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{{Short description|Defunct American manufacturing conglomerate}}
{{Use American English|date = August 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = August 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Rockwell International
| logo = Rockwell_Logo.svg
| caption =
| former_name = Rockwell Manufacturing Company (1919–1973)
| type =
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| fate = Split to several companies
| successors = {{indented plainlist|
*[[Boeing Defense, Space & Security|Boeing Integrated Defense Systems]]
*[[BTR plc]]
*[[Conexant|Conexant Systems]]
*[[Meritor]]
*[[Rockwell Automation]]
*[[Rockwell Collins]]}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1919}}
| founder = [[Willard Rockwell]]
| defunct = {{start date and age|2001}}
| ___location = United States
| key_people =
| revenue =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| homepage =
}}
'''Rockwell International''' was a major American [[manufacturing]] [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]]. It was involved in aircraft, the space industry, defense and commercial electronics, components in the [[automotive industry]], printing presses, [[avionics]] and industrial products. At its peak, Rockwell International was No. 27 on the [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] list, with assets of over $8 billion, sales of $27 billion and 115,000 employees.
Rockwell International's predecessor was [[Rockwell International#Rockwell Manufacturing Company|Rockwell Manufacturing Company]], founded in 1919 by [[Willard Rockwell]]. In 1968, Rockwell Manufacturing Company included seven operating divisions manufacturing industrial valves, German 2-cycle motors, power tools, gas and water meters. In 1973, it was combined with the [[aerospace]] products and renamed Rockwell International. It was split into various companies beginning in the 1980s, including its final split in 2001 into [[Rockwell Automation]] and [[Rockwell Collins]].
==History==
=== Rockwell Manufacturing Company ===
[[File:Rockwell drill from circa 1980.jpg|thumb|alt=Yellow plastic household type electric drill with black coiled flexible cord|General purpose UK-specification electric drill for home/hobby use purchased circa 1980 fitted with UK-standard [[BS1363]] plug-top]]
Boston-born [[Willard Rockwell]] (1888–1978) made his fortune with the invention and successful launch of a new [[bearing (mechanical)|bearing]] system for truck [[axle]]s in 1919. He merged his [[Oshkosh, Wisconsin]]-based operation with the Timken-Detroit Axle Company (current Meritor Inc.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Meritor |url=https://www.meritor.com/about/history |website=www.meritor.com |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>) in 1928,<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/dubois-courier-express-may-01-1961-p-7/|title=Dubois Courier Express Archives, May 1, 1961, p. 7|date=May 1961|publisher=newspaperarchive.com|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref> rising to become chairman of its board in 1940.
Rockwell also drew on the strengths of several of [[George Westinghouse]]'s concerns,{{how|date=October 2023}} and Westinghouse is considered a co-founder of the company.{{how|date=October 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/westinghouse/beginning.asp|title=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette – Who Killed Westinghouse? – In the beginning...|publisher=old.post-gazette.com|access-date=2017-04-08|archive-date=April 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406230203/http://old.post-gazette.com/westinghouse/beginning.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1945, '''Rockwell Manufacturing Company''' acquired [[Delta Machinery]] and renamed it the '''Delta Power Tool Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Company''' and continued to manufacture in Milwaukee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deltadrillpressguide.com/a-history-of-delta-machinery/|title=A history of Delta Machinery|date=13 May 2013|publisher=deltadrillpressguide.com|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026193259/http://www.deltadrillpressguide.com/a-history-of-delta-machinery/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1966, Rockwell invented the world's first power [[miter saw]]. In 1981, Rockwell's power tool group was acquired by [[Pentair]] and re-branded ''Delta Machinery''. Pentair's Tools group was acquired by [[Black & Decker]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portercable.com/AboutUs/delta_history.aspx |title=Delta History |year=2011 |website= portercable.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715104918/http://www.portercable.com/AboutUs/delta_history.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2011, Delta has been a subsidiary of Chang Type Industrial Co., Ltd. of China.
