb|right|Ron Daniels was on the ballot in eight states ''(126 Electoral Votes)''. Those states with a lighter shade are states in which he was an official write-in candidate.]]
* [[Ronald Daniels (politician)|Ronald Daniels]], former director of the [[Rainbow/PUSH|National Rainbow Coalition]]
[[Ronald Daniels (politician)|Ronald Daniels]] was the former executive director for the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]], the former director of the [[Rainbow/PUSH|National Rainbow Coalition]], and the worked on both of [[Jesse Jackson]]'s campaigns for the Democratic presidential nomination. [[Asiba Tupahache]], a Native American activist from New York was his running-mate.
Though running an Independent campaign under the label '''"Campaign for a Better Tomorrow"''', Daniels was endorsed by a number of third parties across the states, most notably the Peace and Freedom Party of California; though he had lost that party's presidential primary to [[Lenora Fulani]], the nominee of the [[New Alliance Party]], the delegates at its convention voted in favor of his candidacy 110–91, the only time it has ever nominated someone other than the winner of the primary.
Daniels and Tupachache drew 27,396 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote).
=== Other nominations ===
The 1992 campaign also marked the entry of [[Ralph Nader]] into presidential politics as a candidate. Despite the advice of several liberal and environmental groups, Nader did not formally run. Rather, he tried to make an impact in the [[New Hampshire primaries]], urging members of both parties to write-in his name.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kolbert|first=Elizabeth|date=February 18, 1992|title=In Nader's Campaign, White House Isn't the Goal|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/18/us/the-1992-campaign-write-in-in-nader-s-campaign-white-house-isn-t-the-goal.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202163020/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/18/us/the-1992-campaign-write-in-in-nader-s-campaign-white-house-isn-t-the-goal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, several thousand Democrats and Republicans wrote-in Nader's name. Despite supporting mostly liberal legislation during his career as a [[consumer advocate]], Nader received more votes from Republicans than Democrats.<ref>"THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" ''New York Times October 25, 1992,'' from The Associated Press. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/the-1992-campaign-for-those-not-satisfied-with-a-3-man-race.html online] </ref>
The [[Socialist Equality Party (United States)|Worker's League]] nominated [[Helen Halyard]] for president; she was the party's nominee for vice president in 1984 and 1988. Fred Mazelis was nominated for vice president. Halyard and Mazelis drew 3,050 votes.<ref>"THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" ''New York Times October 25, 1992,'' from The Associated Press. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/the-1992-campaign-for-those-not-satisfied-with-a-3-man-race.html online] </ref>
==== John Viamouyiannis candidacy ====
'''Ballot access:''' Michigan, New Jersey ''(33 Electoral)''
[[John A. Yiamouyiannis|John Yiamouyiannis]], a major opponent of [[Water fluoridation controversy|water fluoridation]], ran as an Independent under the label '''"Take Back America"'''. Allen C. McCone was his running-mate. Yiamouyiannis and McCone drew 2,199 votes.<ref>"THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" ''New York Times October 25, 1992,'' from The Associated Press. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/the-1992-campaign-for-those-not-satisfied-with-a-3-man-race.html online] </ref>
==== Socialist Party nomination ====
'''Ballot access:''' Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Tennessee ''(33 Electoral)''
The [[Socialist Party USA|Socialist Party]] nominated [[J. Quinn Brisben]] for president and [[Barbara Garson]] for vice president. Brisben and Garson drew 2,909 votes.<ref>"THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" ''New York Times October 25, 1992,'' from The Associated Press. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/the-1992-campaign-for-those-not-satisfied-with-a-3-man-race.html online] </ref>
==== Grassroots Party nomination ====
'''Ballot access:''' DC, Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin ''(30 Electoral)''
The [[Grassroots Party]] nominated [[Jack Herer]], a noted cannabis activist for president and Derrick Grimmer for vice president. Herer and Grimmer drew 3,875 votes.<ref>"THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" ''New York Times October 25, 1992,'' from The Associated Press. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/the-1992-campaign-for-those-not-satisfied-with-a-3-man-race.html online] </ref>
==== Prohibition Party nomination ====
'''Ballot access:''' Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin ''(28 Electoral)''
The [[Prohibition Party]] nominated [[Earl Dodge]], the party's chairman for president and [[George Ormsby (politician)|George Ormsby]] for vice president. Dodge and Ormsby drew 935 votes.<ref>"THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" ''New York Times October 25, 1992,'' from The Associated Press. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/the-1992-campaign-for-those-not-satisfied-with-a-3-man-race.html online] </ref>
==== Drew Bradford candidacy ====
'''Ballot access:''' Arkansas, New Mexico, Tennessee ''(22 Electoral)''
Drew Bradford was an Independent candidate for the Presidency; he did not have a running-mate. Bradford drew 4,749 votes.<ref>"THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" ''New York Times October 25, 1992,'' from The Associated Press. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/the-1992-campaign-for-those-not-satisfied-with-a-3-man-race.html online] </ref>
==== Delbert Ehlers candidacy ====
'''Ballot access:''' Wisconsin ''(11 Electoral)''
Delbert Ehlers was an Independent candidate for the Presidency. His running-mate was Rick Wendt. Ehlers and Wendt drew 1,149 votes.<ref> "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN; For Those Not Satisfied With a 3-Man Race" ''New York Times'' October 25, 1992, from The Associated Press.</ref>
== General election ==
===Polling===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:17px"
! Poll source
! Date
! class="unsortable" |[[Bill Clinton|Bill<br>Clinton]]<br><small>{{nobold|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]}}</small>
! class="unsortable" |[[George H. W. Bush|George<br>Bush]]<br><small>{{nobold|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]}}</small>
! class="unsortable" |[[Ross Perot|Ross<br>Perot]]<br><small>{{nobold|[[Independent politician|Independent]]}}</small>
! class="unsortable" |[[Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election|Other]]
! class="unsortable" |Undecided
! Lead
|-
! | '''Election Results'''
| Nov. 3, 1992
|align="center" {{party shading/Democratic}}|'''43.01%'''
|align="center" | 37.45%
|align="center" | 18.91
|align="center" | 1.81%
|align="center" | 0.63%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} align="center" | '''5.56'''
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=192}}
|data-sort-value="November 2, 1992"|Oct. 31 – Nov. 1
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''44%'''
|36%
|14%
| –
|6%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|8
|-
|Harris<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 2, 1992 |title=Clinton Lead 4 to 8 Points, Polls Show |page=1 |work=Florida Today |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/florida-today-clinton-lead-4-to-8-points/160212318/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="November 2, 1992"|Oct. 30 – Nov. 1
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''42%'''
|38%
|16%
| –
|4%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|4
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=190}}
|data-sort-value="November 1, 1992"|Oct. 30 – Oct. 31
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''43%'''
|36%
|15%
| –
|6%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|7
|-
|Newsweek<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news |date=October 27, 1992 |title=Comparing The Polls |page=3B |work=Enterprise-Record |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/enterprise-record-comparing-the-polls/160211942/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="October 25, 1992"|Oct. 20 – Oct. 23
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''42%'''
|30%
|22%
| –
|6%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|12
|-
|New York Times/CBS News<ref name="auto4"/>
|data-sort-value="October 25, 1992"|Oct. 20 – Oct. 23
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''42%'''
|37%
|17%
| –
|4%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|5
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=187}}
|data-sort-value="October 25, 1992"|Oct. 21 – Oct. 22
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''43%'''
|31%
|18%
| –
|8%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|12
|-
|Time/CNN<ref name="auto4"/>
|data-sort-value="October 25, 1992"|Oct. 20 – Oct. 22
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''38%'''
|31%
|17%
| –
|14%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|7
|-
|Harris<ref name="auto4"/>
|data-sort-value="October 25, 1992"|Oct. 20 – Oct. 22
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''46%'''
|32%
|18%
| –
|4%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|12
|-
|Washington Post<ref name="auto4"/>
|data-sort-value="October 25, 1992"|Oct. 19 – Oct. 22
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''42%'''
|34%
|20%
| –
|4%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|8
|-
|US News<ref name="auto4"/>
|data-sort-value="October 25, 1992"|Oct. 20 – Oct. 21
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''45%'''
|31%
|20%
| –
|4%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|14
|-
|NBC News/Wall Street Journal<ref name="auto4"/>
|data-sort-value="October 25, 1992"|Oct. 20 – Oct. 21
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''47%'''
|28%
|19%
| –
|6%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|19
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=183}}
|data-sort-value="October 18, 1992"|Oct. 13 – Oct. 15
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''47%'''
|34%
|13%
| –
|6%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|13
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=179}}
|data-sort-value="October 11, 1992"|Oct. 6 – Oct. 8
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''49%'''
|34%
|10%
| –
|7%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|15
|-
|NBC News/Washington Post<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=October 11, 1992 |title=The Presidential Race |page=M7 |work=Anchorage Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/anchorage-daily-news-the-presidential-ra/160211831/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="October 11, 1992"|Oct. 4 – Oct. 5
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''46%'''
|32%
|10%
| –
|12%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|14
|-
|Los Angeles Times<ref name="auto"/>
|data-sort-value="October 11, 1992"|Oct. 2 – Oct. 5
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''48%'''
|34%
|9%
| –
|9%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|14
|-
|Harris<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news |date=October 6, 1992 |title=Presidential Polls |page=A-10 |work=Ventura County Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/ventura-county-star-presidential-polls/160211641/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="October 6, 1992"|Oct. 1 – Oct. 4
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''53%'''
|36%
|9%
| –
|2%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|17
|-
|ABC News/Washington Post<ref name="auto3"/>
|data-sort-value="October 6, 1992"|Oct. 1 – Oct. 4
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''48%'''
|35%
|9%
| –
|8%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|13
|-
| colspan="10" align="center" | '''October 1: Perot Reenters Race'''
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=172}}
|data-sort-value="October 3, 1992"|Sep. 28 – Sep. 30
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''52%'''
|35%
|7%
| –
|6%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|17
|-
|Gallup{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=166}}
|data-sort-value="September 23, 1992"|Sep. 17 – Sep. 20
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''50%'''
|40%
| —
| –
|10%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|10
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=161}}
|data-sort-value="September 19, 1992"|Sep. 11 – Sep. 15
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''51%'''
|42%
| —
| –
|7%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|9
|-
|Tarrance Group<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 10, 1992 |title=The Poll Question: Who's In First? |page=3A |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-the-poll-questi/160217523/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="September 10, 1992"|Sep. 1 - Sep. 6
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''48%'''
|43%
| -
| –
|9%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|5
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=152}}
|data-sort-value="September 5, 1992"|Aug. 31 – Sep. 2
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''54%'''
|39%
| —
| –
|7%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|15
|-
|Harris<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |date=September 3, 1992 |title=Harris Poll Shows Bush 5 Points Behind Clinton |page=16A |work=Arizona Daily Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-daily-star-harris-poll-shows-bus/160210666/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="Sep 3, 1992"|Aug. 26 – Sep. 1
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''50%'''
|45%
| -
| –
|5%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|5
|-
|ABC News/Washington Post<ref name="auto2"/>
|data-sort-value="Sep 3, 1992"|Aug. 26 – Aug. 30
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''56%'''
|36%
| -
| –
|8%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|20
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=149}}
|data-sort-value="August 25, 1992"|Aug. 21 – Aug. 22
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''52%'''
|42%
| —
| –
|6%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|10
|-
| colspan="10" align="center" | '''August 20: Republican National Convention Ends'''
|-
