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{{Short description|Swedish diplomat and humanitarian (1912–1945)}}
{{
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raoul Wallenberg
|
| image_size =
| caption = Passport photo from June 1944
| birth_name = Raoul Gustaf Wallenberg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|8|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lidingö Municipality]], Sweden
| disappeared_date = {{disappeared date|1945|1|17|df=y}}
| disappeared_place = [[Budapest]], Hungary
| disappeared_status = {{Missing for|1945|1|17}} <br> [[Declared death in absentia|Declared dead ''in absentia'']] by [[Swedish Tax Agency]] <br> {{death date and age|1952|07|31|df=yes|1912|08|04}}
| death_date = Disputed, possibly 17 July 1947 (aged 34)<ref group=note name=DeathNote /><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/31/sweden-declares-raoul-wallenberg-dead-71-years-after-disappearance|title= Sweden declares Raoul Wallenberg dead 71 years after disappearance|first= Agence France-Presse in|last= Stockholm|date=31 October 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
| occupation = Businessman and diplomat
| spouse =
| known_for = [[Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust|Rescuing]] [[Hungarian Jews]] from the [[Holocaust]]<br/>Abduction and disappearance by [[SMERSH|Soviet agents]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Michigan]]
| relatives = [[Guy von Dardel]] (maternal half-brother)<br/>[[Nina Lagergren]] (maternal half-sister)<br/>[[Nils Dardel]] (step-uncle)
| family = [[Wallenberg family]] (biological father)
| children =
| awards = [[List of honours dedicated to Raoul Wallenberg#Honours|List]]
| signature = Raoul Wallenberg signature.svg
| monuments = [[List of honours dedicated to Raoul Wallenberg#Honours|List]]
}}
{{Righteous Among the Nations}}
'''Raoul Gustaf Wallenberg''' (4 August 1912 – disappeared 17 January 1945)<ref group=note name=DeathNote>He is presumed to have died in 1947, although the circumstances of his death are not clear and this date has been disputed. Some reports claim he was alive years later. In accordance with Swedish law, the Swedish Tax Agency in October 2016 determined his ''pro-forma'' date of death as 31 July 1952.</ref><ref name="auto"/> was a Swedish architect, businessman, [[diplomat]], and [[humanitarian]]. He saved thousands of [[Jews]] in [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|German-occupied Hungary]] during [[the Holocaust]] from German [[Nazis]] and [[Arrow Cross Party|Hungarian fascists]] during the later stages of [[World War II]]. While serving as Sweden's [[special envoy]] in [[Budapest]] between July and December 1944, Wallenberg issued protective passports and sheltered Jews in buildings which he [[Extraterritoriality|declared as Swedish territory]].<ref name="YV">{{cite web|title= A Swedish Rescuer in Budapest|url= http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/wallenberg.html|access-date= 15 April 2018|publisher= [[Yad Vashem]]|quote= he saved the lives of tens of thousands of men, women and children by placing them under the protection of the Swedish crown.|archive-date= 21 February 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180221180430/http://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/wallenberg.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>
On 17 January 1945, during the [[Siege of Budapest]] by the [[Red Army]], agents of [[SMERSH]] detained Wallenberg on suspicion of [[espionage]], and he subsequently [[forced disappearance|disappeared]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/raoul-wallenbergs-arrest-order-signed-by-bulganin-in-january-1945/|title= Raoul Wallenberg's arrest order, signed by Bulganin in January 1945 – Searching for Raoul Wallenberg Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|work= Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|access-date= 27 August 2018|date= 17 January 1945|archive-date= 22 October 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191022155356/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/raoul-wallenbergs-arrest-order-signed-by-bulganin-in-january-1945/|url-status= dead}}</ref> In 1957, 12 years after his disappearance, he was reported by Soviet authorities to have died of a suspected [[myocardial infarction]] on 17 July 1947 while imprisoned in the [[Lubyanka Building|Lubyanka]], the prison at the headquarters of the [[NKVD]] secret police in [[Moscow]]. A document released in 2023 as part of the President [[John F. Kennedy Assassination]] Records Collection indicates that [[Vyacheslav Nikonov]], then an assistant to the head of the [[KGB]], determined as part of a 1991 inquiry into the circumstances surrounding his disappearance that Wallenberg had likely been executed by Soviet authorities in late 1947 as a result of claims that he may have been associated with people helping not only Jews but also Nazi war criminals escape prosecution.<ref name="archives.org">{{cite web |title= JFK Assassination Records - 2023 Additional Documents Release |date= 27 June 1991 |publisher= United States National Archives |url= https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2023/104-10014-10064.pdf | access-date= 25 November 2023}}</ref> However, there is no conclusive proof of this theory of Wallenberg's death, and his cause and date of death have been disputed ever since, with some people claiming to have encountered men matching Wallenberg's description until the 1980s in Soviet prisons and psychiatric hospitals. The motives behind Wallenberg's arrest and imprisonment by the Soviet government, along with questions surrounding the circumstances of his death and his ties to [[Office of Strategic Services|US intelligence]], remain shrouded in mystery and are the subject of continued speculation.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1807803,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160112203920/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C1807803%2C00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title= Unraveling Raoul Wallenberg's Secrets |first= John |last= Nadler |___location= Budapest |date= 19 May 2008 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2016, the [[Swedish Tax Agency]] declared him [[dead in absentia]], with the ''[[pro forma]]'' date of death noted as 31 July 1952.
As a result of his successful efforts to rescue [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Hungarian Jews]], Wallenberg has been the subject of numerous humanitarian honours in the decades following his [[declared death in absentia|presumed death]]. In 1981, US Congressman [[Tom Lantos]], one of those saved by Wallenberg, sponsored a bill making Wallenberg an [[honorary citizenship of the United States|honorary citizen of the United States]], the second person ever to receive this honour. Wallenberg also became an [[Honorary Canadian citizenship|honorary citizen of Canada]], Hungary, Australia, the United Kingdom and Israel.<ref name=PM>{{cite web |url = http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/honorary-australian-citizenship-be-awarded-raoul-wallenberg |title = Honorary Australian Citizenship to be Awarded to Raoul Wallenberg |date = 15 April 2015 |access-date = 6 May 2013|publisher = Prime Minister's Press Office, [[Commonwealth of Australia]]|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430114411/http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/honorary-australian-citizenship-be-awarded-raoul-wallenberg|archive-date = 30 April 2013|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In 1963, [[Yad Vashem]] designated Raoul Wallenberg as one of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]].<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/wallenberg.html
| title = Raoul Wallenberg
| publisher = Yad Vashem: The World Holocaust Remembrance Center
| access-date = 18 June 2023
| quote = On 26 November 1963, Yad Vashem recognized Raoul Wallenberg as Righteous Among the Nations.
}}
</ref> Numerous monuments have been dedicated to him, and streets have been named after him throughout the world. The [[Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States]] was founded in 1981 to "perpetuate the humanitarian ideals and the nonviolent courage of Raoul Wallenberg."<ref name = Mission>{{cite web |url = http://www.raoulwallenberg.org/aboutus.htm.html |publisher= Raoulwallenberg.org | title = The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States – Our Mission |access-date = 8 June 2013}}</ref> It gives the [[Raoul Wallenberg Award]] annually to recognize persons who carry out those goals. In 2012, Wallenberg was awarded a [[Congressional Gold Medal]] by the [[United States Congress]] "in recognition of his achievements and heroic actions during the Holocaust."<ref name="thomas.loc.gov">{{cite web|title=The Library of Congress: Bill Summary & Status 112th Congress (2011–2012) H.R. 3001|url= http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:H.R.3001:|date= 26 July 2012|access-date= 31 July 2012|archive-date= 15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215215111/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c112:H.R.3001:|url-status=dead}}</ref> Declassified documents have confirmed that Raoul Wallenberg worked with the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS), the predecessor of the [[CIA]].<ref name="jta.org">{{cite web |title= Declassified Cia Documents Show Wallenberg Was U.S. Spy |date= 8 May 1996 |publisher= Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url= https://www.jta.org/archive/declassified-cia-documents-show-wallenberg-was-u-s-spy | access-date= 18 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="scholar.lib">{{cite web | title= REPORT: WALLENBERG WORKED AS U.S. SPY | date= 5 May 1996 |publisher= Roanoke Times |url= https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/ROA-Times/issues/1996/rt9605/960505/05070016.htm |access-date= 18 January 2023}}</ref>
Although some have claimed that Wallenberg was responsible for rescuing 100,000 Jews who survived the Holocaust in Hungary, historians regard that figure as an exaggeration;<ref>{{cite book |last1= Rubinstein |first1= W. D. |title= The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis |date= 2002 |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-1-134-61568-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IaEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |language=en|page=194}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Dietrich |first1= D. J. |title= Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest: Myth, History and Holocaust, Paul A. Levine (London and Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell, 2010), xviii + 392 pp.|journal= Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=2012 |volume=26 |issue= 1 |pages= 144–145 |doi= 10.1093/hgs/dcs020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Cherry |first1= Robert |title= Holocaust Historiography: The Role of the Cold War |journal=Science & Society |date=1999 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=459–477 |jstor=40403812 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40403812 |issn=0036-8237}}</ref> Yad Vashem estimates the number of people granted protective paperwork as about 4,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raoul Wallenberg |language=en |url= https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/wallenberg.html |access-date= 18 June 2023 | quote = The protective letter authorized its holder to travel to Sweden or to any of the other country Sweden represented. About 4,500 Jews had these papers, which protected them from forced labor and exempted them from wearing the yellow star.}}
</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}
==Early life==
[[File:Kappsta Raoul Wallenberg.jpg|thumb|Former ___location of the summer villa where Wallenberg was born in 1912 (pictured in 2009)]]
Wallenberg was born in 1912 in [[Lidingö Municipality]], near [[Stockholm]], where his maternal grandparents, Per Johan Wising and his wife Sophie Wising (née Benedicks), had built a summer house in 1882. His paternal grandfather, Gustaf Wallenberg, was a diplomat and envoy to [[Tokyo]], [[Istanbul]], and [[Sofia]].