In 1956, Rockwell Manufacturing Co. bought [[Walker-Turner]] from [[Kearney and Trecker]]. In 1957, Walker-Turner operations were closed down in [[Plainfield, New Jersey]] and moved to [[Bellefontaine, Ohio]] and [[Tupelo, Mississippi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.vintagemachinery.org/WTGeneralTimeline.ashx|title=Walker-Turner General Timeline|publisher=wiki.vintagemachinery.org|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref>
[[Timken Company|Timken-Detroit]] merged in 1953 with the Standard Steel Spring Company, forming the Rockwell Spring and Axle Company.<ref name=":1"/> After various mergers with automotive suppliers, it comprised about 10 to 20 factories in the [[Upper Midwest]]ern U.S. and southern [[Ontario]], and in 1958 renamed itself Rockwell-Standard Corporation.<ref name=":1"/>
[[File:N6081F Rockwell Commander 114 (26570335562).jpg|thumb|Rockwell Commander 114]]
[[Pittsburgh]]-based Rockwell-Standard Corp. then acquired and merged with [[Los Angeles]]-based [[North American Aviation]] to form [[North American Rockwell]] in September 1967.<ref name='Global'>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/industry/rockwell.htm|title=Rockwell|access-date=2010-08-30|work=globalsecurity.org|publisher=Global Security|quote=Rockwell and aerospace giant North American Aviation merged in 1967 to form Rockwell North American.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|date=2024|title=Boeing History Chronology |url=https://www.boeing.com/content/dam/boeing/boeingdotcom/history/pdf/Boeing-Chronology.pdf|access-date=April 6, 2025|publisher=boeing.com}}</ref> It then purchased Miehle-Goss-Dexter, the largest supplier of [[printing press]]es,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-05-01-9605010119-story.html|title=PRINTING PRESS UNIT IN BUYOUT|last=Writer|first=David Young, Tribune Staff |date=May 1996 |publisher=chicagotribune.com|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref> and in 1973, acquired [[Collins Radio]], a major [[avionics]] supplier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2008-06-18/rockwell-collins-traces-its-spirit-innovation-rich-heritage|title=Rockwell Collins traces its spirit of innovation to a rich heritage|last=Weisberger|first=Harry|publisher=Aviation International News|access-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>
In 1968, [[Sterling Faucet Company]] was bought by Rockwell Manufacturing Co. and it became a subsidiary of the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rockwell buy W. VA Company|publisher=The Weirton Daily Times|date=15 November 1968|___location=Weirton, West Virginia|page=8}}</ref>
=== 1968–1974 ===
Michael W. Hodges (who had also served as Corporate Director Manufacturing and later as CEO and 'Geschäftsführer' (Managing Director) of the German-based Engine Division) joined Rockwell Manufacturing Company in 1968 as Corporate Director Quality Assurance. He was appointed member of the Board of Directors of Rockwell GmbH Germany and Dikkers Valve Products LLC Netherlands. Prior to Rockwell, Michael Hodges was a physicist with NASA and aerospace management with Martin-Marietta Corp. in [[Orlando, Florida]].
During Hodges' seven years with Rockwell there were approximately 90,000 employees in seven divisions: the Valve Division with products for the gas and oil industry with plants located in [[Barberton, Ohio]], [[Raleigh, North Carolina]], [[Sulphur Springs, Texas]], and [[Kearney, Nebraska]], the Gas Products Division of meters and regulators in [[Dubois, Pennsylvania]], the Municipal Water Meter Division in [[Uniontown, Pennsylvania]], the Power Tool Division in [[Syracuse, New York]], [[Jackson, Tennessee]], Tupelo, Mississippi, and [[Columbia, South Carolina]], the Transportation Division in [[Atchison, Kansas]] with a large steel foundry of products for the automotive, railway and rapid-transit industry, the Sterling Faucet Division in [[Reedsville, West Virginia]], and the Engine Division in [[Pinneberg, Germany]] (previously [[ILO-Motorenwerke]], founded 1911 and acquired by Rockwell in 1959), manufacturing 2-cycle gas-driven motors for developing nation products including motor [[tiller]]s, water pumps, sprayers, cement mixers, [[Tamper (tool)|tampers]] and mopeds as well as snowmobile and [[all-terrain vehicle]] engines for North America.
