Argynnis hyperbius: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}

{{Taxobox

{{Speciesbox

| color = pink

| name = Indian Fritillaryfritillary

| image = Indian_fritillaryArgynnis hyperbius (male).JPG

| speciestaxon = '''''A.Argynnis hyperbius'''''

| image_width = 200px

| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Centuria Insectorum|1763]])

| regnum = [[Animal]]ia

| synonyms =

| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a

*''Papilio hyperbius'' <small>Linnaeus 1763</small>

| classis = [[Insect]]a

*''Argyreus hyperbius''

| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]

*''Papilio niphe'' <small>Linnaeus, 1767</small>

| familia = [[Brush-footed butterfly|Nymphalidae]]

*''Papilio argyrius'' <small>Linnaeus, 1768</small>

| subfamilia = [[Argynninae]]

*''Papilio tigris'' <small>Jung, 1792</small>

| genus = '''''[[Argynnis]]'''''

*''Argynnis tephania'' <small>Godart, 1819</small>

| species = '''''A. hyperbius'''''

| binomial = *''Argynnis hyperbiusaruna'' <small>Moore, [1858]</small>

*''Argynnis hybrida'' <small>Evans, 1912</small>

| binomial_authority = Linnaeus, 1763

*''Argynnis montorum'' <small>Joicey & Talbot, 1926</small>

*''Argynnis'' (''Dryas'') ''castetsoides'' <small>Reuss, 1926</small>

*''Argynnis coomani'' <small>Le Cerf, 1933</small>

*''Argynnis castetsi'' <small>Oberthür, 1891</small>

*''Argynnis niphe javanica'' <small>Oberthür, 1889</small>

*''Argynnis inconstans'' <small>Butler, 1873</small>

}}

The '''Indian fritillary''' ('''''Argynnis hyperbius''''')<ref name=Smetacek/><ref name=funet/> is a [[species]] of [[butterfly]] of the [[Nymphalidae|nymphalid]] or brush-footed family. It is usually found from south and southeast Asia<ref name=Smetacek/> to [[Australia]].<ref name=funet>{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/heliconiinae/argyreus/#hyperbius |title=''Argyreus hyperbius'' (Linnaeus, 1763) |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |access-date=June 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701002101/http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/heliconiinae/argyreus/#hyperbius |archive-date=July 1, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The '''Indian Fritillary''' ''Argynnis hyperbius'' is butterfly of the [[Nymphalidae|Nymphalid]] or Brush-footed Butterfly family.

==Description==

[[File:A argynnis butterfly in front of my house.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Underside of wings]]

Male: Upperside: fore wing rich orange-yellow, hind wing paler yellow, with the following black markings: Fore wing: cell with a basal short transverse streak, a medial broad oval loop, its outer margin sinuous; a broad transverse streak beyond cell not reaching the median nervure; a broad streak along the disco-cellulars; a zigzag discal series of large spots, angulated outwardly in interspace 4, inwardly in interspace 2, a minute spot at base of interspace 1 ; a somewhat diffuse large postdiscal spot below the costa in interspace 6; a postdiscal sinuous series of round spots, those in interspaces 1 and 4 very small; an inner complete subterminal sinuous series of round spots; an outer subterminal line, widening on the veins, and a terminal slender line. Hind wing: a basal, transverse, obscure narrow mark in cell, another above it in interspace 7, a transverse lunule across the middle of the cell; a small spot outwardly bordering the lower discocellular; a discal series of transverse spots from interspaces 1 to 7, sinuous posteriorly; a postdiscal series of five spots in interspaces 2 to 6 ; a subterminal series of somewhat lunular spots; finally, a narrow band on term en traversed posteriorly by a series of blue, anteriorly by a series of ochraceous lunules. Underside fore wing pale terracotta-red, shading into ochraceous towards the apex, the apex broadly suffused with that colour; markings as on the upperside, with the following exceptions:—subcostal spot in interspace 6, upper two spots of postdiscal series, upper four spots of the inner subterminal series, and the anterior portions of the outer subterminal and of the terminal line olivaceous brown; the upper two postdiscal spots centred with white, with a white spot on each side; the upper four spots of the sub terminal series connate, forming a short curved band. Hind wing variegated with ochraceous, olivaceous-brown and silvery-white markings, the last for the most part narrowly margined on the outer side by short black lines; the veins prominently pale ochraceous; the medial silvery markings form a well-marked sinuous discal series, followed by a curved postdiscal series of five olivaceous round spots; each spot and the olivaceous-brown quadrate patch near base of cell with a minute white central spot; a slender black subterminal line widening at the veins, as on the fore wing, followed by an ochraceous narrow lunular band and an outer slender black anticiliary line; the subterminal black line margined on the inner side by a series of: slender white lunules, bordered inwardly by a series of broad olivaceous-brown markings in the interspaces. Antennae brown above, ochraceous red beneath; head, thorax and abdomen olivascent tawny; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous.