His parents, who married in 1911, were Raoul Oscar Wallenberg (1888–1912), a [[Swedish Navy|Swedish naval officer]], and Maria "Maj" Sofia Wising (1891–1979). His father died of cancer three months before he was born, and his maternal grandfather died of pneumonia three months after his birth. His mother and grandmother, now both suddenly widows, raised him together.<ref name =ROB/> In 1918, his mother married Fredric von Dardel;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/researcher/dardel/|title=Raoul Wallenberg's family, the von Dardel|work=Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|access-date=30 March 2016|date=22 February 2008}}</ref> they had a son, [[Guy von Dardel]],<ref name="raoul-wallenberg">{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/guy-von-dardel-introduction-to-the-report-of-the-independent-consultants/|title=Guy von Dardel's introduction to the report of the Independent consultants" Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|publisher=Raoul-wallenberg.eu|access-date=27 May 2014|date=January 2001}}</ref> and a daughter, [[Nina Lagergren]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nina Lagergren obituary |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/nina-lagergren-obituary-gmfg72tlj |access-date=2022-05-04 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
After high school and his compulsory eight months in the Swedish military, Wallenberg's paternal grandfather sent him to study in Paris. He spent one year there, and then in 1931 he studied architecture at the [[University of Michigan]] in the United States.<ref name=ROB/> Although the [[Wallenberg family]] was rich, he worked at odd jobs in his free time and joined other young male students as a passenger rickshaw handler at [[Chicago]]'s [[Century of Progress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/background/3%C2%A0-raoul-wallenberg-university-and-training/|title=03. Raoul Wallenberg; University and Training|work=Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|access-date=30 March 2016|date=20 February 2008|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720173535/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/background/3%C2%A0-raoul-wallenberg-university-and-training/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He used his vacations to explore the United States, with hitchhiking being his preferred method of travel. About his experiences, he wrote to his grandfather saying, "When you travel like a hobo, everything's different. You have to be on the alert the whole time. You're in close contact with new people every day. Hitchhiking gives you training in diplomacy and tact."<ref name=TWS>{{cite web |first=Penny |last=Schreiber |url=http://www.wallenberg.umich.edu/college.html |title=The Wallenberg Story |access-date=14 February 2007 |archive-date=20 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820083204/http://wallenberg.umich.edu/college.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Wallenberg was aware of his one-sixteenth Jewish ancestry and proud of it. It came from his great-great-grandfather (his maternal grandmother's grandfather) Michael Benedicks, who immigrated to Stockholm in 1780 and converted to Christianity.<ref name= "mystery lives">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFDNcB4NGdQC|title=Raoul Wallenberg: The Mystery Lives on| first= Harvey |last= Rosenfeld|access-date=30 March 2016|isbn=9780595355440|year=2005|publisher=iUniverse }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.geni.com/family-tree/index/6000000013333388727|title=Raoul Gustaf Wallenberg's Family Tree|website=Geni.com|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> [[Ingemar Hedenius]] (one of the leading Swedish philosophers) recalls a conversation with Wallenberg dating back to 1930 when they were together in an army hospital during military service:
{{blockquote|We had many long and intimate conversations. He was full of ideas and plans for the future. Although I was a good deal older – you could choose when to do your service – I was enormously impressed by him. He was proud of his partial Jewish ancestry and, as I recall, must have exaggerated it somewhat. I remember him saying, 'A person like me, who is both a Wallenberg and half-Jewish, can never be defeated'.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Bierman |title=Righteous Gentile |url=https://archive.org/details/righteousgentile0000bier_j7l4/page/24/mode/2up |publisher=Penguin Books Ltd |___location=London |year=1981 |page=25|isbn=978-0-14-006116-1 }}</ref>}}
Raoul Wallenberg's Jewish ancestry is supported by Sweden researcher Paul A. Levine, who wrote in his monograph about Wallenberg:
{{blockquote|There is general agreement that around the end of the eighteen[th] century, a German Jew named Benedicts emigrated to Sweden, establishing the material line of [Raoul's] Wallenberg’s family.<ref>{{cite book |first=Paul |last=Levine |title=Raul Wallenberg in Budapest: Myth, History and Holocaust. Valentine Mitchell |___location=London |year=2010 |page=59}}</ref>}}
[[File:Raoul Wallenberg young.jpg|thumb|Wallenberg as a youth]]
Wallenberg graduated from the University of Michigan in 1935 with a degree in architecture. Upon his return to Sweden, he found that his American degree did not qualify him to practice as an architect. Later that year, his grandfather arranged a job for him in [[Cape Town]], South Africa, in the office of a Swedish company that sold construction material. After six months in South Africa, he took a new job at a branch office of the Holland Bank in [[Haifa]],<ref name= JVL>{{cite encyclopedia | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/wallenberg.html | title = Raoul Wallenberg | year = 2007 | encyclopedia = [[Jewish Virtual Library]]| via= jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}{{unreliable source?|date=November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lester |first=Elenore |url=https://archive.org/details/wallenbergmanini00lest/mode/1up?q=Haifa |title=Wallenberg, the man in the iron web |date=1982 |publisher=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-13-944322-0 |pages=26}}</ref> where he met and befriended Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marton |first=Kati |url=https://archive.org/details/wallenberg00mart/page/24/ |title=Wallenberg |date=1982 |publisher=New York : Random House |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-394-52360-6 |pages=24–25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kershaw |first=Alex |url=https://archive.org/details/tosavepeople0000kers_u6r8/mode/2up?q=haifa |title=To save a people |date=2011 |publisher=London : Arrow |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-09-953913-1 |pages=54}}</ref> He returned to Sweden in 1936, securing a job in Stockholm with the help of his father's cousin and godfather, [[Jacob Wallenberg (1892-1980)|Jacob Wallenberg]], at the Central European Trading Company,<ref>The company name is sometimes translated as the "Mid-European Trading Company"</ref> an export-import company trading between Stockholm and central Europe, owned by [[Kálmán Lauer]], a Hungarian Jew.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}
== World War II ==
{{see also|Hungary in World War II}}
Beginning in 1938, the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], under the regency of [[Miklós Horthy]], passed a series of [[Racial antisemitism|anti-Jewish]] measures modeled on the so-called [[Nuremberg Race Laws]] enacted in Germany by the Nazis in 1935. Like their German counterparts, the Hungarian laws focused heavily on restricting Jews from certain professions, reducing the number of Jews in government and public service jobs, and prohibiting [[Interracial marriage|intermarriage]]. Because of this, Wallenberg's business associate, Kálmán Lauer, found it increasingly difficult to travel to his native Hungary, which was moving still deeper into the German orbit. Hungary became a member of the [[Axis powers]] in November 1940 and later joined the Nazi-led [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]] in June 1941. Out of necessity, Wallenberg became Lauer's personal representative. He traveled to Hungary to conduct business on Lauer's behalf and to look in on members of Lauer's extended family who remained in Budapest. He soon learned to speak [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and, from 1941, made increasingly frequent travels to [[Budapest]].<ref name=NYT03301980>{{cite news |last1=Lester |first1=Elenore |last2=Werbell |first2=Frederick E. |title=The Last Hero of Holocaust. The Search for Sweden's Raoul Wallenberg |newspaper=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |date=30 March 1980 }}</ref> Within a year, Wallenberg was a joint owner and the International Director of the company.<ref name=JVL /> In this capacity, Wallenberg also made several business trips to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Vichy France|German-occupied France]] during the early years of [[World War II]]. It was during these trips that Wallenberg was able to closely observe the Nazis' bureaucratic and administrative methods—knowledge which proved valuable to him later.<ref name= JVL />
Meanwhile, the situation in Hungary had begun to deteriorate as the tide of the war began to turn decisively against Germany and its allies. Following the catastrophic Axis defeat at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] (in which Hungarian troops fighting alongside German forces suffered a staggering 84% casualty rate), the Horthy regime began secretly pursuing peace talks with the United States and the United Kingdom. Upon learning of Horthy's duplicity, Adolf Hitler ordered the [[Operation Margarethe|occupation of Hungary]] by German troops in March 1944. The [[Wehrmacht]] quickly took control of the country and placed Horthy under [[house arrest]]. A pro-German [[puppet government]] was installed in Budapest; actual power rested with the German military governor, [[Brigadeführer|SS-Brigadeführer]] [[Edmund Veesenmayer]]. With the Nazis now in control, the relative security from [[the Holocaust]] enjoyed by the Jews of Hungary came to an end. In April and May 1944, the Nazi regime and its accomplices began the mass deportation of Hungary's Jews to [[extermination camp]]s in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|German-occupied Poland]]. Under the personal leadership of [[Obersturmbannführer|SS-Obersturmbannführer]] [[Adolf Eichmann]], who was later tried and hanged in Israel for his role in the implementation of the Nazis' [[Final Solution]], deportations took place at a rate of 12,000 people per day.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/526.html |title= PROLOGUE: Roots of the Holocaust |page=526 |website= The Holocaust Chronicle |access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>
=== ''"Pimpernel" Smith'' screening ===
