Content deleted Content added
m robot Adding:nb |
authorlink |
||
| (286 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Coltsfoot
|image = Coltsfoot.jpg
|display_parents = 3
|genus = Tussilago
|parent_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|species = farfara
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = u/>
|synonyms = {{Specieslist
|Farfara|Gilib.
|Farfara radiata|Gilib.
|Tussilago alpestris|Hegetschw.
|Cineraria farfara|(L.) Bernh.
|Tussilago umbertina|Borbás
}}
}}
'''''Tussilago farfara''''', commonly known as '''coltsfoot''',<ref name=Stace>{{cite book |last=Stace |first=C. A. |author-link=Stace, C. A. |year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=Third |publisher=Cambridge University Press |___location=Cambridge, U.K. |isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|770}}<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TUFA|taxon=Tussilago farfara|access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> is a plant in the tribe [[Senecioneae]] in the family [[Asteraceae]], native to [[Europe]] and parts of western and central [[Asia]]. The name "tussilago" is derived from the Latin ''tussis'', meaning cough, and ''ago'', meaning to cast or to act on.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qn5zb3_rqZIC&pg=PA428 |last1=Capasso |first1=Francesco |chapter=Capitolo M12: Droghe obsolete e/o poco studiate |title=Farmacognosia: Botanica, chimica e farmacologia delle piante medicinali |year=2011 |page=428 |doi=10.1007/978-88-470-1652-1_30 |publisher=Springer Milan |quote=''Tussilago'', dal latino ''tussis'' = tosse e ''ago'' = scaccio. |language=it |isbn=978-88-470-1652-1 |edition=Seconda edizione}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Booth |first=David |authorlink=David Booth (lexicographer) |title=An analytical dictionary of the English language |publisher=James Cochrane and Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/ananalyticaldic01bootgoog |year=1835 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ananalyticaldic01bootgoog/page/n529 312] |quote=''Tussilago'', from the Latin ''tussis'', a cough, and ''ago'', to act upon, to cure; from its reputed virtues.}}</ref> It has had uses in traditional medicine, but the discovery of toxic [[pyrrolizidine alkaloids]] in the plant has resulted in [[liver]] health concerns.
''Tussilago farfara'' is the only accepted species in the genus '''''Tussilago''''', although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group. Most of them are now regarded as members of other genera (''[[Chaptalia]]'', ''[[Chevreulia]]'', ''[[Farfugium]]'', ''[[Homogyne]]'', ''[[Leibnitzia]]'', ''[[Petasites]]'', ''[[Senecio]]'').<ref name=u>[http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/Default.aspx?Page=AdvNameSearch Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20141106174748/http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/Default.aspx?Page=AdvNameSearch |date=2014-11-06}}</ref>
[[File:Planta prundul dambovitei.jpg|thumb|Foliage of ''Tussilago farfara'']]
==Description==
Coltsfoot is a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] plant that spreads by [[seed]]s and [[rhizome]]s. ''Tussilago'' is often found in colonies of dozens of plants. The flowers, which superficially resemble [[dandelion]]s, bear [[Scale leaf|scale-leaves]] on the long stems in early spring. The leaves of coltsfoot, which appear after the flowers have set seed, wither and die in the early summer. The flower heads are of yellow florets with an outer row of bracts. The plant is typically {{Convert|10–30|cm|in|abbr=on}} in height. The leaves have angular teeth on their margins.<ref>{{cite book |author=Theodore M. Barkley |year=2006 |chapter=''Tussilago'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 372. 1754 |series=[[Flora of North America]] |volume=20 |title=Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, Part 7: Asteraceae, Part 2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195305647 |page=635 |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134025}}</ref><ref name="Parnell">Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012 ''Webb's An Irish Flora.'' Cork University Press{{ISBN|978-185918-4783}}.</ref>
==Distribution==
Coltsfoot is widespread across [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and [[North Africa]], from [[Svalbard]] to [[Morocco]] to [[China]] and the [[Russian Far East]]. It is also a common plant in North and South America where it has been introduced, most likely by settlers as a medicinal item, or to provide early blooms for honeybees. The plant is often found in waste and disturbed places and along roadsides and paths. In some areas it is considered an [[invasive species]].<ref name=u/><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024610 Flora of China, Vol. 20-21, p. 461 <big>款冬</big> kuan dong ''Tussilago farfara'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753.].</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Tussilago Altervista Flora Italiana, genere ''Tussilago''] includes photos and distribution maps.</ref>
[[File:Dandelion and Coltsfoot.jpg|thumb|Comparing dandelion with coltsfoot, in early May. The dandelion is just blooming, but the coltsfoot has already gone to seed. Note that the coltsfoot has no leaves yet.]]
