Anne, Queen of Great Britain: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Queen of Great Britain and Ireland from 1702 to 1714}}

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{{For|other queens with a similar name|Queen Anne of England (disambiguation){{!}}Queen Anne of England}}

| [[Image:queen_anne_england.JPG|right|thumb|150px|'''Anne''' <br><small>Queen of Great Britain and Ireland</small>]]

{{featured article}}

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{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}

{{House of Stuart}}

{{Use shortened footnotes|date=November 2022}}

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{{Infobox royalty

'''Poop''' ([[6 February]] [[1665]]&ndash;[[1 August]][[1817]]) became Queen of [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] on [[8 March]] [[1702]]. On [[1 May]] [[1707]], when England and Scotland combined into a single [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Kingdom]], Anne became the first Sovereign of [[Great Britain]]. She continued to reign until her death. Anne was the last British monarch of the [[House of Stuart]]; she was succeeded by a distant cousin, [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], of the [[House of Hanover]].

| name = Anne

| image = Anne1705.jpg

| caption = Portrait by [[Michael Dahl]], 1705

| alt = Anne in blue and yellow robes. The Crown Jewels are on a table to her left.

| succession = [[Queen of England]], [[Queen of Scotland|Scotland]], and [[Queen of Ireland|Ireland]]

| moretext = ([[Styles of English and Scottish sovereigns|more...]])

| reign = 8 March 1702 – 1 May 1707

| cor-type = [[Coronation of the English monarch|Coronation]]

| coronation = 23 April 1702

| predecessor = [[William III of England|William III]]

| succession1 = [[List of British monarchs|Queen of Great Britain]] and [[List of Irish monarchs|Ireland]]

| reign1 = 1 May 1707 – 1 August 1714

| successor1 = [[George I of Great Britain|George I]]

| spouse = {{marriage|[[Prince George of Denmark]]|28 July 1683|28 October 1708|end=died}}

| issue = [[Prince William, Duke of Gloucester]]

| issue-link = #Pregnancies and issue

| issue-pipe = more...

| house = [[House of Stuart|Stuart]]

| father = [[James II of England]]

| mother = [[Anne Hyde]]

| birth_date = 6 February 1665

| birth_place = [[St James's Palace]], Westminster, England

| death_date = 1 August 1714 (aged 49)

| death_place = [[Kensington Palace]], London, England

| burial_date = 24 August 1714

| burial_place = [[Westminster Abbey]]

| signature = Firma Reina Ana.svg

| signature_alt = Signature of Queen Anne

| religion = [[Anglicanism]]

}}

'''Anne''' (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714){{efn|All dates in this article are in the [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]] [[Julian calendar]] used in Great Britain throughout Anne's lifetime, except that years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March, which was the English New Year.}} was [[List of English monarchs|Queen of England]], [[List of Scottish monarchs|Scotland]], and [[List of Irish monarchs|Ireland]] from 8 March 1702, and [[List of British monarchs|Queen of Great Britain]] and Ireland following the ratification of the [[Acts of Union 1707]] merging the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of England|England]], until her death in 1714.

Anne was born during the reign of her uncle [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]]. Her father was Charles's younger brother and [[heir presumptive]], [[James II of England|James]], whose suspected [[Roman Catholicism]] was unpopular in England. On Charles's instructions, Anne and her elder sister [[Mary II of England|Mary]] were raised as [[Anglicans]]. Mary married her [[Dutch Reformed Church|Dutch Protestant]] cousin, [[William III of Orange]], in 1677, and Anne married the [[Lutheran]] [[Prince George of Denmark]] in 1683. On Charles's death in 1685, James succeeded to the throne, but just three years later he was deposed in the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688. Mary and William became joint monarchs. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Anne's finances, status, and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary's accession and they became estranged. William and Mary had no children. After Mary's death in 1694, William reigned alone until his own death in 1702, when Anne succeeded him.

During her reign, Anne favoured moderate [[Tories (British political party)|Tory politicians]], who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]]. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], until 1710 when Anne dismissed many of them from office. Her close friendship with [[Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough]], turned sour as the result of political differences. The Duchess took revenge with an unflattering description of the Queen in her memoirs, which was widely accepted by historians until Anne was reassessed in the late 20th century.

Anne's life was marked by many crises relating to succession to the Crown. Her [[Roman Catholic]] father, [[James II of England|James II]], had been forceably deposed in [[1688]]; her sister and brother-in-law then became Queen and King as [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] and [[William III of England|William III]]. The failure of Anne and of her sister to produce a child who could survive into adulthood precipitated a succession crisis, for, in the absence of a [[Protestant]] heir, the Roman Catholic James II could attempt to return to the Throne. It was for this reason that the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament of England]] passed legislation allowing the Crown to pass to the House of [[Welf|Guelph]]. When the [[Scottish Parliament]] refused to accept the choice of the English Parliament, various coercive tactics (such as crippling the Scottish economy by restricting trade) were used to ensure that Scotland would co-operate. The [[Act of Union 1707]] (which united England and Scotland into Great Britain) was a product of subsequent negotiations.

Anne was plagued by poor health throughout her life, and from her thirties she grew increasingly ill and obese. Despite 17 pregnancies, she died without surviving issue and was the last monarch of the [[House of Stuart]]. The eventual loss of her young son, [[Prince William, Duke of Gloucester|Prince William]], precipitated a potential succession crisis. Under the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], which excluded all Catholics, Anne was succeeded by her second cousin [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] of the [[House of Hanover]].

Anne's reign was marked by the development of the two-party system. Anne personally preferred the [[Tory]] Party, but endured the [[Whig]]s. Her closest friend, and perhaps her most influential advisor, was [[Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough]], though there was a falling out later when the Duchess of Marlborough was banned from court, during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. The Duchess of Marlborough's husband was [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]], who led the English armies in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]].

==Early life==

[[File:The Duke and Duchess of York with their two daughters..jpg|thumb|left|Anne (centre) and her sister Mary (left) with their parents, the Duke and Duchess of York, painted by [[Peter Lely]] and [[Benedetto Gennari II]]]]

Anne was the second daughter of James, Duke of York, (afterwards James II) and his first wife, the [[Lady Anne Hyde]] (daughter of [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon]], an important politician). Her uncle was King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], and her sister was the future Mary II. Anne and Mary were the only children of the Duke and Duchess of York to survive into adulthood. Anne suffered from an eye infection; for treatment, she was sent to [[France]]. She lived with her grandmother, [[Henrietta Maria|Queen Henrietta Maria]], and afterwards with her aunt, [[Henrietta Anne Stuart|Henrietta Anne, Duchesse d'Orléans]]. Anne returned from France in [[1670]]. In about [[1673]], Anne made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who would become her close friend and one of her most influential advisors. Jennings later married John Churchill (the future Duke of Marlborough), who would later become one of Anne's most important generals.

Anne was born at 11:39&nbsp;p.m. on 6 February 1665 at [[St James's Palace]], London, the fourth child and second daughter of the Duke of York (later [[James II and VII|King James II and VII]]), and his first wife, [[Anne Hyde]].<ref>Curtis, pp. 12–17; Gregg, p. 4</ref> Her father was the younger brother of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]], who ruled the three kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], and her mother was the daughter of Lord Chancellor [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon]]. At her [[Anglican]] baptism in the [[Chapel Royal]] at St James's, her older sister, [[Mary II of England|Mary]], was one of her godparents, along with the [[Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch|Duchess of Monmouth]] and the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Gilbert Sheldon]].<ref>Gregg, p. 4</ref> Anne's parents had eight children, but Anne and Mary were the only ones to survive into adulthood.<ref>Green, p. 17; Gregg, p. 6; Waller, pp. 293–295</ref>

As a child, Anne had an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as "defluxion". For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her paternal grandmother, [[Henrietta Maria of France]], at the Château de Colombes near Paris.<ref>Curtis, pp. 19–21; Green, p. 20; Gregg, p. 6</ref> Following her grandmother's death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, [[Henrietta Anne, Duchess of Orléans]]. On the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year.<ref>Curtis, pp. 21–23; Gregg, p. 8; Somerset, pp. 11–13; Waller, p. 295</ref>

In about [[1672]], Anne's father's conversion to Roman Catholicism became public. On the instructions of Charles II, however, Anne and her sister Mary were raised as Protestants. In [[1683]], Anne married the Protestant [[Prince George of Denmark]], brother of the Danish King [[Christian V of Denmark|Christian V]]. Mary also married a Protestant Prince: William of Orange. When Charles II died in [[1685]] (converting to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed), Anne's father ascended the Throne as James II. James, desirous of a Roman Catholic successor, suggested to the Princess Anne that he would try to make her his heir if she converted to Catholicism. The Princess Anne, however, declared her firm adherence to [[Anglicanism]]; James II continued to send her Catholic books and essays, but made no serious attempt to effect a conversion.

As was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at [[Richmond, London|Richmond]] in Surrey.<ref>Gregg, p. 5</ref> On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants, despite their father being a Catholic.<ref>Curtis, pp. 23–24; Gregg, p. 13; Somerset, p. 20</ref> Placed in the care of Colonel [[Edward Villiers (1620–1689)|Edward]] and [[Lady Frances Villiers]],<ref>Green, p. 21; Gregg, p. 5</ref> their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church.<ref>Curtis, p. 28; Gregg, p. 13; Waller, p. 296</ref> [[Henry Compton (bishop)|Henry Compton]], [[Bishop of London]], was appointed as Anne's [[preceptor]].<ref>Somerset, p. 20</ref>

James's attempt to grant religious toleration to Roman Catholics was not well-received by the English people. Public alarm increased when James's second wife, [[Mary of Modena]], gave birth to a son ([[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]]) in [[1688]], for a Roman Catholic dynasty became apparent. The Princess Anne's sister and brother-in-law, Mary and William, subsequently invaded England to dethrone the unpopular and despotic James II. The Princess Anne did not endeavour to support her father; instead, she quickly defected to the invader's side. James attempted to flee the realm on [[11 December]] 1688, succeeding twelve days later. In [[1689]], a [[Convention Parliament]] assembled and declared that James had abdicated the realm when he attempted to flee, and that the Throne was therefore vacant. The Crown was offered to, and accepted by, William and Mary, who ruled as joint monarchs. The [[Bill of Rights 1689]] settled succession to the Throne; the Princess Anne and her descendants were to be in the line of succession after William and Mary. They were to be followed by any descendants of William by a future marriage.

Around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of [[Sarah Jennings]], who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors.<ref>Curtis, p. 27; Green, p. 21; Gregg, p. 28</ref> Jennings married [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|John Churchill (the future Duke of Marlborough)]] in about 1678. His sister, [[Arabella Churchill (royal mistress)|Arabella]], was the Duke of York's mistress, and he was to be Anne's most important general.<ref>Curtis, p. 34; Green, p. 29; Gregg, p. 28</ref>

==William and Mary==

Soon after their accession, William and Mary exalted Lord Churchill by granting him the Earldom of Marlborough. The subsequent treatment of the Marlboroughs, however, was not as favourable. In [[1692]], correctly suspecting that Lord Marlborough was a Jacobite (that is, one who believed that James II was the legitimate monarch), Mary II dismissed him from all his offices. Lady Marlborough was subsequently removed from the Royal Household, leading the Princess Anne to angrily leave her royal residence for [[Sion House]], the Marlboroughs' home. The Princess Anne was then stripped of her guard of honour, and the guards at the royal palaces were forbidden to salute her husband.

