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{{Short description|Portmanteau that criticizes California-style urban sprawl}}
{{Other uses|Californication (disambiguation){{!}}Californication}}
[[File:Californication.svg|thumb|Californication]]
'''''Californication''''' is a [[portmanteau]] of [[California]] and [[fornication]], appearing in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' on May 6, 1966<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901889,00.html?internalid=atb100 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111175659/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901889,00.html?internalid=atb100 | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 11, 2007 | magazine=Time | title=Books: Nosepicking Contests | date=May 6, 1966 | accessdate=April 28, 2010}}</ref> and written about on August 21, 1972, additionally seen on [[bumper sticker]]s in the [[U.S. state]]s of [[Idaho]],<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE3DD1E3FF933A05756C0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=4
| title = Eastward, Ho! The Great Move Reverses
| author = Timothy Egan
| newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
| date = May 30, 1993
| accessdate =November 22, 2007
}}</ref> [[Washington (state)|Washington]],<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.slate.com/id/2133
| title = Kiss My Tan Line: How Californians saved Seattle
| author = Robert Ferrigno
| work = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]
| date = November 1, 1996
| accessdate =November 22, 2007
}}</ref> [[Colorado]], Oregon, [[Oklahoma]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://michellemalkin.com/2009/06/15/californicating-oklahoma/|title=Californicating Oklahoma|date=15 June 2009|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2010-10-12-oklahoma12_CV_N.htm | work=USA Today | first=Paul | last=Wiseman | title=More Californians reverse course and head to Oklahoma | date=October 12, 2010}}</ref> and [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2010-10-12-oklahoma12_CV_N.htm | work=USA Today | first=Paul | last=Wiseman | title=More Californians are migrating to Texas| date=October 12, 2010}}</ref>
It was a term popular in the 1970s and referring primarily to the "haphazard, mindless development [of land] that has already gobbled up most of [[Southern California]]",<ref name=Time>{{cite magazine
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877985,00.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012140328/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877985,00.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = October 12, 2007
| title = The Great Wild Californicated West
| magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]
| author = Sandra Burton
| date = August 21, 1972
| accessdate =August 27, 2007
}}</ref> which some attributed to an influx of Californians to other states in the [[Western United States]].
==As a popular concept==
One of the most well-known uses of the word occurs in the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]'s album [[Californication (album)|''Californication'']] (1999), which has [[Californication (song)|a song by the same name]]. The song refers to a [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]-driven exportation of culture, with further references to [[plastic surgery]], war, [[population control]], and [[natural disasters]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Walthall |first=Catherine |date=August 11, 2022 |title=The Dark Meaning of "Californication" by The Red Hot Chili Peppers |url=https://americansongwriter.com/meaning-californication-the-red-hot-chili-peppers-song-lyrics/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=American Songwriter |language=en-US}}</ref>
The concept is also familiar within the social sciences, and is understood as [[Americanization|American cultural imperialism]] emanating from California.<ref>''Californication and Cultural Imperialism: Baywatch and the Creation of World Culture''. Ed. Andrew Anglophone. Point Sur: Malibu University Press, 1997.</ref> This Californication is a particular ethos packaged as a cultural commodity and broadcast throughout the world in order to penetrate into other cultures.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
== Causes ==
[[Steven Malanga]], a fellow at the [[Manhattan Institute for Policy Research]], said that domestic migration from California is mainly driven by high housing costs and taxation rates in the state, citing polls with California residents on their desire to leave. Malanga suggested that migrants from California are likely to trend [[Conservatism in the United States|politically conservative]], whereas [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberals]] are less likely to want to leave the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=Don't count on migrating Californians to bring left-wing politics to their new homes|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/01/30/dont-count-on-migrating-californians-to-bring-left-wing-politics-to-their-new-homes/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Dallas News|language=en}}</ref> A [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] [[The Upshot|Upshot]] analysis found that [[political partisanship]], whether intentional or not, plays a powerful role when Americans uproot and find a new home.<ref name=":0" /> California has contributed to this trend by exporting [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] <nowiki>''</nowiki>''en masse''<nowiki>''</nowiki> and more Republicans have moved out of California than any other state and made the states they moved to redder in the process especially Texas, Arizona, Florida and Nevada.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kaysen |first=Ronda |last2=Singer |first2=Ethan |date=2024-10-31 |title=Millions of Movers Reveal American Polarization in Action |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/30/upshot/voters-moving-polarization.html |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