Wallenberg was directly inspired by ''[["Pimpernel" Smith]]'', a 1941 British anti-Nazi propaganda thriller.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/search/index_search.html |title=Yad Vashem database |access-date=12 February 2007 |publisher = [[Yad Vashem]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070207032351/http://www1.yadvashem.org/search/index_search.html |archive-date = 7 February 2007}}</ref> The film had been banned in Sweden, but Wallenberg and his sister, Nina, were invited to a private screening at the [[Embassy of the United Kingdom, Stockholm|British Embassy in Stockholm]]. Enthralled by Professor Smith (played by [[Leslie Howard]]), who saved twenty-eight Jews from the Nazis, Nina stated, "We thought the film was amazing. When we got up from our seats, Raoul said, ‘that is the kind of thing I would like to do’".<ref>Furlong, Ray. [http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/press/wallenberg-family-mark-centenary-with-plea-for-truth/ "Wallenberg family mark centenary with plea for truth."]. ''BBC News'', 8 August 2012. Retrieved: 31 January 2021.</ref>
===Recruitment by the War Refugee Board===
On 21 June, 1944, [[George Mantello]] received and immediately publicized two important reports given to him by Romanian diplomat [[Florian Manilou]], who had returned from a fact-finding trip to Romania and Budapest at Mantello's request. Manilou received material from [[Miklos "Moshe" Krausz]] in Budapest, who worked with [[Carl Lutz]] to rescue Jews. One of the reports was probably [[Rabbi]] [[Chaim Michael Dov Weissmandl]]'s abridged version of the 33-page [[Auschwitz Protocols]] (i.e., the [[Vrba–Wetzler report|Vrba-Wetzler]] and Rosin-Mordowicz reports). The reports described in detail the operations of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]] extermination camp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/saviors/diplomats/list/george-mandel-mantello-485/|title=George Mandel-Mantello| website= raoulwallenberg.net |publisher= The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation}}</ref> The second was a six-page Hungarian report that detailed the ghettoization and deportation of 435,000 Hungarian Jews, as updated to 19 June 1944, by towns, to Auschwitz.<ref name= "Kranzler2000p87">{{cite book| first= David |last= Kranzler |title=The Man Who Stopped the Trains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland's Finest Hour |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Cx3yenDCQC |year=2000 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-2873-6 |page=87}}</ref>
Mantello publicized the reports' findings immediately upon receipt. This resulted in large-scale grassroots protest in [[Switzerland]] against the unprecedented barbarism against Jews and led to Horthy being threatened by US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and UK Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]]. In a letter, Churchill wrote, "There is no doubt that this persecution of Jews in Hungary and their expulsion from enemy territory is probably the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world...."<ref>{{cite book| author-link= Winston Churchill| first= Winston |last= Churchill| chapter= Letter to Foreign Secretary |date= 11 July 1944| quote= There is no doubt that this persecution of Jews in Hungary and their expulsion from enemy territory is probably the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world....| url= http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/index.php?p=6855 | title= Winston Churchill's The Second World War and the Holocaust's Uniqueness| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070726035533/http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/index.php?p=6855 |archive-date= 26 July 2007 | editor-first= Istvan| editor-last= Simon| publisher= Stanford University}}</ref>
Following the report's publication, the Roosevelt administration turned to the newly created [[War Refugee Board]] (WRB) in search of a solution to the genocide against Jews. [[United States Department of the Treasury|US Treasury Department]] official [[Iver C. Olsen]] was dispatched to Stockholm as a representative of the WRB and tasked with putting together a plan to rescue the Jews of Hungary. In addition to his duties with the WRB, Olsen was also secretly employed as the chief of "[[Economic warfare|Currency Operations]]" for the Stockholm station of the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS), the United States' wartime espionage service.<ref name="angel spy" />
In search of someone willing and able to go to Budapest to organize a rescue program for the nation's Jews, Olsen established contact with a relief committee composed of many prominent [[History of the Jews in Sweden|Swedish Jews]] led by the Swedish Chief Rabbi [[Mordecai Ehrenpreis|Marcus Ehrenpreis]] to locate an appropriate person to travel to Budapest under diplomatic cover and lead the rescue operation.<ref name= JVL /> One member of the committee was Wallenberg's business associate [[Kálmán Lauer]].
The committee's first choice to lead the mission was Count [[Folke Bernadotte]], the vice-chairman of the Swedish [[Red Cross]] and a member of the [[Swedish Royal Family]]. When Bernadotte's proposed appointment was rejected by the Hungarians, Lauer suggested Wallenberg as a potential replacement.<ref name= JVL /> Olsen was introduced to Wallenberg by Lauer in June 1944 and came away from the meeting impressed and, shortly thereafter, appointed Wallenberg to lead the mission.<ref name= TWS/> Olsen's selection of Wallenberg met with objections from some US officials who doubted his reliability, in light of existing commercial relationships between businesses owned by the Wallenberg family and the German government. These differences were eventually overcome and the [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs]] agreed to the American request to assign Wallenberg to its [[legation]] in Budapest as part of an arrangement in which Wallenberg's appointment was granted in exchange for a lessening of American diplomatic pressure on neutral Sweden to curtail the nation's [[free-trade]] policies toward Germany.<ref name="angel spy" />
== Mission to Budapest ==
When Wallenberg reached the Swedish legation in Budapest on 9 July 1944, the intense Nazi campaign to deport the Jews of Hungary to Auschwitz had already been underway for several months. The transports from Hungary were halted with few exceptions by Miklós Horthy two days earlier in large part because he was warned by Roosevelt, Churchill, the King of Sweden and even the Pope after the very vocal Swiss grass roots protests against the mass murder in Auschwitz.<ref name="Kranzler2000p87"/> Between May and early July 1944, Eichmann and his associates deported more than 400,000 Jews by freight train. All but 15,000 were sent directly to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp in southern Poland.<ref name= JVL /> By the time of Wallenberg's arrival, there were only around 230,000 Jews remaining in Hungary. With fellow Swedish diplomat [[Per Anger]],<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Ilya |last=Garger |title=Milestones: Died. Per Anger. |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020909-346286,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160312173605/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C501020909-346286%2C00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= 2 September 2002 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |access-date=13 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Miklos "Moshe" Krausz]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/an-israeli-moshav-fills-in-the-blanks-on-a-wwii-rescue/|title = An Israeli moshav fills in the blanks on a WWII rescue|website = [[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> they issued "protective passports" (German: ''[[:de:Schutzpass|Schutzpass]]''), which identified the bearers as Swedish subjects awaiting repatriation and thus prevented their deportation. Although not legal, these documents looked official and were generally accepted by German and Hungarian authorities, who sometimes were also bribed.<ref name=NYT03301980/> The Swedish legation in Budapest also succeeded in negotiating with the German authorities so that the bearers of the protective passes would be treated as Swedish citizens and be exempt from having to wear the [[yellow badge]] required for Jews.<ref name=JVL/> When the German government said the travel passes were invalid, Wallenberg appealed for help from [[Baroness Elisabeth Kemény]], wife of Baron [[Gábor Kemény (politician, 1910–1946)|Gábor Kemény]], Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs in Budapest. She convinced her husband to have 9,000 passes honoured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/c6fa5d03d0c40bf271f4805b06626646| title= Hundreds Honor Wallenberg at Concert| website=APnewsarchive.com| access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>
With the money mostly raised for the War Refugee Board by American Jews, Wallenberg rented 32 buildings in Budapest and declared them to be [[extraterritorial]], protected by [[diplomatic immunity]]. He put up signs such as "The Swedish Library" and "The Swedish Research Institute" on their doors and hung oversized Swedish flags on the front of the buildings to bolster the deception. The buildings eventually housed almost 10,000 people.<ref name=TWS/>
Sandor Ardai, one of the drivers working for Wallenberg, recounted what Wallenberg did when he intercepted a trainload of Jews about to leave for Auschwitz:
{{blockquote|... he climbed up on the roof of the train and began handing in protective passes through the doors which were not yet sealed. He ignored orders from the Germans for him to get down, then the [[Arrow Cross Party|Arrow Cross]] men began shooting and shouting at him to go away. He ignored them and calmly continued handing out passports to the hands that were reaching out for them. I believe the Arrow Cross men deliberately aimed over his head, as not one shot hit him, which would have been impossible otherwise. I think this is what they did because they were so impressed by his courage. After Wallenberg had handed over the last of the passports he ordered all those who had one to leave the train and walk to the caravan of cars parked nearby, all marked in Swedish colours. I don't remember exactly how many, but he saved dozens off that train, and the Germans and Arrow Cross were so dumbfounded they let him get away with it.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/readings/wallenberg.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010913171830/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/readings/wallenberg.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 13 September 2001 |title= The Wallenberg Effect |work= [[The Journal of Leadership Studies]]| year= 1997| volume= 4| number= 3 |access-date= 11 August 2020}}</ref>}}
At the height of the program, more than 350 people were involved in the rescue of Jews in Budapest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rwallenberg-int.org/Programs/RW_Lesson_Secondary_2006/CHAPTER_4.htm |title=Wallenberg Legacy |access-date=14 February 2007 |publisher=Raoul Wallenberg International Movement for Humanity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010150631/http://www.rwallenberg-int.org/Programs/RW_Lesson_Secondary_2006/CHAPTER_4.htm |archive-date=10 October 2007 }}</ref> Sister [[Sára Salkaházi]] was caught sheltering Jewish women and was killed by members of the [[Arrow Cross Party]].
