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{{short description|List of self-identified nonreligious Nobel laureates}}
[[File:Distribution of Atheists, agnostics, and Freethinkers in Nobel Prizes between 1901-2000.png|right|thumb|300px|Distribution of atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers in Nobel Prizes between 1901-2000.<ref name=Shalev/>]]
This '''list of nonreligious Nobel laureates''' comprises laureates of the [[Nobel Prize]] who have self-identified as [[Atheism|atheist]], [[Agnosticism|agnostic]], [[freethought|freethinker]], or otherwise [[Irreligion|nonreligious]] at some point in their lives.<ref name=Kimball>{{cite book|last1=Kimball|first1=John|title=Physics Curiosities, Oddities, and Novelties|date=2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-7636-0|page=323}}</ref>
Many of these laureates earlier identified with a religion. In an estimate by Baruch Shalev, between 1901 and 2000, about 10.5% of all laureates, and 35% of those in literature, fall in this category.<ref name="Shalev">{{cite book|last1=Shalev|first1=Baruch Aba|title=100 years of Nobel prizes|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-269-0278-1|___location=New Delhi|pages=57–61|chapter=Religion of Nobel prize winners}}</ref> According to the same estimate, between 1901 and 2000, atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers won 8.9% of the prizes in [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|medicine]], 7.1% in [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]], 5.2% in [[Nobel Prize in Economics|economics]], 4.7% in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], and 3.6% in [[Nobel Peace Prize|peace]].<ref name=Shalev/> [[Alfred Nobel]] himself was an atheist later in life.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Evlanoff|first1=Michael|last2=Fluor|first2=Marjorie|title=Alfred Nobel: The Loneliest Millionaire|url=https://archive.org/details/alfrednobellonel00evla|url-access=registration|date=1969|publisher=W. Ritchie Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/alfrednobellonel00evla/page/88 88]}}</ref>
Shalev's book lists many Jewish atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers as religiously Jewish. For example, [[Milton Friedman]], [[Roald Hoffmann]], [[Richard Feynman]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Élie Metchnikoff]], and [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] are listed as religiously Jewish; however, while they were ethnically and perhaps culturally Jewish, they did not believe in a God and self-identified as [[Atheism|atheist]]s.<ref name="Shalev" />
== Physics ==
[[File:Bardeen.jpg|thumb|upright|[[John Bardeen|Bardeen]]]]
[[File:Niels Bohr - LOC - ggbain - 35303.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Niels Bohr|Bohr]]]]
[[File:Einstein patentoffice.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Laureate
!Reference
|-
| 2000
| [[Zhores Alferov]]
|<ref>Obituaries, T. (2019, March 12). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/03/12/zhores-alferov-nobel-prize-winning-scientist-whose-work-helped/ Zhores Alferov, Nobel prize-winning scientist whose work helped pave the way for the Communications Revolution – Obituary]. The Telegraph. Retrieved March 15, 2023 </ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Geoffrey Everest Hinton]]
|<ref>{{cite web
|title=Geoffrey Hinton Receives Nobel Prize in Stockholm
|url=https://defygravitycampaign.utoronto.ca/news-and-stories/geoffrey-hinton-stockholm-nobel-prize
|website=University of Toronto
|date=2024
|access-date=2025-07-07
}}</ref>
|-
| 1977
| [[Philip Warren Anderson]]
|<ref name=Kimball /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Philip W.|title=More and different notes from a thoughtful curmudgeon|date=2011|publisher=World Scientific|___location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-4350-14-3|page=177|quote=We atheists can . . . argue that, with the modern revolution in attitudes toward homosexuals, we have become the only group that may not reveal itself in normal social discourse.}}</ref>
|-
| 1956, 1972
| [[John Bardeen]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
| 1967
| [[Hans Bethe]]
|<ref name=Kimball /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Brian|first1=Dennis|title=The Voice of Genius: Conversations with Nobel Scientists and Other Luminaries|date=2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-01139-1|page=117}}</ref>
|-
| 1948
| [[Patrick Blackett]]
|<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Mary Jo |last=Nye|title=Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart|editor-last1=Gillispie|editor-first1=Charles Coulston|encyclopedia=Complete dictionary of scientific biography|date=2008|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|___location=Detroit, Mich.|isbn=978-0-684-31559-1|volume=19|page=293|quote=The grandson of a vicar on his father's side, Blackett respected religious observances that were established social customs, but described himself as agnostic or atheist.}}</ref>
|-
| 1981
| [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nicolaas Bloembergen - Science Video Interview|url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/27|last=Dean|first=Chris|website=Vega Science Trust|access-date=2020-05-10}} "When asked about being religious, Bloembergen said No."</ref>
|-
| 1922
| [[Niels Bohr]]
|<ref name=Kimball /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Simmons|first1=John|chapter=Niels Bohr and the atom 1885–1962|title=The scientific 100: a ranking of the most influential scientists, past and present|date=2000|publisher=Kensington Pub. Corp.|___location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-8065-2139-8|page=16|quote=His mother was warm and intelligent, and his father, as Bohr himself later recalled, recognized "that something was expected of me." The family was not at all devout, and Bohr became an atheist...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Copenhagen spirit of science and birth of the nuclear atom|first=Richard|last=Peterson|editor-last1=Stewart|editor-first1=Melville Y.|title=Science and religion in dialogue|date=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|___location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-4443-1736-7|page=416|quote=... after a youth of confirming faith Bohr himself was a non-believer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Favrholdt|chapter=Niels Bohr and realism|editor-last1=Faye|editor-first1=Jan|editor-last2=Folse|editor-first2=Henry J.|title=Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcontemp00bell|url-access=limited|date=1994|publisher=Springer Netherlands|___location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-94-015-8106-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcontemp00bell/page/n110 88]|quote=Planck was religious and had a firm belief in God; Bohr was not, but his objection to Planck's view had no anti-religious motive.}}</ref>
|-
| 1946
| [[Percy Williams Bridgman]]
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Science and Cultural Crisis: An Intellectual Biography of Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961)|year=1990|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1796-0|pages=14–15|author=Maila L. Walter|quote=Raymond Bridgman was extremely disappointed with his son's rejection of his religious views. Near the end of his life, however, he offered a conciliatory interpretation that allowed him to accept Percy's commitment to honesty and integrity as a moral equivalent to religion.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center|year=2013|publisher=Random House LLC|isbn=978-0-385-50413-3|author=Ray Monk|quote=In many ways they were opposites; Kemble, the theorist, was a devout Christian, while Bridgman, the experimentalist, was a strident atheist.}}</ref>
|-
| 1929
| [[Louis de Broglie]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
| 1935
| [[James Chadwick]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Andrew|title=The neutron and the bomb: a biography of Sir James Chadwick|date=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|___location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-853992-6|page=362|edition=1st|quote=He was a lifelong atheist and felt no need to develop religious faith as he approached the end...}}</ref>
|-
| 1903
| [[Marie Curie]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
| 1903