In 1673, James's conversion to Catholicism became public, and he married a Catholic princess, [[Mary of Modena]], who was only six and a half years older than Anne. Charles II had no legitimate children, and so James was next in the line of succession, followed by his two surviving daughters from his first marriage, Mary and Anne—as long as he had no son. Over the next ten years, Mary of Modena had ten children, but all were either stillborn or died in infancy, leaving Mary and Anne second and third in the line of succession after their father.<ref>Weir, pp. 260–261</ref> There is every indication that, throughout Anne's early life, she and her stepmother got on well together,<ref>Somerset, pp. 22–23</ref> and James was a conscientious and loving father.<ref>Somerset, pp. 8–9</ref>

When Mary II died of [[smallpox]] in [[1694]], William III continued to reign alone. Seeking to improve his own popularity (which had always been much lower than that of his wife's), he restored the Princess Anne to her previous honours, allowing her to reside in [[St. James's Palace]]. In [[1695]], William sought to win the Princess Anne's favour by restoring Lord Marlborough to all of his offices. In return, the Princess Anne publicly supported William's government. Still, she did not win the complete trust of her brother-in-law, who refrained from making her his Regent during his military campaigns in Europe.

== Marriage ==

In the meantime, the Prince George and the Princess Anne suffered from a series of personal misadventures. By [[1700]], the future Queen had been pregnant at least eighteen times; thirteen times, she miscarried or gave birth to stillborn children. Of the remaining five children, four died before reaching the age of two years. Her only son to survive infancy, [[William, Duke of Gloucester]], died at the age of eleven on [[29 July]] 1700, precipitating a succession crisis. William and Mary did not have any children; thus, the Princess Anne, [[heir apparent]] to the Throne, was the only individual remaining in the line of succession established by the Bill of Rights. If the line of succession were totally extinguished, then it would have become simple for the deposed King James to reclaim the Throne. To preclude a Roman Catholic from obtaining the Crown, Parliament enacted the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], which provided that, failing the issue of the Princess Anne and of William III by any future marriage, the Crown would go to [[Sophia of Hanover|Sophia, Electress of Hanover]], and her descendants, who descended from [[James I of England]] through [[Elizabeth of Bohemia]]. Several genealogically senior claimants were disregarded due to their Catholicism.

[[File:Willem Wissing and Jan van der Vaardt - Queen Anne, when Princess of Denmark, 1665 – 1714 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|Anne, {{Circa}} 1684, painted by [[Willem Wissing]] and [[Jan van der Vaardt]]]]

In November 1677, Anne's sister, Mary, married their Dutch first cousin [[William III of Orange]] at St James's Palace, but Anne could not attend the wedding because she was confined to her room with [[smallpox]].<ref>Curtis, p. 30; Green, p. 27; Gregg, p. 17</ref> By the time she recovered, Mary had already left for her new life in the Netherlands. Lady Frances Villiers contracted the disease and died. Anne's aunt [[Lady Henrietta Hyde]] (the wife of [[Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester|Laurence Hyde]]) was appointed as her new governess.<ref>Green, p. 28; Gregg, p. 17; Somerset, p. 29</ref> A year later, Anne and her stepmother visited Mary in Holland for two weeks.<ref name="visits" />

The Duke and Duchess of York retired to [[Brussels]] in March 1679 in the wake of anti-Catholic hysteria fed by the [[Popish Plot]], and Anne visited them from the end of August.<ref name="visits">Green, p. 28: Gregg, p. 20</ref> In October, all three returned to Britain: Anne to England, and her father and stepmother to Scotland.<ref>Green, p. 29; Gregg, p. 22; Somerset, p. 34</ref> She joined them at [[Holyrood Palace]] in [[Edinburgh]] from July 1681 until May 1682.<ref>Green, p. 32; Gregg, p. 26; Somerset, p. 35</ref> It was her last journey outside England.<ref>Green, p. 28</ref>

Personally, the Princess Anne preferred to see the Crown go to her father or to a member of his family, which was then in [[France]]. Nevertheless, noticing the necessity of a Protestant successor, she acquiesced to the Act of Settlement. Still, she wore mourning dress when her father died later in [[1701]]. She did not, however, endear herself to her half-brother, James II's son and heir, James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender").

Anne's second cousin [[George I of Great Britain|George of Hanover]] visited London for three months from December 1680, sparking rumours of a potential marriage between them.<ref>Curtis, pp. 35–37; Green, p. 31; Gregg, p. 24; Somerset, pp. 34, 36</ref> Historian Edward Gregg dismissed the rumours as ungrounded, as her father was essentially exiled from court, and the Hanoverians planned to marry George to his first cousin [[Sophia Dorothea of Celle]] as part of a scheme to unite the Hanoverian inheritance.<ref>Gregg, pp. 24–25</ref> Other rumours claimed she was courted by [[John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby|Lord Mulgrave]], although he denied it. Nevertheless, as a result of the gossip, he was temporarily dismissed from court.<ref>Curtis, p. 37; Green, pp. 32–33; Gregg, p. 27; Somerset, p. 37</ref>

==Early reign==

William III died in 1702, leaving the Crown to Anne. At about the same time, the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] began; at controversy was the right of [[Philip V of Spain|Philip]], grandson of the French King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], to succeed to the Spanish Throne. Although Philip was named in the will of the previous King of Spain, [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]], much of Europe opposed him, fearing that the French royal dynasty would become too powerful. The War of the Spanish Succession (known in [[North America]] as [[Queen Anne's War]]) would continue until the last years of Anne's reign, and would dominate both foreign and domestic policy. Soon after her accession, Anne appointed her husband [[Lord High Admiral]], giving him control of the [[Royal Navy]]. Anne gave control of the army to Lord Marlborough, whom she appointed [[Captain-General]]. Marlborough also received numerous honours from the Queen; he was created a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]] and was elevated to the ducal rank. The Duchess of Marlborough was appointed to the post of [[Mistress of the Robes]], the highest office a lady could attain.

With George of Hanover out of contention as a suitor for Anne, King Charles looked elsewhere for an eligible prince who would be welcomed as a groom by his Protestant subjects but also acceptable to his Catholic ally [[Louis XIV of France]].<ref>Somerset, p. 40</ref> The Danes were Protestant allies of the French, and Louis XIV was keen on an Anglo-Danish alliance to contain the power of the Dutch. A marriage treaty between Anne and [[Prince George of Denmark]], younger brother of [[King Christian V]], was negotiated by Anne's uncle Laurence Hyde, who had been made Earl of Rochester, and the English [[Secretary of State for the Northern Department]], [[Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland]]. Anne and George were second cousins once removed.<ref>Gregg, p. 32</ref> Anne's father consented to the marriage eagerly because it diminished the influence of his other son-in-law, William of Orange, who was naturally unhappy at the match.<ref>Gregg, p. 33; Somerset, pp. 41–42</ref>

Anne's first ministry was primarily Tory; at its head was [[Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin|Sidney Godolphin, 1st Baron Godolphin]]. The Whigs&mdash;who were, unlike the Tories, vigorous supporters of the War of the Spanish Succession&mdash;became much more influential after the Duke of Marlborough won a great victory at the [[Battle of Blenheim]] in [[1704]]. The Whigs quickly rose to power; soon, due to Marlborough's influence, almost all the Tories were removed from the ministry. Lord Godolphin, although a Tory, allied himself with Marlborough to ensure his continuance in office. Although Lord Godolphin was the nominal head of the ministry, actual power was held by the Duke of Marlborough and by the two [[Secretary of State|Secretaries of State]] ([[Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland]] and [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Robert Harley]]). One may observe that Lord Godolphin's son married the Duke of Marlborough's daughter, and that Lord Sunderland was the Duke of Marlborough's son-in-law. Several others benefitted from Marlborough's [[nepotism]].

Bishop Compton officiated at Anne and George's wedding on 28 July 1683 in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace.<ref>Gregg, pp. 33–34; Somerset, p. 43</ref> Although it was an arranged marriage, they were faithful and devoted partners.<ref>Curtis, pp. 41–42; Green, pp. 34–35; Gregg, pp. 32–35; Somerset, p. 44</ref> They were given a set of buildings, known as [[Cockpit-in-Court|the Cockpit]], in the [[Palace of Whitehall]] as their London residence,<ref>Curtis, p. 42; Green, p. 34; Gregg, p. 35; Somerset, pp. 41, 44</ref> and Sarah Churchill was appointed one of Anne's [[ladies of the bedchamber]].<ref>Curtis, p. 43; Green, p. 36; Gregg, p. 34; Somerset, p. 49</ref> Within months of the marriage, Anne was pregnant, but the baby was stillborn in May. Anne recovered at the [[spa town]] of [[Tunbridge Wells]],<ref>Gregg, p. 36; Somerset, p. 56</ref> and over the next two years, gave birth to two daughters in quick succession: Mary and Anne Sophia.<ref name=weir268 />

==Reign in Great Britain==

The next years of Anne's reign were marked by attempts to merge England and Scotland into one realm. When it had passed the Act of Settlement 1701, the English Parliament had neglected to consult with the [[Scottish Parliament|Estates or Parliament of Scotland]], who, furthermore, sought to preserve the Stuart dynasty. The [[Act of Security]] was passed; failing the issue of the Queen, it granted the Estates the power to choose the next Scottish monarch from amongst the Protestant descendants of the royal line of Scotland. The individual chosen by the Estates could not be the same person who came to the English Throne, unless various religious, economic and political conditions were met. Though it was originally not forthcoming, the [[Royal Assent]] was granted when the Scottish Parliament threatened to withdraw Scottish troops from the Duke of Marlborough's army in Europe and refused to impose taxes. The English Parliament&mdash;fearing that an independent Scotland would restore the [[Auld Alliance]] (with France)&mdash;responded with the [[Alien Act 1705]], which provided that economic sanctions would be imposed and Scottish subjects would be declared [[alien]]s (putting their right to own property in England into jeopardy), unless Scotland either repealed the Act of Security or moved to unite with England. The Estates chose the latter option, and Commissioners were appointed to negotiate the terms of a union. Articles of Union were approved by the Commissioners on [[22 July]] [[1706]], and were agreed to by the Scottish Parliament (though opposed by an overwhelming majority of the Scottish People) on [[16 January]] [[1707]]. Under the Act, England and Scotland became one realm called Great Britain on [[1 May]] 1707.

== Accession of James II ==

The Duchess of Marlborough's relationship with Anne deteriorated during 1707. The Duchess had proved a termagant, and had been undermined by another of the Queen's friends [[Abigail Masham]]. Mrs Masham, a cousin of the Duchess of Marlborough, was also related to one of Anne's Whig ministers, Robert Harley. Through Masham, Harley exerted influence over the Queen. Learning of Harley's new-found power, Lord Godolphin and the Duke of Marlborough grew jealous, seeking his dismissal. Anne was compelled to accept Harley's resignation in [[1708]]. A group of five Whigs&mdash;Lord Sunderland, [[Thomas Wharton, 1st Marquess of Wharton|Thomas Wharton, 1st Earl of Wharton]], [[John Somers, 1st Baron Somers]], [[Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax|Charles Montagu, 1st Baron Halifax]] and [[Robert Walpole]]&mdash;dominated politics, becoming known as the "[[Junta]]." Also, Harley continued to retain influence with the Queen as a private advisor.