==Name==
The common name comes from the leaf's supposed resemblance in shape to a colt's foot.<ref name=Audubon>{{cite book |last1=Niering |first1=William A. |author-link1=William Niering| last2=Olmstead |first2=Nancy C. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region |year=1985 |orig-year=1979|publisher=Knopf |isbn=0-394-50432-1 |page=410}}</ref> It is a 16th-century translation of the medieval Latin name ''pes pulli'', meaning "foal's foot".<ref>Grigson G. 1974. A Dictionary of English Plant Names. Allen Lane. {{ISBN|0-71-390442-9}}.</ref> Other common names include tash plant, ass's foot, bull's foot, coughwort (Old English),<ref>{{cite book |last=Coulombe Jr. |first=Roger A. |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=Steve L. |title=Advances in Food and Nutrition Research |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl5zpVG2mKgC&pg=PA76 |volume=45 |year=2003 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-016445-0 |page=76 |chapter=Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foods}}</ref> farfara, foal's foot, foalswort, and horse foot. Sometimes it is [[confused]] with ''[[Petasites frigidus]]'', or western coltsfoot.
It has been called ''bechion'',<ref name="blog.metmuseum.org">[http://blog.metmuseum.org/cloistersgardens/2013/04/05/first-foot/#more-10310 First Foot: The Medieval Garden Enclosed]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.</ref> ''bechichie'', or ''bechie'', from the [[Ancient Greek]] word for "cough".<ref>Joannes de Vigo. ''Works of Chirurgery'', 1543.</ref> Also ''ungula caballina'' ("horse hoof"),<ref name="blog.metmuseum.org"/> and ''chamæleuce''.<ref>Thomas Cooper, ''Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae'' (1584).</ref>
==Uses==
Coltsfoot has been used in [[herbal medicine]]<ref name="blog.metmuseum.org"/> and has been consumed as a food product with some [[confectionery]] products, such as [[Coltsfoot Rock]]. ''Tussilago farfara'' leaves have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or syrup) or externally (directly applied) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, viral infections, flu, colds, fever, rheumatism and gout.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sylvia Vogl, Paolo Picker, Judit Mihaly-Bison, Nanang Fakhrudin, Atanas G. Atanasov, Elke H. Heiss, Christoph Wawrosch, Gottfried Reznicek, Verena M. Dirsch, Johannes Saukel & Brigitte Koppa |year=2013 |title=Ethnopharmacological ''in vitro'' studies on Austria's folk medicine – an unexplored lore ''in vitro'' anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=149 |issue=3 |pages=750–771 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007 |pmid=23770053 |pmc=3791396}}</ref> An extract of the fresh leaves has also been used to make cough drops and hard candy.<ref name=Audubon/>
Coltsfoot is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Gothic (moth)|the Gothic]] and [[small angle shades]]. It is also visited by honeybees, providing [[pollen]] and [[nectar]].
