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{{short description|1955 meeting of Asian and African states}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox summit meeting
|name=Asian–African Conference
|other_titles=Konferensi Asia–Afrika
|dates=18 to 24 April 1955
|country={{flag|Indonesia}}
|cities=[[Bandung]]
|chairperson=[[Ruslan Abdulgani]]<br>{{small|[[Foreign Minister of Indonesia]]}}
|participants=304 representatives
|image=Plenary session during the Bandung Conference.png
|caption=Plenary session during the Bandung Conference
}}
[[File:Gedung.Merdeka.jpg|thumb|[[Merdeka Building]], the main venue in 1955]]
The first large-scale '''Asian–African''' or '''Afro–Asian Conference''' ({{langx|id|Konferensi Asia–Afrika}}), also known as the '''Bandung Conference''', was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on 18–24 April 1955 in [[Bandung]], [[West Java]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/final_communique_of_the_asian_african_conference_of_bandung_24_april_1955-en-676237bd-72f7-471f-949a-88b6ae513585.html |title=Final Communiqué of the Asian-African conference of Bandung (24 April 1955) |date=3 January 2017 |format=PDF |publisher=Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe}}</ref> The twenty-nine countries that participated represented a total population of 1.5 billion people, 54% of the world's population.<ref>[http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/04/21/fea01.htm Bandung Conference of 1955 and the resurgence of Asia and Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513090833/http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/04/21/fea01.htm |date=13 May 2012}}, ''Daily News'', [[Sri Lanka]]</ref> The conference was organized by Indonesia, [[Post-independence Burma (1948–1962)|Burma]] (Myanmar), [[India]], [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] (Sri Lanka), and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and was coordinated by [[Ruslan Abdulgani]], secretary general of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia]].
The conference's stated aims were to promote [[Afro-Asia]]n economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose [[colonialism]] or [[neocolonialism]] by any nation. The conference was a step towards the eventual creation of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM) yet the two initiatives ran in parallel during the 1960s, even coming in confrontation with one another prior to the [[2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|2nd Cairo NAM Conference in 1964]].<ref name="Bogetić">{{cite journal |last=Bogetić |first=Dragan |date=2017 |title=Sukob Titovog koncepta univerzalizma i Sukarnovog koncepta regionalizma na Samitu nesvrstanih u Kairu 1964. |trans-title=The Conflict Between Tito's Concept of Universalism and Sukarno's Concept of Regionalism in the 1964 Summit of Non-Aligned Countries in Cairo |journal=Istorija 20. Veka |publisher=Institute for Contemporary History, [[Belgrade]] |volume= 35|issue=2 |pages=101–118 |doi=10.29362/IST20VEKA.2017.2.BOG.101-118 |doi-access=free |s2cid=189123378 }}</ref>
In 2005, on the 50th anniversary of the original conference, leaders from Asian and African countries met in Jakarta and Bandung to launch the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP). They pledged to promote political, economic, and cultural cooperation between the two continents.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
==Background==
Indonesian President [[Sukarno]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] were key organizers in their quest to build a nonaligned movement that would win the support of the newly emerging nations of Asia and Africa. Nehru first got the idea at the [[Asian Relations Conference]], held in India in March 1947, on the eve of India's independence. There was a second 19-nation conference regarding the status of Indonesia, held in [[New Delhi]], India, in January 1949. Although Nehru initially attached relatively little importance to Indonesia's calls to convene the Bandung Conference, he showed increasing interest during and after late 1954 due to his concern about American foreign policy as it applied to Asia, his belief that he could secure a guarantee of peaceful coexistence with China, and his desire to avoid embarrassing Indonesia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Benvenuti |first1=Andrea |date=6 July 2022 |title=Nehru's Bandung moment: India and the convening of the 1955 Asian-African conference |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14736489.2022.2080489 |journal=India Review |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=153–180 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2022.2080489 |s2cid=250340538 |access-date=17 March 2023|url-access=subscription |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_82484 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Decolonization]] was underway and an increasing number of new nations in Africa or Asia were emerging with, for the first time, their own diplomatic corps and need to integrate into the international system.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