Male: Upperside: fore wingforewing rich orange- yellow, hind winghindwing paler yellow, with the following black markings: Fore wingForewing: cell with a basal short transverse streak, a medial broad oval loop, its outer margin sinuous; a broad transverse streak beyond cell not reaching the median nervure; a broad streak along the disco-cellularsdiscocellulars; a zigzag discal series of large spots, angulated outwardly in interspace 4, inwardly in interspace 2, a minute spot at base of interspace 1 ; a somewhat diffuse large postdiscal spot below the costa in interspace 6; a postdiscal sinuous series of round spots, those in interspaces 1 and 4 very small; an inner complete subterminal sinuous series of round spots; an outer subterminal line, widening on the veins, and a terminal slender line. Hind wingHindwing: a basal, transverse, obscure narrow mark in cell, another above it in interspace 7, a transverse lunule across the middle of the cell; a small spot outwardly bordering the lower discocellular; a discal series of transverse spots from interspaces 1 to 7, sinuous posteriorly; a postdiscal series of five spots in interspaces 2 to 6 ; a subterminal series of somewhat lunular spots; finally, a narrow band on term en traversed posteriorly by a series of blue, anteriorly by a series of ochraceous lunules. Underside fore wingforewing pale terracotta- red, shading into ochraceous towards the apex, the apex broadly suffused with that colour; markings as on the upperside, with the following exceptions:—subcostal subcostal spot in interspace 6, upper two spots of postdiscal series, upper four spots of the inner subterminal series, and the anterior portions of the outer subterminal and of the terminal line olivaceous brown; the upper two postdiscal spots centred with white, with a white spot on each side; the upper four spots of the sub terminal series connate (united), forming a short curved band. Hind wingHindwing variegated with ochraceous, olivaceous-brown and silvery-white markings, the last for the most part narrowly margined on the outer side by short black lines; the veins prominently pale ochraceous; the medial silvery markings form a well-marked sinuous discal series, followed by a curved postdiscal series of five olivaceous round spots; each spot and the olivaceous-brown quadrate patch near base of cell with a minute white central spot; a slender black subterminal line widening at the veins, as on the fore wingforewing, followed by an ochraceous narrow lunular band and an outer slender black anticiliaryanteciliary line; the subterminal black line margined on the inner side by a series of: slender white lunules, bordered inwardly by a series of broad olivaceous-brown markings in the interspaces. Antennae brown above, ochraceous red beneath; head, thorax and abdomen olivascentolivescent tawny; beneath, palpi, thorax and abdomen pale ochraceous.<ref name=bingham/>

Female similar. Differs from the male as follows:—Upperside: apical half of fore wing from about the middle of the costa obliquely to just above the tornus black, inwardly suffused with purple, crossed by a broad white band from costa to the sub-terminal series of black spots; four preapical white spots, the upper three bordering on each side and above a very obscure ocellus scarcely visible on the black background, an inner and an outer subterminal transverse series of slender white lunules. Underside: fore wing markings similar to those on the upperside, but the apex of the wing beyond the white oblique band ochraceous green. Hind wing as in the male, but the markings slightly broader. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male,the abdomen paler beneath.

[[File:Argyreus hyperbius female and Zinnia elegans.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Female]]

Expanse 80-98 mm.