| [[Pierre Curie]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
| 1933
| [[Paul Dirac]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
| 1921
| [[Albert Einstein]]
|<ref name=Kimball /><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Dukas|editor-first1=Helen|editor-last2=Hoffmann|editor-first2=Banesh|title=Albert Einstein, the human side: new glimpses from his archives|date=1989|publisher=Princeton Univ. Press|___location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-02368-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/alberteinsteinhu0000eins/page/43 43]|quote=It was, of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which is being systematically repeated. I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it.|url=https://archive.org/details/alberteinsteinhu0000eins/page/43}}</ref> {{NoteTag|Einstein used many labels to describe [[Albert Einstein's religious views|his religious views]], including "[[Agnosticism|agnostic]]",<ref name=Calaprice>{{cite book|editor-last1=Calaprice|editor-first1=Alice|title=The expanded quotable Einstein|date=2000|publisher=Princeton University Press|___location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-07021-6|edition=New|url=https://archive.org/details/expandedquotable00eins}}</ref>{{rp|216}} "[[Secular spirituality|religious nonbeliever]]",<ref name=Calaprice />{{rp|218}} and a believer in "[[Spinozism|Spinoza's God]]."<ref name=Calaprice />{{rp|204}} He was an active participant in various [[humanism|humanist]] and [[Ethical Culture]] groups, including the [[First Humanist Society of New York]] and the [[Rationalist Association]] (UK).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dowbiggin|first1=Ian|title=A merciful end the Euthanasia movement in modern America|url=https://archive.org/details/mercifulendeutha00dowb|url-access=limited|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|___location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-803515-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/mercifulendeutha00dowb/page/n63 41]}}</ref> He disliked labels like "[[Atheism|atheist]]" and "[[Pantheism|pantheist]]".<ref name="Frankenberry">{{cite book|last1=Frankenberry|first1=Nancy K.|title=The faith of scientists in their own words|url=https://archive.org/details/faithscientistst00fran_512|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|___location=Princeton|isbn=978-0-691-13487-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/faithscientistst00fran_512/page/n166 153]}}</ref> See also [[Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein]].}}
|-
| 1938
| [[Enrico Fermi]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
| 1965
| [[Richard Feynman]]
|<ref name=Kimball /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Feynman|first1=Richard P.|editor-last=Leighton|editor-first=Ralph|title="What Do You Care What Other People Think?": Further Adventures of a Curious Character|date=2011|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-07981-4|page=25|quote=The elders began getting nervous, because I was an avowed atheist by that time}}</ref>
|-
| 1980
| [[Val Logsdon Fitch]]
|{{cn|date=March 2023}}
|-
| 1925
| [[James Franck]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nachmansohn|first1=David|title=German-Jewish pioneers in science, 1900–1933.|date=1979|publisher=Springer|___location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=978-0-387-90402-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/germanjewishpion0000nach/page/62 62]|quote=As he said, science was his God and nature his religion. He did not insist that his daughters attend religious instruction classes (Religionsunterricht) in school. But he was very proud of his Jewish heritage..|url=https://archive.org/details/germanjewishpion0000nach/page/62}}</ref>
|-
| 1969
| [[Murray Gell-Mann]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wouk|first1=Herman|title=The language God talks on science and religion|date=2010|publisher=Little, Brown and Co.|___location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-316-09675-1|page=17|edition=1st}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| [[Riccardo Giacconi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riccardo Giacconi - Science Video Interview|url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/29|last=Dean|first=Chris|website=Vega Science Trust|access-date=2020-05-10}}: When asked about being religious, Giacconi said "No". Giacconi also said that he doesn't believe in an afterlife, apart from just a rearrangement of molecules and atoms of your body. He also expressed his idea that irrational thinking is very dangerous and wished that scientists should inject more rationality in the world.</ref>
|-
| 1973
| [[Ivar Giaever|Ivar Giaver]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ivar Giaever - Science Video Interview|url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/30|last=Dean|first=Chris|website=Vega Science Trust|access-date=2020-05-10}}: Interviewer: "Are you religious?" Giaver: "Absolutely not. [...] I'm not religious and I don't like religion. I think religion is to blame for a lot of the ills in this world."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Giaever, Ivar|title="I am the smartest man I know": a Nobel laureate's difficult journey|year=2016|isbn=978-981-310-917-9|___location=Singapore|oclc=949987688}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| [[Vitaly Ginzburg]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/ginzburg.html |title= Vitaly L. Ginzburg – Autobiography |author= Vitaly Ginzburg |author-link= Vitaly Ginzburg |year= 2003 |___location= Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the [[Nobel Prize]] |access-date= March 24, 2012 |quote= I am an atheist, that is, I think nothing exists except and beyond nature. Within the limits of my, undoubtedly insufficient knowledge of the history of philosophy, I do not see in fact any difference between atheism and the pantheism of Spinoza.}}</ref>
|-
| 1979
| [[Sheldon Glashow]]
|<ref>{{cite news |author1=Victor M. Amela |title=Sheldon Glashow, Nobel Prize in physics for the electroweak theory. |url=http://raed.academy/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sheldon-Lee-Glashow-contraLVeng.pdf |access-date=8 October 2018 |publisher=La Contra - La Vanguardia |date=June 20, 2017 |quote=I am a practising atheist.}}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| [[Roy J. Glauber]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roy J. Glauber - Science Video Interview|url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/125|last=Watson|first=Gill|website=Vega Science Trust|access-date=2020-05-10}}: Glauber says that he has no feelings towards the intelligent designer approach to science [...] He says that what has been discovered (physical world) is enormously interesting but it tells us nothing about intelligent design and certainly nothing at all about life.</ref>
|-
| 2004
| [[David Gross|David J. Gross]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Athens Macedonian News Agency: News in English, 15-10-01|url=http://www.hri.org/news/greek/apeen/2015/15-10-01.apeen.html|website=www.hri.org|access-date=2020-05-10}}: "He also said that he is atheist and humanist..."</ref>
|-
| 2012
| [[Serge Haroche]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Si miras el mundo desde la perspectiva científica, no necesitas la religión|url=https://www.elmundo.es/ciencia/2014/03/15/5323734522601d0b4f8b458b.html|last=Jáuregui|first=Pablo|date=2014-03-15|website=ELMUNDO|language=es|access-date=2020-05-10|quote=Interviewer: Do you think that science and religion can be compatible, or do you consider, like the Darwinist Richard Dawkins, that the scientific vision cannot be reconciled with faith? Haroche: [...] In my case, I am not religious nor do I believe in God, but I have colleagues who are and are capable of maintaining a coexistence between their faith and their scientific work, without this interfering with the quality of their research. But to me this never ceases to amaze me, because I think that if you look at the world from a scientific perspective, you don't need religion.}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| [[Peter Higgs]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=The god of small things|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/nov/17/sciencenews.particlephysics|work=The Guardian|access-date=21 March 2013|first=Ian|last=Sample|date=17 November 2007|quote=The name has stuck, but makes Higgs wince and raises the hackles of other theorists. "I wish he hadn't done it," he says. "I have to explain to people it was a joke. I'm an atheist, but I have an uneasy feeling that playing around with names like that could be unnecessarily offensive to people who are religious."|___location=London}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| [[Masatoshi Koshiba]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masatoshi Koshiba - Science Video Interview|url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/31|last=Dean|first=Chris|website=Vega Science Trust|access-date=2020-05-10}}: Interviewer: Are you religious?" Koshiba: "/(You Mean) God?... I don't know... You know... science deals only (with?) those things which you can confirm by observation or by experiment...God doesn't come into that (category). So God...the problem of God, is not a problem in science."</ref>