[[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|Chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] was also a key organizer, backed by his influential right-hand man, [[Premier of China|Premier]] and Foreign Minister [[Zhou Enlai]]. Mao believed that an anti-colonial nationalist and anti-imperialist agenda was underway in Africa and Asia, and he wanted to make China the leader of these forces.<ref name="maounknown">Jung Chang and John Halliday, ''Mao: The Unknown Story'', pp. 603–604, 2007 edition, Vintage Books</ref> In his efforts to present China as a model, Mao publicly maintained a friendly, conciliatory tone towards newly independent Asian nations,<ref name="ShuGuangZhangColdWarHistory">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Shu Guang |date=8 October 2007 |title=Constructing 'Peaceful Coexistence': China's Diplomacy toward the Geneva and Bandung Conferences, 1954–55 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682740701621846 |journal=[[Cold War History (journal)|Cold War History]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=509–528 |doi=10.1080/14682740701621846 |s2cid=154232267 |access-date=17 March 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> while simultaneously denouncing the Western colonial empires.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jian |first1=Chen |date=19 July 2013 |title=Bridging Revolution and Decolonization: The "Bandung Discourse" in China's Early Cold War Experience |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/tcr.2008.15.2.207 |journal=[[The Chinese Historical Review]] |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=207–241 |doi=10.1179/tcr.2008.15.2.207 |s2cid=143652969 |access-date=17 March 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
At the Colombo Powers conference in April 1954, Indonesia proposed a global conference. A planning group with the leaders of Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Burma, and Ceylon met in [[Bogor]], West Java in late December 1954<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haddad-Fonda |first=Kyle |date=2017-08-09 |title=The Asian-African (Bandung) Conference: Fact and Fiction |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/asian-african-bandung-conference-fact-and-fiction/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=BlackPast.org |language=en-US}}</ref> and formally decided to hold the conference in April 1955. They had a series of goals in mind: to promote goodwill and cooperation among the new nations, to explore in advance their mutual interests, to examine social economic and cultural problems, to focus on problems of special interest to their peoples such as racism and colonialism, and to enhance the international visibility of Asia and Africa in world affairs.<ref>M.S. Rajan, ''India in World Affairs, 1954–1956'' (1964) pp 197–205.</ref>
The Bandung Conference reflected what the organizers regarded as a reluctance by the Western powers to consult with them on decisions affecting Asia in a setting of [[Cold War]] tensions: their concern over tension between the People's Republic of China and the United States, their desire to lay firmer foundations for China's peace relations with themselves and the West, their opposition to colonialism (especially [[France's neocolonialism]] in North Africa and its colonial rule in [[Algeria]]), and Indonesia's desire to promote its case in the [[West New Guinea dispute]] with the [[Netherlands]].{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} One of Sukarno's primary goals with the conference was to build support for Indonesia's claim to West Papua and to prevent the Netherlands from transferring sovereignty of West Papua to indigenous Papuans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McNamee |first=Lachlan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-x8EAAAQBAJ |title=Settling for Less: Why States Colonize and Why They Stop |date=2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-23781-7 |pages=1–2 |language=en}}</ref>
Sukarno portrayed himself as the leader of this group of states, which he later described as "NEFOS" (Newly Emerging Forces).<ref>Cowie, H.R. (1993). ''Australia and Asia. A changing Relationship'', 18.</ref>
On 4 December 1954, the United Nations announced that Indonesia had successfully gotten the issue of West New Guinea placed on the agenda of the 1955 General Assembly.<ref>United Nations General Assembly, Report of the First Committee A/2831{{page needed|date=April 2022}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2022}} Plans for the Bandung conference were announced in December 1954.<ref>Parker, "Small Victory, Missed Chance" (2006), p. 156.</ref>
==Discussion==
[[File:Delegations held a Plenary Meeting of the Economic Section during the A-A Conference in Merdeka Building, Bandung, on April 20th 1955.jpg|thumb|Delegations held a Plenary Meeting of the Economic Section during the Bandung Conference, April 1955.]]