|Tarrance Group<ref name="auto5">{{Cite news |date=August 21, 1992 |title=Bush Narrows Clinton Lead to 11 Points |page=2A |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-star-democrat-bush-narrows-clinton-l/160216662/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="August 19, 1992"|Aug. 15 - Aug. 19
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''48%'''
|43%
| -
| –
|9%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|5
|-
|Tarrance Group<ref name="auto5"/>
|data-sort-value="August 18, 1992"|Aug. 15 - Aug. 18
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''51%'''
|40%
| -
| –
|9%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|11
|-
|-
|Tarrance Group<ref name="auto5"/>
|data-sort-value="August 17, 1992"|Aug. 15 - Aug. 17
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''51%'''
|35%
| -
| –
|14%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|16
|-
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=147}}
|data-sort-value="August 19, 1992"|Aug. 17
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''58%'''
|35%
| —
| –
|7%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|23
|-
| colspan="10" align="center" | '''August 17: Republican National Convention Starts'''
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=144}}
|data-sort-value="August 16, 1992"|Aug. 10 – Aug. 12
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''58%'''
|35%
| —
| –
|7%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|23
|-
|Gallup{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=140}}
|data-sort-value="August 4, 1992"|Jul. 31 – Aug. 2
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''57%'''
|32%
| —
| –
|11%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|25
|-
|Gallup{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=131}}
|data-sort-value="July 28, 1992"|Jul. 24 – Jul. 16
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''56%'''
|36%
| —
| –
|8%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|20
|-
|Harris<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |date=July 21, 1992 |title=Clinton Leads By 30 |page=4A |work=Leader-Telegram |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/leader-telegram-clinton-leads-by-30/160210205/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="July 21, 1992"|Jul. 17 – Jul. 19
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''63%'''
|33%
| -
| –
|4%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|30
|-
|NBC News/Washington Post<ref name="auto1"/>
|data-sort-value="July 21, 1992"|Jul. 17 – Jul. 19
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''58%'''
|29%
| -
| –
|13%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|29
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=125}}
|data-sort-value="July 22, 1992"|Jul. 17 – Jul. 18
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''56%'''
|34%
| —
| –
|10%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|22
|-
| colspan="10" align="center" | '''July 16: Perot Withdraws; Democratic National Convention Ends'''
|-
|Tarrance Group<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 16, 1992 |title=New Poll: Bill's No. 1 With 40% |page=37 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-new-poll-bills-no-1-with-4/160215914/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="July 14, 1992"|Jul. 13 - Jul. 14
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''40%'''
|31%
|20%
| –
|9%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|9
|-
|Tarrance Group<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 14, 1992 |title=Clinton Lead 4 to 8 Points, Polls Show |page=5 |work=Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-clinton-soars-perot-sinks/160215580/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="July 14, 1992"|Jul. 13
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''35%'''
|31%
|24%
| –
|10%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|4
|-
| colspan="10" align="center" | '''July 13: Democratic National Convention Starts'''
|-
|[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/13/news/the-campaign-democrats-display-a-new-optimism-reflected-in-poll.html New York Times/CBS News]
|data-sort-value="July 13, 1992"|Jul. 8 – Jul. 11
|30%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''33%'''
|25%
| –
|12%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|3
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=119}}
|data-sort-value="July 12, 1992"|Jul. 6 – Jul. 8
|28%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''35%'''
|30%
| –
|7%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|5
|-
|[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/10/us/the-1992-campaign-on-the-trail-again-perot-adds-to-press-operation.html NBC News/Washington Post]
|data-sort-value="July 10, 1992"|Jul. 5 – Jul. 7
|28%
|31%
|{{party shading/Independent}}|'''33%'''
| –
|8%
|{{party shading/Independent}}|2
|-
|Gallup{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=112}}
|data-sort-value="July 2, 1992"|Jun. 26 – Jun. 30
|27%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''33%'''
|32%
| –
|8%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|1
|-
|[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/23/us/1992-campaign-poll-bush-clinton-sag-survey-perot-s-negative-rating-doubles.html New York Times/CBS News]
|data-sort-value="June 23, 1992"|Jun. 17 – Jun. 20
|24%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''32%'''
|30%
| –
|14%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|2
|-
|Gallup{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=112}}
|data-sort-value="June ?, 1992"|Jun. 12 – Jun. 14
|24%
|32%
|{{party shading/Independent}}|'''34%'''
| –
|10%
|{{party shading/Independent}}|2
|-
|Harris<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 12, 1992 |title=Double-time March |page=5 |work=Philadelphia Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/philadelphia-daily-news-double-time-marc/160209932/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="June 12, 1992"|Jun. 5 – Jun. 10
|25%
|33%
|{{party shading/Independent}}|'''37%'''
| –
|6%
|{{party shading/Independent}}|4
|-
|Gallup{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=98}}
|data-sort-value="June 10, 1992"|Jun. 4 – Jun. 8
|25%
|31%
|{{party shading/Independent}}|'''39%'''
| –
|5%
|{{party shading/Independent}}|8
|-
|Gallup{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=88}}
|data-sort-value="May 24, 1992"|May 18 – May 20
|25%
|'''35%'''
|'''35%'''
| –
|5%
|'''Tied'''
|-
|NBC News/Wall Street Journal<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 21, 1992 |title=Poll Shows Bush Leading Perot, Clinton |page=A-2 |work=Chronicle Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chronicle-tribune-poll-shows-bush-leadin/160210024/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="May 21, 1992"|May 15 – May 19
|27%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''35%'''
|30%
| –
|8%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|5
|-
|Gallup{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=98}}
|data-sort-value="May 17, 1992"|May 7 – May 10
|29%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''35%'''
|30%
| –
|6%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|5
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=73}}
|data-sort-value="April 26, 1992"|Apr. 20 – Apr. 22
|26%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''41%'''
|25%
| –
|8%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|15
|-
|[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/26/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-poll-shows-perot-gaining-strength-to-rival-clinton-s.html New York Times/CBS News]
|data-sort-value="April 23, 1992"|Apr. 20 – Apr. 23
|28%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''38%'''
|23%
| –
|11%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|10
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=61}}
|data-sort-value="April 5, 1992"|Mar. 31 – Apr. 1
|25%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''44%'''
|24%
| –
|7%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|19
|-
|[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/01/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-clinton-dogged-by-voter-doubt-poll-of-us-says.html New York Times/CBS News]
|data-sort-value="April 1, 1992"|Mar. 26 – Mar. 29
|31%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''44%'''
|16%
| –
|9%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|13
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=51}}
|data-sort-value="March 25, 1992"|Mar. 20 – Mar. 22
|43%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''52%'''
| —
| –
|5%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|9
|-
|Gallup/CNN/USA Today{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=46}}
|data-sort-value="March 15, 1992"|Mar. 11 – Mar. 12
|44%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''50%'''
| —
| –
|6%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|6
|-
|Gallup
|data-sort-value="February 23, 1992"|Feb. 19 – Feb. 20
|43%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''53%'''
| —
| –
|4%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|10
|-
|Gallup{{Sfn|Gallup, Jr.|1993|pp=22}}
|data-sort-value="February 12, 1992"|Feb. 6 – Feb. 9
|38%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''53%'''
| —
| –
|9%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|15
|-
|Harris<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 14, 1992 |title=President's Lead Narrowing |page=4 |work=Johnson City Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/johnson-city-press-presidents-lead-narr/160209707/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>
|data-sort-value="February 12, 1992"|Dec. 26 – Dec. 30
|47%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|'''48%'''
| —
| –
|5%
|{{party shading/Republican}}|1
|-
|}
=== Campaign ===
After [[Bill Clinton]] secured the Democratic Party's nomination in the spring of 1992, polls showed Ross Perot leading the race, followed by President Bush and Clinton in third place after a grueling nomination process. Two-way trial heats between Bush and Clinton in early 1992 showed Bush in the lead.<ref>{{Citation|last=Toner|first=Robin|date=March 3, 1992|title=Voters Are Unhappy With All the Choices|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/03/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-in-poll-voters-are-unhappy-with-all-the-choices.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525191920/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/03/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-in-poll-voters-are-unhappy-with-all-the-choices.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Toner|first=Robin|date=April 1, 1992|title=Clinton Dogged By Voter Doubt, Poll of U.S. Says|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/01/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-clinton-dogged-by-voter-doubt-poll-of-us-says.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525191922/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/01/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-clinton-dogged-by-voter-doubt-poll-of-us-says.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Toner|first=Robin|date=April 26, 1992|title=Poll Shows Perot Gaining Strength To Rival Clinton's|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/26/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-poll-shows-perot-gaining-strength-to-rival-clinton-s.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525192236/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/26/us/the-1992-campaign-poll-poll-shows-perot-gaining-strength-to-rival-clinton-s.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Toner|first=Robin|date=June 23, 1992|title=Bush and Clinton Sag in Survey; Perot's Negative Rating Doubles|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/23/us/1992-campaign-poll-bush-clinton-sag-survey-perot-s-negative-rating-doubles.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525192238/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/23/us/1992-campaign-poll-bush-clinton-sag-survey-perot-s-negative-rating-doubles.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As the economy continued to sour and the President's approval rating continued to slide, the Democrats began to rally around their nominee. On July 9, 1992, Clinton chose Tennessee senator and former 1988 presidential candidate Al Gore to be his running mate.<ref>{{Citation|date=July 10, 1992|title=Their Own Words; Excerpts From Clinton's and Gore's Remarks on the Ticket|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/10/us/1992-campaign-their-own-words-excerpts-clinton-s-gore-s-remarks-ticket.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513033456/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/10/us/1992-campaign-their-own-words-excerpts-clinton-s-gore-s-remarks-ticket.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As Governor Clinton's nomination acceptance speech approached, Ross Perot dropped out of the race, convinced that staying in the race with a "revitalized Democratic Party" would cause the race to be decided by the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref>{{Citation|date=July 17, 1992|title=Captain Perot Jumps Ship|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/17/opinion/captain-perot-jumps-ship.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525193120/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/17/opinion/captain-perot-jumps-ship.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Clinton gave his acceptance speech on July 16, 1992, promising to bring a "new covenant" to America, and to work to heal the gap that had developed between the rich and the poor during the Reagan/Bush years.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 16, 1992 |title=William J. Clinton: Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in New York |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/220260 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=Presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> The Clinton campaign received the biggest convention "bounce" in history<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Citation|last=Apple|first=R. W. Jr.|date=July 18, 1992|title=Poll Gives Clinton a Post-Perot, Post-Convention Boost|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/18/us/the-1992-campaign-overview-poll-gives-clinton-a-post-perot-post-convention-boost.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525193124/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/18/us/the-1992-campaign-overview-poll-gives-clinton-a-post-perot-post-convention-boost.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which brought him from 25 percent in the spring, behind Bush and Perot, to 55 percent versus Bush's 31 percent.