[[File:Owoc - Podbiał pospolity.jpg|left|thumb|236x236px|Fruit of coltsfoot with [[Pappus (botany)|pappus]]]]
==Toxicity==
''Tussilago farfara'' contains [[tumorigenic]] [[pyrrolizidine alkaloids]].<ref name="Fu1">{{cite journal |last1=Fu |first1=P.P. |last2=Yang |first2=Y.-C. |last3=Xia |first3=Q. |last4=Chou |first4=M.W. |last5=Cui |first5=Y.Y. |last6=Lin |first6=G. |title=Pyrrolizidine alkaloids – tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements |journal=Journal of Food and Drug Analysis |date=2020 |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=8 |doi=10.38212/2224-6614.2743 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265873732 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Senecionine]] and [[senkirkine]], present in coltsfoot, have the highest [[mutagenicity|mutagenetic activity]] of any pyrrolozidine alkaloid, tested using ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' to produce a comparative [[genotoxicity]] test.<ref>Röder, E., "Medicinal plants in [[Europe]] containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids", ''[[Pharmazie]]'', 1995, pp. 83-98. Reprinted on Henriette's Herbal website.[http://www.henriettesherbal.com/PAs/PAs-toxicity.html].</ref><ref>Frei, H.J., Luethy, J., Brauchli, L., Zweifel, U., Wuergler, F.E., & Schlatter, C., ''[[Chem. Biol. Interact.]]'', 83: 1, 1992.</ref>
Two cases of supposed liver damage (and death) due to coltsfoot tea have been shown to actually be the result of mistaken identity. In one, coltsfoot tea causing severe liver problems in an infant was actually the result of ''[[Adenostyles alliariae]]'' (alpendost).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sperl |first1=W. |last2=Stuppner |first2=H. |last3=Gassner |first3=I. |last4=Judmaier |first4=W. |last5=Dietze |first5=O. |last6=Vogel |first6=W. |title=Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea |journal=European Journal of Pediatrics |date=1995 |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=112–116 |doi=10.1007/BF01991912 |pmid=7720737}}</ref> In another case, an infant developed liver disease and died because the mother drank tea originally believed to contain coltsfoot during her pregnancy, but which was later shown to be ''[[Petasites hybridus]]'' (butterbur) or a similar species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roulet |first1=Michel |last2=Laurini |first2=Ricardo |last3=Rivier |first3=Laurent |last4=Calame |first4=André |title=Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea |journal=The Journal of Pediatrics |date=1988 |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=433–436 |doi=10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80330-5 |pmid=3346784}}</ref><ref>Frohne D, Pfänder HJ. Poisonous Plants: A Handbook for Doctors, Pharmacists, Toxicologists, Biologists and Veterinarians. Timber Press, 2005.</ref> In one 27-year-old male, ingesting a multicomponent herbal supplement that included coltsfoot may have caused him to develop non-lethal [[deep vein thrombosis]] and [[pulmonary embolism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Freshour |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Odle |first2=Brian |last3=Rikhye |first3=Somi |last4=Stewart |first4=David W. |title=Coltsfoot as a potential cause of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in a patient also consuming kava and blue vervain |journal=Journal of Dietary Supplements |date=2012 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=149–154 |doi=10.3109/19390211.2012.708391}}</ref>
In response, the German government banned the sale of coltsfoot. [[Vegetative reproduction|Clonal]] plants of coltsfoot free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids were then developed in [[Austria]] and [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wawrosch |first1=Ch. |last2=Kopp |first2=B. |last3=Wiederfield |first3=H. |title=Permanent monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in micropropagated ''Tussilago farfara'' L. : A tool to fulfil statutory demands for the quality of coltsfoot in Austria and Germany |journal=Acta Horticulturae |date=2000 |issue=530 |pages=469–472 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.530.55 |url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=781867}}</ref> This has resulted in the development of the registered variety ''Tussilago farfara'' 'Wien', which has no detectable levels of these alkaloids.<ref>Wawrosh C.,"In Vitro Cultivation of Medicinal Plants" cited in Yaniv Z. and Bachrach U., Eds "Handbook of Medicinal Plants", The Hawthorne Medical Press NY Lond. 2005.</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of herbs with known adverse effects]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* R. Schubert & G. Wagner: ''Botanisches Wörterbuch'' Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, {{ISBN|3-8252-1476-1}} {{in lang|de}}
* H. Haeupler & Th. Muer: ''Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands'' Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000. {{ISBN|3-8001-3364-4}}. {{in lang|de}}
* Gerhard Madaus: ''Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel'' Bd 1. Heilpflanzen. G. Thieme, Leipzig 1938, Olms, Hildesheim 1979. {{ISBN|3-487-05890-1}} {{in lang|de}}
* Guide des plantes sauvages comestibles et toxiques, les guides du naturaliste, François Couplan et Eva Stinner {{ISBN|2-603-00952-4}} {{in lang|fr}}
* Кирпичников М. Э. Семейство сложноцветные, или астровые (Asteraceae, или Compositae) // Жизнь растений. В 6-ти т. / Под ред. А. Л. Тахтаджяна. — М.: Просвещение, 1981. — Т. 5. Ч. 2. Цветковые растения. — С. 462–476. — 300000 экз. {{in lang|ru}}
==External links==
* [http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=6564 Coltsfoot information]
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q26302|from2=Q2297615}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Senecioneae]]
[[Category:Monotypic Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Alpine flora]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Demulcents]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
| |||