|-
| 2016
| [[J. Michael Kosterlitz]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2016/kosterlitz/biographical/|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10|quote=I was a nominal church going Christian until I left home for Cambridge University on a scholarship when, to my great relief, I could drop all religion and become my natural atheist self.}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| [[Herbert Kroemer]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Herbert Kroemer - Science Video Interview|url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/32|last=Dean|first=Chris|website=Vega Science Trust|access-date=2020-05-10}}: Interviewer: "You have no belief in a afterlife?" Kroemer: "That's correct." Interviewer: "...You don't see the evidence of a designer?" Kroemer: "No, I don't." Interviewer: "Could you say more about it?" Kroemer: "I think it's just wishful thinking."</ref>
|-
| 1962
| [[Lev Landau]]
|<ref name=Kimball /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Schaefer|first1=Henry F.|title=Science and Christianity: conflict or coherence?|date=2008|publisher=University of Georgia|___location=Athens, Ga.|isbn=978-0-9742975-0-7|page=9 |quote= I present here two examples of notable atheists. The first is Lev Landau, the most brilliant Soviet physicist of the twentieth century.}}</ref>
|-
| 1988
| [[Leon M. Lederman]]
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Universe on a T-Shirt: The Quest for the Theory of Everything|date=2005|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=978-1-55970-733-6|page=195|author=Dan Falk|chapter=What About God?|quote="Physics isn't a religion. If it were, we'd have a much easier time raising money." - Leon Lederman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=It's the Atheist Particle, actually|url=http://postnoon.com/2012/07/10/its-the-atheist-particle-actually/58312|publisher=Postnoon News|access-date=10 July 2012|author=Babu Gogineni|date=July 10, 2012|quote=Leon Lederman is himself an atheist and he regrets the term (God particle), and Peter Higgs who is an atheist too, has expressed his displeasure, but the damage has been done!|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711195548/http://postnoon.com/2012/07/10/its-the-atheist-particle-actually/58312|archive-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[Michel Mayor]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Michel Mayor: "There is no place for God in the Universe" {{!}} Science|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/10/08/ciencia/1570566287_988305.html#?ref=rss&format=simple&link=link|date=2019-10-09|newspaper=El País|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-10|quote=The religious vision says that God decided that there should only be life here on Earth and created it. Scientific facts say that life is a natural process. I think the only answer is to research and find the answer, but for me there is no place for God in the universe.|last1 = Domínguez|first1 = Nuño}}</ref>
|-
| 1907
| [[Albert A. Michelson]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barrow|first1=John D.|title=The book of nothing: vacuums, voids, and the latest ideas about the origins of the universe|date=2000|publisher=Vintage Books|___location=New York|isbn=978-0-375-72609-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/indextocriticism00glor/page/136 136]|edition=1st Vintage Books|url=https://archive.org/details/indextocriticism00glor/page/136}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| [[Konstantin Novoselov]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/q-n-a/article/qa-russian-nobel-laureate-on-fun-god-and-the-ideal-physicist/508735.html|first=Alexey |last=Eremoenko|title=Q&A: Russian Nobel Laureate on Fun, God and the 'Ideal Physicist' |newspaper=The Moscow Times|date=9 October 2014|access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[Jim Peebles]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jim Peebles - Session II|url=https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/25507-2|date=5 April 2002|website=www.aip.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10|quote=Smeenk: I wanted to ask you another I guess more personal question. I don't know if you hold any religious views, but if you do, how do those interact with your research work? Peebles: I don't. Actually, I guess the term I like to use is a convinced agnostic. I get offended by people who try to give me religious arguments. Why should I pay attention to these arguments? But I also get a little offended by people who tell me, "Of course, religion is bunk." How do you know? It's just an entirely different field of operation and actually I do like the words and music of some religions, so I have sat with pleasure through services - aside from the sermon. So no, I don't have any religious feelings at all.}}</ref>
|-
| 1926
| [[Jean Baptiste Perrin]]
|<ref>{{cite book|title=New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Applications to Chemical and Life Sciences|url=https://archive.org/details/newtrendsfluores00vale|url-access=limited|year=2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-67779-6|author=Bernard Valeur |author2=Jean-Claude Brochon |page=[https://archive.org/details/newtrendsfluores00vale/page/n38 17]|quote=Jean and Francis Perrin held similar political and philosophical ideas. Both were socialists and atheists.}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[Didier Queloz]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bodkin|first=Henry|date=2019-10-08|title=Cambridge University planet hunter says mankind could find alien life in 30 years as he wins Nobel prize|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/08/cambridge-university-planet-hunter-says-mankind-could-find-alien/|access-date=2020-05-10|issn=0307-1235|quote=He (Bodkin) added that, although not a believer himself, "Science inherited a lot from religions".}}</ref>
|-
| 1944
| [[Isidor Isaac Rabi]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
| 2011
| [[Brian Schmidt]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Very different paths to God|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/opinion/very-different-paths-to-god/news-story/8ad6f1ba8516ba4d5dd68972f0b1314a|date=2009-12-22|website=www.dailytelegraph.com.au|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}: "I have been described by one of my colleagues as a "militant agnostic" with my tagline, "I don't know, and neither do you!". I take this hard-line, fence-sitting position because it is the only position consistent with both my scientific ethos and my conscience."</ref>
|-
| 1933
| [[Erwin Schrödinger]]
|<ref name=Kimball /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Walter|title=A life of Erwin Schrödinger|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|___location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-46934-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeoferwinschro0000moor/page/86 86]|quote=Schopenhauer often called himself an atheist, as did Schrodinger, and if Buddhism and Vedanta can be truly described as atheistic religions, both the philosopher and his scientific disciple were indeed atheists. They both rejected the idea of a "personal God" ...|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeoferwinschro0000moor/page/86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Diem-Lane|first1=Andrea|title=Spooky Physics: Einstein vs. Bohr|date=2008|publisher=MSAC Philosophy Group|isbn=978-1-56543-080-8|page=68|quote=In terms of religion, Schrodinger fits in the atheist camp. He even lost a marriage proposal to his love, Felicie Krauss, not only due to his social status but his lack of religious affiliation. He was known as a freethinker who did not believe in god.}}</ref>