After the convention, Clinton and Gore began a bus tour around the United States, while the Bush/Quayle campaign began to criticize Clinton's character, highlighting accusations of infidelity and draft dodging. The Bush campaign emphasized its foreign policy successes such as [[Desert Storm]], and the end of the Cold War. Bush also contrasted his military service to Clinton's lack thereof, and criticized Clinton's lack of foreign policy expertise. However, as the economy was the main issue, Bush's campaign floundered across the nation, even in strongly Republican areas,<ref>{{Citation|last=Miller|first=Judith|date=August 16, 1992|title=The Republicans: Can They Get It Together?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/16/magazine/the-republicans-can-they-get-it-together.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525193126/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/16/magazine/the-republicans-can-they-get-it-together.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Clinton maintained leads with over 50 percent of the vote nationwide consistently, while Bush typically saw numbers in the upper 30s.<ref>{{Citation|date=August 17, 1992|title=Bush Trails, to Varying Degrees, in 3 Polls|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/17/news/party-in-the-spotlight-bush-trails-to-varying-degrees-in-3-polls.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528091845/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/17/news/party-in-the-spotlight-bush-trails-to-varying-degrees-in-3-polls.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As Bush's economic edge had evaporated, his campaign looked to energize its socially conservative base at the [[1992 Republican National Convention]] in Houston, Texas. At the convention, Bush's primary campaign opponent Pat Buchanan gave his famous "culture war" speech, criticizing Clinton's and Gore's social progressiveness, and voicing skepticism on his "New Democrat" brand. After President Bush accepted his renomination, his campaign saw a small bounce in the polls, but this was short-lived, as Clinton maintained his lead.<ref name="nyt_26-08-1992">{{Citation|last=Clymer|first=Adam|date=August 26, 1992|title=Bush's Gains From Convention Nearly Evaporate in Latest Poll|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/26/us/the-1992-campaign-bush-s-gains-from-convention-nearly-evaporate-in-latest-poll.html}}</ref> The campaign continued with a lopsided lead for Clinton through September,<ref>{{Citation|date=September 22, 1992|title=Clinton Takes 21-Point Lead Over President in a New Poll|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/22/us/the-1992-campaign-clinton-takes-21-point-lead-over-president-in-a-new-poll.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525193132/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/22/us/the-1992-campaign-clinton-takes-21-point-lead-over-president-in-a-new-poll.html|url-status=live}}</ref> until Ross Perot decided to re-enter the race.<ref>{{Citation|last=Toner|first=Robin|date=September 30, 1992|title=Campaign Strategy; 2 Camps Regard A Perot Revival With Less Fear| newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/30/us/1992-campaign-campaign-strategy-2-camps-regard-perot-revival-with-less-fear.html}}</ref> Ross Perot's re-entry in the race was welcomed by the Bush campaign, as Fred Steeper, a poll taker for Bush, said, "He'll be important if we accomplish our goal, which is to draw even with Clinton." Initially, Perot's return saw the Texas billionaire's numbers stay low, until he was given the opportunity to participate in a trio of unprecedented three-man debates. The race narrowed, as Perot's numbers significantly improved as Clinton's numbers declined, while Bush's numbers remained more or less the same from earlier in the race<ref name="nyt_25-10-1992">{{Citation|last=Toner|first=Robin|date=October 25, 1992|title=Contest Tightens As Perot Resurges And Clinton Slips|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/1992-campaign-overview-contest-tightens-perot-resurges-clinton-slips.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=April 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401014358/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/25/us/1992-campaign-overview-contest-tightens-perot-resurges-clinton-slips.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as Perot and Bush began to hammer at Clinton on character issues once again.
=== Presidential debates ===
{{Main|1992 United States presidential debates}}
The [[Commission on Presidential Debates]] organised four presidential debates<ref name=":0"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Debates among candidates for the 1992 U.S. presidential election
!No.
!Date
!Host
!Location
!Panelists
!Moderator
!Participants
!Viewership
(Millions)
|-
|P1
|Sunday, October 11, 1992
|[[Washington University in St. Louis]]
|[[St. Louis, Missouri]]
|[[Sander Vanocur]]<br>[[Ann Compton]]<br>John Mashek
|[[Jim Lehrer]]
|[[President George H. W. Bush]]<br>[[Bill Clinton|Governor Bill Clinton]]<br>[[Ross Perot|Mr. Ross Perot]]
|62.4<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.debates.org/index.php?page=1992-debates|title=CPD: 1992 Debates|website=www.debates.org|access-date=January 8, 2019|archive-date=January 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108145448/https://www.debates.org/index.php?page=1992-debates|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|VP
|Tuesday, October 13, 1992
|[[Georgia Institute of Technology]]
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]]
|n/a
|[[Hal Bruno]]
|[[Dan Quayle|Vice President Dan Quayle]]<br>[[Al Gore|Senator Al Gore]]<br>[[Admiral James Stockdale]]
|51.2<ref name=":0" />
|-
|P2
|Thursday, October 15, 1992
|[[University of Richmond]]
|[[Richmond, Virginia]]
|n/a
|[[Carole Simpson]]
|[[President George H. W. Bush]]<br>[[Bill Clinton|Governor Bill Clinton]]<br>[[Ross Perot|Mr. Ross Perot]]
|69.9<ref name=":0" />
|-
|P3
|Monday, October 19, 1992
|[[Michigan State University]]
|[[East Lansing, Michigan]]
|Gene Gibbons<br>[[Helen Thomas]]<br>[[Susan Rook]]
|[[Jim Lehrer]]
|[[President George H. W. Bush]]<br>[[Bill Clinton|Governor Bill Clinton]]<br>[[Ross Perot|Mr. Ross Perot]]
|66.9<ref name=":0" />
|}
=== Character issues ===
Many character issues were raised during the campaign, including allegations that Clinton had [[Draft dodging|dodged the draft]] during the [[Vietnam War]], and had used [[marijuana]], which Clinton claimed he had ‘tried’ to smoke, but "didn't inhale." Bush also accused Clinton of meeting with communists on a trip to Russia he took as a student. Clinton was often accused of being a philanderer by political opponents.
Allegations were also made that Bill Clinton had engaged in a long-term extramarital affair with [[Gennifer Flowers]].<ref>Conason, Joe (July/August 1992). "Reason No. 1 Not To Vote For Bill Clinton: He Cheats on His Wife." Spy magazine.</ref> Clinton denied ever having an affair with Flowers, but later admitted, under threat of perjury, that he had a brief sexual encounter with her in 1977.<ref>Kurtz, Howard (August 12, 1992). "Clinton Angrily Denounces Report of Extramarital Affair as 'a Lie.'" The Washington Post.</ref>
[[File:1992prescountymap2.PNG|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Election results by county{{legend|#1560BD|[[Bill Clinton]]|border=1px #AAAAAA solid}}
{{legend|#E32636|[[George H. W. Bush]]|border=1px #AAAAAA solid}}
{{legend|#00A550|[[Ross Perot]]|border=1px #AAAAAA solid}}]]
[[File:1992 Presidential Election, Results by Congressional District.png|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Results by congressional district.]]
==
Even though Clinton received roughly 3,100,815 more votes than Democratic nominee [[Michael Dukakis]] had four years earlier, the Democrats recorded a 2.7 percentage point ''decrease'' in their share of the popular vote compared to 1988 due to the higher turnout. His 43% share of the popular vote was the second-lowest for any winning candidate in the 20th century after [[Woodrow Wilson]] in [[1912 United States presidential election|1912]] (41.8%). President Bush's 37.4% was the lowest percentage total for a sitting president seeking re-election since [[William Howard Taft]], also in 1912 (23.2%).<ref>Kornacki, Steve (January 21, 2011). [http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/01/21/bush_gulf_war_reunion/index.html "Why the 'good' Iraq war wasn't so good"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126054313/http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/01/21/bush_gulf_war_reunion/index.html |date=January 26, 2011 }}. ''[[Salon.com|Salon]]''.</ref> 1992 was, as the 1912 election was, a three-way race (that time between Taft, Wilson, and [[Theodore Roosevelt]]). It was also the lowest percentage for a major-party candidate since [[Alf Landon]] received 36.5% of the vote in [[1936 United States presidential election|1936]]. Bush had a lower percentage of the popular vote than even [[Herbert Hoover]], who was defeated in [[1932 United States presidential election|1932]] (39.7%). However, none of these races included a major third-party candidate.
Independent candidate [[Ross Perot]] received 19,743,821 with 18.9% of the popular vote. The billionaire used his own money to advertise extensively, and is the only non-major party candidate and the only non-party affiliated candidate ever allowed into the nationally televised [[U.S. presidential election debates|presidential debates]] with both major party candidates (independent [[John B. Anderson|John Anderson]] debated Republican [[Ronald Reagan]] in [[1980 United States presidential election|1980]], but without Democrat [[Jimmy Carter]], who had refused to appear in a three-man debate). Speaking about the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], Perot described its effect on American jobs as causing a "[[giant sucking sound]]". For a period of time, Perot was leading in the polls,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dionne|first=E.J.|date=June 9, 1992|title=PEROT LEADS IN NEW POLL|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/06/09/perot-leads-field-in-poll/5c0499dd-d5c5-42e4-bc63-e4c32ca083e7/|access-date=February 8, 2021|newspaper=Washington Post|archive-date=June 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609155934/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/06/09/perot-leads-field-in-poll/5c0499dd-d5c5-42e4-bc63-e4c32ca083e7/|url-status=live}}</ref> but he lost much of his support when he temporarily withdrew from the election, only to declare himself a candidate again soon after. This was also the most recent time that a non-major party candidate and a non-party affiliated candidate won at least one county.
Perot's 18.9% of the popular vote made him the most successful non-major party presidential candidate in terms of popular vote since [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in the 1912 election. His share of the popular vote was also the highest ever for a candidate who did not win any [[United States electoral college|electoral votes]]. Although he did not win any states, Perot managed to finish ahead of one of the
The election was the most recent in which [[Montana]] voted for the Democratic candidate, both the last time [[Florida]] backed the losing candidate and last time [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] voted for the Democratic candidate until [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]], and the last time that Colorado voted Democratic until 2008. This was also the first time since [[Texas]]' admission to the Union in 1845 that a Democrat won the White House without winning the state, and the second time a Democrat won the White House without North Carolina (the first was 1844), and the second time since Florida's admission (also in 1845) that a Democrat won without winning the state ([[John F. Kennedy]] in [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]] was the first).
Clinton was also the only Democrat at that point to win every electoral vote in the Northeast except for [[Lyndon Johnson]] in [[U.S. presidential election, 1964|1964]]. John Kerry and Barack Obama have been the only Democrats to repeat this since. Also, this was the first time since 1964 that the following nine states had voted Democratic: California, [[Colorado]], [[Illinois]], [[Montana]], [[Nevada]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Vermont]].