A significantly different direction was planned starting in 1973 away from the business model developed since 1945 by the founder Willard Rockwell (1888–1978). The founder's son, Willard Rockwell Jr., appeared taking the company in a new direction, replacing the founder's model of strong medium-size manufacturing companies with diverse industrial products with strong industrial engineering and quality control in multiple locations – to a new model leveraging assets of the profitable seven manufacturing divisions of Rockwell Manufacturing Company into a new business model of a dominant government-serving (NASA, [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Dept.]]) aerospace company, named Rockwell International, which included North American Aviation, of products such as the [[Space Shuttle]]. By the end of the 1980s, Rockwell International began to sell-off its prior industrial product manufacturing divisions, starting with the Valve Division, leading to the sale of all divisions and the end of the Rockwell names > Rockwell Manufacturing Company, North American Rockwell, and Rockwell International.
=== Apex and break-up ===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2015}}
In 1978, Rockwell released [[AIM-65]], a one board [[microprocessor development board]] based on the [[MOS Technology 6502]]. With the death of company founder and first CEO [[Willard F. Rockwell]] in 1978, and the stepping down of his son Willard Rockwell Jr. in 1979 as the second CEO,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/26/obituaries/willard-f-rockwell-jr-78-head-of-family-s-aerospace-company.html|title=Willard F. Rockwell Jr., 78, Head Of Family's Aerospace Company|last=Lambert |first=Bruce|date=1992-09-26|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2018-12-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Bob Anderson became CEO and led the company through the 1980s when it became the largest U.S. defense contractor and largest [[NASA]] contractor. Rockwell acquired the privately held [[Allen-Bradley]] Company for US$1.6{{nbs}}billion (roughly ${{Inflation|US|1.6|1985|r=1}}{{nbs}}billion today){{Inflation-fn|US}} in February{{nbs}}1985, of which $1{{nbs}}billion (${{Inflation|US|1|1985|r=1}}{{nbs}}billion today){{Inflation-fn|US}} was cash, and became a producer of industrial automation hardware and software.
During the 1980s, Anderson, his CFO Bob dePalma, and the Rockwell management team built the company to #27 on the [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] list. It boasted sales of US$12{{nbs}}billion (roughly ${{Inflation|US|12|1990|r=1}}{{nbs}}billion today),{{Inflation-fn|US}} and assets of over $8{{nbs}}billion (${{Inflation|US|8|1990|r=1}}{{nbs}}billion today).{{Inflation-fn|US}} Its workforce of over 115,000 was organized into nine major divisions: Space, Aircraft, Defense Electronics, Commercial Electronics, Light Duty Automotive Components, Heavy Duty Automotive Components, Printing Presses, Valves and Meters, and Industrial Automation. Rockwell International was a major employer in [[southern California]], northern Ohio, northern Georgia, eastern Oklahoma, Michigan, western Texas, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin and western Pennsylvania.
[[File:28thog-b1-b-2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Rockwell B-1 Lancer]]]]
Anderson stepped down as CEO in February 1988, leaving the company to president Donald R. Beall. The completion of the [[Space Shuttle program]] and the completion of the [[Rockwell B-1 Lancer|B-1 bomber program]] had led to a decline in revenues, and Beall sought to diversify the company away from government contracts. The end of the [[Cold War]] and the perceived "[[peace dividend]]", however, prompted accelerated divestitures and sweeping management reforms. From 1988 to 2001 the company moved its headquarters four times: from [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PNVRAAAAIBAJ&pg=2785%2C7084155|title=Rockwell moves its head office to California|last=Barcousky|first=Len|date=1988-05-25|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|access-date=2017-04-08}}</ref> where it had been for decades to [[El Segundo, California]] to [[Seal Beach, California]] to [[Costa Mesa, California]] to [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]].