|-
| 1956
| [[William Shockley]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
| 1988
| [[Jack Steinberger]]
|<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hargittai|first1=I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYAkWldKpx8C|title=Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists|last2=Hargittai|first2=M.|date=2006|publisher=Imperial College Press|isbn=978-1-86094-885-5|page=749|language=en|quote=Jack Steinberger: I'm now a bit anti-Jewish since my last visit to the synagogue, but my atheism does not necessarily reject religion.}}</ref>
|-
| 1958
| [[Igor Tamm]]
|<ref>{{cite book|title=About Science, Myself and Others|year=2005|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-7503-0992-9|author=Ginzburg, V. L.|page=253|quote=Nowadays, when we are facing manifestations of religious and. more often, pseudoreligious feelings, it is appropriate to mention that Igor Evgenevich was a convinced and unreserved atheist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Physicists: Epoch and Personalities|url=https://archive.org/details/physicistsepochp00fein|url-access=limited|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-283-416-4|edition=2|author1=Feinberg, E. L. |author2=Leonidov, A. V. |name-list-style=amp|page=[https://archive.org/details/physicistsepochp00fein/page/n98 86]}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| [[Kip Thorne]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kip Thorne: physicist studying time travel tapped for Hollywood film|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jun/21/kip-thorne-time-travel-scientist-film|last=Carroll|first=Rory|date=2013-06-21|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2020-05-12|quote=Thorne grew up in an academic, Mormon family in Utah but is now an atheist. "There are large numbers of my finest colleagues who are quite devout and believe in God, ranging from an abstract humanist God to a very concrete Catholic or Mormon God. There is no fundamental incompatibility between science and religion. I happen to not believe in God.}}</ref>
|-
| 1910
| [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
| 1999
| [[Martinus J. G. Veltman]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Martinus J.F. Veltman - Science Video Interview|url=http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/36|last=Dean|first=Chris|website=Vega Science Trust|access-date=2020-05-10}}: Interviewer: "What is your view about God and religion?" Veltman: "We are living in a totally ridiculous world. We have all kinds of things from horoscopes to Zen Buddhism to faith healers to religions to what have you. [...] "So for science it's very essential that we take a position that through the scientific method that keeps us away of all the irrationalities that seem to dominate human activities. And I think we should stay there. And the fact that I'm busy in science has little or nothing to do with religion. In fact I protect myself, I don't want to have to do with religion. Because once I start with that I don't know where it will end. But probably I will be burned or shot or something in the end. I don't want anything to do with it. I talk about things I can observe and other things I can predict and for the rest you can have it."</ref>
|-
| 1979
| [[Steven Weinberg]]
|<ref name=Kimball /><ref>{{cite news |quote=I don't believe in God, but I don't make a religion out of not believing in God. I don't organize my life around that. |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/128877/page/1 |title=In Search of the God Particle |first=Ana Elena |last=Azpurua |newspaper=Newsweek |date=March 24, 2008 |page=3 |access-date=March 25, 2008 |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226101423/https://www.newsweek.com/id/128877/page/1%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 1963
| [[Eugene Wigner]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
|2020
|[[Roger Penrose]]
|<ref>{{cite web|author1=Thomas Fink|date=December 19, 2020|title=A singular mind: Roger Penrose on his Nobel Prize|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/a-singular-mind-roger-penrose-on-his-nobel-prize|access-date=18 May 2021|website=The Spectator}}</ref>
|}
== Chemistry ==
[[File:Harry Kroto.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Harry Kroto|Kroto]]]]
[[File:Ostwald.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wilhelm Ostwald|Ostwald]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Laureate
!Reference
|-
| 1903
| [[Svante Arrhenius]]
|<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Stein|editor-first1=Gordon|title=The Encyclopedia of unbelief|volume=1|page=594|date=1985|publisher=Prometheus Books|___location=Buffalo, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-87975-307-8|edition=Nachdr.|quote=Svante Arrhenius (I859-I927), recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry (I903), was a declared atheist...}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
| [[Paul D. Boyer]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1997/boyer/biographical/ |title= Paul D. Boyer - Biographical | year= 1997|___location= Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the [[Nobel Prize]] |access-date= March 24, 2012 |quote= I was struck by how well Harold Kroto, one of last year's Nobelists, presented what are some of my views in his biographical sketch. As he stated, "I am a devout atheist–nothing else makes sense to me and I must admit to being bewildered by those, who in the face of what appears to be so obvious, still believe in a mystical creator." I wonder if in the United States we will ever reach the day when the man-made concept of a God will not appear on our money, and for political survival must be invoked by those who seek to represent us in our democracy.}}</ref>
|-
| 1975
| [[John Cornforth]]
|<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kroto|first1=Harold|title=Sir John Cornforth ('Kappa'): Some Personal Recollections|journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry|date=2015|volume=68|issue=4|pages=697–698|doi=10.1071/CH14601}}</ref>
|-
| 1911
| [[Marie Curie]]
|<ref name=Kimball />
|-
| 1935
| [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]]
|<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Perrin |first=Francis |title=Joliot, Frédéric |encyclopedia=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography |volume=7 |page=151 |___location=Detroit |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=2008 |quote=Raised in a completely nonreligious family, Joliot never attended any church and was a thoroughgoing atheist all his life.}}</ref>
|-
| 1935
| [[Irène Joliot-Curie]]
|<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Perrin |first=Francis |title=Joliot-Curie, Irène |encyclopedia=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography |volume=7 |page=157 |___location=Detroit |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=2008 |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Irene_Joliot-Curie.aspx |access-date=16 October 2015|quote=It was to her grandfather, a convinced freethinker, that Irène owed her atheism, later politically expressed as anticlericalism.}}</ref>
|-
| 1985
| [[Herbert A. Hauptman]]
|<ref>{{cite news|quote=Outside the field of scientific research, he was known for his outspoken atheism: belief in God, he once declared, is not only incompatible with good science, but is "damaging to the wellbeing of the human race." |title=Herbert Hauptman |date= 27 Oct 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/science-obituaries/8853793/Herbert-Hauptman.html |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1981
| [[Roald Hoffmann]]
|<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cardellini|first1=Liberato|title=Looking for Connections: An Interview with Roald Hoffmann|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|date=October 2007|volume=84|issue=10|pages=1631–1635|doi=10.1021/ed084p1631|url=http://www.roaldhoffmann.com/sites/all/files/documents/24/cardellini.pdf|access-date=15 October 2015|quote=atheist who is moved by religion.|bibcode=2007JChEd..84.1631C|archive-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020170828/http://www.roaldhoffmann.com/sites/all/files/documents/24/cardellini.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