[[Tibor Baranski]] was a 22-year-old religious student who was recruited by [[Papal Nuncio]] Monsignor [[Angelo Rotta]] to help save Jews. Baranski, who posed as a Vatican representative, saved about 3,000 Jews. He collaborated with diplomats, including Wallenberg. He met with and talked with Wallenberg on the phone several times. Baranski described Wallenberg's motivation as "divinely human love." "We knew in a second we shared the same opinion … the same recklessness, the same determination, all through," said Baránszki.<ref name="kirst2">{{cite web |last1=Kirst |first1=Sean |title=Sean Kirst: He saved 3,000 Jews in World War II, now lives quietly in Buffalo |url=https://buffalonews.com/2017/08/27/sean-kirst-saving-thousands-holocaust-buffalo-man-honored-sweden/ |website=The Buffalo News |access-date=22 January 2019 |language=en-us |date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
Swiss diplomat [[Carl Lutz]] also issued protective passports from the Swiss embassy in the spring of 1944; and Italian businessman [[Giorgio Perlasca]] posed as a Spanish diplomat and issued forged visas.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/category/otherjuste/ |title= Lutz, Carl; Perlasca, Giorgio| first= Christopher| last= Gann| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160214155041/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/category/otherjuste/ |archive-date= 14 February 2016 }} Gann is the author of ''Raoul Wallenberg: So Viele Menschen Retten Wie Moglich'' (Germany, 2002). {{ISBN|3-423-30852-4}}</ref> Portuguese diplomats [[Carlos Sampaio Garrido|Sampaio Garrido]] and [[Carlos de Liz-Texeira Branquinho]] rented houses and apartments to shelter and protect refugees from deportation and murder and issued safe conducts to approximately 1,000 Hungarian Jews.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/wp-content/files_mf/1349882040ebooksparedlifes.pdf |title= ''Spared Lives: The Actions of Three Portuguese Diplomats in World War Documentary Exhibition, Catalogue'' | website= raoulwallenberg.net |publisher= The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation|access-date=9 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Milgram|first=Avraham |year=2011 |title=Portugal, Salazar, and the Jews |publisher= [[Yad Vashem]] |pages=324 |isbn= 9789653083875 }}</ref> Berber Smit (Barbara Hogg), the daughter of Lolle Smit (1892–1961), director of N.V. Philips Budapest and a Dutch spy working for the British [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]], later claimed to have been his girlfriend, also assisted Wallenberg, as did her son.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/raoul-wallenberg-girlfriend/ |title=Raoul's Girlfriend, also assisted Wallenberg, as did her son. :a Historical Footnote |last=McKay |first=C.G. |date=1 April 2008 |website=Raoul-wallenberg.eu |access-date=19 December 2017 |archive-date=14 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714135207/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/raoul-wallenberg-girlfriend/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24339683 |title=Clues surfacing in Wallenberg disappearance / WWII hero may have had ties to White House; other data to be released |agency= [[Associated Press]]| website= [[NBC News]] | first1= Arthur |last1= Max |first2= Randy |last2= Herschaft| date=27 April 2008 |access-date=17 May 2009}}</ref> However, she was temporarily engaged to Wallenberg's colleague [[Lars Berg]], and later married a Scottish officer;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Lolle-Smit.pdf|title=A Friend Indeed: The secret service of Lolle Smit|last=McKay|first=Craig Graham|date=August 2010|website=Raoul-wallenberg.eu|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> which has not dispelled claims that Wallenberg was homosexual.<ref>{{cite book| last= Keane| first= Elizabeth| title= Seán MacBride, A Life: From IRA Revolutionary to International Statesman| publisher= Gill & Macmillan | year= 2007| page= 222}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Norris| first= David | title= A Kick Against The Pricks: The Autobiography| publisher= Transworld Ireland| year= 2012| page= 264}}</ref>
Wallenberg started sleeping in a different house each night, to guard against being captured or killed by Arrow Cross Party members or by Adolf Eichmann's men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://raoulwallenberg.org/who/who.html |title=''Final Report of the War Refugee Board from Sweden'' |access-date=14 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205021752/http://www.raoulwallenberg.org/who/who.html |archive-date = 5 February 2007}}</ref> Two days before the Soviet Army occupied Budapest, Wallenberg negotiated with Eichmann and with Major-General [[Gerhard Schmidthuber]], the supreme commander of German forces in Hungary. Wallenberg bribed Arrow Cross Party member [[Pál Szalai]] to deliver a note in which Wallenberg persuaded the occupying Germans to prevent a Fascist plan to blow up the Budapest ghetto and murder an estimated 70,000 Jews. The note also persuaded the Germans to cancel a final effort to organize a [[Death marches (Holocaust)|death march]] of the remaining Jews in Budapest by threatening to have them prosecuted for war crimes once the war was over.<ref name=JVL /><ref name= NYT03301980/>
According to [[Giorgio Perlasca]], who posed as the Spanish [[Consul (representative)|consul-general]] to Hungary in the winter of 1944 and saved 5,218 [[Jews]], [[Pál Szalai]] lied to save his life during his criminal trial, and the history of the saving is different.<ref name="ushm">{{cite web| website= ushmm.org| publisher= [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]| url= https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn504674 |title= Oral history interview | first= Giorgio |last= Perlasca| date= 5 September 1990}}</ref><ref name="mixeritalia">{{cite news| title= Interview |interviewer= Enrico Deaglio | first= Giorgio |last= Perlasca| work= Mixer| publisher= [[Giovanni Minoli]], Rai| year= 1990}}</ref><ref name="varese">{{cite news| work= VareseNews.it| url= http://www.varesenews.it/2010/05/gli-uomini-giusti-muoiono-di-sabato/147029/ |language= it| title= Gli uomini giusti muoiono di sabato| date= 22 May 2010| trans-title= Righteous men die on the Sabbath }}</ref><ref name="mixerisraele">{{cite news| interviewer= Enrico Deaglio | first= Giorgio |last= Perlasca| work= Fondazione |title= Giorgio Perlasca – il mixer israeliano in ebraico| language= it| year= 1990}}</ref> Wallenberg (who was already dead at the time of Szalai's deposition) saved hundreds of people but was not directly involved in the plan to save the ghetto. While Perlasca was posing as the Spanish consul-general, he learned of the intention to burn down the ghetto. Shocked and incredulous, he asked for a direct hearing with the Hungarian interior minister Gábor Vajna, in the basement of the Budapest City Hall where he had his headquarters, and threatened legal and economic measures against the "3000 Hungarian citizens" (in fact, a much smaller number) declared by Perlasca as residents of Spain, and similar treatment to Hungarian residents in two Latin American republics, to force the minister to withdraw the project. This actually happened in the following days.<ref name="ushm" /><ref name="mixeritalia" /><ref name="varese" /><ref name="mixerisraele" />
The Swedish consulate building still exists as of 2025, on the hill behind the Hotel Gellért, with a reference to Wallenberg at the front.