At the end of the 1980s, the company sold its valve and meter division, formerly Rockwell Manufacturing, to [[BTR plc|British Tyre & Rubber]]. Although Rockwell was the #1 Defense and NASA contractor, the "peace dividend" perceived after the fall of the [[Soviet bloc]], led the company to sell its defense and aerospace business, including what was once [[North American Aviation]], the Defense Electronics Division and [[Rocketdyne]], to [[Boeing Integrated Defense Systems|Boeing]] in December 1996. In the 1990s, the company spun off its [[semiconductor]] products as [[Conexant]] Technologies (CNXT), later bought by [[Synaptics]] in 2017. Rockwell International also spun off its two automotive divisions (light vehicles division and heavy vehicles division) as one publicly traded company, Meritor Automotive, based in [[Troy, Michigan]], which then merged with Arvin Industries to form [[Arvin Meritor]]. That company is now known as Meritor, Inc. In 1996, Rockwell International sold Graphic Systems (formerly Miehle-Goss-Dexter), an Illinois-based newspaper and commercial printing press manufacturer, to its internal management team Stonington Partners as part of a new corporation for US$600 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-05-01-fi-64840-story.html|title=Rockwell Sheds Slower Unit|last=MILLER|first=GREG|date=1996-05-01|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-12-26|issn=0458-3035}}</ref>
In 2001, what remained of Rockwell International was split into two publicly traded companies, [[Rockwell Automation]] and [[Rockwell Collins]], ending the run of what had once been a massive and diverse conglomerate. The split was structured so that Rockwell Automation was the legal successor of the old Rockwell International, while Rockwell Collins was the spin-off.
In the end, the result had been four spin-offs and three sales combined from Rockwell's nine divisions.
The various Rockwell companies list a large number of technological firsts and historic developments in their histories, including the World War II-era [[North American P-51 Mustang|P-51 Mustang]] fighter and [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] bomber, the Korean War-era [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86 Sabre]] fighter jet, America's first truly supersonic fighter, the [[North American F-100 Super Sabre|F-100 Super Sabre]], and the [[Rockwell B-1 Lancer|B-1 Lancer]] bomber, as well as the [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Apollo spacecraft]], the [[Space Shuttle orbiter]], and most of the Navstar [[Global Positioning System]] satellites.
[[Rocketdyne]], which had been spun off by North American in 1955, was re-merged into Rockwell, and by that time produced most of the rocket engines used in the United States. Rockwell also purchased the [[Aero Commander|Aero Design and Engineering Company]] from William and [[Rufus Travis Amis]]. Rockwell redesigned the company's [[Aero Commander 500 family|Aero Commander aircraft]], introducing its new design as the [[Rockwell Commander 112]] and Commander 114.
The company developed a desktop calculator based on a [[MOSFET]] chip for use by its engineers. In 1967 Rockwell set up its own manufacturing plant to produce them, starting North American Rockwell MicroElectronics Corp. (called NARMEC). This would later become [[Conexant|Rockwell Semiconductor]]. One of its major successes came in the early 1990s when it introduced the first low-cost 14.4 kbit/s [[modem]] [[chipset]], which was used in a huge number of modems.
Collins radios were fitted to 80% of the airliners which were based in first-world countries. Collins designed and built the radios that communicated the [[Apollo program|Apollo Moon landings]] and the high-frequency radio network that allows worldwide communication with U.S. military aircraft. Rockwell's Rocketdyne division designed and built the third stage of the [[LGM-30 Minuteman|Minuteman]] [[intercontinental ballistic missile]], and the [[Advanced Inertial Reference Sphere]] inertial navigation system that provided its navigation. It also built [[inertial navigation system]]s for the fleet of ballistic missile submarines.