| [[Harry Kroto|Harold W. Kroto]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/kroto.html |title= Harold Kroto – Autobiography |author= Harold W. Kroto |author-link= Harry Kroto |year= 1996 |___location= Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the [[Nobel Prize]] |access-date= March 24, 2012 |quote= I am a devout atheist – nothing else makes any sense to me and I must admit to being bewildered by those, who in the face of what appears so obvious, still believe in a mystical creator.}}</ref>
|-
| 1987
| [[Jean-Marie Lehn]]
|<ref>{{cite news |quote=It is a scene I won't forget in a hurry: Jean-Marie Lehn, French winner of the Nobel prize in chemistry, defending his atheism at a packed public conference at the new Alexandria Library in Egypt |first=Ehsan |last=Masood |newspaper=Prospect |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/islamsreformers |title=Islam's reformers |date=22 July 2006 |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226101507/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/islamsreformers |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 1978
| [[Peter D. Mitchell]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Peter Mitchell – Biographical |work=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |url=http://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1978/mitchell-bio.html|access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1994
| [[George Andrew Olah]]
|<ref>"Today, I consider myself, in Thomas Huxley's terms, an agnostic. I don't know whether there is a God or creator, or whatever we may call a higher intelligence or being. I don't know whether there is an ultimate reason for our being or whether there is anything beyond material phenomena. I may doubt these things as a scientist, as we cannot prove them scientifically, but at the same time we also cannot falsify (disprove) them. For the same reasons, I cannot deny God with certainty, which would make me an atheist. This is a conclusion reached by many scientists." George Olah, A Life of Magic Chemistry</ref>
|-
| 1909
| [[Wilhelm Ostwald]]
|<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Kocka|editor-first1=Jürgen|title=Work in a Modern Society the German Experience in European-American Perspective.|date=2010|publisher=Berghahn Books, Inc.|___location=New York|isbn=978-1-84545-797-6|page=45}}</ref>
|-
| 1954
| [[Linus Pauling]]
|<ref name=Pauling>{{cite book|last1=Pauling|first1=Linus|last2=Ikeda|first2=Daisaku|last3=Gage|first3=Richard L.|title=In quest of peace and the century of life: a dialogue between Linus Pauling and Daisaku Keda|date=1992|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|___location=Boston|isbn=978-0-86720-278-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780867202786/page/21 21–22]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780867202786/page/21}}</ref>
|-
| 1962
| [[Max Perutz]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Max Perutz Interview 2|url=http://vega.org.uk/video/programme/154|publisher=The Vega Science Trust.|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Perutz rubbishes Popper and Kuhn|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/154140.article|publisher=TSL EDUCATION LTD.|access-date=19 June 2013|date=28 November 1994|quote=Dr Perutz, said: "It is one thing for scientists to oppose creationism which is demonstrably false but quite another to make pronouncements which offend people's religious faith -- that is a form of tactlessness which merely brings science into disrepute. My view of religion and ethics is simple: even if we do not believe in God, we should try to live as though we did."}}</ref>
|-
| 1958
| [[Frederick Sanger]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hargittai|first1=István|last2=Hargittai|first2=Magdolna|title=Candid science II: conversations with famous biomedical scientists|date=2002|publisher=Imperial College Press|___location=London|isbn=1-86094-288-1|pages=73–83|edition=Verschiedene Aufl.}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| [[Dan Shechtman]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jha|first=Alok|date=2013|title=Dan Shechtman: 'Linus Pauling said I was talking nonsense'|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/06/dan-shechtman-nobel-prize-chemistry-interview|access-date=2020-05-13|issn=0261-3077|quote=Interviewer: Do you believe in a god? Shechtman: No.}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| [[George Smith (chemist)|George Smith]]
|<ref>{{Cite web | last =Smith | first =George | title =Author Archive: George Smith | newspaper =[[Mondoweiss]] | ___location =[[United States]] | access-date =16 June 2020 | url=https://mondoweiss.net/author/smithgp/ }}</ref>
|-
| 1993
| [[Michael Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/smith-bio.html |title= Michael Smith – Biographical |first= Michael |last=Smith |year= 1993 |publisher= Nobelprize.org |access-date= 15 October 2015 |quote= My only prizes from the Sunday School were "for attendance", so I presume my atheism, which developed when I left home to attend university, although latent, was discernible.}}</ref>
|-
| 1934
| [[Harold Urey]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wysong|first1=Randy L.|title=The creation-evolution controversy.|date=1976|publisher=Inquiry Press|___location=Midlanding, Michigan|isbn=978-0-918112-02-6|page=75|edition=7th print}}</ref>
|}
== Physiology or Medicine ==
[[File:Francis Crick crop.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Francis Crick|Crick]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Laureate
!Reference
|-
| 1970
| [[Julius Axelrod]]
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Craver|first=Carl F.|title=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|year=2008|___location=Detroit|page=122|chapter=Axelrod, Julius}}: "Although he became an atheist early in life and resented the strict upbringing of his parents' religion, he identified with Jewish culture and joined several international fights against anti-Semitism."</ref>
|-
| 1914
| [[Robert Bárány]]
|<ref>{{cite journal|title=Robert Bárány and the controversy surrounding his discovery of the caloric reaction|url=http://www.neurology.org/content/58/7/1094.abstract|publisher=Neurology.org|access-date=14 May 2012|author=Robert W. Baloh|journal=Neurology|year=2002|volume=58|issue=7|pages=1094–1099|doi=10.1212/WNL.58.7.1094|pmid=11940699|quote=Although anti-Semitism was again on the rise in Austria, it is unlikely that anti-Semitism was a factor in the hostility toward Bárány because he was an agnostic who did not believe in Zionism.|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
| 1958
| [[George Beadle]]
|<ref>George Beadle, An Uncommon Farmer: The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th Century. CSHL Press. 2003. p. 273. {{ISBN|9780879696887}}. Beadle's views on this occasion were somewhat more tempered than David's characterization of him as a "vehement atheist," and from his earliest days "intolerant of religion and other forms of superstition.</ref>
|-
| 1989
| [[J. Michael Bishop]]
|{{cn|date=March 2023}}
|-
| 2002
| [[Sydney Brenner]]
|<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDHwCgAAQBAJ&q=sydney+brenner+atheist+Candid+Science+VI:+More+Conversations+with+Famous+Scientists&pg=PA32 | title=Candid Science Vi: More Conversations with Famous Scientists| isbn=978-1-908977-53-3| last1=Istvan| first1=Hargittai| last2=Magdolna| first2=Hargittai| date=2006-10-23| publisher=World Scientific}}</ref>
|-
| 1962