[[File:Argynnis_hyperbius_female.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Female]]

Female similar. Differs from the male as follows:—Upperside Upperside: apical half of fore wingforewing from about the middle of the costa obliquely to just above the tornus black, inwardly suffused with purple, crossed by a broad white band from costa to the sub-terminalsubterminal series of black spots; four preapical white spots, the upper three bordering on each side and above a very obscure ocellus scarcely visible on the black background, an inner and an outer subterminal transverse series of slender white lunules. Underside: fore wingforewing markings similar to those on the upperside, but the apex of the wing beyond the white oblique band ochraceous green. Hind wingHindwing as in the male, but the markings slightly broader. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, the abdomen paler beneath.<ref name=bingham/>

Wingspan: {{convert|80|–|98|mm|in|abbr=on}}.

Var. ''taprobana'', Moore, is a slightly darker race from Ceylon, with markings similar in both sexes to those of ''hyperbius''. Moore, however, states that taprobana is an intermediate between the S. Indian form (''castetsi'') and typical ''hyperbius'' specimens from Ceylon that I have been able to examine do not- differ from Upper India, Assam, and Burmese specimens, except in the very slightly darker ground-colour on the upperside.<ref name=bingham>Bingham, C. T. 1905. Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Vol. 1</ref>

Var. ''taprobana'', Moore, is a slightly darker race from Ceylon, with markings similar in both sexes to those of ''hyperbius''. Moore, however, states that ''taprobana'' is an intermediate between the S.south Indian form (''castetsi'') and typical ''hyperbius'' specimens from Ceylon that I have been able to examine do not- differ from Upperupper India, Assam, and Burmese specimens, except in the very slightly darker ground- colour on the upperside.<ref name=bingham>Bingham,{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|{{Cite C. T. 1905book|url=https://archive.org/stream/butterfliesvolii00bing#page/438/mode/2up/ |title=Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Vol. 1|last=Bingham|first=Charles Thomas|author-link=Charles Thomas Bingham|year=1905|pages=438–441}}}}</ref><ref name=MooreIndica>{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103628#page/248/mode/1up|title=Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. IV|last=Moore|first=Frederic|author-link=Frederic Moore|publisher=Lovell Reeve and Co.|year=1899–1900|___location=London|pages=236–237}}}}</ref>

Race ''castetsi'', Oberthur.—The females of this remarkable form seem to be locally dimorphic. Male Closely resembles the male of ''hyperbius'' but differs as follows:—Upperside: ground-colour a richer brighter shade of orange-yellow; black markings similar but distinctly smaller, of a deeper black: subtcrminal transverse series of slender lunules traversing the terminal black margin on the hind wing of the same shade of orange-yellow as the groundcolour, not blue on the posterior half of the wing. Underside: the olivaceous brown at apex of fore and variegating the hind wing more of a greenish golden tint. A sex-mark of specialized raised scales along middle of vein 1 on the upperside of the fore wing very prominent.<ref name=bingham/>

FemaleRace Nilgiri''castetsi'', formOberthur: The females of this remarkable form seem to be locally dimorphic. Male closely resembles the femalemale of typical ''hyperbius'' but differs as follows: Upperside: ground- colour palea goldenricher yellow;brighter basal halfshade of bothorange foreyellow; andblack hindmarkings wingssimilar shadedbut withdistinctly metallicsmaller, greenof ina thedeeper foreblack: wing;subterminal intransverse someseries specimensof thisslender tintlunules istraversing slightlythe olivaceous;terminal black markingsmargin andon the whitehindwing oblique band onof the apicalsame areashade of theorange fore wingyellow as inthe ''hyperbius'',ground but proportionately smallercolour, thenot purplish-blue shadingon alongthe innerposterior marginhalf of the whitewing. band much less conspicuous, as is alsoUnderside: the bluisholivaceous tint;brown onat theapex whiteof preapical spotsforewing and subterminal markings onvariegating the forehindwing wing and on the posterior half o£ the subterminal linemore of limulesa ongreenish thegolden hind wingtint. UndersideA as in ''hyperbius'' but the groundsex-colourmark onof thespecialized foreraised wingscales aalong paler shademiddle of terracotta-red;vein the1 olivaceous brown variegatingon the hind wingupperside of athe distinctlyforewing greenervery tintprominent.<ref name=bingham/>