When Charles II died in 1685, Anne's father became King James II of England and VII of Scotland. To the consternation of the English people, James began to give Catholics military and administrative offices, in contravention of the [[Test Act]]s that were designed to prevent such appointments.<ref>Somerset, pp. 61, 64</ref> Anne shared the general concern, and continued to attend Anglican services. As her sister Mary lived in the Netherlands, Anne and her family were the only members of the royal family attending Protestant religious services in England.<ref>Waller, p. 300</ref> When her father tried to get Anne to baptise her youngest daughter into the Catholic faith, Anne burst into tears.<ref>Green, p. 38</ref> "[T]he doctrine of the Church of Rome is wicked and dangerous", she wrote to her sister, "their ceremonies—most of them—plain downright idolatry."<ref>Quoted in Green, p. 39; Gregg, p. 43 and Somerset, p. 21</ref> Anne became estranged from her father and stepmother, as James moved to weaken the Church of England's power.<ref>Somerset, pp. 65, 74–77</ref>

In early 1687, within a matter of days, Anne miscarried, her husband caught smallpox, and their two young daughters died of the same infection. [[Lady Rachel Russell]] wrote that George and Anne had "taken [the deaths] very heavily&nbsp;... Sometimes they wept, sometimes they mourned in words; then sat silent, hand in hand; he sick in bed, and she the carefullest nurse to him that can be imagined."<ref name="smallpox">Green, p. 39; Gregg, p. 47; Waller, p. 301</ref> Later that year, she suffered another stillbirth.<ref name="weir268">Weir, p. 268</ref>

Anne's husband, the Prince George of Denmark, died in October 1708. His leadership of the [[Admiralty]] was unpopular amongst the Whig leaders; as he lay on his deathbed, some Whigs were preparing to make a motion requesting his removal from the office of Lord High Admiral. Anne was forced to appeal to the Duke of Marlborough to ensure that the motion was not made. After her husband's death, however, Anne grew more distant from the overbearing Duchess of Marlborough, preferring the companionship of the much more respectful Abigail Masham. The Queen terminated their friendship in [[1709]].

[[File:James III and Mary of Modena.JPG|thumb|left|[[Mary of Modena]] and [[James Francis Edward]], Anne's stepmother and half-brother]]

Public alarm at James's Catholicism increased when his wife, Mary of Modena, became pregnant for the first time since James's accession.<ref>Curtis, p. 55; Gregg, p. 52; Somerset, pp. 80–82</ref> In letters to her sister Mary, Anne raised suspicions that the Queen was faking her pregnancy in an attempt to introduce a false heir. She wrote, "they will stick at nothing, be it never so wicked, if it will promote their interest&nbsp;... there may be foul play intended."<ref>Letter dated 14 March 1688, quoted in Gregg, p. 54 and Waller, p. 303</ref> Anne had another miscarriage in April 1688, and left London to recuperate in the spa town of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]].<ref>Somerset, pp. 86–87; Waller, pp. 303–304</ref>

Anne's stepmother gave birth to a son, [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], on 10 June 1688, and a Catholic succession became more likely.<ref>Ward, pp. 241–242</ref> Anne was still at Bath, so she did not witness the birth, which fed the belief that the child was spurious. Anne may have left the capital deliberately to avoid being present, or because she was genuinely ill,<ref>Waller, p. 304</ref> but it is also possible that James desired the exclusion of all Protestants, including his daughter, from affairs of state.<ref>Nenner, p. 243</ref><ref name="yorke">Yorke, pp. 65–68</ref> "I shall never now be satisfied", Anne wrote to her sister Mary, "whether the child be true or false. It may be it is our brother, but God only knows&nbsp;... one cannot help having a thousand fears and melancholy thoughts, but whatever changes may happen you shall ever find me firm to my religion and faithfully yours."<ref>Quoted in Green, p. 43</ref>

==Later years==

The fall of the Whigs came about quickly as the expensive War of the Spanish Succession grew unpopular in England; Robert Harley was particularly skilful in using the issue to motivate the electorate. A public furor was aroused after [[Henry Sacheverell|Dr Henry Sacheverell]], a Tory clergyman who attacked the Whig government for offering toleration to religious dissenters, was prosecuted for [[seditious libel]]. Even more humiliating was the failure of the Whigs to obtain the desired sentence; Dr Sacheverell was merely suspended from preaching for three years, and did not face imprisonment, as some Whigs had hoped. In the general election of [[1710]], a discontented populace returned a large Tory majority.

To dispel rumours of a [[:wikt:supposititious|supposititious]] child, James had 40 witnesses to the birth attend a [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]] meeting, but Anne claimed she could not attend because she was pregnant (which she was not)<ref>Somerset, p. 95</ref> and then declined to read the depositions because it was "not necessary".<ref>Gregg, pp. 62–63; Waller, p. 305</ref>

Marlborough was still too influential to be removed, but his relatives soon began to lose their offices. Lord Godolphin was removed on [[7 August]] 1710; the new ministry was headed by Robert Harley and included [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Henry St John]]. The new Tory government began to seek peace in the War of the Spanish Succession, for an unmitigated victory for Austria (Great Britain's primary ally) would be just as damaging to British interests as a loss to France. The Tories were ready to compromise by giving Spain to the grandson of the French King, but the Whigs could not bear to see a [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] on the Spanish Throne. In the House of Commons, the Tory majority was unassailable, but the same was not true in the [[House of Lords]]. To block the peace plan, the Whigs made an alliance with [[Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham]] and his Tory associates in the Lords. Seeing a need for decisive action, the Queen and her ministry dismissed the Duke of Marlborough, granting the command of British troops to [[James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde]]. To erase the Whig majority in the House of Lords, Anne created twelve new peers (one of whom was Abigail Masham's husband) on a single day. Such a mass creation of peers was unprecedented; indeed, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] had granted fewer peerage dignities in almost fifty years than did Anne in a single day.

== Glorious Revolution ==

Great Britain's involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession (as well as Queen Anne's War) was brought to an end in [[1713]] with the [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Treaty of Utrecht]]. Philip, grandson of the French King Louis XIV, was allowed to remain on the Throne of Spain, and was permitted to retain Spain's New World colonies. The rest of the Spanish inheritance, however, was divided amongst various European princes; Great Britain obtained the Spanish territories of [[Gibraltar]] and [[Minorca]]. Various French colonies in North America were also ceded to Great Britain.

[[File:William&MaryEngraving1703.jpg|thumb|right|Engraving of William and Mary]]

William of Orange invaded England on 5 November 1688 in the [[Glorious Revolution]], which ultimately deposed King James. Forbidden by James to pay Mary a projected visit in the spring of 1687,<ref>Green, p. 39; Gregg, p. 47; Somerset, p. 74</ref> Anne corresponded with her and was aware of the plans to invade.<ref>Gregg, p. 60</ref> On the advice of the Churchills,<ref name=yorke /> she refused to side with James after William landed and instead wrote to William on 18 November declaring her approval of his action.<ref>Green, p. 47; Gregg, p. 63</ref> Churchill abandoned the unpopular King James on the 24th. George followed suit that night,<ref>Gregg, p. 64</ref> and in the evening of the following day James issued orders to place Sarah Churchill under house arrest at St James's Palace.<ref>Gregg, p. 65</ref> Anne and Sarah fled from Whitehall by a back staircase, putting themselves under the care of Bishop Compton. They spent one night in his house, and subsequently arrived at [[Nottingham]] on 1 December.<ref>Gregg, pp. 65–66</ref> Two weeks later and escorted by a large company, Anne arrived at [[Oxford]], where she met George in triumph.<ref>Green, pp. 45–47; Gregg, p. 67</ref> "God help me!", lamented James on discovering Anne's desertion on 26 November, "Even my children have forsaken me."<ref>Gregg, p. 66</ref> On 19 December, Anne returned to London, where she was at once visited by William. James fled to France on the 23rd.<ref>Gregg, p. 68; Somerset, p. 105</ref> Anne showed no concern at the news of her father's flight, and instead merely asked for her usual game of cards. She justified herself by saying that she "was used to play and never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint".<ref>Lord Clarendon's diary, quoted in Green, p. 49</ref>

In January 1689, a [[Convention Parliament (1689)|Convention Parliament]] assembled in England and declared that James had effectively abdicated when he fled, and that the thrones of England and Ireland were therefore vacant. The [[Parliament of Scotland|Parliament or Estates of Scotland]] took similar action, and William and Mary were declared monarchs of all three realms.<ref>Ward, pp. 250–251, 291–292</ref> The [[Bill of Rights 1689]] and [[Claim of Right Act 1689]] settled the succession. Anne and her descendants were to be in the line of succession after William and Mary, and they were to be followed by any descendants of William by a future marriage.<ref>Green, p. 52; Gregg, p. 69</ref> On 24 July 1689, Anne gave birth to a son, [[Prince William, Duke of Gloucester]], who, though ill, survived infancy. As William and Mary had no children, it looked as though Anne's son would eventually inherit the Crown.<ref>Curtis, p. 72; Green, pp. 54–55</ref>

==Death==

Anne died of suppressed [[gout]], ending in [[erysipelas]], which produced an abscess and fever, at approximately 7&nbsp;{{AM}} on [[1 August]] [[1714]]. Her body was so swollen, it had to be buried in [[Westminster Abbey]] in a vast almost-square coffin.

== William and Mary ==

She died shortly after the Electress Sophia ([[8 June]] of the same year); the Electress's son, [[George I of Great Britain|George I, Elector of Hanover]], inherited the British Crown. Pursuant to the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], about fifty Roman Catholics with genealogically senior claims were disregarded. Amongst those who were omitted were the son of James II (James Francis Edward Stuart), the King of France ([[Louis XV of France|Louis XV]]), two future Kings of Spain and a future [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Though such powerful figures were ignored, the Elector of Hanover's accession was relatively stable. The Jacobite claimant, James Stuart, led rebellions in [[1715]] and [[1719]], but was defeated both times.

Soon after their accession, William and Mary rewarded John Churchill by granting him the [[Earldom of Marlborough]] and George was made [[Duke of Cumberland]]. Anne requested the use of [[Richmond Palace]] and a parliamentary allowance. William and Mary refused the first, and unsuccessfully opposed the latter, both of which caused tension between the two sisters.<ref>Green, pp. 53–54; Gregg, pp. 76–79</ref> Anne's resentment grew worse when William refused to allow George to serve in the military in an active capacity.<ref>Curtis, pp. 75–76; Green, p. 58; Gregg, p. 80</ref> The new king and queen feared that Anne's financial independence would weaken their influence over her and allow her to organise a rival political faction.<ref>Gregg, pp. 78–79</ref> From around this time,<ref>Gregg, p. 81; Somerset, p. 52</ref> at Anne's request she and Sarah Churchill, Lady Marlborough, began to call each other the pet names Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman, respectively, to facilitate a relationship of greater equality between the two when they were alone.<ref>Gregg, p. 81; Somerset, p. 124</ref> In January 1692, suspecting that Marlborough was secretly conspiring with James's followers, the [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]], William and Mary dismissed him from all his offices. In a public show of support for the Marlboroughs, Anne took Sarah to a social event at the palace, and refused her sister's request to dismiss Sarah from her household.<ref>Curtis, pp. 78–80; Green, pp. 59–60; Gregg, pp. 84–87; Somerset, pp. 130–132</ref> Lady Marlborough was subsequently removed from the royal household by the [[Lord Chamberlain]], and Anne angrily left her royal lodgings and took up residence at [[Syon House]], the home of the [[Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset]].<ref>Green, p. 62; Gregg, p. 87; Somerset, p. 132</ref> Anne was stripped of her guard of honour; courtiers were forbidden to visit her, and civic authorities were instructed to ignore her.<ref>Green, p. 62; Gregg, pp. 88–91, 96</ref> In April, Anne gave birth to a son who died within minutes. Mary visited her, but instead of offering comfort took the opportunity to berate Anne once again for her friendship with Sarah. The sisters never saw each other again.<ref>Curtis, p. 81; Green, pp. 62–63; Gregg, p. 90; Somerset, pp. 134–135</ref> Later that year, Anne moved to [[Berkeley House, London|Berkeley House]] in [[Piccadilly]], London, where she had a stillborn daughter in March 1693.<ref>Somerset, p. 146</ref>