In addition to the manufacture of nuclear missiles and bombers, Rockwell also produced key components of the bombs they carried, including [[plutonium]] triggers at the [[Rocky Flats Plant]] in Colorado. Rockwell ran the weapons plant from 1975 to 1990, and was one of the subjects of the investigation of Special Grand Jury 89-2 into mismanagement of the plant.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Siegel|first=Barry|date=August 8, 1993|title=Showdown at Rocky Flats : When Federal Agents Take On a Government Nuclear-Bomb Plant, Lines of Law and Politics Blur, and Moral Responsibility Is Tested|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-08-08-tm-21814-story.html|access-date=September 22, 2021}}</ref> In 1990, a group of Colorado homeowners filed a lawsuit against Rockwell and the [[Dow Chemical Company]], accusing the operators of reducing the value of their properties as a result of plutonium releases from the plant. A $375 million settlement was reached in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aguilar|first=John|date=December 1, 2016|title=$375M settlement reached in homeowner lawsuit against Rocky Flats|work=The Denver Post|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2016/05/19/375m-settlement-reached-in-homeowner-lawsuit-against-rocky-flats/|access-date=September 22, 2021}}</ref>
Rockwell built heavy-duty truck axles and drive-trains in the U.S., along with power windows, seats, and locks. The Rockwell Tripmaster trip recording system for commercial vehicles was released along with the Logtrak module for [[United States Department of Transportation|DOT]] log recording for fleets who successfully petitioned the DOT for paper logbook exemptions. Rockwell also built yachts and business jets and owned large amounts of real estate.
It was also involved in providing custom [[Signals intelligence#ELINT|electronic intelligence]] equipment to the [[History of the Iranian Air Force|Imperial Iranian Air Force]] as part of [[Project Dark Gene|Project Ibex]] and paid bribes to the Shah of Iran in order to secure contracts there.<ref name=CrimesOfAPresident>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CwkeJq6ozMC&q=richard+secord+ibex&pg=PA78 |title=Crimes of a President: New Revelations on the Conspiracy and Cover Up...|author=Joel Bainerman|via=Books.google.com|isbn=9781561711888|year=1992|publisher=SP Books }}</ref><ref name=CourtRecord>{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg28826.html|title=RICHARD SECORD VS. LESLIE COCKBURN|publisher=Mail-archive.com}}</ref>
==Products==
===Aircraft===
* [[Fuji/Rockwell Commander 700]]
* [[North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco]]
* [[North American Sabreliner]]
* [[Rockwell B-1 Lancer]]
* [[Rockwell Commander 112]]
* [[Rockwell Ranger 2000]]
* [[Rockwell X-30]]
* [[Rockwell XFV-12]]
* [[Rockwell-MBB X-31]]
===Crewed spacecraft===
[[File:The Discovery Space Shuttle.jpg|thumb|right|Space Shuttle orbiter [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]]]
* [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Apollo Command and Service Module]] (initially under North American Aviation, then North American Rockwell)
* [[Space Shuttle orbiter]] (initially under North American Rockwell)
===Rocket propulsion (Rocketdyne division)===
* [[Rocketdyne H-1|H-1]] (Saturn I, I-B)
* [[Rocketdyne J-2|J-2]] (Saturn I-B, V)
* [[Rocketdyne F-1|F-1]] (Saturn V)
* [[RS-25]] (Space Shuttle)
For a more extensive list, see [[:Category:Rocketdyne engines|Rocketdyne engines]].
===Missiles===
* [[AGM-53 Condor]]
* [[AGM-114 Hellfire]]
===Unmanned aerial vehicles===
* [[Rockwell HiMAT]]
==Research laboratory==
Rockwell International had a major [[research laboratory]] complex in [[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks]], Ventura County, California.<ref>Rockwell International Science Center (Teledyne Scientific & Imaging, LLC), 1049 Camino Dos Rios, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360.</ref> It was founded and built by [[North American Aviation]] in 1962, as the North American Science Center. In 1973 it became the Rockwell International Science Center.