Female typicalNilgiri form: asresembles describedthe fromfemale Trichinopoly.of Similar to thetypical male''hyperbius'' differs as follows: Upperside: ground- colour pale golden yellow; basal half of theboth wingsforewings suffusedand withhindwings darkshaded olivaceouswith metallic green; blackin markingsthe asforewing; in thesome malespecimens butthis largertint is slightly olivaceous; onblack markings and the forewhite wingoblique band on the spotsapical area of the subterminalforewing seriesas veryin large''hyperbius'', coalescentbut orproportionately nearlysmaller, coalescentthe withpurplish-blue oneshading anotheralong andinner withmargin of the dentatewhite spotsband onmuch theless veinsconspicuous, inas theis inneralso terminalthe linebluish tint; on the upperwhite twopreapical spots alsoand ofsubterminal themarkings postdiscalon seriesthe very largeforewing and coalescent,on the upperposterior half of the twosubterminal joiningline onof abovelimules andon belowthe tohindwing. theUnderside inneras postdiscalin lunate''hyperbius'' spotbut inthe interspaceground 6,colour thuson the enclosingforewing a prominentpaler lunuleshade of theterracotta groundcolour.red; the olivaceous brown Undersidevariegating asthe inhindwing theof malea butdistinctly palergreener tint.<ref name=bingham/>

Female typical form as described from [[Trichinopoly]]. Similar to the male differs as follows: Upperside: ground colour pale golden yellow; basal half of the wings suffused with dark olivaceous green; black markings as in the male but larger; on the forewing the spots of the subterminal series very large, coalescent or nearly coalescent with one another and with the dentate spots on the veins in the inner terminal line; the upper two spots also of the postdiscal series very large and coalescent, the upper of the two joining on above and below to the inner postdiscal lunate spot in interspace 6, thus enclosing a prominent lunule of the ground colour. Underside as in the male but paler.<ref name=bingham/>

===Larva===

[[File:Argyreus hyperbius5.jpg|thumb|alt=''Argynnis hyperbius'' larva|Larva]]

"The Head andhead, legs black;and body are black,; but this colour, however,is obscured by orange-tawny markings. AIt broadalso has a wide orange-tawny dorsal stripe. FourThe head has four straight horizontal simple black spines, on head;black spines on pectoral segments, pink spines with black; tips on abdominal segments, and pink tippedspines with faint black; tips on caudal segments pink faintly black-tipped."<ref name=bingham/>

===Pupa===

"Head and wing-cases pale Indian red; ten pale metallic spots on back; abdomen dark pink; spines faintly black-tipped." (A. Graham, fide{{Clarify|date=February 2017|reason=What does 'fide' mean?}} de NicevilleNicéville) Mr. de NicevilleNicéville adds: "The head ends in two well-separated blunt points; there are a pair of spines anteriorly, another in the middle, and a third smallest pair posteriorly on the thorax, the latter being hunched and keeled, on the abdominal segments there are eight pairs of spines, the third anterior pair the largest." (Butt. Ind. ii, p. &nbsp;131.)<ref name=bingham/>

==Distribution==

The [[Himalayas]], in the outer ranges from [[Campbellpur]] in the [[Punjab]] to Sikhim[[Sikkim]]; Oudh; Agra; Manbhum in Bengal; Assam, the Khasi Hills; [[Upper Burma]]; extending to China and FormosaTaiwan; Sumatra; Java.<ref name=bingham/> Can also be found in southern Japan. In Australia, range restricted to northern NSW and southern Queensland.{{cn|date=March 2020}}

[[File:Argynnishyperbius.jpg|alt=Argynnis hyperbius from Wadi Wurrayah, United Arab Emirates|left|thumb|Argynnis hyperbius from Wadi Wurrayah, United Arab Emirates]]