When Mary died of smallpox in 1694, William continued to reign alone. Anne became his [[heir apparent]], since any children he might have by another wife were assigned to a lower place in the line of succession, and the two reconciled publicly. He restored her previous honours, allowed her to reside in St James's Palace,<ref>Curtis, p. 84; Green, pp. 66–67; Gregg, pp. 102–103</ref> and gave her Mary's jewels,<ref>Somerset, p. 149</ref> but excluded her from government and refrained from appointing her regent during his absences abroad.<ref>Gregg, pp. 105–106; Somerset, pp. 151–152</ref> Three months later, William restored Marlborough to his offices.<ref>Gregg, p. 104</ref> With Anne's restoration at court, Berkeley House became a social centre for courtiers who had previously avoided contact with Anne and her husband.<ref>Somerset, p. 151</ref>

==Legacy==

The reign of Anne was marked by an increase in the influence of ministers and a decrease in the influence of the Crown. In 1708, Anne became the last British Sovereign to withhold the [[Royal Assent]] from a bill (in this case, a Scots militia bill). Preocuppied with her health (she suffered from [[porphyria]]), Anne allowed her ministers&mdash;most notably Robert Harley&mdash;as well as her favourite companions&mdash;the Duchess of Marlborough and Lady Masham&mdash;to dominate politics. (The close relationship between Queen Anne and the Duchess of Marlborough, along with accounts that the Queen was a [[lesbian]], has led many people to believe that their relationship was sexual in nature, but no conclusive proof has been forthcoming.) The shift of power from the Crown to the ministry became even more apparent during the reign of George I, whose chief advisor, Sir Robert Walpole, is often described as the "first [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]."

According to James, Anne wrote to him in 1696 requesting his permission to succeed William, and thereafter promising to restore the Crown to James's line at a convenient opportunity; he declined to give his consent.<ref>Gregg, p. 108; Somerset, pp. 153–154</ref> She was probably trying to ensure her own succession by attempting to prevent a direct claim by James.<ref>Gregg, p. 122</ref>

The age of Anne was also one of artistic, literary and scientific advancement. In architecture, [[John Vanbrugh|Sir John Vanbrugh]] constructed elegant edifices such as [[Blenheim Palace]] (the home of the Marlboroughs) and [[Castle Howard]]. Writers such as [[Daniel Defoe]], [[Alexander Pope]] and [[Jonathan Swift]] flourished during Anne's reign. [[Isaac Newton|Sir Isaac Newton]] lived during Anne's reign, although he had reached his most important discoveries under William and Mary.

==Style= andAct armsof Settlement ===

[[File:Queen Anne and William, Duke of Gloucester by studio of Sir Godfrey Kneller.jpg|thumb|left|Anne with her son [[Prince William, Duke of Gloucester]], in a painting from the school of [[Sir Godfrey Kneller]], ''circa'' 1694]]

The official style of Anne before 1707 was "Anne, by the Grace of God, [[List of monarchs of England|Queen of England]], [[List of Monarchs of Scotland|Scotland]], [[English Kings of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]], etc." (The claim to [[France]] was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English King since [[Edward III of England|Edward III]], regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.) After the Union, her style was "Anne, by the Grace of God, [[List of British monarchs|Queen of Great Britain]], France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc."

Anne's final pregnancy ended on 25 January 1700 with a stillbirth. She had been pregnant at least 17 times over as many years, and had miscarried or given birth to stillborn children at least 12 times. Of her five liveborn children, four died before the age of two.<ref>Green, p. 335; Gregg, pp. 100, 120; Weir, pp. 268–269</ref> Anne experienced bouts of "[[gout]]" (pains in her limbs and eventually stomach and head) from at least 1698.<ref>Green, pp. 79, 336</ref> Based on her foetal losses and physical symptoms, she may have had [[systemic lupus erythematosus]],<ref name="emson">Emson, H. E. (23 May 1992). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29715689 "For The Want Of An Heir: The Obstetrical History Of Queen Anne"], ''British Medical Journal'', vol. 304, no. 6838, pp. 1365–1366 {{Subscription required}}</ref> or [[antiphospholipid syndrome]].<ref>Somerset, pp. 80, 295</ref> Alternatively, [[pelvic inflammatory disease]] could explain why the onset of her symptoms roughly coincided with her penultimate pregnancy.<ref name=emson /><ref>Green, p. 338</ref> Other suggested causes of her failed pregnancies are [[listeriosis]],<ref>Saxbe, W. B., Jr. (January 1972). [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/49/1/97 "''Listeria monocytogenes'' and Queen Anne"], ''Pediatrics'', vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 97–101</ref> [[diabetes]], [[intrauterine growth retardation]], and [[rhesus incompatibility]].<ref>Waller, p. 310</ref> Rhesus incompatibility, however, generally worsens with successive pregnancies, and so does not fit the pattern of Anne's pregnancies, as her only son to survive infancy, [[Prince William, Duke of Gloucester]], was born after a series of stillbirths.<ref>Green, pp. 337–338; Somerset, p. 79; Waller, pp. 310–311</ref> Experts also believe [[syphilis]], [[porphyria]] and pelvic deformation to be unlikely as the symptoms are incompatible with her medical history.<ref name=emson /><ref>Curtis, pp. 47–49; Green, pp. 337–338</ref>

Anne's gout rendered her lame for much of her later life.<ref>Curtis, p. 84</ref> Around the court, she was carried in a [[sedan chair]], or used a wheelchair.<ref>Gregg, p. 330</ref> Around her estates, she used a one-horse [[chaise]], which she drove herself "furiously like [[Jehu]] and a mighty hunter like [[Nimrod]]".<ref>[[Jonathan Swift]] quoted in Green, pp. 101–102 and Gregg, p. 343</ref> She gained weight as a result of her sedentary lifestyle; in Sarah's words, "she grew exceeding gross and corpulent. There was something of majesty in her look, but mixed with a gloominess of soul".<ref>Green, p. 154</ref> [[Sir John Clerk, 1st Baronet]], described her in 1706:

Anne's [[heraldry|arms]] before the Union were: ''Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for [[France]]) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for [[England]]); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for [[Scotland]]); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for [[Ireland]])''. After the Union, the arms of England and Scotland, which had previously been in different quarters, were "impaled," or placed side-by-side, in the same quarter to emphasise that the two countries had become one Kingdom. The new arms were: ''Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland)''.

{{Blockquote

|under a fit of the gout and in extreme pain and agony, and on this occasion everything about her was much in the same disorder as about the meanest of her subjects. Her face, which was red and spotted, was rendered something frightful by her negligent dress, and the foot affected was tied up with a poultice and some nasty bandages. I was much affected by this sight&nbsp;...<ref>Curtis, p. 146; Green, pp. 154–155; Gregg, p. 231</ref>

}}

Anne's sole surviving child, the Duke of Gloucester, died at age 11 on 30 July 1700. She and her husband were "overwhelmed with grief".<ref>Luttrell, [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/674 vol. IV, p. 674]; Somerset, p. 163</ref> Anne ordered her household to observe a day of mourning every year on the anniversary of his death.<ref>Green, p. 80</ref> With William childless and Gloucester dead, Anne was the only person remaining in the line of succession established by the [[Bill of Rights 1689]]. To address the succession crisis and preclude a Catholic restoration, the [[Parliament of England]] enacted the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], which provided that, failing the issue of Anne and of William III by any future marriage, the Crown of England and Ireland would go to [[Sophia, Electress of Hanover]], and her Protestant descendants. Sophia was the granddaughter of [[James VI and I]] through his daughter [[Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia|Elizabeth]], who was the sister of Anne's grandfather [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. Over 50 Catholics with stronger claims were excluded from the line of succession.<ref>Somerset, p. 165</ref> Anne's father died in September 1701. His widow, the former queen, wrote to Anne to inform her that her father forgave her and to remind her of her promise to seek the restoration of his line, but Anne had already acquiesced to the line of succession created by the Act of Settlement.<ref>Green, pp. 86–87; Waller, p. 312</ref>

==Issue==

{| border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"

== Reign ==

|- bgcolor=cccccc

!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes

[[File:Queen Anne of Great Britain.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait by [[Charles Jervas]]]]

Anne became queen upon the death of King William III on 8 March 1702, and was immediately popular.<ref>Green, p. 90; Waller, p. 312</ref> In her first speech to the English Parliament, on 11 March, she distanced herself from her late Dutch brother-in-law and said, "As I know my heart to be entirely English, I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England."<ref>Green, p. 91; Waller, p. 313</ref>

Soon after her accession, Anne appointed her husband [[Lord High Admiral of Great Britain|Lord High Admiral]], giving him nominal control of the [[Royal Navy]].<ref>Green, p. 94; Gregg, p. 160</ref> Anne gave control of the army to Lord Marlborough, whom she appointed [[Captain-General]].<ref>Green, p. 94; Somerset, p. 174; Waller, p. 315; Ward, p. 460</ref> Marlborough also received numerous honours from the Queen; he was created a [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]] and was elevated to the rank of duke. The Duchess of Marlborough was appointed [[Groom of the Stool]], [[Mistress of the Robes]], and [[Keeper of the Privy Purse]].<ref>Green, p. 95; Waller, p. 314</ref>

Anne was [[Coronation of the British monarch|crowned]] on [[St George's Day]], 23 April 1702.<ref>Curtis, p. 97; Green, pp. 95–96; Gregg, p. 154; Somerset, p. 187</ref> Affected by gout, she was carried to [[Westminster Abbey]] in an open sedan chair, with a low back to permit her train to flow out behind her.<ref>Curtis, p. 97; Green, p. 96</ref> On 4 May, England became embroiled in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], in which England, Austria, and the Dutch Republic fought against France and [[Bourbon Spain]].<ref>Green, p. 97; Gregg, p. 158</ref> [[Charles II of Spain]] had died childless in 1700, and the succession was disputed by two claimants: the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Charles of Austria]] and the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] [[Philip, Duke of Anjou]].<ref>Curtis, p. 101; Green, pp. 85–86; Gregg, p. 125</ref>

She took a lively interest in affairs of state, and was a patron of theatre, poetry and music. She subsidised [[George Frideric Handel]] with £200 a year.<ref>Somerset, pp. 229–230</ref> She sponsored high-quality medals as rewards for political or military achievements. They were produced at the Mint by [[Isaac Newton]] and [[John Croker (engraver)|John Croker]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=Joseph |year=2016 |title=Isaac Newton and the Medals for Queen Anne |url=https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/fulltext.aspx?url=260608/A3923200-53FB-4641-B035-80F2015E86E7.pdf&pub_id=260608 |journal=Huntington Library Quarterly |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=119–148 |doi=10.1353/hlq.2016.0003 |s2cid=155499114}}</ref> She knighted Newton when she visited Cambridge in 1705.<ref>Gregg, p. 197</ref>