| [[Francis Crick]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crick|first1=Francis|title=What mad pursuit: a personal view of scientific discovery|url=https://archive.org/details/whatmadpursuit00fran|url-access=registration|date=1988|publisher=Basic Books|___location=New York|isbn=0-465-09138-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/whatmadpursuit00fran/page/10 10]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a01.htm |first=Francis |last=Crick |title=How I Got Inclined Towards Atheism |work=Atheist Centre 1940–1990 Golden Jubilee International Conference Souvenir |date=3–5 February 1990 |___location=Vijayawada, India |publisher=Positive Atheism |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521011600/http://www.positiveatheism.org/india/s1990a01.htm |archive-date=21 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200410/steyn |title=The Twentieth-Century Darwin |first=Mark |last=Steyn |author-link=Mark Steyn |journal=[[The Atlantic Monthly]] |date=October 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Siegel|first1=Ralph M.|last2=Callaway|first2=Edward M.|title=Francis Crick's Legacy for Neuroscience: Between the α and the Ω|journal=PLOS Biology|date=2004|volume=2|issue=12|pages=e419|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020419|quote=Francis Crick was an evangelical atheist.|pmid=17593891|pmc=535570 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Highfield|first1=Roger|title=Do our genes reveal the hand of God?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3306329/Do-our-genes-reveal-the-hand-of-God.html|access-date=15 October 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=20 Mar 2003|quote=Crick, 86, said: "The god hypothesis is rather discredited."}}</ref>
|-
| 1974
| [[Christian de Duve]]
|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ruse|first1=Michael|title=Life Evolving: Molecules, Mind, and Meaning by Christian de Duve (Introductory essay)|url=http://www.issrlibrary.org/introductory-essays/essay/?title=Life%20Evolving:%20Molecules,%20Mind,%20and%20Meaning&ref=essays|website=The International Society for Science and Religion library project|access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1945
| [[Howard Florey]]
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Howard Florey, Penicillin and After|year=1984|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-858173-4|author=Trevor Illtyd Williams|page=[https://archive.org/details/howardfloreypeni00will/page/363 363]|quote=As an agnostic, the chapel services meant nothing to Florey but, unlike some contemporary scientists, he was not aggressive in his disbelief.|url=https://archive.org/details/howardfloreypeni00will/page/363}}</ref>
|-
| 1906
| [[Camillo Golgi]]
|<ref>{{cite book|title=The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-852444-1|author1=Paolo Mazzarello |author2=Henry A. Buchtel |author3=Aldo Badiani |page=34|quote=It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.}}</ref>
|-
| 1929
| [[Frederick Gowland Hopkins]]
|{{cn|date=March 2023}}
|-
| 1963
| [[Andrew Huxley]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Andrew Huxley|url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2012/06/16/andrew-huxley|publisher=The Economist|access-date=14 May 2013|date=June 16, 2012|quote=He did not even mind the master's duty of officiating in chapel, since he was, he explained, not atheist but agnostic (a word usefully invented by his grandfather), and was "very conscious that there is no scientific explanation for the fact that we are conscious."}}</ref>
|-
| 1965
| [[François Jacob]]
|<ref>Jacob, ''The Statue Within'', pp 20–57. Quotes from pp 42 and 53.</ref>
|-
| 2003
| [[Paul Lauterbur]]
|<ref>Dawson, M. Joan. Paul Lauterbur and the Invention of MRI. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2013. Print. "Paul became an atheist, revering intellectual honesty and the quest for truth."</ref>
|-
| 1907
| [[Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Warren Allen|title=Who's who in Hell: A Handbook and International Directory for Humanists, Freethinkers, Naturalists, Rationalists, and Non-theists|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinhellhan00smit|url-access=registration|access-date=16 May 2018|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Barricade Books|isbn=978-1-56980-158-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinhellhan00smit/page/648 648] }}</ref>
|-
| 1986
| [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/anomal/31-12-2012/123358-rita_montalcini-0/|access-date=20 July 2013|author=Costantino Ceoldo|date=2012-12-31|quote=Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism.}}</ref>
|-
| 1960
| [[Peter Medawar|Sir Peter Medawar]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Medawar|first1=Peter|title=The strange case of the spotted mice and other classic essays on science|date=1996|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|___location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-286193-1|pages=207–211|edition=5th}}</ref>
|-
| 1908
| [[Élie Metchnikoff]]
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology: From Metaphor to Theory: From Metaphor to Theory|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534510-0|page=5|first1=Alfred I. |last1=Tauber |first2=Leon |last2=Chernyak |quote=... his personal religious commitment was to atheism, although he received strict Christian religious training at home. Metchnikoff's atheism smacked of religious fervor in the embrace of rationalism and science.}}</ref>
|-
| 1965
| [[Jacques Monod]]
|<ref>{{cite web|quote=In his final chapter de Duve turns to the meaning of life, and considers the ideas of two contrasting Frenchmen: a priest, Teilhard de Chardin, and an existentialist and atheist, Jacques Monod.|url=http://www.booksincanada.com/article_view.asp?id=326 |title=Peaks, Dust, & Dappled Spots |first=Richard |last=Lubbock |work=Books in Canada: The Canadian Review of Books |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1946
| [[Hermann Joseph Muller]]
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pontecorvo|first=G.|date=1968|title=Hermann Joseph Muller. 1890-1967|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=14|pages=349–389|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1968.0015|jstor=769450|s2cid=61317945|issn=0080-4606|quote=Muller, who through Unitarianism had become an enthusiastic pantheist, was converted both to atheism and to socialism (p. 353).}}</ref>
|-
| 2001
| [[Paul Nurse]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2001/nurse.html |title= Sir Paul Nurse – Biographical |first= Paul |last=Nurse |author-link= Paul Nurse |year= 2001 |publisher= Nobelprize.org |access-date= 15 October 2015 |quote= I gradually slipped away from religion over several years and became an atheist or to be more philosophically correct, a sceptical agnostic.}}</ref>
|-
| 1904
| [[Ivan Pavlov]]
|<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Windholz|first1=George|title=Pavlov's Religious Orientation|journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|date=September 1986|volume=25|issue=3|pages=320–327|doi=10.2307/1386296|quote=Pavlov's follower E.M. Kreps asked him whether he was religious. Kreps writes that Pavlov smiled and replied: "Listen, good fellow, in regard to [claims of] my religiosity, my belief in God, my church attendance, there is no truth in it; it is sheer fantasy. I was a seminarian, and like the majority of seminarians, I became an unbeliever, an atheist in my school years."|jstor=1386296}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
| [[Richard J. Roberts]]
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/science/2006/0420/1142365537016.html |first=William |last=Reville |title=A bright journey to atheism, or a road that ignores all the signs? |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=April 20, 2006 |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012072253/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/science/2006/0420/1142365537016.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| [[Michael Rosbash]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2017/rosbash/biographical/|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-11}}: "I should avoid any confusion at this point and state unequivocally that I am a devout atheist and quite anti-religion."</ref>
|-
| 2002
| [[John Sulston]]
|<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/sulston/biographical/ The nobel prize in physiology or medicine 2002]. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved March 15, 2023</ref><ref name=nobel>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1980/esquivel-bio.html |title=Adofo Pérez Esquivel |publisher=Nobel Prize Committee}}</ref>
|-
| 1937
| [[Albert Szent-Györgyi]]
|<ref>National Institutes of Health. [https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/wg/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584924X184-vid Albert Szent-Gyorgyi discusses religion - Albert Szent-Gyorgyi - profiles in Science]. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved March 15, 2023</ref>