The 168 electoral votes received by Bush, added to the 426 electoral votes he received in [[1988 United States presidential election|1988]], gave him the most total electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president only once (594), and the tenth largest number of electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president behind [[Grover Cleveland]]'s 664, [[Barack Obama]]'s 697, [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s 712, [[Bill Clinton]]'s 749, [[Donald Trump]]'s 848, [[Dwight Eisenhower]]'s 899, [[Ronald Reagan]]'s 1,015, [[Richard Nixon]]'s 1,040 and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s 1,876 total electoral votes.
Bush and Clinton achieved an exact tie in [[Ware County, Georgia]], the most recent time in American history a county was tied between the two major-party presidential candidates. Perot also achieved an exact tie with Bush in [[Morris County, Kansas]].
===Analysis===
Several factors made the results possible. First, the campaign came on the heels of an economic slowdown. Exit polling showed that 75% thought the economy was in fairly or very bad shape while 63% thought their personal finances were better or the same as four years ago.<ref>{{Citation|title=Topics at a Glance—iPOLL summary results|url=http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/cgi-bin/hsrun.exe/roperweb/pom/pom.htx;start=ipollsearch?TopID=444|access-date=August 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918123018/http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/cgi-bin/hsrun.exe/roperweb/pom/pom.htx;start=ipollsearch?TopID=444|archive-date=September 18, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The decision by Bush to accept a tax increase adversely affected his re-election bid. Pressured by rising [[budget deficits]], Bush agreed to a budget compromise with Congress which raised taxes and reduced the federal budget deficit. Clinton was able to condemn the tax increase effectively on both its own merits and as a reflection of Bush's dishonesty. Effective Democratic TV ads were aired showing a clip of Bush's 1988 acceptance speech in which he promised "[[Read my lips: no new taxes|Read my lips ... No new taxes.]]" Most importantly, Bush's coalition was in disarray, for both the aforementioned reasons and for unrelated reasons. The end of the [[Cold War]] allowed old rivalries among conservatives to re-emerge and meant that other voters focused more on [[domestic policy]], to the detriment of Bush, a social and fiscal moderate. The consequence of such a perception depressed conservative turnout.<ref name="nyt_11-11-1992">{{Citation|last=Toner|first=Robin|date=November 11, 1992|title=The Republicans; Looking to the Future, Party Sifts Through Past|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/11/us/the-transition-the-republicans-looking-to-the-future-party-sifts-through-past.html}}</ref>
The election was compared to the [[1945 United Kingdom general election]], in which [[Winston Churchill]], while a respected conservative wartime leader (like Bush) was not regarded as a good peacetime leader, and thus was voted out once the conflict was over.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fineman |first=Howard |date=1991-09-15 |title=Bush: The Churchill Scenario |url=https://www.newsweek.com/bush-churchill-scenario-203272 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref>
Unlike Bush, Clinton was able to unite his fractious and ideologically diverse party behind his candidacy, even when its different wings conflicted. To garner the support of moderates and conservative Democrats, he attacked [[Sister Souljah]], an obscure [[rap music]]ian whose lyrics Clinton condemned. Furthermore, Clinton made clear his support of the death penalty and would later champion making [[school uniform]]s in public schools a requirement.<ref name="nyt_01-27-1996">{{cite news|first=Alison|last=Mitchell|date=January 27, 1996|work=The New York Times|title=CLINTON'S ADVISERS; Sharp Split Over Issues: Economics Or Values?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/27/us/politics-clinton-s-advisers-sharp-split-over-issues-economics-or-values.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=September 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921111718/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/27/us/politics-clinton-s-advisers-sharp-split-over-issues-economics-or-values.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Clinton could also point to his centrist record as governor of Arkansas. More liberal Democrats were impressed by Clinton's record on abortion and affirmative action. His strong connections to African Americans also played a key role. In addition, he organized significant numbers of young voters and became a symbol of the rise of the [[baby boomer]] generation to political power.<ref name="time_11-16-1992">{{cite magazine|first=Walter|last=Shapiro|date=November 16, 1992|title=Baby-boomer Bill Clinton: A Generation Takes Power|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976996,00.html|access-date=February 27, 2014|archive-date=September 21, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921111725/https://time.com/archive/6721667/baby-boomer-bill-clinton-a-generation-takes-power/|url-status=live}}</ref> Supporters remained energized and confident, even in times of scandal or missteps.
The effect of [[Ross Perot]]'s candidacy has been a contentious point of debate for many years. In the ensuing months after the election, various Republicans asserted that Perot had acted as a [[spoiler effect|spoiler]], enough to the detriment of Bush to lose him the election. While many disaffected conservatives may have voted for Ross Perot to protest Bush's tax increase, further examination of the Perot vote in the Election Night exit polls not only showed that Perot siphoned votes nearly equally among Bush and Clinton,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/05/us/1992-elections-disappointment-analysis-eccentric-but-no-joke-perot-s-strong.html|title=THE 1992 ELECTIONS: DISAPPOINTMENT -- NEWS ANALYSIS An Eccentric but No Joke; Perot's Strong Showing Raises Questions On What Might Have Been, and Might Be|date=November 5, 1992|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518111204/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/05/us/1992-elections-disappointment-analysis-eccentric-but-no-joke-perot-s-strong.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times Exit Poll 1992, Nov 1992 [survey question]. USLAT.92EXIT.QN. Los Angeles Times [producer]. Storrs, CT:Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, iPOLL [distributor], accessed Jul 20, 2015.</ref><ref>ABC News, CBS News, CNN, NBC News. VRS Election Day Exit Poll 1992, Nov 1992 [survey question]. USVRS.92EXIT.Q08. Voter Research & Surveys [producer]. Storrs, CT:Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, iPOLL [distributor], accessed Jul 20, 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fairvote.org/plurality/perot.htm |title=Plurality Wins in the 1992 Presidential Race: Perot's Contribution to Clinton's Victory |website=Archive.fairvote.org |access-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717085805/http://archive.fairvote.org/plurality/perot.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> but roughly two-thirds of those voters who cited Bush's broken "No New Taxes" pledge as "very important" (25%) voted for Bill Clinton.<ref>{{Citation|last=Schmalz|first=Jeffrey|date=November 4, 1992|title=Clinton Carves a Path Deep Into Reagan Country|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/nyregion/1992-election-nation-s-voters-clinton-carves-wide-path-deep-into-reagan-country.html|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=December 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207120319/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFD8173FF937A35752C1A964958260|url-status=live}}</ref> The voting numbers reveal that to win the electoral vote Bush would have had to win 10 of the 11 states Clinton won by less than five percentage points. For Bush to earn a majority of the popular vote, he would have needed 12.2% of Perot's 18.9% of the vote, 65% of Perot's support base.<ref>{{Citation|title=1992 Presidential Election – What if Scenario|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/GENERAL/pe1992whatif.html|access-date=November 11, 2012|archive-date=January 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122202429/http://uselectionatlas.org/USPRESIDENT/GENERAL/pe1992whatif.html|url-status=live}}</ref> State exit polls suggested that Perot did not alter the electoral college count, except potentially in one state (Ohio), which nonetheless showed a result in the margin of error.<ref>{{cite news|author=E.J. Dionne Jr. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/11/08/perot-seen-not-affecting-vote-outcome/27500538-cee8-4f4f-8e7f-f3ee9f2325d1/ |title=Perot Seen Not Affecting Vote Outcome |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 8, 1992 |access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref> Furthermore, Perot was most popular in states that strongly favored either Clinton or Bush, limiting his real electoral impact for either candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=ngresearchconf |format=PDF |title=H. Ross Perot and George C. Wallace: Defining the Archetype of Third-party "Success" in Presidential Elections |author=AARON W. BROWN |date=February 23, 2013 |website=Digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu |access-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-date=April 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403184355/http://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1072&context=ngresearchconf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Perot gained relatively little support in the Southern states and happened to have the best showing in states with few electoral votes. Perot appealed to disaffected voters all across the political spectrum who had grown weary of the two-party system. NAFTA played a role in Perot's support, and Perot voters were relatively moderate on hot-button social issues.<ref>{{Citation|title=Public Opinion Watch|url=http://www.tcf.org/list.asp?type=NC&pubid=1120#perot|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090823094350/http://www.tcf.org/list.asp?type=NC&pubid=1120#perot|archive-date=August 23, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Mishel|first1=Lawrence|last2=Teixeira|first2=Ruy A.|date=December 30, 1998|title=The Political Arithmetic of the NAFTA Vote|url=http://www.epi.org/briefingpapers/1993_bp_political.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128173902/http://www.epi.org/briefingpapers/1993_bp_political.pdf|archive-date=November 28, 2008}}</ref> A 1999 study in the ''American Journal of Political Science'' estimated that Perot's candidacy hurt the Clinton campaign, reducing "Clinton's margin of victory over Bush by seven percentage point."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lacy|first1=Dean|last2=Burden|first2=Barry C.|date=1999|title=The Vote-Stealing and Turnout Effects of Ross Perot in the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election|journal=American Journal of Political Science|volume=43|issue=1|pages=233|doi=10.2307/2991792|issn=0092-5853|jstor=2991792}}</ref> In 2016, ''[[FiveThirtyEight]]'' noted that it was "unlikely" that Perot was a spoiler.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/long-before-trump-there-was-ross-perot/|title=Long Before Trump, There Was Ross Perot|first=Galen|last=Druke|publisher=FiveThirtyEight|date=October 24, 2016|accessdate=May 9, 2021|archive-date=May 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509190714/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/long-before-trump-there-was-ross-perot/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Clinton, Bush, and Perot did not focus on abortion during the campaign. Exit polls, however, showed that attitudes toward abortion "significantly influenced" the vote, as [[pro-choice]] Republicans defected from Bush.<ref>{{citation|last=Critchlow|first=Donald T.|title=Intended Consequences: Birth Control, Abortion, and the Federal Government in Modern America|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|___location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-504657-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/intendedconseque00crit_0/page/221 221]|url=https://archive.org/details/intendedconseque00crit_0/page/221}}</ref><ref>Abramowitz (1995)</ref>
The South was the only region where Bush received a majority of the electoral votes and two-thirds of his total electoral votes came from the South.{{sfn|Abramson|Aldrich|Rohde|1995|p=86}}
===Implications===
According to [[Seymour Martin Lipset]], this election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups.<ref>Seymour Martin Lipset, "The significance of the 1992 election." ''PS: Political Science and Politics'' 26.1 (1993): 7-16 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/419496 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428231440/https://www.jstor.org/stable/419496 |date=April 28, 2021 }}</ref>
Clinton's election ended an era in which the Republican Party had controlled the [[White House]] for 12 consecutive years, and for 20 of the previous 24 years. The election also brought the Democrats full control of the legislative and executive branches of the federal government, including both houses of [[U.S. Congress]] and the presidency, for the first time since the administration of the last Democratic president, [[Jimmy Carter]]. This would not last for very long, however, as the Republicans won control of both the House and Senate in 1994. Reelected in 1996, Clinton would become the first Democratic president since [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to serve two full terms in the White House and the first to leave office at the end of his second full term since Woodrow Wilson.