== By state ==
=== Colorado ===
On November 7, 1972, in a statewide referendum, Colorado voters rejected a [[bond (finance)|bond]] issue to fund the hosting of the [[1976 Winter Olympics]]. The venue for the games would have been spread over {{convert|150|mi|km}} and was widely viewed as a license for unbridled development. As part of the opposition to the bond, the slogan "Don't Californicate Colorado" was coined, appearing on bumper stickers and placards across the state. This rejection by Colorado voters followed a trend in the western states to blame California-style "mindless development" for the urban growth problems experienced in states like Colorado, [[Montana]], [[New Mexico]] and Oregon.<ref name="Time" />
=== Idaho ===
Idaho was the fastest-growing state in the 2010s as the city of [[Boise, Idaho|Boise]] experienced significant migration from California. Of the roughly 80,000 new Idaho residents in 2016, 17,000 arrived from California. Increased house purchases by out-of-state migrants, especially retirees, led to significant increases in real estate prices in and around Boise.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sisson|first=Patrick|date=2019-01-22|title=As Boise booms, a city faces the curse of 'Californiacation'|url=https://archive.curbed.com/2019/1/22/18193112/boise-real-estate-housing-downtown|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Curbed|language=en}}</ref> Idaho's appeal to Californians has been attributed to its low cost of living and high quality of life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Do Californians feel welcomed in Idaho?|url=https://www.ktvb.com/article/news/local/do-californians-feel-welcomed-in-idaho/277-557258526|access-date=2021-03-07|website=ktvb.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
===Oregon===
''Californication'' as a [[pejorative]] was a culmination of sentiments known in the 1940s, typified by [[Stewart Holbrook]], author and ''[[The Oregonian|Oregonian]]'' columnist, who campaigned through the fictitious [[James G. Blaine Society]] against development and unchecked population growth.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ochcom.org/holbrook
| title = Stewart Holbrook
| author = Brian Booth
| publisher = [[Oregon Cultural Heritage Commission]]
| year = 2000
| accessdate =August 27, 2007
}}</ref>
Similar groups—such as The Miller Society—jokingly promoted measures like building a {{convert|16|ft|m|adj=on}} tall fence all along [[Interstate 5 in Oregon|Interstate 5]] to prevent exiting between California and [[Washington (state)|Washington]], expelling non-native Oregon-born residents, and instituting a $5000 immigration fee.<ref name="seidel">{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3C6zhhd4GBMC&q=%22james+g+elaine+society%22&pg=PA53
| title = Eugene, 1945-2000: Decisions that made a community
| author = City Club of Eugene, Karen Seidel
| publisher = Xlibris Corporation
| editor = Cheri Brooks, Kathleen Holt
| year = 2001
| pages = 51–53
| isbn = 978-0-7388-4581-4
}}</ref>
In 1965, [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]'s first planning commission began to question decades of promotion by [[chamber of commerce|chambers of commerce]] and developers. It referred to a 1959 pro-growth development plan and rampant road building as "All the way to San Jose"—an allusion to freeways' decreasing neighborhood livability.<ref name="seidel"/> Interstate 5 from California was completed the year before. Previously, the main route into Oregon from California was through twisty, two-lane [[U.S. Route 99]].
Governor [[Tom McCall]] was interviewed by [[Terry Drinkwater]] and appeared on national television January 12, 1971, for his acclaimed [[conservation movement|conservation]] experience. Extemporaneously he said, "Come visit us again and again. But for heaven's sake, don't come here to live."<ref name="walth">{{cite news
| url = http://www.oregonlive.com/century/1970_intro.html
| title = Blazing Trails in the 1970s
| author = Brent Walth
| work = An Oregon Century—100 years of Oregon in words and pictures, in [[The Oregonian]]
| accessdate = June 17, 2012
| archive-date = July 28, 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120728114624/http://www.oregonlive.com/century/1970_intro.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Soon, bumper stickers that discouraged migration to Oregon were widely seen: "The famous radioactive vapors of the Columbia River will get you!", and "Oregonians don't tan; they rust". The banner "Don't Californicate Oregon" became the symbol of [[James Cloutier]]'s line of "Oregon Ungreeting Cards", which carried sentiments such as "Tom Lawson McCall, governor, on behalf of the citizens of the great state of Oregon, cordially invites you to visit... Washington or California or Idaho or Nevada or Afghanistan".<ref name="walth"/> <!-- ''Last year in Oregon 667 people fell off their bicycles... and drowned.''' -->
===Washington===
{{see also|Keep the Bastards Out}}
''[[Seattle Times]]'' columnist [[Emmett Watson]] remarked in a 1989 piece on Lesser Seattle that the "invasion of California nitwits to the Northwest" had reached "epidemic" proportions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Watson |first=Emmett |authorlink=Emmett Watson |date=July 30, 1989 |title=Mount the Ramparts! Fight Californication |page=B1 |work=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref>
==See also==
{{wiktionary|Californication}}
* [[Brusselization]]
* [[Internal colonialism]]
* [[Manhattanization]]
* [[Urban sprawl]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Californication (Word)}}
[[Category:1966 neologisms]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]
[[Category:Culture of California]]
[[Category:Culture of Oregon]]
[[Category:Culture of Colorado]]
[[Category:Culture of Montana]]
[[Category:Culture of New Mexico]]
[[Category:Pejorative terms]]
[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]
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