The species was observed for the first time in the [[United Arab Emirates]] in January 2020, in [[Wadi Wurayah National Park]], in the [[Hajar Mountains]] within the [[Emirate of Fujairah]]: a few Indian fritillaries were found flying with members of a physically similar species, the Plain tiger (''[[Danaus chrysippus]]''). It is thought that they came there as opportunistic migrants because of the suitable conditions created by abundant rainfall in the country since October 2019, and that they would not stay for the summer.<ref name="WAM 02-2020">{{cite news |last1=Aamir |first1=Moh'd |last2=Salman |first2=Nour |title=Himalayan butterfly found in Fujairah |publisher=[[Emirates News Agency|WAM]] |___location=[[Dubai]] |url=https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395302827557 |date=2020-02-29 |access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref><ref name="TheNational 02-2020">{{cite news |last=Duncan |first=Gillian |title=Himalayan butterflies found for first time in UAE |publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |url=https://www.thenational.ae/uae/environment/himalayan-butterflies-found-for-first-time-in-uae-1.986497 |date=2020-03-01 |access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref>

==LarvaTaxonomy==

This species is sometimes assigned its own genus, ''Argyreus''. This genus is now mostly treated as a synonym of ''Argynnis'' however.<ref name=funet/>

" Head and legs black; body black, this colour, however, obscured by orange-tawny markings. A broad orange-tawny dorsal stripe. Four straight horizontal simple black spines on head; spines on pectoral segments black; on abdominal segments pink tipped with black; on caudal segments pink faintly black-tipped."<ref name=bingham/>

==PupaSubspecies==

*''A. h. hyperbius'' (central India to northern India, Assam to China and Taiwan)<ref name=Smetacek/>

"Head and wing-cases pale Indian red; ten pale metallic spots on back; abdomen dark pink; spines faintly black-tipped." (A. Graham, fide de Niceville) Mr. de Niceville adds: "The head ends in two well-separated blunt points; there are a pair of spines anteriorly, another in the middle, and a third smallest pair posteriorly on the thorax, the latter being hunched and keeled, on the abdominal segments there are eight pairs of spines, the third anterior pair the largest." (Butt. Ind. ii, p. 131.)<ref name=bingham/>

*''A. h. castetsi'' <small>(Oberthür, 1891)</small> ([[Palani hills]] and hills in [[Travancore]][])<ref name=Smetacek>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287980260|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India|last1=R.K.|first1=Varshney|last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi|year=2015|isbn=978-81-929826-4-9|___location=New Delhi|pages=206|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}}</ref>

*''A. h. hybrida'' ([[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri]] hills, [[Chamarajanagar]] district of [[Karnataka]], to the hills in the [[Malabar region]] of Kerala)<ref name=Smetacek/>

*''A. h. centralis'' <small>(Martin, 1913)</small> (Sulawesi)

*''A. h. inconstans'' <small>(Butler, 1873)</small> (Queensland to New South Wales, Papua, New Guinea)

*''A. h. javanica'' <small>(Oberthür, 1889)</small> (Java)

*''A. h. neumanni'' <small>Rothschild, 1902</small> (Ethiopia)

*''A. h. niugini'' <small>Samson, 1976</small> (Papua)

*''A. h. sumatrensis'' <small>(Fruhstorfer, 1903)</small> (Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra)

*''A. h. taprobana'' <small>(Moore, 1900)</small> (Sri Lanka)

*''A. h. sagada'' <small>(Fruhstorfer, 1912)</small> (Philippines)<ref name=funet/>

==See also==

{{Wikispecies}}

{{Commons}}

{{Wikisource|Mimicry in Butterflies}}

*[[List of butterflies of India]]

*[[List of Butterfliesbutterflies of India (Nymphalidae)]]

*[[Mimicry]]

==References==

<references/>

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q67573584|from2=Q1142815}}

==See also==

*[[Nymphalidae]]

*[[List of butterflies of India]]

*[[List of Butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)]]

[[Category:NymphalidaeArgynnis]]

[[Category:Butterflies of Indochina]]

[[Category:Butterflies described in 1763]]

[[Category:Butterflies of Taiwan]]

[[Category:Butterflies of Australia]]

[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

[[Category:Butterflies of Indonesia]]

[[Category:Butterflies of Malaysia]]

[[Category:Butterflies of Sri Lanka]]