1992 was arguably a [[political realignment]] election. It made the Democratic Party dominant in presidential elections in the Northeast, the [[Great Lakes]] region, and the West Coast, where many states had previously either been swing states or Republican-leaning. Clinton picked up several states that went Republican in 1988, and which have remained in the Democratic column ever since: California, [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Illinois]], most of [[Maine]] (besides the state's second congressional district, which broke the state's total straight Democratic voting record since, when it voted for Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump in 2016, along with the two following presidential elections in 2020, and 2024), [[Maryland]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Vermont]]. Vermont, carried by Clinton, had been heavily Republican for generations prior to the election, voting for a Democrat only once (in 1964).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.270towin.com/states/Vermont |title=Vermont Presidential Election Voting History |website=270towin.com |access-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921111722/https://www.270towin.com/states/Vermont |url-status=live }}</ref> The state has been won by the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since. Bill Clinton narrowly defeated Bush in New Jersey (by two points), which had voted for the Republican nominee all but twice since [[1948 United States presidential election|1948]]. Clinton would later win the state in 1996 by eighteen points; like Vermont, Republicans have not won the state since.<ref name="AD100313">{{cite news
| title = Surprise Swing States
| work = [[CBS News]]
| date = February 11, 2009
| url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprise-swing-states/
| access-date = October 3, 2013
| archive-date = January 15, 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150115015541/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/surprise-swing-states/
| url-status = live
}}</ref> California, which had been a Republican stronghold since 1952, was now trending Democratic. Clinton, a native Southerner, was able to carry several states in the South that the GOP had won for much of the past two decades, but ultimately won only four of eleven former [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] states. This reflected the final shift of the South to the Republican Party. In subsequent presidential elections from 1996 to 2020, 28 out of the 50 states were carried by the same party as in 1992 (15 for the Democrats and 13 for the Republicans).
=== Detailed
{{start U.S. presidential ticket box| pv_footnote=| ev_footnote=}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Bill
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[George H. W. Bush
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Andre
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=[[Bo
{{U.S. presidential ticket box
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name= [[Howard Phillips (activist)|Howard Phillips]]| party=[[U.S. Taxpayers Party]]| state=[[Virginia]]| pv=43,369| pv_pct=0.04%| ev=0| vp_name=[[Albion W. Knight Jr.]]| vp_state=Florida}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box other| footnote=| pv=152,516| pv_pct=0.13%}}
{{end U.S. presidential ticket box| pv=104,423,923| ev=538| to_win=270}}
'''Source (Popular Vote):''' {{Leip PV source 2| year=1992| as of=
'''Source (Electoral Vote):''' {{National Archives EV source| year=1992| as of=
{{bar box
| title = Popular vote
| titlebar = #ddd
| width = 600px
| barwidth = 410px
| bars =
{{bar percent|'''Clinton'''|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|43.01}}
{{bar percent|Bush|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|37.45}}
{{bar percent|Perot|{{party color|Independent}}|18.91}}
{{bar percent|Marrou|{{party color|Libertarian Party (US)}}|0.28}}
{{bar percent|Others|#777777|0.35}}
}}
{{bar box
| title = Electoral vote
| titlebar = #ddd
| width = 600px
| barwidth = 410px
| bars =
{{bar percent|'''Clinton'''|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|68.77}}
{{bar percent|Bush|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|31.23}}
}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege1992-Large.png|upright=2.95|thumb|left]]
<gallery perrow="3" widths="500px" heights="334px">
File:1992 United States presidential election results map by county.svg|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
File:1992 United States presidential election by congressional district.svg|Results by congressional district, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
File:1992 Presidential shift.svg|County swing from 1988 to 1992
</gallery>
=== Results by state ===
Source:<ref name="auto6">{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1992&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|title=1992 Presidential General Election Data – National|website=Uselectionatlas.org|access-date=February 11, 2012|archive-date=April 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417214748/http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1992&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Legend
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
|colspan=2| States/districts won by [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]]/[[Al Gore|Gore]]
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
|colspan=2| States/districts won by [[George H.W. Bush|Bush]]/[[Dan Quayle|Quayle]]
|-
| † || At-large results (For states that split electoral votes)
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"
|-
! colspan=2 |
! colspan=6 | Candidates with electoral votes (<small>{{abbr|E|electoral votes}}</small>)
! colspan=6 | Candidates with no electoral votes
! colspan=5 | Overall popular vote
|-
! colspan=2 |
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| Bill Clinton<br />Democratic
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| George H.W. Bush<br />Republican
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Ross Perot<br />Independent
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Andre Marrou<br />Libertarian
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Others
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Top-2 margin<br /><small>(+/− if won by {{abbr|D|Democrat}}/{{abbr|R|Republican}})</small>
! colspan="1"|Margin<br />Swing{{Efn|Percentage point difference in margin from the [[1988 United States presidential election|1988 election]]}}
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| State Total
|-
! align=center | State
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" | <small>{{abbr|E|electoral votes}}</small>
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| {{abbr|Vote|Popular votes}}
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" | <small>{{abbr|E|electoral votes}}</small>
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| {{abbr|Vote|Popular votes}}
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" | <small>{{abbr|E|electoral votes}}</small>
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| {{abbr|Vote|Popular votes}}
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
<!--! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" | <small>{{abbr|E|electoral votes}}</small>-->
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| {{abbr|Vote|Popular votes}}
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
<!--! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" | <small>{{abbr|E|electoral votes}}</small>-->
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| {{abbr|Vote|Popular votes}}
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
<!--! style="text-align:center;" data-sort-type="number" | <small>{{abbr|E|electoral votes}}</small>-->
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| {{abbr|Vote|Popular votes}}
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| %
! style="text-align:center;" data-sort- type="number"| {{abbr|Vote|Popular votes}}
!
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Alabama|Alabama]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| 690,080
| 40.88
| –
| 804,283
| 47.65
| 9
| 183,109
| 10.85
<!--| –-->
| 5,737
| 0.34
<!--| –-->
| 4,851
| 0.29
<!--| –-->
| −114,203
| −6.77
| 12.53
| 1,688,060
| style="text-align:center;" | AL
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Alaska|Alaska]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 78,294
| 30.29
| –
| 102,000
| 39.46
| 3
| 73,481
| 28.43
<!--| –-->
| 1,378
| 0.53
<!--| –-->
| 3,353
| 1.29
<!--| –-->
| −23,706
| −9.17
| 14.15
| 258,506
| style="text-align:center;" | AK
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Arizona|Arizona]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 543,050
| 36.52
| –
| 572,086
| 38.47
| 8
| 353,741
| 23.79
<!--| –-->
| 6,759
| 0.45
<!--| –-->
| 11,339
| 0.76
<!--| –-->
| −29,036
| −1.95
| 19.26
| 1,486,975
| style="text-align:center;" | AZ
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Arkansas|Arkansas]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| 505,823
| 53.21
| 6
| 337,324
| 35.48
| –
| 99,132
| 10.43
<!--| –-->
| 1,261
| 0.13
<!--| –-->
| 7,113
| 0.75
<!--| –-->
| 168,499
| 17.73
| 31.91
| 950,653
| style="text-align:center;" | AR
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in California|California]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 54
| 5,121,325
| 46.01
| 54
| 3,630,574
| 32.61
| –
| 2,296,006
| 20.63
<!--| –-->
| 48,139
| 0.43
<!--| –-->
| 35,677
| 0.32
<!--| –-->
| 1,490,751
| 13.40
| 16.97
| 11,131,721
| style="text-align:center;" | CA
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Colorado|Colorado]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 629,681
| 40.13
| 8
| 562,850
| 35.87
| –
| 366,010
| 23.32
<!--| –-->
| 8,669
| 0.55
<!--| –-->
| 1,970
| 0.13
<!--| –-->
| 66,831
| 4.26
| 12.04
| 1,569,180
| style="text-align:center;" | CO
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Connecticut|Connecticut]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 682,318
| 42.21
| 8
| 578,313
| 35.78
| –
| 348,771
| 21.58
<!--| –-->
| 5,391
| 0.33
<!--| –-->
| 1,539
| 0.10
<!--| –-->
| 104,005
| 6.43
| 11.53
| 1,616,332
| style="text-align:center;" | CT
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Delaware|Delaware]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 126,055
| 43.51
| 3
| 102,313
| 35.31
| –
| 59,213
| 20.44
<!--| –-->
| 935
| 0.32
<!--| –-->
| 1,219
| 0.42
<!--| –-->
| 23,742
| 8.19
| 20.59
| 289,735
| style="text-align:center;" | DE
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia|D.C.]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 192,619
| 84.64
| 3
| 20,698
| 9.10
| –
| 9,681
| 4.25
<!--| –-->
| 467
| 0.21
<!--| –-->
| 4,107
| 1.80
<!--| –-->
| 171,921
| 75.54
| 7.20
| 227,572
| style="text-align:center;" | DC
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Florida|Florida]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 25
| 2,072,798
| 39.00
| –
| 2,173,310
| 40.89
| 25
| 1,053,067
| 19.82
<!--| –-->
| 15,079
| 0.28
<!--| –-->
| 238
| 0.00
<!--| –-->
| −100,512
| −1.89
| 20.47
| 5,314,392
| style="text-align:center;" | FL
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Georgia|Georgia]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| 1,008,966
| 43.47
| 13
| 995,252
| 42.88
| –
| 309,657
| 13.34
<!--| –-->
| 7,110
| 0.31
<!--| –-->
| 140
| 0.01
<!--| –-->
| 13,714
| 0.59
| 20.84
| 2,321,125
| style="text-align:center;" | GA
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Hawaii|Hawaii]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 179,310
| 48.09
| 4
| 136,822
| 36.70
| –
| 53,003
| 14.22
<!--| –-->
| 1,119
| 0.30
<!--| –-->
| 2,588
| 0.69
<!--| –-->
| 42,488
| 11.39
| 1.87
| 372,842
| style="text-align:center;" | HI
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Idaho|Idaho]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 137,013
| 28.42
| –
| 202,645
| 42.03
| 4
| 130,395
| 27.04
<!--| –-->
| 1,167
| 0.24
<!--| –-->
| 10,922
| 2.27
<!--| –-->
| −65,632
| −13.61
| 12.46
| 482,142
| style="text-align:center;" | ID
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Illinois|Illinois]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 22
| 2,453,350
| 48.58
| 22
| 1,734,096
| 34.34
| –
| 840,515
| 16.64
<!--| –-->
| 9,218
| 0.18
<!--| –-->
| 12,978
| 0.26
<!--| –-->
| 719,254
| 14.24
| 16.32
| 5,050,157
| style="text-align:center;" | IL
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Indiana|Indiana]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| 848,420
| 36.79
| –
| 989,375
| 42.91
| 12
| 455,934
| 19.77
<!--| –-->
| 7,936
| 0.34
<!--| –-->
| 4,206
| 0.18
<!--| –-->
| −140,955
| −6.12
| 14.04
| 2,305,871
| style="text-align:center;" | IN
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Iowa|Iowa]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| 586,353
| 43.29
| 7
| 504,891
| 37.27
| –
| 253,468
| 18.71
<!--| –-->
| 1,076
| 0.08
<!--| –-->
| 8,819
| 0.65
<!--| –-->
| 81,462
| 6.02
| −4.20
| 1,354,607
| style="text-align:center;" | IA
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Kansas|Kansas]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| 390,434
| 33.74
| –
| 449,951
| 38.88
| 6
| 312,358
| 26.99
<!--| –-->
| 4,314
| 0.37
<!--| –-->
| 179
| 0.02
<!--| –-->
| −59,517
| −5.14
| 8.09
| 1,157,236
| style="text-align:center;" | KS