The laboratory did independent contract research for the U.S. Government, and also provided research services for the company's business units. It was famous for its research in: advanced materials, particularly ceramics;<ref>Davis, Janet B., David B. Marshall, Robert M. Housley, and Peter E. D. Morgan (1998). Machinable Ceramics Containing Rare-Earth Phosphates. J. American Ceramic Society Vol. 81, No. 8, 2169–2175.</ref> for its [[infrared imager]]s;<ref>Vural, K., Kozlowski, L. J., Rasche, R. W., & Rieke, M. J. (1990). 256 × 256 HgCdTe focal plane array for the Hubble Space Telescope. In Infrared Technology and Applications (Vol. 1320, pp. 107-108). SPIE. {{doi|10.1117/12.22317}}.</ref> for its research in [[liquid-crystal display]]s;<ref>Taber, Donald B., Leonard G. Hale, Bruce K. Winker, William J. Gunning, Mark C. Skarohild, James D. Sampica, and Thomas Seder (1998). "Gray-scale and contrast compensator for LCDs using obliquely oriented anisotropic network". Proceedings of SPIE 3363. September 1998.</ref> and for its high-speed electronics.<ref name=":0" /> The laboratory invented [[Metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy]] (MOVPE), also commonly known as Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD).<ref>Manasevit, H.M. (1968). "Single-crystal gallium arsenide on insulating substrates," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 156–159, Feb. 1968.</ref> It also achieved fame in selected areas of information science, notably human-computer interaction, augmented reality, multimedia systems, and diagnostics.<ref>Vassiliou, Marius, V. Sundareswaran, S. Chen, R. Behringer, C. Tam, M. Chan, P. Bangayan, and J. McGee (2000), "Integrated Multimodal Human-Computer Interface and Augmented Reality for Interactive Display Applications", in Darrel G. Hopper (ed.) Cockpit Displays VII: Displays for Defense Applications (Proc. SPIE . 4022), 106-115.</ref> Rockwell Science Center led the [[United States Army Research Laboratory]]'s Advanced Displays Federated Laboratory Consortium in the late 1990s. In 2000, the infrared imaging division of the laboratory moved into a new building in [[Camarillo, California]].
After Rockwell International's breakup in 2001, the laboratory was spun off as a semi-autonomous company called Rockwell Scientific, half owned by [[Rockwell Collins]] and half owned by [[Rockwell Automation]]. In 2006, the main laboratory and infrared imaging division were sold to [[Teledyne]] Corporation. Teledyne made the laboratory complex in Thousand Oaks into its corporate headquarters. A reduced but active research and development operation continues there, under the name Teledyne Scientific & Imaging, LLC.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.teledyne-si.com|title=Teledyne Scientific & Imaging|website=www.teledyne-si.com|access-date=2017-04-08}}</ref>
== See also ==
* {{Portal inline|Spaceflight}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| last = Ingham| first = John N| date = 1983| title = Biographical dictionary of American business leaders | volume = 3| ___location = Westport, Conn.| publisher = Greenwood Press| isbn = 0313239096| pages = 1196–99}}
===Primary sources===
* {{Cite book| last = Rockwell| first = Willard Frederick| date = 1971| title = The twelve hats of a company president: what it takes to run a company| ___location = Englewood Cliffs, N.J.| publisher = Prentice-Hall| isbn = 978-0-13-934166-3}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Rockwell}}
* [http://www.rockwellautomation.com/ Rockwell Automation]
* [http://www.rockwellcollins.com/ Rockwell Collins]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150306030336/http://www.boeing.com/boeing/history/narrative/n064nar.page North American Rockwell history on Boeing.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150104050251/http://www.boeing.com/boeing/history/narrative/n086roc.page Rockwell International history on Boeing.com]
* [http://www.boeing.com.au/boeing-in-australia/history.page Boeing Australia's history of Rockwell International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015241/http://www.boeing.com.au/boeing-in-australia/history.page |date=February 7, 2019 }}
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DnUzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1W0DAAAAIBAJ&dq=space-shuttle%20pittsburgh&pg=6616%2C2435187 1987 article on longtime CEO retiring.]
{{Rockwell International}}
{{North American Aviation aircraft}}
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