=== Acts of Union ===

{{Main|Acts of Union 1707}}

While Ireland was subordinate to the English Crown and Wales formed part of the kingdom of England, Scotland remained an independent sovereign state with its own parliament and laws. The [[Act of Settlement 1701]], passed by the English Parliament, applied in the kingdoms of England and Ireland but not Scotland, where a strong minority wished to preserve the Stuart dynasty and its right of inheritance to the throne.<ref>Gregg, pp. 130–131</ref> Anne had declared it "very necessary" to conclude a union of England and Scotland in her first speech to the English Parliament,<ref>Somerset, p. 212</ref> and a joint Anglo-Scots commission met at her former residence, the Cockpit, to discuss terms in October 1702. The negotiations broke up in early February 1703 having failed to reach an agreement.<ref>Somerset, p. 214</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for Union 1702–03 |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/overview/negotiations-for-union-1702---03/ |access-date=9 March 2013 |website=UK Parliament}}</ref> The Estates of Scotland responded to the Act of Settlement by passing the [[Act of Security 1704|Act of Security]], which gave the Estates the power, if the Queen had no further children, to choose the next Scottish monarch from among the Protestant descendants of the royal line of Scotland.<ref>Curtis, p. 145; Somerset, p. 257</ref> The individual chosen by the Estates could not be the same person who came to the English throne, unless England granted full freedom of trade to Scottish merchants.<ref>Green, p. 133</ref> At first, Anne withheld [[royal assent]] to the act, but she granted it the following year when the Estates threatened to withhold supply, endangering Scottish support for England's wars.<ref>Somerset, pp. 269–270</ref>

[[File:Peter Tillemans (c. 1684-1734) - Queen Anne (1665-1714) in the House of Lords - RCIN 405301 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Queen Anne addressing the [[House of Lords]] ({{Circa|after 1708}}) painted by [[Peter Tillemans]])]]

In its turn, the English Parliament responded with the [[Alien Act 1705]], which threatened to impose economic sanctions and declare Scottish subjects [[alien (law)|aliens]] in England, unless Scotland either repealed the Act of Security or moved to unite with England.<ref>Green, p. 134; Somerset, pp. 277–278</ref> The Estates chose the latter option; the English Parliament agreed to repeal the Alien Act,<ref>Somerset, p. 296</ref> and new commissioners were appointed by Queen Anne in early 1706 to negotiate the terms of a union.<ref>Gregg, pp. 202, 214</ref> The articles of union approved by the commissioners were presented to Anne on 23 July 1706<ref>Somerset, p. 297</ref> and ratified by the Scottish and English Parliaments on 16 January and 6 March 1707, respectively.<ref>Gregg, p. 239; Somerset, pp. 315–316</ref> Under the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]], England and Scotland were united into a single kingdom called Great Britain, with one parliament, on 1 May 1707.<ref>Gregg, p. 240</ref> A consistent and ardent supporter of union despite opposition on both sides of the border, Anne attended a thanksgiving service in [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. The Scot [[Sir John Clerk, 1st Baronet]], who also attended, wrote, "nobody on this occasion appeared more sincerely devout and thankful than the Queen herself".<ref>Clerk's memoirs, quoted in Gregg, p. 240, and Somerset, pp. 316–317</ref>

=== Two-party politics ===

[[File:Queen Anne by John Closterman.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait from the school of [[John Closterman]], ''circa'' 1702]]

Anne's reign was marked by the further development of a two-party system. In general, the [[Tories (British political party)|Tories]] were supportive of the [[Anglicanism|Anglican church]] and favoured the landed interest of the country gentry, while the [[Whiggism|Whigs]] were aligned with commercial interests and Protestant [[Dissenter]]s. As a committed Anglican, Anne was inclined to favour the Tories.<ref>Curtis, pp. 102–104; Gregg, pp. 133–134; Somerset, pp. 189–199</ref> [[Godolphin–Marlborough ministry|Her first ministry]] was predominantly Tory, and contained such [[High Tories]] as [[Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham]], and her uncle [[Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester]].<ref>Somerset, pp. 201–203; Waller, p. 318</ref> It was headed by Lord Treasurer [[Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin|Lord Godolphin]] and Anne's favourite the [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Duke of Marlborough]], who were considered moderate Tories, along with the [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]], [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Robert Harley]].<ref>Gregg, p. 135</ref>

Anne supported the [[Occasional Conformity Bill]] of 1702, which was promoted by the Tories and opposed by the Whigs. The bill aimed to disqualify Protestant Dissenters from public office by closing a loophole in the [[Test Act]]s, legislation that restricted public office to Anglican [[conformist]]s. The existing law permitted [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]]s to take office if they took Anglican [[Eucharist|communion]] once a year. Anne's husband was placed in an unfortunate position when Anne forced him to vote for the bill, even though, being a [[Lutheran]], he was an occasional conformist himself. The Whigs successfully blocked the bill for the duration of the parliamentary session.<ref>Curtis, p. 107; Green, pp. 108–109; Gregg, pp. 162–163</ref> Anne reinstituted the traditional religious practice of [[touching for the king's evil]] that had been eschewed by William as papist superstition.<ref>Green, p. 105; Somerset, p. 226; Waller, pp. 316–317</ref> After the [[Great Storm of 1703]], Anne declared a general fast to implore God "to pardon the crying sins of this nation which had drawn down this sad judgement".<ref>Green, p. 121</ref> The Occasional Conformity Bill was revived in the wake of the storm,<ref>Green, p. 122</ref> but Anne withheld support, fearing its reintroduction was a ruse to cause a political quarrel. Once again it failed.<ref>Curtis, p. 116; Green, p. 122; Gregg, p. 177</ref> A third attempt to introduce the bill as an amendment to a [[money bill]] in November 1704 was also thwarted.<ref>Gregg, pp. 192–194; Somerset, pp. 275–276</ref>

The Whigs vigorously supported the War of the Spanish Succession and became even more influential after the Duke of Marlborough won a great victory at the [[Battle of Blenheim]] in 1704. Many of the High Tories, who opposed British involvement in the land war against France, were removed from office.<ref>Gregg, p. 196</ref> Godolphin, Marlborough, and Harley, who had replaced Nottingham as [[Secretary of State for the Northern Department]], formed a ruling "triumvirate".<ref>Green, p. 129</ref> They were forced to rely more and more on support from the Whigs, and particularly from the [[Whig Junto]]—Lords [[John Somers, 1st Baron Somers|Somers]], [[Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax|Halifax]], [[Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford|Orford]], [[Thomas Wharton, 1st Marquess of Wharton|Wharton]] and [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland|Sunderland]]—whom Anne disliked.<ref>Curtis, pp. 134, 138–139; Green, pp. 117, 155, 172; Gregg, pp. 134, 218–219</ref> Sarah, the Duchess of Marlborough, incessantly badgered the Queen to appoint more Whigs and reduce the power of the Tories, whom she considered little better than Jacobites, and the Queen became increasingly discontented with her.<ref>Gregg, pp. 174–175, 188–193; Somerset, pp. 245–246, 258, 272–274</ref>

In 1706, Godolphin and the Marlboroughs forced Anne to accept Lord Sunderland, a Junto Whig and the Marlboroughs' son-in-law, as Harley's colleague as [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]].<ref>Green, p. 155; Gregg, pp. 219–230; Somerset, pp. 301–311</ref> Although this strengthened the ministry's position in Parliament, it weakened the ministry's position with the Queen, as Anne became increasingly irritated with Godolphin and with her former favourite, the Duchess of Marlborough, for supporting Sunderland and other Whig candidates for vacant government and church positions.<ref>Green, p. 156; Gregg, pp. 230–231, 241–246; Somerset, pp. 318–321</ref> The Queen turned for private advice to Harley, who was uncomfortable with Marlborough and Godolphin's turn towards the Whigs. She also turned to [[Abigail Masham, Baroness Masham|Abigail Hill]], a [[woman of the bedchamber]] whose influence grew as Anne's relationship with Sarah deteriorated.<ref>Curtis, p. 152; Green, pp. 166–168; Waller, p. 324</ref> Abigail was related to both Harley and the Duchess, but was politically closer to Harley, and acted as an intermediary between him and the Queen.<ref>Gregg, p. 236–237; Somerset, p. 324</ref>

[[File:Half-crown of Anne.jpg|thumb|right|[[British half crown coin|Half-crown coin]] of Queen Anne, 1708. The inscription reads in {{langx|la|ANNA DEI GRATIA}} (Anne [[by the Grace of God]]).]]

The division within the ministry came to a head on 8 February 1708, when Godolphin and the Marlboroughs insisted that the Queen had to either dismiss Harley or do without their services. When the Queen seemed to hesitate, Marlborough and Godolphin refused to attend a cabinet meeting. Harley attempted to lead business without his former colleagues, and several of those present including [[Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset|Charles Seymour, Duke of Somerset]] refused to participate until they returned.<ref>Green, pp. 182–183; Gregg, pp. 258–259; Somerset, pp. 340–341</ref> Her hand forced, the Queen dismissed Harley.<ref>Green, p. 183; Gregg, p. 259; Somerset, p. 341</ref>

The following month, Anne's Catholic half-brother, [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], attempted to land in Scotland with French assistance in an attempt to establish himself as king.<ref>Curtis, p. 157; Green, p. 186; Gregg, pp. 261–262; Somerset, p. 343</ref> Anne withheld royal assent from the [[Scottish Militia Bill 1708]] in case the militia raised in Scotland was disloyal and sided with the Jacobites.<ref>Curtis, p. 157</ref> She was the last British sovereign to veto a parliamentary bill, although her action was barely commented upon at the time.<ref>Curtis, p. 157; Gregg, p. 144</ref> The invasion fleet never landed and was chased away by British ships commanded by [[George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington|Sir George Byng]].<ref>Curtis, p. 158; Green, p. 186; Gregg, p. 262; Somerset, p. 345</ref> As a result of the Jacobite invasion scare, support for the Tories fell and the Whigs were able to secure a majority in the [[1708 British general election]].<ref>Gregg, p. 263</ref>

The Duchess of Marlborough was angered when Abigail moved into rooms at [[Kensington Palace]] that Sarah considered her own, though she rarely if ever used them.<ref>Gregg, pp. 273–274; Somerset, pp. 347–348</ref> In July 1708, she came to court with a bawdy poem written by a Whig propagandist, probably [[Arthur Maynwaring]],<ref>Gregg, p. 275; Somerset, p. 361</ref> that implied a [[lesbian]] relationship between Anne and Abigail.<ref>Gregg, pp. 275–276; Somerset, pp. 360–361; Waller, pp. 324–325</ref> The Duchess wrote to Anne telling her she had damaged her reputation by conceiving "a great passion for such a woman&nbsp;... strange and unaccountable".<ref>Gregg, pp. 275–276; Somerset, p. 362; Waller, pp. 324–325</ref> Sarah thought Abigail had risen above her station, writing "I never thought her education was such as to make her fit company for a great queen. Many people have liked the humour of their chambermaids and have been very kind to them, but 'tis very uncommon to hold a private correspondence with them and put them upon the foot of a friend."<ref>Somerset, pp. 353–354</ref> While some modern commentators have concluded Anne was a lesbian,<ref>e.g. Kendall, pp. 165–176</ref> most have rejected this analysis.{{efn|Professor Valerie Traub writes, "Although this scandal features prominently in biographies of the Queen, the charges generally are dismissed as the hysterical vindictiveness of a power-hungry Duchess".<ref>Traub, p. 157</ref>}} In the opinion of Anne's biographers, she considered Abigail nothing more than a trusted servant<ref>Gregg, p. 237; Somerset, p. 363</ref> and was a woman of strong traditional beliefs who was devoted to her husband.<ref>Somerset, pp. 363–364</ref>