==
[[File:Raoul Wallenberg Tel Aviv.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bronze statue of Raoul Wallenberg in Tel Aviv]]
On 29 October 1944, elements of the [[Steppe Front|2nd Ukrainian Front]] under Marshal [[Rodion Malinovsky]] launched an [[Budapest offensive|offensive against Budapest]]. By late December, the city had been encircled by Soviet forces. Despite this, the German commander of Budapest, [[Obergruppenfuhrer|SS Lieutenant General]] [[Karl Pfeffer-Wildenbruch]], refused all offers to surrender, setting in motion a protracted and bloody [[siege of Budapest]]. At the height of the fighting, on 17 January 1945, Wallenberg was called to General Malinovsky's headquarters in [[Debrecen]] to answer allegations that he was engaged in espionage.<ref name=WP12232000/><ref>{{cite news |title=Jews in Hungary Helped by Swede; Raoul Wallenberg, Architect, Credited With Leading Rescue of 20,000 From Nazis| page= 12 |newspaper= [[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1945 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1945/04/26/archives/jews-in-hungary-helped-by-swede-raoul-wallenberg-architect-credited.html| url-access= subscription}}</ref><ref name=SWRG/> According to the wife of Géza Soós, a ringleader of the Hungarian resistance who worked with Wallenberg, he used the opportunity to try to transport copies of the [[Auschwitz Protocols|Auschwitz Report]] to the interim Hungarian government in Debrecen.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/XQQ5h45z3ZA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210414052404/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQQ5h45z3ZA&t=125s Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web| title= Mint a Jézus Krisztus jó vitéze, part 2| date=27 August 2018 | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQQ5h45z3ZA&t=125s| via= YouTube| publisher= Fundamentum 93 Bt. |access-date= 20 May 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Wallenberg's last recorded words were, "I'm going to Malinovsky's ... whether as a guest or prisoner I do not know yet."<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809115,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160310004126/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C809115%2C00.html |title=Well Taken Care Of |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=18 February 1957 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |access-date=14 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Documents recovered in 1993 from previously secret Soviet military archives and published in the Swedish newspaper ''[[Svenska Dagbladet]]'' show that an order for Wallenberg's arrest was issued by [[Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)|Deputy Commissar for Defence]] (and future [[Soviet Premier]]) [[Nikolai Bulganin]] and transmitted to Malinovsky's headquarters on the day of Wallenberg's disappearance.<ref name="deseretnews">{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/271752/SOVIETS-MEMO-ORDERED-WALLENBERGS-ARREST.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023120857/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/271752/SOVIETS-MEMO-ORDERED-WALLENBERGS-ARREST.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title= Soviet's Memo Ordered Wallenberg's Arrest |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |date=25 January 1993 |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> In 2003, a review of Soviet wartime correspondences indicated that [[Vilmos Böhm]], a Hungarian politician who was also a [[Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies|Soviet intelligence]] agent, may have provided Wallenberg's name to [[SMERSH]] as a person to detain for possible involvement in espionage.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://raoulwallenberg.org/heroes/news/news_detail.asp?id=56 |title= Soviet double agent may have betrayed Wallenberg| website= raoulwallenberg.org| publisher= The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070209002900/http://raoulwallenberg.org/heroes/news/news_detail.asp?id=56 |archive-date= 9 February 2007 | agency= [[Reuters]]| date= 12 May 2003| access-date= 14 February 2007}}</ref>
Information about Wallenberg after his detention is mostly speculative; there were many who claimed to have met him during his imprisonment.<ref>See Braham, Randolph (2004): "Rescue Operations in Hungary: Myths and Realities", ''East European Quarterly'' 38(2): 173–203.</ref> Wallenberg was transported by train from
On
=== Death ===
On 6 February 1957, the Soviet government released a document dated 17 July 1947 that stated: "I report that the prisoner Wallenberg who is well-known to you, died suddenly in his cell this night, probably as a result of a heart attack or [[heart failure]]. Pursuant to the instructions given by you that I personally have Wallenberg under my care, I request approval to make an [[autopsy]] with a view to establishing cause of death.... I have personally notified the minister and it has been ordered that the body be [[cremation|cremated]] without autopsy."<ref name=chron3 /> The document was signed by Smoltsov, then the head of the Lubyanka prison infirmary, and addressed to [[Viktor Abakumov]], the Soviet minister of state security.<ref name=ROB /><ref name=NYT02151957>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1957/02/15/archives/germans-death-listed-soviet-notifies-the-red-cross-diplomat-died-in.html |title=German's Death Listed; Soviet Notifies the Red Cross Diplomat Died in Prison |newspaper= The New York Times |date=15 February 1957 | page= 9| access-date= 11 August 2020| url-access= subscription}}</ref> In 1989, Wallenberg's personal belongings were returned to his family, including his passport and cigarette case. Soviet officials said they found the materials when they were upgrading the shelves in a store room.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soviets Give Kin Wallenberg Papers |newspaper= The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/17/world/soviets-give-kin-wallenberg-papers.html| first= Esther B. | last= Fein |date=17 October 1989| access-date= 11 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=OSA>{{cite web|url= http://www.osa.ceu.hu/guide/rip/1/a.html|title= Raoul Wallenberg, Life and Work|access-date= 12 February 2007|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070114135351/http://www.osa.ceu.hu/guide/rip/1/a.html|archive-date= 14 January 2007|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
In 1991, [[Vyacheslav Nikonov]] was charged by the Russian government with investigating Wallenberg's fate. He concluded that Wallenberg died in 1947, executed while a prisoner in Lubyanka.<ref name="Jonathan Brent 2008">{{cite book |first=Jonathan |last=Brent |title=Inside the Stalin Archives |publisher=Atlas and Co |year=2008}}</ref> He may have been a victim of the C-2 poison ([[carbylamine-choline-chloride]]) tested at the [[poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services]].<ref>
{{Cite book
| last = Fedorov | first = L.A.
| date = 2005
| title = Советское биологическое оружие: история, экология, политика
| trans-title = The Soviet biological weapons: history, ecology, politics
| url = http://www.seu.ru/cci/lib/books/bioweapon/4/02.htm
| language = ru
| ___location = Moscow}}</ref>
In August 2016, new information about Wallenberg's death came to light when the diary of [[KGB]] head [[Ivan Serov]] surfaced after Serov's granddaughter found the diary hidden in a wall of her house. "I have no doubts that Wallenberg was liquidated in 1947," Serov wrote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2016/08/07/news-opinion/world/ex-kgb-heads-diaries-shed-more-light-on-death-of-raoul-wallenberg| title= Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish Holocaust hero, executed in Soviet prison, diaries reveal|date=7 August 2016|website= JTA.org| publisher= Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/07/world/europe/from-a-dacha-wall-a-clue-to-raoul-wallenbergs-cold-war-fate.html|title=From a Dacha Wall, a Clue to Raoul Wallenberg's Cold War Fate|last=Macfarquhar|first=Neil|date=6 August 2016 |newspaper= The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=8 August 2016}}</ref>
=== Disputes about his death ===
[[File:Woollahra-NSW-Raoul-Wallenberg-plaque-May-2020.jpg|thumb|A plaque in Wallenberg's honour in [[Woollahra, New South Wales|Woollahra]], [[New South Wales]] that claims that, as of 1985, he was "still behind prison bars in the U.S.S.R."]]
Several former prisoners have claimed to have seen Wallenberg after his reported death in 1947.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4181427.stm|title=Search for Swedish Holocaust hero|date=17 January 2005|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In February 1949, former German Colonel [[Theodor von Dufving]], a [[prisoner of war]], provided statements concerning Wallenberg. In the transit camp of [[Kirov, Kirov Oblast|Kirov]], while being moved to [[Vorkuta]], Dufving encountered a prisoner dressed in civilian clothes with his own special guard. The prisoner claimed that he was a Swedish diplomat and said he was there "through a great error".<ref name= chron3>{{cite web| url= http://www.raoulwallenberg.org/who/stone.html |title= Chronology – Who is Raoul Wallenberg?| website= raoulwallenberg.org| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081010185251/http://www.raoulwallenberg.org/who/stone.html| archive-date= 10 October 2008| publisher= The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States| access-date= 19 September 2008}}</ref>
[[Nazi hunter]] [[Simon Wiesenthal]] searched for Wallenberg and collected several testimonies. For example, British businessman [[Greville Wynne]], who was imprisoned in the Lubyanka prison in 1962 for his connection to [[KGB]] [[defector]] [[Oleg Penkovsky]], stated that he had talked to, but could not see the face of, a man who claimed to be a Swedish diplomat.<ref name="Alan Levy 20032">{{cite book|title=Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File| last= Levy| first= Alan| publisher= Robinson| year=2003|___location=London}}</ref> Efim (or Yefim) Moshinsky claims to have seen Wallenberg on [[Wrangel Island]] in 1962.<ref name= "mystery lives 164">{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eFDNcB4NGdQC|title=Raoul Wallenberg: The Mystery Lives On| last= Rosenfeld| first= Harvey| publisher= iUniverse| year= 2005| isbn= 978-0-595-35544-0|page=164}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Raoul Wallenberg Is Alive! The Amazing Autobiography of the KGB Officer Who Arrested Him in 1945| last= Moshinsky| first= Efim| publisher= Rescue Publishing |year= 1987| ___location= Jerusalem}}</ref> An eyewitness asserted that she had seen Wallenberg in the 1960s in a Soviet prison where she worked.<ref name="AP 0428082">{{cite news| url= https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-04-28-4012326126_x.htm | first1= Arthur |last1= Max |first2= Randy |last2= Herschaft| title= Scholars run down more clues to abiding Holocaust mystery| agency= Associated Press |work= [[USA Today]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090226225733/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-04-28-4012326126_x.htm| archive-date= 26 February 2009| date= 28 April 2008| url-status= live| access-date= 11 August 2020| quote= In December 1993, investigator Marvin Makinen of the University of Chicago interviewed Varvara Larina, a retiree who began working as an orderly at Moscow's Vladimir Prison in 1946.}}</ref>
During a private conversation about the conditions of detention in Soviet prisons at a Communist Party reception in the mid-1970s, a KGB general is reported to have said that "conditions could not be that harsh, given that in Lubyanka prison there is some foreign prisoner who had been there now for almost three decades."<ref name="Alan Levy 20032" />
The last reported sightings of Wallenberg were by two independent witnesses who said they had evidence that he was in prison in November 1987.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE1D71439F93BA1575BC0A966958260|title=Soviets Open Prisons and Records to Inquiry on Wallenberg's Fate |last= Keller| first= Bill| date= 28 August 1990 |newspaper= The New York Times |access-date=13 February 2007}}</ref> John Farkas was a [[resistance fighter]] during World War II and was the last man claiming to have seen Wallenberg alive. Farkas' son has stated that there have been sightings of Wallenberg "up into the 1980s in Soviet prisons and [[psychiatric hospital]]s."<ref name="SMH2">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/man-who-rescued-jews-becomes-australias-first-honorary-citizen-20130506-2j2yr.html|title=Man who rescued Jews becomes Australia's first honorary citizen| last= Ireland| first= Judith| date=6 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref>
=== Attempts to find Wallenberg ===
In the late 1970s, [[Tom Lantos#Personal and family life|Annette Lantos]], one of the people rescued by Wallenberg, established the International Free Wallenberg Committee to pressure the Soviet Union into providing answers about his disappearance. She later tried to enlist US President [[Jimmy Carter]] to seek further information by sending in a postcard to the ''Ask President Carter'' radio show and by working with Simon Wiesenthal and [[Jack Anderson (columnist)|Jack Anderson]] to tell Wallenberg's story through a ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' column.