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Kentucky|Kentucky]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 665,104
| 44.55
| 8
| 617,178
| 41.34
| –
| 203,944
| 13.66
<!--| –-->
| 4,513
| 0.30
<!--| –-->
| 2,161
| 0.14
<!--| –-->
| 47,926
| 3.21
| 14.85
| 1,492,900
| style="text-align:center;" | KY
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Louisiana|Louisiana]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9
| 815,971
| 45.58
| 9
| 733,386
| 40.97
| –
| 211,478
| 11.81
<!--| –-->
| 3,155
| 0.18
<!--| –-->
| 26,027
| 1.45
<!--| –-->
| 82,585
| 4.61
| 14.82
| 1,790,017
| style="text-align:center;" | LA
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Maine|Maine †]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| 263,420
| 38.77
| 2
| 206,504
| 30.39
| –
| 206,820
| 30.44
<!--| –-->
| 1,681
| 0.25
<!--| –-->
| 1,074
| 0.16
<!--| –-->
| 56,600
| 8.33
| 19.83
| 679,499
| style="text-align:center;" | ME
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Maine's 1st congressional district|''Maine-1'']]
|style="text-align:center;"|''1''
|''145,191''||''39.9''||''1''||''115,697''||''31.8''||–||''102,828''||''28.3''||–||–||–||–||''29,494''||''8.11''||''20.83''||''363,716''||''ME1''
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Maine's 2nd congressional district|''Maine-2'']]
|style="text-align:center;"|''1''
|''118,229''||''37.8''||''1''||''90,807''||''29.0''||–||''103,992''||''33.2''||–||–||–||–||''14,237''||''4.55''||''18.92''||''313,028''||''ME2''
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Maryland|Maryland]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| 988,571
| 49.80
| 10
| 707,094
| 35.62
| –
| 281,414
| 14.18
<!--| –-->
| 4,715
| 0.24
<!--| –-->
| 3,252
| 0.16
<!--| –-->
| 281,477
| 14.18
| 17.09
| 1,985,046
| style="text-align:center;" | MD
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 12
| 1,318,639
| 47.54
| 12
| 805,039
| 29.02
| –
| 630,731
| 22.74
<!--| –-->
| 9,021
| 0.32
<!--| –-->
| 10,234
| 0.37
<!--| –-->
| 513,600
| 18.52
| 10.67
| 2,773,664
| style="text-align:center;" | MA
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Michigan|Michigan]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 18
| 1,871,182
| 43.77
| 18
| 1,554,940
| 36.38
| –
| 824,813
| 19.30
<!--| –-->
| 10,175
| 0.24
<!--| –-->
| 13,563
| 0.32
<!--| –-->
| 316,242
| 7.39
| 15.29
| 4,274,673
| style="text-align:center;" | MI
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Minnesota|Minnesota]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| 1,020,997
| 43.48
| 10
| 747,841
| 31.85
| –
| 562,506
| 23.96
<!--| –-->
| 3,373
| 0.14
<!--| –-->
| 13,230
| 0.56
<!--| –-->
| 273,156
| 11.63
| 4.61
| 2,347,947
| style="text-align:center;" | MN
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Mississippi|Mississippi]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| 400,258
| 40.77
| –
| 487,793
| 49.68
| 7
| 85,626
| 8.72
<!--| –-->
| 2,154
| 0.22
<!--| –-->
| 5,962
| 0.61
<!--| –-->
| −87,535
| −8.91
| 11.91
| 981,793
| style="text-align:center;" | MS
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Missouri|Missouri]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| 1,053,873
| 44.07
| 11
| 811,159
| 33.92
| –
| 518,741
| 21.69
<!--| –-->
| 7,497
| 0.31
<!--| –-->
| 295
| 0.01
<!--| –-->
| 242,714
| 10.15
| 14.13
| 2,391,565
| style="text-align:center;" | MO
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Montana|Montana]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 154,507
| 37.63
| 3
| 144,207
| 35.12
| –
| 107,225
| 26.11
<!--| –-->
| 986
| 0.24
<!--| –-->
| 3,686
| 0.90
<!--| –-->
| 10,300
| 2.51
| 8.38
| 410,611
| style="text-align:center;" | MT
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Nebraska|Nebraska †]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| 217,344
| 29.40
| –
| 344,346
| 46.58
| 2
| 174,687
| 23.63
<!--| –-->
| 1,344
| 0.18
<!--| –-->
| 1,562
| 0.21
<!--| –-->
| −127,002
| −17.18
| 3.78
| 739,283
| style="text-align:center;" | NE
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Nebraska's 1st congressional district|''Nebraska-1'']]
|style="text-align:center;" |1
|''80,696''||''32.6''||–||''107,081''||''43.2''||1||''59,974''||''24.2''||–||–||–||–||''-28,847''||''-10.6''||''-''||''247,751''||''NE1''
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Nebraska's 2nd congressional district|''Nebraska-2'']]
|style="text-align:center;" |1
|''78,701''||''32.4''||–||''115,255''||''47.5''||1||''48,657''||''20.1''||–||–||–||–||''-32,226''||''-15.1''||''-''||''242,613''||''NE2''
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Nebraska's 3rd congressional district|''Nebraska-3'']]
|style="text-align:center;" |1
|''57,467''||''23.5''||–||''121,342''||''49.7''||1||''65,473''||''26.8''||–||–||–||–||''-55,869''||''-22.9''||''-''||''244,282''||''NE3''
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Nevada|Nevada]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 189,148
| 37.36
| 4
| 175,828
| 34.73
| –
| 132,580
| 26.19
<!--| –-->
| 1,835
| 0.36
<!--| –-->
| 6,927
| 1.37
<!--| –-->
| 13,320
| 2.63
| 23.57
| 506,318
| style="text-align:center;" | NV
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 209,040
| 38.86
| 4
| 202,484
| 37.64
| –
| 121,337
| 22.56
<!--| –-->
| 3,548
| 0.66
<!--| –-->
| 1,536
| 0.29
<!--| –-->
| 6,556
| 1.22
| 27.38
| 537,945
| style="text-align:center;" | NH
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in New Jersey|New Jersey]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| 1,436,206
| 42.95
| 15
| 1,356,865
| 40.58
| –
| 521,829
| 15.61
<!--| –-->
| 6,822
| 0.20
<!--| –-->
| 21,872
| 0.65
<!--| –-->
| 79,341
| 2.37
| 16.01
| 3,343,594
| style="text-align:center;" | NJ
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in New Mexico|New Mexico]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| 261,617
| 45.90
| 5
| 212,824
| 37.34
| –
| 91,895
| 16.12
<!--| –-->
| 1,615
| 0.28
<!--| –-->
| 2,035
| 0.36
<!--| –-->
| 48,793
| 8.56
| 13.52
| 569,986
| style="text-align:center;" | NM
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in New York|New York]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 33
| 3,444,450
| 49.72
| 33
| 2,346,649
| 33.88
| –
| 1,090,721
| 15.75
<!--| –-->
| 13,451
| 0.19
<!--| –-->
| 31,662
| 0.46
<!--| –-->
| 1,097,801
| 15.85
| 11.75
| 6,926,933
| style="text-align:center;" | NY
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in North Carolina|North Carolina]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| 1,114,042
| 42.65
| –
| 1,134,661
| 43.44
| 14
| 357,864
| 13.70
<!--| –-->
| 5,171
| 0.20
<!--| –-->
| 112
| 0.00
<!--| –-->
| −20,619
| −0.79
| 15.47
| 2,611,850
| style="text-align:center;" | NC
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in North Dakota|North Dakota]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 99,168
| 32.18
| –
| 136,244
| 44.22
| 3
| 71,084
| 23.07
<!--| –-->
| 416
| 0.14
<!--| –-->
| 1,221
| 0.40
<!--| –-->
| −37,076
| −12.04
| 1.02
| 308,133
| style="text-align:center;" | ND
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Ohio|Ohio]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 21
| 1,984,942
| 40.18
| 21
| 1,894,310
| 38.35
| –
| 1,036,426
| 20.98
<!--| –-->
| 7,252
| 0.15
<!--| –-->
| 17,034
| 0.34
<!--| –-->
| 90,632
| 1.83
| 12.68
| 4,939,964
| style="text-align:center;" | OH
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 473,066
| 34.02
| –
| 592,929
| 42.65
| 8
| 319,878
| 23.01
<!--| –-->
| 4,486
| 0.32
<!--| –-->
| –
| –
<!--| –-->
| −119,863
| −8.63
| 8.02
| 1,390,359
| style="text-align:center;" | OK
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Oregon|Oregon]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7
| 621,314
| 42.48
| 7
| 475,757
| 32.53
| –
| 354,091
| 24.21
<!--| –-->
| 4,277
| 0.29
<!--| –-->
| 7,204
| 0.49
<!--| –-->
| 145,557
| 9.95
| 5.28
| 1,462,643
| style="text-align:center;" | OR
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 23
| 2,239,164
| 45.15
| 23
| 1,791,841
| 36.13
| –
| 902,667
| 18.20
<!--| –-->
| 21,477
| 0.43
<!--| –-->
| 4,661
| 0.09
<!--| –-->
| 447,323
| 9.02
| 11.34
| 4,959,810
| style="text-align:center;" | PA
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| 213,302
| 47.04
| 4
| 131,601
| 29.02
| –
| 105,045
| 23.16
<!--| –-->
| 571
| 0.13
<!--| –-->
| 2,959
| 0.65
<!--| –-->
| 81,701
| 18.02
| 6.31
| 453,478
| style="text-align:center;" | RI
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in South Carolina|South Carolina]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8
| 479,514
| 39.88
| –
| 577,507
| 48.02
| 8
| 138,872
| 11.55
<!--| –-->
| 2,719
| 0.23
<!--| –-->
| 3,915
| 0.33
<!--| –-->
| −97,993
| −8.14
| 15.78
| 1,202,527
| style="text-align:center;" | SC
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in South Dakota|South Dakota]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 124,888
| 37.14
| –
| 136,718
| 40.66
| 3
| 73,295
| 21.80
<!--| –-->
| 814
| 0.24
<!--| –-->
| 539
| 0.16
<!--| –-->
| −11,830
| −3.52
| 2.82
| 336,254
| style="text-align:center;" | SD
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| 933,521
| 47.08
| 11
| 841,300
| 42.43
| –
| 199,968
| 10.09
<!--| –-->
| 1,847
| 0.09
<!--| –-->
| 6,002
| 0.30
<!--| –-->
| 92,221
| 4.65
| 20.99
| 1,982,638
| style="text-align:center;" | TN
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Texas|Texas]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 32
| 2,281,815
| 37.08
| –
| 2,496,071
| 40.56
| 32
| 1,354,781
| 22.01
<!--| –-->
| 19,699
| 0.32
<!--| –-->
| 1,652
| 0.03
<!--| –-->
| −214,256
| −3.48
| 9.12
| 6,154,018
| style="text-align:center;" | TX
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Utah|Utah]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| 183,429
| 24.65
| –
| 322,632
| 43.36
| 5
| 203,400
| 27.34
<!--| –-->
| 1,900
| 0.26
<!--| –-->
| 32,638
| 4.39
<!--| –-->
| −119,232
| −16.03
| 15.46
| 743,999
| style="text-align:center;" | UT
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Vermont|Vermont]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 133,592
| 46.11
| 3
| 88,122
| 30.42
| –
| 65,991
| 22.78
<!--| –-->
| 501
| 0.17
<!--| –-->
| 1,495
| 0.52
<!--| –-->
| 45,470
| 15.70
| 19.22
| 289,701
| style="text-align:center;" | VT
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Virginia|Virginia]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| 1,038,650
| 40.59
| –
| 1,150,517
| 44.97
| 13
| 348,639
| 13.63
<!--| –-->
| 5,730
| 0.22
<!--| –-->
| 15,129
| 0.59
<!--| –-->
| −111,867
| −4.38
| 16.12
| 2,558,665
| style="text-align:center;" | VA
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Washington (state)|Washington]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| 993,039
| 43.40
| 11
| 731,235
| 31.96
| –
| 541,780
| 23.68
<!--| –-->
| 7,533
| 0.33
<!--| –-->
| 14,641
| 0.64
<!--| –-->
| 261,804
| 11.44
| 9.85
| 2,288,228
| style="text-align:center;" | WA
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in West Virginia|West Virginia]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| 331,001
| 48.41
| 5
| 241,974
| 35.39
| –
| 108,829
| 15.91
<!--| –-->
| 1,873
| 0.27
<!--| –-->
| –
| –
<!--| –-->
| 89,027
| 13.02
| 8.28
| 683,677
| style="text-align:center;" | WV
|-{{Party shading/Democratic}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Wisconsin|Wisconsin]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| 1,041,066
| 41.13
| 11
| 930,855
| 36.78
| –
| 544,479
| 21.51
<!--| –-->
| 2,877
| 0.11
<!--| –-->
| 11,837
| 0.47
<!--| –-->
| 110,211
| 4.35
| 0.73
| 2,531,114
| style="text-align:center;" | WI
|-{{Party shading/Republican}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1992 United States presidential election in Wyoming|Wyoming]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| 68,160
| 33.98
| –
| 79,347
| 39.56
| 3
| 51,263
| 25.56
<!--| –-->
| 844
| 0.42
<!--| –-->
| 973
| 0.49
<!--| –-->
| −11,187
| −5.58
| 16.94
| 200,587
| style="text-align:center;" | WY
|-
! TOTALS:
! 538
! 44,909,889
! 43.01
! 370
! 39,104,545
! 37.45
! 168
! 19,742,267
! 18.91
<!--! –-->
! 291,628
! 0.28
<!--! –-->
! 378,330
! 0.36
<!--! –-->
! 5,805,344
! 5.56
! 13.29
! 104,426,659
! style="text-align:center;" | US
|}
<sup>†</sup>Maine and Nebraska each allowed their electoral votes to be split between candidates using the Congressional District Method for electoral vote assignment. In both states, two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote was awarded to the winner of each congressional district.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barone |first1=Michael |last2=Ujifusa |first2=Grant |title=The Almanac of American Politics 2000 |date=July 1999 |publisher=Crown Publishing Group}}</ref> District results for Maine and Nebraska do not include results for Marrou or other candidates and so totals differ from those for the states' at-large. Because Perot finished in 2nd place in some districts, the margins of the districts do not match the margin at-large. Nebraska split its electoral votes this way for the first time.
====States that flipped from Republican to Democratic====
*[[Arkansas]]
*[[California]]
*[[Colorado]]
*[[Connecticut]]
*[[Delaware]]
*[[Georgia (US state)|Georgia]]
*[[Illinois]]
*[[Kentucky]]
*[[Louisiana]]
*[[Maine]]
*[[Maryland]]
*[[Michigan]]
*[[Missouri]]
*[[Montana]]
*[[Nevada]]
*[[New Jersey]]
*[[New Hampshire]]
*[[New Mexico]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Pennsylvania]]
*[[Tennessee]]
*[[Vermont]]
=== Close states ===
States with margin of victory less than 1% (27 electoral votes):