At a thanksgiving service for a victory at the [[Battle of Oudenarde]], Anne did not wear the jewels that Sarah had selected for her. At the door of St Paul's Cathedral, they had an argument that culminated in Sarah offending the Queen by telling her to be quiet.<ref>Curtis, pp. 162–163; Green, pp. 195–196; Gregg, p. 276; Somerset, pp. 364–365</ref> Anne was dismayed.<ref>Curtis, pp. 163–164; Green, p. 196; Gregg, p. 277; Somerset, p. 365</ref> When Sarah forwarded an unrelated letter from her husband to Anne, with a covering note continuing the argument, Anne wrote back pointedly, "After the commands you gave me on the thanksgiving day of not answering you, I should not have troubled you with these lines, but to return the Duke of Marlborough's letter safe into your hands, and for the same reason do not say anything to that, nor to yours which enclosed it."<ref>Curtis, pp. 163–164; Green, p. 196; Gregg, p. 277</ref>

=== Death of Prince George ===

[[File:Charles Boit, Queen Anne and Prince George crop.jpg|thumb|left|Anne and George, painted by [[Charles Boit]], 1706]]

Anne was devastated by Prince George's death in October 1708,<ref>Curtis, pp. 165–168; Green, p. 198; Gregg, p. 280; Somerset, pp. 372–374</ref> and it proved a turning point in her relationship with the Duchess of Marlborough. The Duchess arrived at [[Kensington Palace]] shortly before George died, and after his death insisted that Anne leave Kensington for St James's Palace against her wishes.<ref>Green, p. 199; Somerset, p. 370</ref> Anne resented the Duchess's intrusive actions, which included removing a portrait of George from the Queen's bedchamber and then refusing to return it in the belief that it was natural "to avoid seeing of papers or anything that belonged to one that one loved when they were just dead".<ref>Green, p. 202</ref>

The Whigs used George's death to their own advantage. The leadership of the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] was unpopular among the Whig leaders, who had blamed Prince George and his deputy [[George Churchill (Royal Navy officer)|George Churchill]] (who was Marlborough's brother) for mismanagement of the navy.<ref>Green, pp. 175–176; Gregg, pp. 254, 266</ref> With Whigs now dominant in Parliament, and Anne distraught at the loss of her husband, they forced her to accept the Junto leaders Lords Somers and Wharton into the cabinet. Anne, however, insisted on carrying out the duties of Lord High Admiral herself, without appointing a member of the government to take George's place. Undeterred, the Junto demanded the appointment of the Earl of Orford, another member of the Junto and one of the prince's leading critics, as [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]. Anne appointed the moderate [[Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke|Earl of Pembroke]], on 29 November 1708. Pressure mounted on Pembroke, Godolphin and the Queen from the dissatisfied Junto Whigs, and Pembroke resigned after less than a year in office. Another month of arguments followed before the Queen finally consented to put Orford in control of the Admiralty as First Lord in November 1709.<ref>Gregg, p. 284</ref>

Sarah continued to berate Anne for her friendship with Abigail and, in October 1709, Anne wrote to the Duke of Marlborough asking that his wife "leave off teasing & tormenting me & behave herself with the decency she ought both to her friend and Queen".<ref>Green, pp. 210–214; Gregg, pp. 292–294; Somerset, pp. 389–390; Waller, p. 325</ref> On [[Maundy Thursday]] 6 April 1710, Anne and Sarah saw each other for the last time. According to Sarah, the Queen was taciturn and formal, repeating the same phrases—"Whatever you have to say you may put in writing" and "You said you desired no answer, and I shall give you none"—over and over.<ref>Curtis, p. 173; Green, pp. 307–308; Gregg, pp. 221–222</ref>

=== War of the Spanish Succession ===

[[File:Allegory of the Victory of the Grand Alliance over the French in the Year 1704.png|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Allegory of the victory of the [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|Grand Alliance]] at [[Battle of Schellenberg|Schellenberg]] in 1704. The bust of Queen Anne at the top is surrounded by Allied leaders.]]

As the expensive [[War of the Spanish Succession]] grew unpopular, so did the Whig administration.<ref>Gregg, p. 298</ref> The [[Impeachment in the United Kingdom|impeachment]] of [[Henry Sacheverell]], a [[high church]] Tory Anglican who had preached anti-Whig sermons, led to further public discontent. Anne thought Sacheverell ought to be punished for questioning the Glorious Revolution, but that his punishment should only be a mild one to prevent further public commotion.<ref>Green, pp. 217–218; Gregg, pp. 305–306</ref> In London, riots broke out in support of Sacheverell, but the only troops available to quell the disturbances were Anne's guards, and Secretary of State Sunderland was reluctant to use them and leave the Queen less protected. Anne declared God would be her guard and ordered Sunderland to redeploy her troops.<ref name=sacheverell /> In line with Anne's views, Sacheverell was convicted, but his sentence—suspension of preaching for three years—was so light as to render the trial a mockery.<ref name="sacheverell">Green, p. 220; Gregg, p. 306; Somerset, pp. 403–404</ref>

The Queen, increasingly disdainful of the Marlboroughs and her ministry, finally took the opportunity to dismiss Sunderland in June 1710.<ref>Curtis, p. 176; Gregg, pp. 313–314; Somerset, pp. 414–415</ref> Godolphin followed in August. The Junto Whigs were removed from office, although Marlborough, for the moment, remained as commander of the army. In their place, she appointed a [[Harley ministry|new ministry headed by Harley]], which began to seek peace with France. Unlike the Whigs, Harley and his ministry were ready to compromise by giving Spain to the Bourbon claimant, Philip of Anjou, in return for commercial concessions.<ref>Gregg, p. 335</ref> In the [[1710 British general election|parliamentary elections]] that soon followed his appointment, Harley, aided by government patronage, secured a large Tory majority.<ref>Gregg, pp. 322–324</ref> In January 1711, Anne forced Sarah to resign her court offices, and Abigail took over as Keeper of the Privy Purse.<ref>Green, pp. 238–241; Gregg, pp. 328–331; Somerset, pp. 435–437</ref> Harley was stabbed by a disgruntled French refugee, the [[Antoine de Guiscard|Marquis de Guiscard]], in March, and Anne wept at the thought he would die. He recovered slowly.<ref>Green, p. 244; Gregg, p. 337; Somerset, pp. 439–440</ref> Godolphin's death from natural causes in September 1712 reduced Anne to tears; she blamed their estrangement on the Marlboroughs.<ref>Green, p. 274</ref>

[[File:Queen Anne.jpg|thumb|left|Tinted engraving of Anne from an atlas commissioned by [[Augustus the Strong]], 1707]]

The elder brother of Archduke Charles, [[Emperor Joseph I]], died in April 1711 and Charles succeeded him in Austria, Hungary and the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. To also give him the Spanish throne was no longer in Britain's interests, but the proposed [[Peace of Utrecht]] submitted to Parliament for ratification did not go as far as the Whigs wanted to curb Bourbon ambitions.<ref>Gregg, pp. 337–343</ref> In the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]], the Tory majority was unassailable, but the same was not true in the [[House of Lords]]. The Whigs secured the support of the Earl of Nottingham against the treaty by promising to support [[Occasional Conformity Act 1711|his Occasional Conformity bill]].<ref>Curtis, p. 189; Green, p. 258; Gregg, p. 343; Somerset, pp. 458–460</ref> Seeing a need for decisive action to erase the anti-peace majority in the House of Lords, and seeing no alternative, Anne reluctantly [[Harley's Dozen|created twelve new peers]],<ref>Curtis, p. 190; Green, p. 263; Gregg, pp. 349–351; Somerset, pp. 463–465</ref> even though such a mass creation of peers was unprecedented.<ref>Green, p. 263; Somerset, p. 465</ref> Abigail's husband, [[Samuel Masham, 1st Baron Masham|Samuel Masham]], was made a baron, although Anne protested to Harley that she "never had any design to make a great lady of [Abigail], and should lose a useful servant".<ref>Gregg, pp. 349–351; Somerset, pp. 464–465</ref> On the same day, Marlborough was dismissed as commander of the army.<ref>Green, p. 263; Gregg, p. 350</ref> The peace treaty was ratified and Britain's military involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession ended.<ref>Gregg, pp. 358, 361</ref>

By signing the Treaty of Utrecht, [[Louis XIV of France]] recognised the Hanoverian succession in Britain.<ref>Gregg, p. 361</ref> Nevertheless, gossip that Anne and her ministers favoured the succession of her half-brother rather than the Hanoverians continued, despite Anne's denials in public and in private.<ref>Green, pp. 272–284; Gregg, pp. 363–366</ref> The rumours were fed by her consistent refusals to permit any of the Hanoverians to visit or move to England,<ref>Curtis, p. 193</ref> and by the intrigues of Harley and the Tory Secretary of State [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Lord Bolingbroke]], who were in separate and secret discussions with her half-brother about a possible Stuart restoration until early 1714.<ref>Gregg, pp. 375–377; Somerset, pp. 505–507</ref>

=== Death ===

Anne was unable to walk between January and July 1713.<ref>Curtis, p. 193; Green, p. 282</ref> At Christmas, she was feverish, and lay unconscious for hours,<ref>Curtis, p. 193; Green, pp. 294–295</ref> leading to rumours of her impending death.<ref>Green, p. 296; Gregg, p. 374; Somerset, p. 502</ref> She recovered, but was seriously ill again in March 1714.<ref>Green, p. 300; Gregg, p. 378</ref> By July, Anne had lost confidence in Harley; his secretary recorded that Anne told the cabinet "that he neglected all business; that he was seldom to be understood; that when he did explain himself, she could not depend upon the truth of what he said; that he never came to her at the time she appointed; that he often came drunk; [and] last, to crown all, he behaved himself towards her with ill manner, indecency and disrespect."<ref>Harley's secretary Erasmus Lewis writing to [[Jonathan Swift]], quoted in Gregg, p. 391 and Somerset, p. 524</ref> On 27 July 1714, during Parliament's summer [[Recess (motion)|recess]], she dismissed Harley as Lord Treasurer.<ref>Green, p. 318; Gregg, pp. 390–391</ref> Despite failing health, which her doctors blamed on the emotional strain of matters of state, she attended two late-night cabinet meetings that failed to determine Harley's successor. A third meeting was cancelled when she became too ill to attend.<ref>Gregg, pp. 391–392; Somerset, pp. 525–526</ref> She was rendered unable to speak by a [[stroke]] on 30 July 1714, the anniversary of Gloucester's death, and on the advice of the Privy Council handed the treasurer's staff of office to Whig grandee [[Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury]].<ref>Green, pp. 321–322; Somerset, p. 527; Waller, p. 328</ref>

Anne died around 7:30&nbsp;a.m. on 1 August 1714.<ref>Gregg, pp. 392–394; Somerset, p. 528</ref> [[John Arbuthnot]], one of her doctors, thought her death was a release from a life of ill-health and tragedy; he wrote to [[Jonathan Swift]], "I believe sleep was never more welcome to a weary traveller than death was to her."<ref>Quoted in Gregg, p. 394</ref> She was buried beside her husband and children in the [[Henry VII Chapel]] on the South Aisle of Westminster Abbey on 24 August.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=5254|page=1|date=24 August 1714}}</ref>