Noticing these efforts and angry that Sweden had not gone far enough in their efforts to find Wallenberg, [[Nina Lagergren]], Wallenberg's half-sister, traveled to the United States to campaign with Lantos. The efforts of Lantos and Lagergren eventually led to the creation of the Free Wallenberg Committee in Congress, led by [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan|Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan]], whose goal was to determine what happened to Wallenberg. Lantos' husband and fellow Holocaust survivor, [[Tom Lantos|Tom]], later continued the congressional push for answers regarding Wallenberg after being elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in 1980.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title= Unlikely Heroes: The Place of Holocaust Rescuers in Research and Teaching|last1=Kohen|first1=Ari|last2=Steinacher|first2=Gerald J.|publisher=Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska|year=2019|___location=Lincoln, Nebraska|pages=110–138}}</ref>
==== Honorary citizenship ====
One of Tom Lantos' first acts as a representative in Congress was to recognize Wallenberg as an [[Honorary citizenship of the United States|honorary American citizen]]. After being told by President Carter that the Soviet Union would not answer questions to America about a non-American citizen, Lantos worked with Senator Moynihan to pass a bill recognizing Wallenberg as such. The effort grew as ''[[60 Minutes]]'' aired a piece on Wallenberg while the resolution was moving through Congress. Newly elected [[Ronald Reagan|President Ronald Reagan]] watched the program and joined Lantos and Moynihan in pushing for the resolution to pass. It eventually passed by a 396–2 vote and was quickly signed into law by Reagan, making Wallenberg the second person in history ([[Winston Churchill]] being the first) to be made an honorary American citizen by an [[act of Congress]].<ref name=":0" />
With his citizenship now granted, the Wallenberg family successfully sued the Soviet Union in 1984 in an American Federal District Court over his disappearance for $39 million, or $1 million per year that Wallenberg's fate has been unknown.<ref>{{cite web |author1=UPI |title=DIPLOMAT'S FAMILY SUES SOVIET |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/03/us/diplomat-s-family-sues-soviet.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=8 November 2024 |date=3 February 1984 |quote=The family of Raoul Wallenberg ...filed a $39 million lawsuit against the Soviet Union today, demanding that the Russians tell what happened to him.}}</ref> However, the Soviet Union ignored the suit and did not pay any of the damages awarded by the judge. They also did not offer any information into his disappearance.<ref name=":0" />
==== Efforts outside America ====
Raoul Wallenberg's half-brother, [[Guy von Dardel]],<ref name="profdardel2">{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/dardel/l|title=La soeur de Raoul Wallenberg se rendra à Moscou|work=Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|access-date=30 March 2016|date=27 August 1989}}</ref> a well-known physicist, retired from [[CERN]] and dedicated the rest of his life to finding out his half-brother's fate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/dardel/List|title=List of documents in Russian archives and relevant to the Wallenberg case|work=Searching for Raoul Wallenberg|access-date=30 March 2016|date=17 January 1945}}</ref> He traveled to the Soviet Union about fifty times for discussions and research, including an examination of the Vladimir prison records.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.arikaplan.com/speech/wallenberg.pdf| first1= Marvin W.| last1= Makinen | first2= Ari D.| last2= Kaplan |title= Cell Occupancy Analysis of Korpus 2 of the Vladimir Prison |website= arikaplan.com |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165320/http://www.arikaplan.com/speech/wallenberg.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Over the years, von Dardel compiled a 50,000-page archive of interviews, journal articles, letters, and other documents related to his quest.<ref name="WSJ2009-02-28">{{cite news |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123207264405288683|title=The Wallenberg Curse: The Search for the Missing Holocaust Hero Began in 1945. The Unending Quest Tore His Family Apart |last= Prager| first= Joshua |date=28 February 2009|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=4 March 2009}}</ref> In 1991, Dardel initiated a Swedish-Russian working group<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/report-on-the-activities-of-the-russian-swedish-working-group-for-determining-the-fate-of-raoul-wallenberg-1991-2000-2/|title=Searching for Raoul Wallenberg – Report on the activities of the Russian-Swedish working group for determining the Fate of Raoul Wallenberg (1991–2000)|website=Raoul-wallenberg.eu|access-date=2014-09-21|date=2000-10-25|archive-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414100108/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/articles/report-on-the-activities-of-the-russian-swedish-working-group-for-determining-the-fate-of-raoul-wallenberg-1991-2000-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> to search eleven separate military and government archives from the former Soviet Union for information about Wallenberg's fate, but the group was not able to find useful information.<ref name= "SWRG2">{{cite book| url= http://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/3e3f2d0450024d088676560dc3509f05/raoul-wallenberg---report-of-the-swedish-russian-working-group |title= Raoul Wallenberg: report of the Swedish-Russian working group |publisher= Ministry for Foreign Affairs [Utrikesdep.], Regeringskansliet |year= 2000 |isbn= 978-91-7496-230-7|editor-last1= Palmklint|editor-first1= Ingrid|series= Ministry for Foreign Affairs. New Series II, 0562-8881; 52| ___location=Stockholm|id={{LIBRIS|7645089}} |access-date= 13 February 2007 |editor-last2= Larsson| editor-first2= Daniel}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://info.jpost.com/C001/Supplements/Shoah/hol_Missing.html|title=Missing in Action: Raoul Wallenberg |newspaper= [[Jerusalem Post]] |url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070127084222/http://info.jpost.com/C001/Supplements/Shoah/hol_Missing.html|archive-date=27 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.raoul-wallenberg.asso.fr/wallenberg_coun/sweden/swe.html |title= Excerpt from 1993 working group session| website= raoul-wallenberg.asso.fr| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043323/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.asso.fr/wallenberg_coun/sweden/swe.html| archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Many, including von Dardel and his daughters, Louise and Marie, do not accept the various versions of Wallenberg's death. They continue to request that the archives in Russia, Sweden, and Hungary become available to impartial researchers.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
==== Present-day attempts ====
In 2012, Russian [[lieutenant general]] Vasily Khristoforov, head of the registration branch of the [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|Russian Federal Security Service]], said that the Wallenberg case was still open. He also dismissed any allegation of a continuing cover-up, saying that "this is another state and a different special service" from the Soviet Union and the services in charge of holding Wallenberg.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nola.com/newsflash/index.ssf/story/russia-says-the-wallenberg-case-is-still/c7372c74d2a9436db517116e0d506033|title=Russia says the Wallenberg case is still open (link broken) |date= 29 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times-Picayune]]|access-date=30 May 2012|url-status= dead| archive-url= https://archive.today/20130130020912/http://www.nola.com/newsflash/index.ssf/story/russia-says-the-wallenberg-case-is-still/c7372c74d2a9436db517116e0d506033 |archive-date= 30 January 2013| edition= Saint Tammany |___location=New Orleans|page=A7}}</ref>
===Declared dead ''in absentia''===
On 29 March 2016, an announcement was made by the [[Swedish Tax Agency]] that a petition to have Wallenberg [[Declared death in absentia|declared dead ''in absentia'']] was submitted. It stated that if he did not report to the Tax Agency before 14 October 2016, he would be legally declared dead.<ref name="inabsentia2">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressen.se/dinapengar/raoul-wallenberg-begars-dodsforklarad/|title=Raoul Wallenberg begärs dödförklarad| last1= Eriksson |first1= Martin|last2=Töpffer|first2=Michael|date=29 March 2016|language=sv|trans-title=Petition to declare Raol Wallenberg dead| access-date= 31 March 2016 |newspaper=[[Expressen]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.svd.se/raoul-wallenberg-kommer-dodforklaras-i-host|title=Raoul Wallenberg begärs dödförklarad |last1= Svensson |first1= Frida|date=29 March 2016|language=sv|trans-title=Petition to declare Raol Wallenberg dead|access-date=31 March 2016|newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]]}}</ref>
Wallenberg was declared dead legally in October 2016, as announced through the petition. Consistent with the approach used in other cases where the circumstances of death were not known, the Swedish tax agency recorded the date of his death as 31 July 1952, five years after he went missing.<ref name="BBCNews_201610312">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37824692|title=Sweden declares Holocaust hero Raoul Wallenberg officially dead|date=31 October 2016| work=BBC News |access-date=31 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Expressen2">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/raoul-wallenberg-dodforklarad/ |title= Raoul Wallenberg har förklarats död| language= sv| newspaper= Expressen.se| date= 31 October 2016| first= Karl Enn |last= Henricsson| access-date= 11 August 2020}}</ref>
==Intelligence connections==
In May 1996, the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) released thousands of previously classified documents regarding Raoul Wallenberg, in response to requests filed under the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]].<ref name="angel spy" /> The documents, along with an investigation conducted by the news magazine ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', seemingly confirmed the long-held suspicion that Wallenberg had served as an American [[Asset (intelligence)|intelligence asset]] during his time in Hungary. Wallenberg's name appeared on a roster found in the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]<ref name="angel spy">{{cite web| url= https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/960513/archive_009540_4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112011248/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/960513/archive_009540_4.htm |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead |title=The Angel Was a Spy | first1= Charles |last1= Fenyvesi | first2= Victoria |last2= Pope| date= 5 May 1996 | work= [[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> which listed the names of operatives associated with the CIA's wartime predecessor, the [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS). The documents also included a 1954 memo from an anonymous CIA source that identified a Hungarian-exile living in Stockholm who, according to the author: "assisted in inserting Wallenberg into Hungary during WWII as an agent of OSS".<ref name="angel spy" /> Another declassified memorandum written in 1990 by the curator of the CIA's [[CIA Library|Historical Intelligence Collection]], William Henhoeffer, characterized the conclusion that Wallenberg was working for the OSS while in Budapest as being "essentially correct".<ref name="angel spy" />
Of more significance was a communique transmitted by the [[Secret Intelligence Branch|OSS Secret Intelligence Branch]] in [[Bari]], Italy on 7 November 1944. This message apparently acknowledged that Wallenberg was acting as a [[liaison officer|liaison]] between the OSS and ''[[Magyar Fuggetlensegi Mozgalom]]'' (the Hungarian Independence Movement or MFM), an underground [[Resistance during World War II|anti-Nazi resistance organization]] operating in Budapest.<ref name="raoulwallenberg3">{{cite web |url= http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/news/raoul-wallenberg-s-unexplored/|title=Raoul Wallenberg's Unexplored Intelligence Connections in Hungary | date= 2 August 2007| first= Susanne |last= Berger | publisher= The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation |website= raoulwallenberg.net |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> The OSS message noted Wallenberg's contacts with {{ill|Géza Soos|hu|Soos Géza}}, a high-ranking MFM member. The communique further explained that Soos "may only be contacted" through the Swedish legation in Budapest, which was Wallenberg's workplace and also served as the operational center for his attempts to aid the [[Hungarian Jews]]. The same message's assertion that Wallenberg "will know if he (Soos) is not in Budapest" is also curious, in that by November 1944 Soos was in hiding and knowledge of his whereabouts would have been available only to persons closely involved with the MFM.<ref name="angel spy" /> This conclusion is given further weight by additional evidence<ref name="angel spy" /> suggesting that secret communications between the MFM and US intelligence were being transmitted to Washington by the Stockholm office of [[Iver C. Olsen]], the American OSS operative who initially recruited Wallenberg to go to Budapest in June 1944.