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Georgia – 0.59% (13,714 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''North Carolina – 0.79% (20,619 votes)'''</span>
States/Districts with margin of victory less than 5% (175 electoral votes):
# <span style="color:blue;">'''New Hampshire – 1.22% (6,556 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Ohio – 1.83% (90,632 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''Florida – 1.89% (100,612 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''Arizona – 1.95% (29,036 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''New Jersey – 2.37% (79,341 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Montana – 2.51% (10,300 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Nevada – 2.63% (13,320 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Kentucky – 3.21% (47,926 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''Texas – 3.48% (214,256 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''South Dakota – 3.52% (11,830 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Colorado – 4.26% (66,831 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Wisconsin – 4.35% (110,211 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''Virginia – 4.37% (111,867 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Maine's 2nd Congressional District – 4.54% (14,237 votes)'''</span> (margin over Ross Perot)
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Louisiana – 4.61% (82,585 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Tennessee – 4.65% (92,221 votes)'''</span> (tipping point state)
States with margin of victory between 5% and 10% (131 electoral votes):
# <span style="color:red;">'''Kansas – 5.14% (59,517 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''Wyoming – 5.60% (11,187 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Iowa – 6.02% (81,462 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''Indiana – 6.12% (140,955 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Connecticut – 6.43% (104,005 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''Alabama – 6.77% (114,203 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Michigan – 7.39% (316,242 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''South Carolina – 8.14% (97,993 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Maine's 1st Congressional District – 8.11% (29,494 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Delaware – 8.19% (23,741 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Maine – 8.33% (56,600 votes)'''</span> (margin over Ross Perot)
# <span style="color:blue;">'''New Mexico – 8.56% (48,793 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''Oklahoma – 8.63% (119,863 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''Mississippi – 8.91% (87,535 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Pennsylvania – 9.02% (447,323 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:red;">'''Alaska – 9.17% (23,706 votes)'''</span>
# <span style="color:blue;">'''Oregon – 9.95% (145,557 votes)'''</span>
Source: New York Times President Map<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Outline of American History: CHAPTER 13: Toward the 21st Century |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103020223/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2004 |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref>
==== Statistics ====
<ref name="auto6"/>
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)
# '''<span style="color:blue;">Washington, D.C. 84.64%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:blue;">[[Starr County, Texas]] 82.80%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:blue;">[[Macon County, Alabama]] 82.78%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:blue;">[[Duval County, Texas]] 79.56%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:blue;">[[Jefferson County, Mississippi]] 79.39%</span>'''
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)
# '''<span style="color:red;">[[Jackson County, Kentucky]] 74.96%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:red;">[[Sioux County, Iowa]] 72.21%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:red;">[[Hansford County, Texas]] 69.08%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:red;">[[Ochiltree County, Texas]] 68.06%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:red;">[[Shelby County, Alabama]] 67.97%</span>'''
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)
# '''<span style="color:green;">[[Loving County, Texas]] 46.88%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:green;">[[San Juan County, Colorado]] 40.40%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:green;">[[Billings County, North Dakota]] 39.82%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:green;">[[Somerset County, Maine]] 38.95%</span>'''
# '''<span style="color:green;">[[Esmeralda County, Nevada]] 37.67%</span>'''
== Voter demographics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan=5 |Presidential vote in social groups (in percentage)
|-
|-
!
!
! {{party shading/Republican}}|Bush
!
! % of<br/>total vote
|-
| Total vote
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" |
| style="text-align:right;" | 37
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
! colspan=5|'''Party and ideology'''
|-
| Conservative Republicans
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 82
| style="text-align:right;" | 13
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
|-
| Moderate Republicans
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 63
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
| style="text-align:right;" | 13
|-
| Liberal Republicans
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 54
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
| style="text-align:right;" | 2
|-
| Conservative Independents
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 53
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Moderate Independents
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" |
| style="text-align:right;" | 28
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Liberal Independents
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 54
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" | 4
|-
| Conservative Democrats
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 61
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
|-
| Moderate Democrats
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 76
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Liberal Democrats
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 85
| style="text-align:right;" | 11
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
| style="text-align:right;" | 13
|-
! colspan=5|'''Gender and marital status'''
|-
| Married men
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 42
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Married women
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 41
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Unmarried men
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 48
| style="text-align:right;" | 29
| style="text-align:right;" | 22
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Unmarried women
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 53
| style="text-align:right;" | 31
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
! colspan=5|'''Race'''
|-
| White
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 40
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Black
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 83
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Hispanic
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 61
| style="text-align:right;" | 25
| style="text-align:right;" | 14
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Asian
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 55
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
! colspan=5|'''Religion'''
|-
| White Protestant
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 47
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Catholic
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 44
| style="text-align:right;" | 35
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Jewish
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 80
| style="text-align:right;" | 11
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
| style="text-align:right;" | 3
|-
| Born Again, religious right
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 61
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
! colspan=5|'''Age'''
|-
| 18–29 years old
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 43
| style="text-align:right;" | 34
| style="text-align:right;" | 22
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| 30–44 years old
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 41
| style="text-align:right;" | 38
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| 45–59 years old
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 41
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| 60 and older
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 50
| style="text-align:right;" | 38
| style="text-align:right;" | 12
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
! colspan=5|'''Education'''
|-
| Not a high school graduate
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 54
| style="text-align:right;" | 28
| style="text-align:right;" | 18
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| High school graduate
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 43
| style="text-align:right;" | 36
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Some college education
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 41
| style="text-align:right;" | 37
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| College graduate
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 41
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Post graduate education
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 50
| style="text-align:right;" | 36
| style="text-align:right;" | 14
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
! colspan=5|'''Family income'''
|-
| Under $15,000
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 58
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| $15,000–29,999
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 45
| style="text-align:right;" | 35
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| $30,000–49,999
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 41
| style="text-align:right;" | 38
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| $50,000-$75,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" |
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Over $75,000
| style="text-align:right;" | 36
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 48
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
! colspan=5|'''Region'''
|-
| East
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 47
| style="text-align:right;" | 35
| style="text-align:right;" | 18
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Midwest
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 42
| style="text-align:right;" | 37
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| South
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 43
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| West
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 43
| style="text-align:right;" | 34
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
! colspan=5|'''Community size'''
|-
| Population over 500,000
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 58
| style="text-align:right;" | 28
| style="text-align:right;" | 13
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Population 50,000 to 500,000
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" | 50
| style="text-align:right;" | 33
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Suburbs
| style="text-align:right; background:#b0ceff;" |
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
| style="text-align:right;" |
|-
| Rural areas, towns
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
| style="text-align:right; background:#ffb6b6;" | 40
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
| style="text-align:right;" |
|}
'''Source:''' [[Voter News Service]] [[exit poll]], reported in ''[[The New York Times]]'',
== See also ==
* [[Newspaper endorsements in the 1992 United States presidential election]]
* [[Chicken George (politics)|Chicken George]]
*
* "[[
*
* [[1992 United States
* [[1992 United States Senate elections]]
* [[1992 United States House of Representatives elections]]
* [[List of 1992 United States presidential electors]]
* [[Presidency of Bill Clinton]]
==References==
{{
== Notes ==
* {{cite web| url=http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/bridge.htm| title=Outline of U.S. History: Chapter 15: Bridge to the 21st century| work=Official web site of the U.S. Department of State| access-date=December 10, 2005| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214030614/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/bridge.htm| archive-date=December 14, 2005| df=mdy-all}}
** Bulk of article text as of January 9, 2003 copied from this page, when it was located at <nowiki>http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/history/ch13.htm#1992</nowiki> and titled "An Outline of American History: Chapter 13: Toward the 21st century".