== Succession ==

The [[Sophia of Hanover|Electress Sophia]] had died on 28 May,{{efn|8 June in the [[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style]] [[Gregorian calendar]] in use in Hanover since 1700.}} two months before Anne, so Sophia's son, [[George I of Great Britain|George, Elector of Hanover]], succeeded pursuant to the [[Act of Settlement 1701]]. The possible Catholic claimants, including Anne's half-brother, [[James Francis Edward Stuart]], were ignored. The Elector's accession was relatively stable: a [[Jacobite rising in 1715]] failed.<ref>Curtis, p. 201</ref> Marlborough was reinstated,<ref>Green, p. 327</ref> and the Tory ministers were replaced by Whigs.<ref>Gregg, p. 399</ref>

== Legacy ==

{{See also|List of things named after Queen Anne|Cultural depictions of Anne, Queen of Great Britain}}

[[File:Detail of Anne of Great Britain statue, St Paul's in spring 2013 (1).JPG|thumb|[[Statue of Queen Anne, St Paul's Churchyard|Statue of Anne]] in front of [[St Paul's Cathedral, London]]. A [[High Tory]] political opponent wrote that "it was fitting she was depicted with her rump to the church, gazing longingly into a wineshop".<ref>Somerset, p. 501</ref>]]

The Duchess of Marlborough "unduly disparaged" Anne in her memoirs,<ref name=yorke /> and her prejudiced recollections<!--also supported by Green, p. 11--> persuaded many early biographers that Anne was "a weak, irresolute woman beset by bedchamber quarrels and deciding high policy on the basis of personalities".<ref>Gregg, p. 401</ref> The Duchess wrote of Anne:

{{Blockquote|

She certainly meant well and was not a fool, but nobody can maintain that she was wise, nor entertaining in conversation. She was ignorant in everything but what the parsons had taught her when a child&nbsp;... Being very ignorant, very fearful, with very little judgement, it is easy to be seen she might mean well, being surrounded with so many artful people, who at last compassed their designs to her dishonour.<ref>Green, p. 330</ref>

}}

Historians have since viewed Anne more favourably. In his biography of 1980, Edward Gregg presents the Queen as a woman of invincible stubbornness, who was the central figure of her age. Gregg's argument depicts her reign as:

{{Blockquote|

a period of significant progress for the country: Britain became a major military power on land, the union of England and Scotland created a united kingdom of Great Britain, and the economic and political base for the golden age of the 18th century was established. However, the Queen herself has received little credit for these achievements and has long been depicted as a weak and ineffectual monarch, dominated by her advisers.<ref>Hensbergen, Claudine; Bernard, Stephen (2014) "Introduction" ''Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies'', vol. 37, no. 2, p. 140</ref>}}

In the opinion of modern historians, traditional assessments of Anne as fat, constantly pregnant, under the influence of favourites, and lacking political astuteness or interest may derive from sexist prejudices against women.<ref>Waller, p. 313; see also Somerset, pp. 541–543 for a similar view.</ref> Author David Green noted, "Hers was not, as used to be supposed, petticoat government. She had considerable power; yet time and time again she had to capitulate."<ref>Green, p. 14</ref> Gregg concluded that Anne was often able to impose her will, even though, as a woman in an age of male dominance and preoccupied by her health, her reign was marked by an increase in the influence of ministers and a decrease in the influence of the Crown.<ref>Gregg, p. 404</ref> She attended more cabinet meetings than any of her predecessors or successors,<ref>Green, p. 97; Gregg, p. 141</ref> and presided over an age of artistic, literary, scientific, economic and political advancement that was made possible by the stability and prosperity of her reign.<ref>Curtis, p. 204</ref> In architecture, [[John Vanbrugh|Sir John Vanbrugh]] constructed [[Blenheim Palace]] and [[Castle Howard]].<ref>Curtis, pp. 124–131</ref> [[Queen Anne-style architecture]] and [[Queen Anne-style furniture]] were named after her.<ref name="Gregg, p. 132">Gregg, p. 132</ref> Writers such as [[Daniel Defoe]], [[Alexander Pope]], and [[Jonathan Swift]] flourished.<ref name="Gregg, p. 132" /> [[Henry Wise (gardener)|Henry Wise]] laid out new gardens at Blenheim, Kensington, Windsor and St James's.<ref>Curtis, pp. 131, 136–137</ref> The union of England and Scotland, which Anne had fervently supported,<ref>Gregg, p. 405</ref> created Europe's largest free trade area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2007 |title=Quick Guide: Act of Union |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/6263977.stm |access-date=26 March 2013 |website=BBC News}}</ref> The political and diplomatic achievements of Anne's governments, and the absence of constitutional conflict between monarch and parliament during her reign, indicate that she chose ministers and exercised her prerogatives wisely.<ref>Waller, pp. 313, 317, 328</ref>

== Titles, styles, honours and arms ==

=== Titles and styles ===

* 6 February 1665 – 28 July 1683: ''Her Highness'' The Lady Anne<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=1065|page=2|date=31 January 1675}} {{London Gazette|issue=1143|page=1|date=30 October 1676}}</ref>

* 28 July 1683 – 8 March 1702: ''Her Royal Highness'' The Princess Anne of Denmark<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=2361|page=1|date=5 July 1688}} {{London Gazette|issue=2365|page=2|date=19 July 1688}}</ref>

* 8 March 1702 – 1 August 1714: ''Her Majesty'' The Queen

The official style of Anne before 1707 was "Anne, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, [[Fidei defensor|Defender of the Faith]], etc." After the union, her style was "Anne, by the Grace of God, Queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wallis, John Eyre Winstanley |url=https://archive.org/stream/englishregalyear00wall#page/62/mode/2up |title=English Regnal Years and Titles: Hand-lists, Easter dates, etc |publisher=Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge |year=1921 |___location=London |pages=62–63}}</ref> In line with other monarchs of England between 1340 and 1800, Anne was styled "[[English claims to the French throne|Queen of France]]", but did not actually reign in France.<ref>Weir, p. 286</ref>

=== Arms ===

As [[queen regnant]], Anne's coat of arms before the union were the Stuart [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|royal arms]], in use since 1603: [[Quartering (heraldry)|Quarterly]]; I and IV grandquarterly, [[Azure (heraldry)|Azure]] three [[Fleur-de-lis|fleurs-de-lis]] [[Or (heraldry)|Or]] (for France) and [[Gules]] three lions [[Attitude (heraldry)#Passant|passant guardant]] in [[Pale (heraldry)|pale]] Or ([[Royal Arms of England|for England]]); II, Or, a lion [[rampant]] within a double [[tressure]] flory-counter-flory Gules ([[Royal coat of arms of Scotland|for Scotland]]); III, Azure, a harp Or stringed [[Argent]] ([[Coat of arms of Ireland|for Ireland]]). In 1702, Anne adopted the motto ''semper eadem'' ("always the same"), the same motto used by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref name="pinches">Pinches and Pinches, pp. 194–195</ref>

The Acts of Union declared that: "the Ensigns Armorial of the said United Kingdom be such as Her Majesty shall appoint".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union with England Act 1707: Section I |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aosp/1707/7/section/I |access-date=26 March 2013 |website=The National Archives}}</ref> In 1707, the union was heraldically expressed by the [[Impalement (heraldry)|impalement]], or placing side by side in the same quarter, of the arms of England and Scotland, which had previously been in different quarters. The new arms were: Quarterly; I and IV, Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II, Azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France); III, Azure, a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland).<ref name="pinches" /> In Scotland, a separate form of arms was used on seals until the Act of Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Union with England Act 1707: Section XXIV |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aosp/1707/7/section/XXIV |access-date=26 March 2013 |website=The National Archives}}</ref>

{| border="0" align="center" width="80%"

|-

!width=33% |[[File:Coat of arms of Anne as Princess of Denmark.svg|center|110px]]

|Mary||[[2 June]] [[1685]]||[[8 February]] [[1687]]||&nbsp;

!width=33% |[[File:Coat of Arms of England (1702-1707).svg|center|200px]]

!width=33% |[[File:Coat of arms of Great Britain (1707–1714).svg|center|200px]]

|-

|style="text-align: center;" |Coat of arms of Anne as Princess of Denmark

|Anne Sophia||[[12 May]] [[1686]]||[[2 February]] [[1687]]||&nbsp;

|style="text-align: center;" |Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of England from 1702 to 1707

|style="text-align: center;" |Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of Great Britain from 1707 to 1714

|}

== Pregnancies and issue==

Anne had seventeen pregnancies, of which five were live births. None of her children survived to adulthood.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

!Child!!Birth!!Death!!Burial!!Notes

|[[William, Duke of Gloucester]]||[[24 July]] [[1689]]||[[30 July]] [[1700]]||&nbsp;

|-

|Stillborn daughter||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|12 May 1684<br />London<ref>Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 36; Somerset, p. 56; Weir, p. 268</ref>||style="text-align: center;"|13 May 1684<br />[[Westminster Abbey]]<ref>Chester, p. 209</ref>||

|Mary||[[14 October]] [[1690]]||[[14 October]] [[1690]]||&nbsp;

|-

|Mary||style="text-align: center;"|2 June 1685<br />[[Palace of Whitehall]]||style="text-align: center;"|8 February 1687<br />[[Windsor Castle]]<ref name=weir268 />||style="text-align: center;"|10 February 1687 Westminster Abbey<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=2216|page=2|date=10–14 February 1686}}</ref><ref name="Chester217">Chester, p. 217</ref>||Christened 2 June 1685 by [[Henry Compton (bishop)|the Bishop of London]];<ref name="dnb">Ward, pp. 441–474</ref> styled "the Lady Mary".<ref name=Chester217 /> Died of smallpox. Mary, Anne Sophia (Mary's younger sister), and their father all becoming ill at Windsor Castle in early 1687.<ref name=smallpox />

|George||[[17 April]] [[1692]]||[[17 April]] [[1692]]||&nbsp;

|-

|Anne Sophia||style="text-align: center;"|12 May 1686<br />Windsor Castle||style="text-align: center;"|2 February 1687<br />Windsor Castle<ref name=weir268 /> or Whitehall<ref>Gregg, pp. 46–47</ref>||style="text-align: center;"|4 February 1687 Westminster Abbey<ref name=Chester217 /><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=2214|page=2|date=3–7 February 1686}}</ref>||Christened by [[Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew|the Bishop of Durham]], with [[Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough|Lady Churchill]] one of the godmothers;<ref name=dnb /> styled "the Lady Anne Sophia".<ref name=Chester217 />

|-

|Miscarriage||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|21 January 1687<ref>''Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series: James II'' (1964). London: HMSO, vol. II, p. 347; Gregg, p. 46; Somerset, p. 71; Weir, p. 268</ref>||||

|-

|Stillborn son||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|22 October 1687<br />Whitehall<ref name="Gregg52">Gregg, p. 52</ref>||style="text-align: center;"|22 October 1687 Westminster Abbey<ref>Chester, p. 219; Weir, p. 268</ref>||Anne gave birth at seven months, but the baby "lay dead a full month within her".<ref name=Gregg52 />

|-

|Miscarriage||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|16 April 1688<ref>Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 55; Somerset, p. 86; Weir, p. 268</ref>|| ||

|-

|[[Prince William, Duke of Gloucester]]||style="text-align: center;"|24 July 1689<br />[[Hampton Court Palace]]||style="text-align: center;"|30 July 1700<br />Windsor Castle<ref>Green, pp. 54, 335; Gregg, pp. 72, 120; Weir, p. 268</ref>||style="text-align: center;"|9 August 1700 Westminster Abbey<ref>Chester, pp. 246–247</ref>||Died of [[Prince William, Duke of Gloucester#Death|unclear causes]] at age 11.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waller |first=Maureen |title=Ungrateful daughters : the Stuart princesses who stole their father's crown |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2002 |isbn=0-340-79461-5 |page=352}}</ref>