This particular disclosure gave rise to speculation that, in addition to his attempts to rescue the Hungarian Jews, Wallenberg may have also been engaged in a separate effort intended to undermine [[Government of National Unity (Hungary)|Hungary's pro-Nazi government]] on behalf of the OSS.<ref name="angel spy" /> If true, this would seem to add some credence to the potential explanation that it was his association with [[Western Bloc|Western]] intelligence that led to Wallenberg being targeted by [[NKVD|Soviet authorities]] in January 1945.<ref name="angel spy" />
Several other humanitarians who had helped refugees during World War II accordingly disappeared behind the [[Iron Curtain]] in the period 1949–50, several years after Wallenberg's disappearance. OSS ties may have been of interest to the Soviets, but are not a complete explanation because some of those detained, i.e. Hermann Field and Herta Field, had not worked for the OSS. All of these humanitarians, however, like Wallenberg, had interacted with many anti-fascist and socialist refugees during the War, and this experience was used in the Stalin regime's factional politics and show trials.<ref>{{cite book |last=Subak |first=Susan Elisabeth |title= Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers Who Defied the Nazis |publisher= University of Nebraska Press |year= 2010 |pages=342 |isbn=978-0803225251}}</ref>
== Family ==
{{main|Wallenberg family}}
In 2009, reporter [[Joshua Harris Prager|Joshua Prager]] wrote an article in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' profiling the long-term toll that Raoul Wallenberg's disappearance had on his family. His mother Maj and his stepfather Fredrik von Dardel spent the rest of their lives searching for their son. They both died by suicide, overdosing on pills two days apart in 1979. Their daughter, Nina Lagergren, Raoul's half-sister, attributed their suicide to their despair about never finding their son. Lagergren and Raoul's half-brother Guy von Dardel established organizations and worked to find their brother or confirmation of his death. At the request of their parents, they were to assume he was alive until the year 2000.<ref name="WSJ2009-02-28"/>
During the war, the Wallenberg bank, [[Stockholms Enskilda Bank]], collaborated with the German government. [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] [[Henry Morgenthau Jr.]] considered [[Jacob Wallenberg (1892–1980)|Jacob Wallenberg]] strongly pro-German, and in 1945, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] subjected the Bank to a blockade from engaging in business in the United States that was only lifted in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.jta.org/1989/11/08/archive/authors-claim-wallenberg-family-assisted-nazis-in-banking-deals| title= Authors Claim Wallenberg Family Assisted Nazis in Banking Deals| date= 8 November 1989 |website= JTA.org| publisher= Jewish Telegraphic Agency|access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gowland|first=Rob|date=19 June 1996|title=Banks' nazi connections exposed |journal=The Guardian (Socialist Party of Australia)}}</ref> Author [[Alan Lelchuk]] who interviewed, amongst others, Wallenberg's KGB interrogator, wrote a novel that imagines the more powerful of the family may have chosen not to use their influence to locate Raoul as it could have drawn attention to their misdeeds, and they may have considered him an embarrassment, not only for being a man of morality, but his possible homosexuality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tikkun.org/nextgen/fiction-as-a-means-to-uncover-the-truth|title=Fiction as a Means to Uncover the Truth|date=9 July 2015 |access-date=13 August 2016}}</ref>
==
[[File:Raoul Wallenberg memorial London.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bronze statue of Raoul Wallenberg at London near [[Marble Arch]]]]
==
{{main|List of honours dedicated to Raoul Wallenberg}}
A considerable number of honours, memorials and statues have been dedicated to the memory of Wallenberg. Among them, the [[International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation]], a non-governmental organization which researches Holocaust rescuers and advocates for their recognition, was named in his honor.
===Wallenberg myth===
In a 2004 paper, Hungarian historian and Holocaust survivor [[Randolph L. Braham]] discussed the mythologizing of Wallenberg's rescue activities. Braham notes that Wallenberg's rescue activities did not start in earnest until the [[Arrow Cross coup]] in October 1944, and reached their greatest proportions during the siege. He found that through personal heroism and diplomatic support, Wallenberg managed to save about 7,000 to 9,000 Jews. However, during the [[Cold War]], his death was exploited in Western anti-Soviet propaganda; in order to make the "Soviet crime" seem worse, his rescue operations were greatly exaggerated. Wallenberg was incorrectly identified as the savior of all Jews in Budapest, or at least 100,000 of them, in official statements as well as many popular books and documentaries. As a result, the rescue efforts of other agents in Budapest have been marginalized or ignored.<ref name="Braham">{{cite journal |last1=Braham |first1=Randolph L. |author-link1=Randolph L. Braham |title=Rescue Operations in Hungary: Myths and Realities |journal=East European Quarterly |date=2004 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=183–184 |language=en}}</ref>
Israeli historian [[Yehuda Bauer]], who puts the number of lives saved by Wallenberg at 4,500, states Lutz and other neutral emissaries saved more Jews, but Wallenberg was the only one who frequently confronted the Nazis and their Arrow Cross accomplices. Although "fact and fiction mixed" in the testimony of Jewish survivors about Wallenberg after the war, Bauer writes, Wallenberg's "fame was certainly justified by his extraordinary exploits". Bauer also points out that the focus on heroic actions taken by Wallenberg and other non-Jewish rescuers obscures the heroism of Jews who also carried out rescue actions in Budapest in the final months and were forgotten after liberation. According to Bauer, Wallenberg had a modest personality and would have rejected fictionalized anecdotes and exaggerated totals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bauer |first1=Yehuda |author-link=Yehuda Bauer |title=Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945 |date=1994 |___location=New Haven |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300059137 |language=en |pages=[https://archive.org/details/jewsforsalenazij00baue/page/234 234, 238–239] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsforsalenazij00baue/page/234 }}</ref>
===In popular culture===
[[File:P090413PS-0577 (12241511983).jpg|thumb|US President [[Barack Obama]] and Swedish Prime Minister [[Fredrik Reinfeldt]] viewing possessions of Wallenberg at the [[Great Synagogue of Stockholm]], September 2013]]
==== Film ====
A number of films have been made of Wallenberg's life, including the 1985 made-for-television movie ''[[Wallenberg: A Hero's Story]]'' (1985), starring [[Richard Chamberlain]], the 1990 Swedish production ''[[Good Evening, Mr. Wallenberg]]'', featuring [[Stellan Skarsgård]], and various documentaries,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3.osaarchivum.org/secondlife/filmography.html |title=Raoul Wallenberg in film |publisher=[[Blinken Open Society Archives]] |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> such as ''Raoul Wallenberg: Buried Alive'' (1984), the [[AACTA Awards|AFI Award]]-winning ''Raoul Wallenberg, Between The Lines'' (1985) and ''Searching for Wallenberg'' (2003). He also appears in the Spanish television series ''[[El ángel de Budapest]]'' and is played by [[Iván Fenyő]] - the series features relatives and the Winnipeg lawyer still piloting inquiries into his case, and was released in Canada and broadcast on the Bravo! network.