** An {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103020223/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/history/ch13.htm |date=November 3, 2004 |title=archival version of this page is available }}
** This page is in the public ___domain as a government publication.
{{notelist}}
==Works cited==
* {{cite book|last1=Abramson |first1=Paul |last2=Aldrich |first2=John |last3=Rohde |first3=David |title=Change and Continuity in the 1992 Elections |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |date=1995 |isbn=0871878399}}
* {{cite book |last=Gallup, Jr. |first=George |author-link= |date=1993 |title=The Gallup Poll, Public Opinion 1992 |url= |___location=Wilmington, Delaware |publisher=Scholarly Resources Inc. |page= |isbn=}}
== Further reading ==
{{Further|Ross Perot#Further reading}}
* {{Citation |doi=10.2307/2960276 |last=Abramowitz |first=Alan I. |authorlink= Alan Abramowitz |year=1995 |title=It's Abortion, Stupid: Policy Voting in the 1992 Presidential Election |journal=Journal of Politics |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=176–186 |issn=0022-3816 |jstor=2960276 |s2cid=155087138 }}
* {{Citation |first1=Herbert E. |last1=Alexander |first2=Anthony |last2=Corrado |year=1995 |title=Financing the 1992 Election |publisher=Sharpe |___location=Armonk |isbn=978-1-56324-437-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/financing1992ele0000alex }}
* Buell Jr, Emmett H. "The 1992 Elections." ''Journal of Politics'' (1994): 1133–1144; reviews leading political science studies of the election
* [[James W. Ceaser|Ceaser, James]], and Andrew Busch. ''Upside Down and Inside Out: The 1992 Elections and American Politics'' (1993).
* Crotty, William, ed. ''America's Choice: The Election of 1992'' (1993)
* {{citation |last=DeFrank |first=Thomas M. |title=Quest for the Presidency, 1992 |year=1994 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |___location=College Station |isbn=978-0-89096-644-0 |display-authors=etal}}
* {{Citation| first1=Rodolfo O.| last1=De la Garza|authorlink1=Rodolfo de la Garza| first2=Louis| last2=Desipio| year=1996| title=Ethnic Ironies: Latino Politics in the 1992 Elections| publisher=Westview| ___location=Boulder| isbn=978-0-8133-8910-3| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicironieslat0000unse}}
* Doherty, Kathryn M., and James G. Gimpel. "Candidate Character vs. the Economy in the 1992 Election." ''Political Behavior'' 19.3 (1997): 177–196. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/James_Gimpel/publication/225228184_Candidate_Character_vs_The_Economy_in_the_1992_Election/links/5ce48ef6458515712eba605a/Candidate-Character-vs-The-Economy-in-the-1992-Election.pdf online]
* [[Jack Germond|Germond, Jack]], and [[Jules Witcover]]. ''Mad As Hell: Revolt at the Ballot Box, 1992'' (1993). [https://archive.org/details/madashellrevolta00germ online]
* Goldman, Peter. et al. ''Quest for the Presidency 1992'' (1994) 805pp.
* Herron, Michael C., et al. "Measurement of political effects in the United States economy: A study of the 1992 presidential election." ''Economics & Politics'' 11.1 (1999): 51–81.
* Johnstone, Andrew, and Andrew Priest, eds. ''US Presidential Elections and Foreign Policy: Candidates, Campaigns, and Global Politics from FDR to Bill Clinton'' (2017) pp 317–225. [https://muse.jhu.edu/book/50578/ online]
* {{Citation| first=Bryan D.| last=Jones | authorlink= Bryan D. Jones| year=1995| title=The New American Politics: Reflections on Political Change and the Clinton Administration |publisher=Westview |___location=Boulder |isbn=978-0-8133-1972-8 }}
* Kellstedt, Lyman A., et al. "Religious voting blocs in the 1992 election: The year of the evangelical?." ''Sociology of Religion'' 55.3 (1994): 307–326. [Kellstedt, Lyman A., et al. "Religious voting blocs in the 1992 election: The year of the evangelical?." Sociology of Religion 55.3 (1994): 307–326. online]
* Klein, Jill Gabrielle. "Negativity in impressions of presidential candidates revisited: The 1992 election." ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin'' 22.3 (1996): 288–295.
* {{Citation|doi=10.2307/2991792 |last1=Lacy |first1=Dean |last2=Burden |first2=Barry C.|authorlink2=Barry Burden |year=1999 |title=The Vote-Stealing and Turnout Effects of Ross Perot in the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election |journal=American Journal of Political Science |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=233–255 |jstor=2991792 }}
* [[Everett Carll Ladd|Ladd, Everett Carll]]. "The 1992 vote for President Clinton: Another brittle mandate?." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 108.1 (1993): 1-28. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2152483 online]
* [[Seymour Martin Lipset|Lipset, Seymour Martin]]. "The significance of the 1992 election." ''PS: Political Science and Politics'' 26.1 (1993): 7–16. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/419496 online]
* Nelson, Michael ed. ''The Elections of 1992'' (1993)
* Nelson, Michael. ''Clinton's Elections: 1992, 1996, and the Birth of a New Era of Governance'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Clintons-Elections-1992-Birth-Governance/dp/0700629173/ excerpt]
* [[Margaret O'Mara|O'Mara, Margaret]]. ''Pivotal Tuesdays: Four Elections That Shaped the Twentieth Century'' (2015), compares 1912, 1932, 1968, 1992 in terms of social, economic, and political history
* [[Norman Ornstein|Ornstein, Norman J.]] "Foreign policy and the 1992 election." ''Foreign Affairs'' 71.3 (1992): 1–16. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20045226 online]
* [[Gerald M. Pomper|Pomper, Gerald M.]] ed. ''The Election of 1992'' (1993).
* [[Jerrold Post|Post, Jerrold M.]] "The Political psychology of the Ross Perot phenomenon." in ''The Clinton Presidency'' (Routledge, 2019. 37–56).
* {{Citation| first=Tom| last=Rosenstiel|authorlink=Tom Rosenstiel| year=1993| title=Strange Bedfellows: How Television and the Presidential Candidates Changed American Politics, 1992| publisher=Hyperion| ___location=New York| isbn=978-1-56282-859-2| url=https://archive.org/details/strangebedfellow00rose}}
* {{Citation| first=Robert P.| last=Steed| year=1994| title=The 1992 Presidential Election in the South: Current Patterns of Southern Party and Electoral Politics |publisher=Praeger |___location=Westport |isbn=978-0-275-94534-3 }}
* [[Gil Troy|Troy, Gil]]. "Stumping in the bookstores: A literary history of the 1992 presidential campaign." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' (1995): 697–710. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551506 online]
* Weaver, David, and Dan Drew. "Voter learning in the 1992 presidential election: Did the “nontraditional” media and debates matter?." ''Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly'' 72.1 (1995): 7–17.
===Political commentary and campaign statements===
* [[Donald L. Barlett|Barlett, Donald L.]] and [[James B. Steele]]. ''America: What Went Wrong?'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/americawhatwentw00barl online].
* [[Bill Clinton|Clinton, Bill]], and [[Al Gore]]. ''Putting People First: How We Can All Change America'' (1992)
* [[Richard Ben Cramer|Cramer, Richard Ben]]. ''What It Takes: The Way to the White House'' (1992). [https://archive.org/details/whatittakeswayt00cram online].
* [[E. J. Dionne|Dionne, E. J.]] ''Why Americans Hate Politics'' (1992). [https://archive.org/details/whyamericanshate00dion online]
* [[Michael Duffy (American journalist)|Duffy, Michael]], and Dan Goodgame. ''Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/marchinginplaces00duff online].
* [[Thomas B. Edsall|Edsall, Thomas Byrne]], and Mary D. Edsall. ''Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/chainreactionimp00edsa_0 online].
* [[Alan Ehrenhalt|Ehrenhalt, Alan]]. ''The United States of Ambition: Politicians, Power, and the Pursuit of Office'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesofam00ehre online].
* Gore, Al. ''[[Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit]]'' (1992). [https://archive.org/details/earthinbalancefo0000gore/page/n5/mode/2up online]
* [[William Greider|Greider, William]]. ''Who Will Tell the People: The Betrayal of American Democracy'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/whowilltellpeopl00grei online].
* [[Kathleen Hall Jamieson|Jamieson, Kathleen Hall]]. ''Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/dirtypoliticsdec00jami online].
* [[Ross Perot|Perot, Ross]]. ''United We Stand: How We Can Take Back Our Country'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/unitedwestandhow00pero online].
* [[Kevin Phillips (political commentator)|Phillips, Kevin]]. ''The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/politicsofrichpo1991phil online].
* [[Larry Sabato|Sabato, Larry J.]] ''Feeding Frenzy: How Attack Journalism Has Transformed American Politics'' (1991) [https://archive.org/details/feedingfrenzyhow00saba online]
* [[George Will|Will, George F.]] ''Restoration: Congress, Term Limits and the Recovery of Deliberative Democracy'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/restorationcongr00will online].
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825102042/http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#1992 The Election Wall's 1992 Election Video Page]
* [http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1992.htm 1992 popular vote by counties]
* [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/u/usa/pres/1992.txt 1992 popular vote by state]
* [
* [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/CampaignCommercials19 Presidential Campaign Commercials], [[C-SPAN]]
* [http://www.
* {{YouTube|wApxxm-vOgQ|Film footage of Gore speech on the election campaign trail}}
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?48269-1/strange-bedfellows ''Booknotes'' interview with Tom Rosenstiel on ''Strange Bedfellows: How Television and the Presidential Candidates Changed American Politics, 1992'', August 8, 1993.]
* [http://www.countingthevotes.com/1992/ Election of 1992 in Counting the Votes]
{{State results of the 1992 U.S. presidential election}}
{{United States presidential elections}}
{{US Third Party Election}}
{{Bill Clinton}}
{{Al Gore}}
{{George H. W. Bush}}
{{Dan Quayle}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1992 United States presidential election| ]]
[[Category:Al Gore]]
[[Category:Dan Quayle]]
[[Category:Presidency of George H. W. Bush]]
[[Category:Presidency of Bill Clinton]]
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[[Category:Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign]]
[[Category:Ross Perot]]
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