|-

|Mary||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|14 October 1690<br />[[St James's Palace]]||style="text-align: center;"|14 October 1690 Westminster Abbey<ref>Chester, p. 226</ref>||She was two months premature,<ref>Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 80</ref> and lived about two hours.<ref>Luttrell, [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr02lutt/page/116 vol. II, p. 116]; Weir, p. 268</ref>

|-

|George||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|17 April 1692<br />[[Syon House]]||style="text-align: center;"|18 April 1692 Westminster Abbey<ref name="Chester230">Chester, p. 230</ref>||He lived only for a few minutes,<ref>Green, pp. 62, 335; Luttrell, [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr02lutt/page/424 vol. II, p. 424]; Weir, p. 268</ref> just long enough to be baptised;<ref>Gregg, p. 90</ref> styled "Lord George".<ref name=Chester230 />

|-

|Stillborn daughter||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|23 March 1693<br />[[Berkeley House, London|Berkeley House]]<ref>Weir, p. 268; see also Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 99; Luttrell, [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr03lutt/page/62 vol. III, p. 62]</ref>||style="text-align: center;"|24 March 1693 Westminster Abbey<ref>Chester, p. 231</ref>||

|-

|Miscarriage||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|21 January 1694|| ||Modern historians Edward Gregg and [[Alison Weir]] do not agree on whether it was a son<ref>Gregg, p. 100</ref> or possibly a daughter.<ref name="weir269">Weir, p. 269</ref> Contemporary chronicler [[Narcissus Luttrell]] wrote only that Anne "miscarried of a dead child".<ref>Luttrell, [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr03lutt/page/258 vol. III, p. 258]</ref>

|-

|Miscarried daughter<ref>Luttrell, [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/20 vol. IV, p. 20]</ref>||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|{{nowrap|17<ref>Gregg, p. 107</ref> or 18<ref name="Green335">Green, p. 335</ref> February 1696}}|| ||<!--HMC Hastings II, 258: letter dated 18th says "miscarried this morning"-->

|-

|Miscarriage||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|20 September 1696<ref name=Green335 />|| ||Luttrell said Anne "miscarried of a son".<ref>Luttrell, [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/114 vol. IV, p. 114]; Gregg, p. 108</ref> [[Nathaniel Johnston]] told [[Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon]], in a letter dated 24 October 1696, "Her Royal Highness miscarried of two children, the one of seven months' growth, the other of two or three months, as her physicians and midwife judged: one was born the day after the other."<ref>Bickley, Francis (ed.) (1930). ''Historical Manuscripts Commission: The Hastings Manuscripts''. London: HMSO, vol. II, p. [https://archive.org/details/reportonmanuscri0002grea/page/286/mode/2up 286]</ref> If so, the smaller foetus was probably a [[Vanishing twin|blighted twin]] or ''[[fetus papyraceus]]''.<ref name=emson /><ref>Somerset, p. 152</ref><!--Connell (1937) concludes that a son was stillborn on 20th, and a dead foetus the following day-->

|-

|Miscarriage||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|25 March 1697<ref>Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 108; Somerset, p. 153</ref>|| ||

|-

|Miscarriage||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|early December 1697<ref>Green, p. 335; Luttrell, [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/316 vol. IV, p. 316]</ref>|| ||According to Saunière de L'Hermitage, the Dutch [[Resident (title)|resident]] in London, Anne miscarried twins who were "too early to determine their sex".<ref name="Gregg116">Gregg, p. 116</ref> Other sources say the pregnancy ended in a stillborn son,<ref name=weir269 /> or "two male children, at least as far as could be recognised".<ref>Somerset, p. 156</ref>

|-

|Stillborn son||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|15 September 1698<br />Windsor Castle<ref>Green, p. 335; Luttrell, [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/428 vol. IV, p. 428]; Weir, p. 269</ref>||style="text-align: center;"|[[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]]<ref name=weir269 />||[[James Vernon (politician, born 1646)|James Vernon]] wrote to [[Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury]], that Anne's physician thought the foetus "might have been dead 8 or 10 days".<ref name=Gregg116 />

|-

|Stillborn son||colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|24 January 1700<br />St James's<ref>Luttrell, [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/607 vol. IV, p. 607]</ref>||style="text-align: center;"|Westminster Abbey<ref name=weir269 />||Contemporary sources say Anne gave birth at seven and a half months, after the foetus had been dead for a month.<ref>Gregg, p. 120</ref>

|}

== Genealogical table==

{{Stuart to Hanover family tree}}

==See also==

{{Portal|Monarchy}}

[[List of things named after Queen Anne]]

* [[Early-18th-century Whig plots]]

* [[Queen Anne's Bounty]], 1704 financial scheme in support of poorer clergy

* ''[[Queen Anne's Revenge]]'', 18th-century pirate ship

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

==References==

===Citations===

*"Anne, Queen." (1911). ''Encyclopædia Britannica,'' 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

{{reflist}}

*Bryant, Mark. (2001). ''Private Lives.'' London: Cassell.

*[http://jacobite.ca/index.htm McFerran, Noel S. (2004). "The Jacobite Heritage."]

===Sources===

{{Refbegin|30em}}

* {{Citation |title=The Marriage, Baptismal, and Burial Registers of the Collegiate Church or Abbey of St. Peter, Westminster |date=1876 |url=https://archive.org/stream/marriagebaptism00chesgoog#page/n8/mode/2up |editor-last=Chester |editor-first=Joseph Lemuel |place=London |publisher=Harleian Society |ol=16339543M |author-link=Joseph Lemuel Chester}}

* {{Citation |last=Curtis |first=Gila |title=The Life and Times of Queen Anne |date=1972 |others=introduced by [[Antonia Fraser]] |place=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=0-2979-9571-5 |ol=5457893M}}

* {{Citation |last=Green |first=David |title=Queen Anne |date=1970 |place=London |publisher=Collins |isbn=0-0021-1693-6}}

* {{Citation |last=Gregg |first=Edward |title=Queen Anne |date=2001 |edition=2nd |place=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-3000-9024-2 |ol=3958275M}}

* {{Citation |last=Kendall |first=K. Limakatso |title=Finding the Good Parts: Sexuality in Women's Tragedies in the Time of Queen Anne |date=1991 |work=Curtain Calls: British and American Women and the Theatre, 1660–1820 |editor-last=Schofield |editor-first=Mary Anne |place=Athens |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=0-8214-0957-3 |ol=1883550M |editor2-last=Macheski |editor2-first=Cecilia}}

* {{Citation |last1=Louda |first1=Jiří |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |date=1999 |orig-date=1981 |edition=2nd |place=London |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-3168-4820-6 |ol=16165360M |last2=Maclagan |first2=Michael |author-link1=Jiří Louda |author-link2=Michael Maclagan}}

* {{Citation |last=Luttrell |first=Narcissus |title=A Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs from September 1678 to April 1714 |date=1857 |place=Oxford |publisher=University Press |ol=23282860M |author-link=Narcissus Luttrell}}

* {{Citation |last=Nenner |first=Howard |title=The Right to be King: the Succession to the Crown of England, 1603–1714 |date=1998 |place=Basingstoke, Hampshire |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0-3335-7724-8 |ol=18675450M}}

* {{Citation |last1=Pinches |first1=John Harvey |title=The Royal Heraldry of England |date=1974 |work=Heraldry Today |place=Slough, Buckinghamshire |publisher=Hollen Street Press |isbn=0-9004-5525-X |ol=5114364M |last2=Pinches |first2=Rosemary |author-link1=John Pinches}}

* {{Citation |last=Somerset |first=Anne |title=Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion |date=2012 |place=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-0072-0376-5 |ol=30550898M |author-link=Anne Somerset (historian)}}

* {{Citation |last=Traub |first=Valerie |title=The Renaissance of Lesbianism in Early Modern England |date=2002 |place=Cambridge |publisher=University Press |isbn=0-5214-4427-6 |ol=7741013M}}

* {{Citation |last=Waller |first=Maureen |title=Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England |date=2006 |place=London |publisher=John Murray |isbn=0-7195-6628-2 |ol=24198415M}}

* {{Cite DNB |author-link=Adolphus Ward |last=Ward |first=Adolphus W. |wstitle=Anne (1665-1714) |display=Anne (1665–1714) |volume=1 |pages=441–474 |mode=cs2}}

* {{Citation |title=The Age of Louis XIV |date=1908 |url=http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html |volume=V |editor-last=Ward |editor-first=Adolphus W. |series=The Cambridge Modern History |place=Cambridge |publisher=University Press |ol=20479898M |editor-link=Adolphus Ward}}

* {{Citation |last=Weir |first=Alison |title=Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised Edition |date=1995 |place=London |publisher=Random House |isbn=0-7126-7448-9 |ol=7794712M |author-link=Alison Weir}}

* {{Cite EB1911 |last=Yorke |first=Philip Chesney |wstitle=Anne, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=2 |pages=65–68 |mode=cs2}}

{{Refend}}

==Further reading==

{{start box}}

|-

|width="20%" align="center" rowspan="3"|Preceded by:<br/>'''[[William III of England|William III/II]]'''

|width="30%" align="center"|'''[[List of British monarchs|Queen of England]]'''<br>1702&ndash;1707

|width="30%" align="center" rowspan="2"|'''[[List of British monarchs|Queen of Great Britain]]'''<br>1707&ndash;1714

|width="20%" align="center" rowspan="3"|Followed by:<br/>'''[[George I of Great Britain|George I]]'''

|-

|width="30%" align="center"|'''[[List of British monarchs|Queen of Scotland]]'''<br>1702&ndash;1707

|-

|width="60%" align="center" colspan="2"|'''[[King of Ireland|Queen of Ireland]]'''<br>1702&ndash;1714

{{end box}}

* {{Citation |last=Bucholz |first=Robert O. |title='Nothing but ceremony': Queen Anne and the limitations of royal ritual |date=1991 |journal=[[Journal of British Studies]] |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=288–323 |doi=10.1086/385985 |s2cid=143522370}}

{{Spoken Wikipedia|Anne of Great Britain.ogg|2005-05-03}}

* {{Citation |last=Harris |first=Frances |title='The Honourable Sisterhood': Queen Anne's Maids of Honour |date=1993 |journal=[[British Library Journal]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=181–198 |jstor=42554369}}

* {{Citation |last=Van Hensbergen |first=Claudine |title=Carving a Legacy: Public Sculpture of Queen Anne, c. 1704–1712 |date=2014 |url=http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/16699/1/CVH%20-%20JECS%20Feb%202014%20final%20draft%20-%20upload%20this%20version%20-%20Anne%20%20sculpture%20article%20docx.pdf |work=[[Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies]] |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=229–244 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720185943/http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/16699/1/CVH%20-%20JECS%20Feb%202014%20final%20draft%20-%20upload%20this%20version%20-%20Anne%20%20sculpture%20article%20docx.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live}}

== External links ==

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* [https://www.royal.uk/anne-r1702-1714 Anne] at the official website of the [[British monarchy]]

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* [https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/anne-queen-of-great-britain-1665-1714#/type/subject Anne] at the official website of the [[Royal Collection Trust]]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Prince George of Denmark]]}}

{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord High Admiral of Great Britain|Lord High Admiral]]|years=1708}}

{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke|The Earl of Pembroke]]}}

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{{Anne, Queen of Great Britain}}

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