|-
| 1973
| [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]
|<ref>{{cite book|title=Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose|year=2010|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-06848-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/supernormalstimu00barr/page/21 21–22]|author=Deirdre Barrett|quote=Tinbergen had never been a religious man. Wartime atrocities, however, had highlighted the absence of a deity for him while both sides invoked one aligned with themselves, and this turned him into a militant atheist.|url=https://archive.org/details/supernormalstimu00barr/page/21}}</ref>
|-
| 1967
| [[George Wald]]
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wald|first=George|title=The Origins of Life|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |publisher=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 52, no. 2|year=1964|volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=595–611 |doi=10.1073/pnas.52.2.595 |jstor=72476 |pmid=16591211 |pmc=300313 |bibcode=1964PNAS...52..595W |language=en|quote=Biologist George Wald dismissed anything besides physicalism with, "I will not believe that philosophically because I do not want to believe in God. Therefore, I choose to believe in that which I know is scientifically impossible: spontaneous generation arising to evolution.|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| 1962
| [[James Watson]]
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Highfield|first1=Roger|title=Do our genes reveal the hand of God?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3306329/Do-our-genes-reveal-the-hand-of-God.html|access-date=15 October 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=20 March 2003}}</ref>
|}
==
[[File:A portrait of the Nobel Laureate and well known Economist Dr. Amartya Sen taken during the release of his book 'The Argumentative Indian - Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity', in New Delhi on August 1, 2005.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Amartya Sen|Sen]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Laureate
!Reference
|-
|1976
|[[Milton Friedman]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ebenstein|first1=Lanny|title=Milton Friedman a biography|url=https://archive.org/details/miltonfriedmanbi00eben_542|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-60345-5|edition=1st|___location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/miltonfriedmanbi00eben_542/page/n23 9]}}</ref>
|-
|1994
|[[John Harsanyi]]
|<ref name="weymark">{{cite journal |first=John A. |last=Weymark |year=2006 |title=John Charles Harsanyi |journal=Working Paper No. 06-W07 |url=http://www.accessecon.com/pubs/VUECON/vu06-w07.pdf }}</ref>
|-
|1974
|[[Friedrich Hayek]]
|<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Elzinga|first1=Kenneth G.|last2=Givens|first2=Matthew R.|date=Spring 2009|title=Christianity and Hayek|journal=Faith & Economics|issue=53|pages=53–68}}</ref>
|-
|1994
|[[John Forbes Nash, Jr.]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nasar|first1=Sylvia|title=A Beautiful Mind|date=2012|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-26607-4|edition=Reprint|page=64}}</ref>
|-
|1994
|[[Reinhard Selten]]
|<ref name="nobelprize.org">[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1994/selten-autobio.html From Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1994, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, 1995]</ref>
|-
|1998
|[[Amartya Sen]]
|
|-
|1978
|[[Herbert A. Simon]]
|<ref>{{cite book|author=Hunter Crowther-Heyck|title=Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America|publisher=JHU Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8018-8025-4|page=22|quote=His secular, scientific values came well before he was old enough to make such calculating career decisions. For example, while still in middle school, Simon wrote a letter to the editor of the Milwaukee Journal defending the civil liberties of atheists, and by high school he was "certain" that he was "religiously an atheist," a conviction that never wavered.}}</ref>
|}
== Peace ==
[[File:Linus Pauling 1962.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Linus Pauling|Pauling]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Laureate
!Reference
|-
|1933
|[[Norman Angell]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ceadel|first1=Martin|title=Living the great illusion: Sir Norman Angell, 1872–1967|url=https://archive.org/details/livinggreatillus00cead|url-access=limited|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|___location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-957116-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/livinggreatillus00cead/page/n38 22]}}</ref>
|-
|1908
|[[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]]
|<ref name=Barker />{{rp|151}}
|-
|1990
|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
|<ref name=ChiTrib2008-03-23>{{Cite news|title=Gorbachev a closet Christian? |work=Chicago Tribune |date=23 March 2008 |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-out_there_gorbachev_rodriguez_23mar24,1,4698255.story |archive-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511153411/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-out_there_gorbachev_rodriguez_23mar24%2C1%2C4698255.story }}</ref>
|-
|1962
|[[Linus Pauling]]
|<ref name=Pauling />
|-
|1995
|[[Joseph Rotblat]]
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rotblat |first1=Joseph |first2=Daisaku |last2=Ikeda |title=A Quest for Global Peace: Rotblat and Ikeda on War, Ethics and the Nuclear Threat |year=2007 |___location= London |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-278-3 |oclc= 123195789 }}</ref>
|-
|1975
|[[Andrei Sakharov]]
|<ref>{{cite book | title=The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Gorelik, Gennady |author2=Antonina W. Bouis | year=2005 | page=356 | isbn=978-0-19-515620-1 | quote=Apparently Sakharov did not need to delve any deeper into it for a long time, remaining a totally nonmilitant atheist with an open heart.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=9780195156201&Search_Code=STNO&CNT=25&PID=jvJIwDnLaR07r7OtmDj6MYeMM5&SEQ=20131027212254&SID=1 | title=The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom | publisher=Oxford University Press | access-date=27 May 2012 | author=Gorelik, Gennadiĭ Efimovich |author2=Antonina W. Bouis | year=2005 | page=158 | isbn=978-0-19-515620-1 | quote=Sakharov was not invited to this seminar. Like most of the physicists of his generation, he was an atheist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973840-3|editor1=Todd K. Shackelford |editor2=Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford |page=465|quote=The Soviet dissident most responsible for defeating communism, Andrei Sakharov, was an atheist.}}</ref>
|-
|1986
|[[Elie Wiesel]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wiesel|first1=Elie Wiesel|title=And the sea is never full memoirs 1969-|date=2010|publisher=Alfred Knopf|___location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-76409-6|page=318|edition=Unabridged}}</ref>
|-
|1973
|[[Lê Đức Thọ]]
|<ref name=ChiTrib2007-10-24>{{Cite news|title=Cal Thomas: Energy freedom is common ground |work=The Spokesman-Review|date=24 October 2007 |url= https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2007/oct/24/cal-thomas-energy-freedom-is-common-ground/}}</ref>
|}
== Literature ==
[[File:Sartre 1967 crop.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Laureate
!Reference
|-
|1969
|[[Samuel Beckett]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cronin|first1=Anthony|title=Samuel Beckett: the last modernist|date=1999|publisher=Da Capo Press|___location=New York|isbn=978-0-306-80898-2|page=90|edition=1st Da Capo Press|quote=They were both agnostics, though both set a high associative value on the language in which the traditional religions of their forebears had been expressed, and in conversation and writing were not averse to ironic reference to certain metaphysical concepts.}}</ref>
|-
|1903
|[[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]]
|<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Paulson|first1=Arthur C.|title=Bjørnson and the Norwegian-Americans, 1880–81|url=http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume05new/vol5_06.htm|journal=Studies and Records|volume=5|pages=84–109|year=1930|publisher=Norwegian-American Historical Association|access-date=15 October 2015|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013443/http://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume05new/vol5_06.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|1957