==== Art ====
Wallenberg is featured prominently in the work of painter and Holocaust survivor [[Alice Lok Cahana]] whose father was saved by Wallenberg.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}
==== Music ====
* "Wallenberg" (1982) is a track by ''The (Hypothetical) Prophets'', a band project of [[Bernard Szajner]].
* "Raoul Wallenberg" (1991) is a track on the album ''[[Rude Awakening (Andy Irvine album)|Rude Awakening]]'' by [[Andy Irvine (musician)|Andy Irvine]].
==== Opera ====
* ''[[Wallenberg (opera)|Wallenberg]]''. Opera premiered at the [[Opernhaus Dortmund]] on 5 May 2001.<ref name="Estonia1">{{cite web |url= http://www.emic.ee/performances-of-erkki-sven-tuurs-opera--wallenberg--in-germany|title=News|website=Emic.ee|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Estonia3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/sandH/2009/jan-jun09/wallenberg0506.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061435/http://www.musicweb-international.com/sandH/2009/jan-jun09/wallenberg0506.htm|url-status=dead|title=Erkki-Sven Tüür, Wallenberg: at the Estonian National Opera, Tallinn, 5.6.2009 (GF)| archive-date=4 March 2016|website=www.musicweb-international.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.operundtanz.de/archiv/2001/04/bericht-dortmund.shtml|title=Oper & Tanz 2001/04: Berichte, Uraufführung von Tüürs 'Wallenberg' in Dortmund|website=Operundteanz.de|access-date=30 March 2016}}<br/>{{cite web | url= http://www.staatstheater.karlsruhe.de/media/programmheft/Programmheft_WALLENBERG_01.pdf | title= Wallenberg Programm | publisher= Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe | website= Staatstheater.karlsruhe.de | access-date= 11 August 2020 | archive-date= 2 April 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162559/http://www.staatstheater.karlsruhe.de/media/programmheft/Programmheft_WALLENBERG_01.pdf | url-status= dead }}</ref>
** Composer [[Erkki-Sven Tüür]], libretto by [[:de:Lutz Hübner|Lutz Hübner]]
* ''Raoul''. Opera premiered at the [[Theater Bremen]] on 21 February 2008.<ref name="Gershon1">{{cite web|url=http://www.operacompetition.hu/english.asp?id=33|title=Hasznos infók egy helyen|work=Operacompetition.hu|access-date=30 March 2016|archive-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728054348/http://www.operacompetition.hu/english.asp?id=33|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Gershon2">{{cite web |url= http://njjewishnews.com/article/9112/holocaust-education-fund-to-honor-raoul-wallenberg| title=Holocaust education fund to honor Raoul Wallenberg |work=New Jersey Jewish News | first= Johanna R.| last= Ginsberg| date= 18 April 2012 |access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>
** Composer [[Gershon Kingsley]], libretto by [[Michael Kunze]]
==See also==
* [[List of unsolved deaths]]
* [[Individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust]]
* [[Chiune Sugihara]]
* [[Ho Feng-Shan]]
* [[Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights]]
* [[Raoul Wallenberg International Movement for Humanity]]
*[[Scandinavian theatre of World War II]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last1=Åmark |first1=Klas |date=2016 |title=Förövarna bestämmer villkoren: Raoul Wallenberg och de internationella hjälpaktionerna i Budapest |publisher=Albert Bonniers Förlag |isbn=978-91-0-015410-3 |language=sv}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Barker |first1=J. Craig |date=January 2012 |title=The Function of Diplomatic Missions in Times of Armed Conflict or Foreign Armed Intervention |url=http://researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk/1874/1/Barker%27s%20Wallenberg%20Article%20-%20Amended%20Final%20Draft.docx |format=DOCX |journal=Nordic Journal of International Law |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=387–406 |doi=10.1163/15718107-08104001}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Carlberg |first1=Ingrid |author-link1=Ingrid Carlberg |title=Raoul Wallenberg: The Heroic Life and Mysterious Disappearance of the Man Who Saved Thousands of Hungarian Jews from the Holocaust |date=2016 |publisher=Quercus |isbn=978-1-68144-524-3}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dick |first1=Michael |editor1-last=Kohen |editor1-first=Ari |date=2019 |chapter=Raoul Wallenberg: The Making of an American Hero |title=Unlikely Heroes: The Place of Holocaust Rescuers in Research and Teaching |___location=Lincoln, NE |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |pages=110–138 |isbn=978-1-4962-0892-7}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jangfeldt |first1=Bengt |title=The Hero of Budapest: The Triumph and Tragedy of Raoul Wallenberg |date=2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-332-1 |language=en}}
* Levine, Paul A. (2010). ''Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest: Myth, History and Holocaust''. London: Valentine Mitchell.
* {{Cite book |last1=Levine |first1=Paul A. |author-link1=Paul A. Levine |year=2013 |editor1-last=Byström |editor1-first=Mikael |editor2-last=Frohnert |editor2-first=Pär |title=Reaching a State of Hope: Refugees, Immigrants and the Swedish Welfare State, 1930-2000 |publisher=Nordic Academic Press |isbn=978-91-87351-23-5 |language=en |chapter=Raoul Wallenberg and Swedish Humanitarian Policy in Budapest}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=Paul A. |title=One Day During the Holocaust: An Analysis of Raoul Wallenberg's 'Budapest Report' of 12 September 1944 |journal=Holocaust Studies |date=2005 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=84–104 |doi=10.1080/17504902.2005.11087157|s2cid=160450174}}
* Marton, Kati (1995). ''Wallenberg: Missing Hero''. Little, Brown and Company. {{ISBN|1-55970-276-1}}.
* {{Cite journal |last1=Matz |first1=Johan |date=Summer 2012 |title=Sweden, the United States, and Raoul Wallenberg's Mission to Hungary in 1944 |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=97–148 |doi=10.1162/JCWS_a_00249|s2cid=57571872}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Matz |first1=Johan |date=2013 |title=Cables in Cipher, the Raoul Wallenberg Case and Swedish–Soviet Diplomatic Communication 1944–1947 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of History |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=344–366 |doi=10.1080/03468755.2013.785016|s2cid=143337082}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Matz |first1=Johan |date=2015 |title=Foreign Policy Analysis and the Study of the Diplomatic History of the Raoul Wallenberg Case |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=424–445 |doi=10.1080/09592296.2015.1067519|s2cid=154063994}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Matz |first1=Johan |date=January 2016 |title=Did Raoul Wallenberg Try to Leave Budapest in January 1945 with Jewelry and 15–20 KG of Gold Hidden in the Gasoline Tank of His Car? On Sensationalism in Popular History and Soviet Disinformation |journal=Journal of Intelligence History |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=17–41 |doi=10.1080/16161262.2015.1079967|s2cid=159581101}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Matz |first1=Johan |date=2019 |title=Stalin's Double-Edged Game: Soviet Bureaucracy and the Raoul Wallenberg Case, 1945–1952 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-0920-5 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Noll |first1=Gregor |date=2006 |chapter=From Protective Passports to Protected Entry Procedures? The Legacy of Raoul Wallenberg in the Contemporary Asylum Debate |editor1-last=Grimheden |editor1-first=Jonas |editor2-last=Ring |editor2-first=Rolf |title=Human Rights Law: From Dissemination to Application: Essays in Honour of Göran Melander |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-0981-6 |pages=237–249 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Schult |first1=T. |title=A Hero's Many Faces: Raoul Wallenberg in Contemporary Monuments |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-23699-8 |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Weintraub |first1=B. |title=Five Chemists Whose Lives Were Saved by Raoul Wallenberg |journal=Bulletin of the Israel Chemical Society |date=December 2009 |issue=4 |pages=52–57 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OGlAYcMw5rf0qrrjnUrQ8x9tF4SunWW5U9ig547_sXR5cXAARn0ZKcdCPbs_/edit}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Zander |first1=Ulf |title=Raoul Wallenberg: Life and Legacy |date=2024 |publisher=Lund University Press |isbn=9-789198-557800 |language=en}}
== External links ==
{{commons category|Raoul Wallenberg}}
* [http://www.raoulwallenberg.net The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation]
* [http://raoulwallenberg.org The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States]
* [http://heritage.umich.edu/story/wallenberg-at-michigan/ Wallenberg at Michigan – University of Michigan Heritage Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100407210933/http://www.raoul-wallenberg.eu/home/ Searching for Raoul Wallenberg]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131026063357/http://www.hearthasreasons.com/bibliography.php Holocaust Rescuers Bibliography with information and links to a variety of books about Raoul Wallenberg]
* [http://www.wallenberg.umich.edu/ University of Michigan Wallenberg Committee]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609074758/http://www.wallenberg.umich.edu/ |date=9 June 2010 }}
* {{cite web| url= http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2010/03/dr-paul-levine-raoul-wallenberg-in-budapest-myth-history-and-holocaust/| first= Paul| last= Levine| title= Raoul Wallenberg in Budapest: Myth, History and Holocaust| date= 8 March 2010| via= backdoorbroadcasting.net| format= lecture| access-date= 11 March 2010| archive-date= 22 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101122135403/http://backdoorbroadcasting.net/2010/03/dr-paul-levine-raoul-wallenberg-in-budapest-myth-history-and-holocaust/| url-status= dead}}
{{Raoul Wallenberg}}
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