|[[Albert Camus]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maze|first1=John Robert|title=Albert Camus: plague and terror, priest and atheist|date=2010|publisher=Peter Lang|___location=Bern|isbn=978-3-0343-0006-3}}</ref>
|-
|1997
|[[Dario Fo]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Behan|first1=Tom|title=Dario Fo: revolutionary theatre|url=https://archive.org/details/darioforevolutio00beha_409|url-access=limited|date=2000|publisher=Pluto|___location=London|isbn=978-0-7453-1362-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/darioforevolutio00beha_409/page/n108 103]}}</ref>
|-
|1932
|[[John Galsworthy]]
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frechet|first=Alec|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJquCwAAQBAJ&q=John+Galsworthy+god+religion+atheism&pg=PA192|title=John Galsworthy: A Reassessment|date=1982|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-05995-9|page=192|language=en|quote=Like many Edwardian writers, Galsworthy was an agnostic, and stated it openly: in other words, he did not deny the possibility of a divine force or essence – he was not an atheist – but could not believe in the God of existing religions.}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|[[Nadine Gordimer]]
|<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000gord/page/151|title=Conversationwith Nadine Gordimer|date=1990|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-0-87805-445-9|editor-last1=Bazin|editor-first1=Nancy Topping|___location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/conversationswit0000gord/page/151 151]|quote=I'm an atheist. I wouldn't even call myself an agnostic. I am an atheist. But I think I have a basically religious temperament, perhaps even a profoundly religious one.}}</ref>
|-
|1971
|[[Pablo Neruda]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Feinstein|first1=Adam|title=Pablo neruda.|date=2008|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=978-1-59691-781-1|pages=36, 38, 97}}</ref>
|-
|1936
|[[Eugene O'Neill]]
|<ref name="Barker">{{cite book|last1=Barker|first1=Dan|title=The good atheist: living a purpose-filled life without God|date=2011|publisher=Ulysses Press|___location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=978-1-56975-846-5}}</ref>{{rp|125}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Diggins|first1=John Patrick|title=Eugene O'Neill's America desire under democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/eugeneoneillsame0000digg|url-access=registration|date=2007|publisher=University of Chicago Press|___location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-14882-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/eugeneoneillsame0000digg/page/130 130]|quote=O'Neill, an agnostic and an anarchist, maintained little hope in religion or politics and saw institutions not serving to preserve liberty but standing in the way of the birth of true freedom.}}</ref>
|-
|2005
|[[Harold Pinter]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2002-08-26|title=Pinter 'on road to recovery'|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2216504.stm|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref>
|-
|1950
|[[Bertrand Russell]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Am I An Atheist Or An Agnostic?|url=http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/russell8.htm|website=www.positiveatheism.org|access-date=2020-05-10}}: "I never know whether I should say 'Agnostic' or whether I should say 'Atheist'... As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one prove (sic) that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist."</ref>
|-
|1998
|[[José Saramago]]
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eberstadt|first1=Fernanda|title=José Saramago, Nobel Prize-Winning Portuguese Writer, Dies at 87|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/19/books/19saramago.html?_r=0|access-date=15 October 2015|work=The New York Times|date=18 June 2010}}</ref>
|-
|[[1964 Nobel Prize in Literature|1964]]
|[[Jean-Paul Sartre]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sartre|first1=Jean-Paul|url=https://archive.org/details/existentialismhu0000sart/page/15|title=Existentialism and human emotions|date=1985|publisher=Philosophical Library|isbn=978-0-8065-0902-0|edition=1st Carol Pub. Group|___location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/existentialismhu0000sart/page/15 15]}}</ref>
|-
|1925
|[[George Bernard Shaw]]
|<ref name="Barker" />{{rp|125}}
|-
|1986
|[[Wole Soyinka]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/soy0bio-1|website=Academy of Achievement|title=Wole Soyinka|___location=Washington D.C.|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220164715/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/soy0bio-1|archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Climate of Fear: The Quest for Dignity in a Dehumanized World|year=2007|publisher=Random House LLC|isbn=978-0-307-43082-3|page=119|author=Wole Soyinka|quote=I already had certain agnostic tendencies—which would later develop into outright atheistic convictions— so it was not that I believed in any kind of divine protection.}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 Nobel Prize in Literature|1962]]
|[[John Steinbeck]]
|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Beegel|first1=Susan F.|last2=Shillinglaw|first2=Susan|last3=Tiffney, Jr.|first3=Wesley N.|title=Steinbeck and the Environment Interdisciplinary Approaches.|date=2007|publisher=University of Alabama Press|___location=Tuscaloosa|isbn=978-0-8173-5487-9|page=159}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The true adventures of John Steinbeck, writer: a biography|year=1984|publisher=Viking Press|isbn=978-0-670-16685-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/trueadventuresof00bens/page/248 248]|first=Jackson J.|last=Benson|quote=Ricketts did not convert his friend to a religious point of view — Steinbeck remained an agnostic and, essentially, a materialist — but Ricketts's religious acceptance did tend to work on his friend, ...|url=https://archive.org/details/trueadventuresof00bens/page/248}}</ref>
|-
|1996
|[[Wisława Szymborska]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/religia/ateizm-definicja-symbole-ateisci-w-polsce/nm8j80b |title= Ateizm. Definicja, symbole. Ateiści w Polsce |author= Onet.Religia |year= 2020 |___location= Wiadomosci.onet.pl |website=[[Onet.pl]] |access-date= July 26, 2020 |quote= ... Według badań Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego z 2015 roku, w Polsce żyje 2,6 proc. Zadeklarowanych ateistów. Wśród nich są m.in. Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Piotr Najsztub, Wojciech Smarzowski, Kuba Wojewódzki, Jerzy Urban, Janusz Palikot, Jan Hartman, Maria Peszek, Robert Biedroń, Magdalena Środa, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, Kazimierz Kutz czy Roman Polański. Ateistami byli również m.in. Kora Jackowska, Zbigniew Religa, Jacek Kuroń, Jerzy Kawalerowicz, Tadeusz Różewicz, Stanisław Lem, Wisława Szymborska, Witold Gombrowicz i Marek Edelman.}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Nobel Prize in Literature|2018]]
|[[Olga Tokarczuk]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nobel laureate Olga Tokarczuk: why populist nostalgia will pass|url=https://www.ft.com/content/36cfd978-4c1a-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5|access-date=2020-12-06|newspaper=Financial Times|date=14 February 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|2000
|[[Gao Xingjian]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2000/gao-lecture-e.html |title= Nobel Lecture – Literature 2000 |author= Gao Xingjian
|author-link= Gao Xingjian |year= 2000 |___location= Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the [[Nobel Prize]] |access-date= March 24, 2012 |quote= ... I would like to say that despite my being an atheist I have always shown reverence for the unknowable.}}</ref>
|}
== See also ==
* [[List of Christian Nobel laureates]]
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates]]
==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==
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