Major debate centered on the question of whether [[Soviet occupations|Soviet policies in Eastern Europe]] and Central Asia should be censured along with Western colonialism. A memo was submitted by 'The Moslem Nations under Soviet Imperialism', accusing the Soviet authorities of massacres and mass deportations in Muslim regions, but it was never debated.<ref name=Schindler>{{cite book|last1=Schindler|first1=Colin|title=Israel and the European Left|date=2012|publisher=Continuum|___location=New York|page=205|isbn=978-1441150134}}</ref> A consensus was reached in which "colonialism in all of its manifestations" was condemned, implicitly censuring the Soviet Union, as well as the West.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Bandung-Conference|title=Bandung Conference – Asia-Africa [1955]|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> China played an important role in the conference and strengthened its relations with other Asian nations. Having survived [[Kashmir Princess|an assassination attempt]] on the way to the conference, the Chinese premier, [[Zhou Enlai]], displayed a moderate and conciliatory attitude that tended to quiet fears of some anticommunist delegates concerning China's intentions.{{who|date=April 2022}}
Later in the conference, Zhou Enlai signed an [[Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty|agreement on dual nationality]] with Indonesian foreign minister [[Sunario]]. World observers closely watched Zhou. He downplayed revolutionary communism and strongly endorsed the right of all nations to choose their own economic and political systems, including even capitalism. His moderation and reasonableness made a very powerful impression for his own diplomatic reputation and for China.{{who|date=April 2022}} By contrast, Nehru was bitterly disappointed at the generally negative reception he received. Senior diplomats called him arrogant.{{who|date=April 2022}} Zhou said privately, "I have never met a more arrogant man than Mr. Nehru."<ref>H.W. Brands, ''India and the United States'' (1990) p. 85.</ref><ref>Sally Percival Wood, "'Chou gags critics in BANDOENG or How the Media Framed Premier Zhou Enlai at the Bandung Conference, 1955" ''Modern Asian Studies'' 44.5 (2010): 1001–1027.</ref><ref>Sarvepalli Gopal, ''Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume 2: 1947–1956'' (1979), pp 239–44.</ref><ref>Dick Wilson, ''Zhou Enlai" A Biography'' (1984) pp 200–205</ref>
China began voicing [[China–Palestine relations|support for Palestine]] at Bandung, with Zhou stating, "[T]here was a parallel between the problems of Palestine and Formosa; neither could be solved peacefully unless intervention by outside forces was excluded; China was suffering from the same problem as the Arab countries."<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Dawn C. |url= |title=China's Rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's Alternative World Order |date=2022 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4 |___location=Stanford, California |pages= |oclc=1249712936}}</ref>{{Rp|page=61}}
[[File:Asian-African Conference Participants.svg|thumb|480px|The 29 countries attending the Asia-Africa Conference.]]
[[File:NAM Members.svg|thumb|480px|Member states of the Non-Aligned Movement (2012). Light blue states have observer status.]]
==Declaration==
A 10-point "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", called '''''Dasasila Bandung''''' ('''Bandung's Ten Principles''', or '''Bandung Spirit''', or '''Bandung Declaration'''; styled after Indonesia's [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]]; or '''Ten Principles of Peaceful Coexistence'''<ref>[https://bandungspirit.org/spip.php?article99 Bandung Principles - Bandung Spirit]</ref>), incorporating the principles of the [[United Nations Charter]] as well as [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]] was adopted unanimously as item G in the final communiqué of the conference:<ref>{{cite journal | last = Jayaprakash | first = N D | title = India and the Bandung Conference of 1955 – II | journal = People's Democracy | volume = XXIX | issue = 23 | date = 5 June 2005 | url = http://pd.cpim.org/2005/0605/06052005_bandung%20conf.htm | access-date = 7 February 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311133351/http://pd.cpim.org/2005/0605/06052005_bandung%20conf.htm | archive-date = 11 March 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
# Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the charter of the United Nations
# Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations
# Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations large and small
# Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country
# Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself, singly or collectively, in [[conformity]] with the charter of the United Nations
# (a) Abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defence to serve any particular interests of the big powers <br />(b) Abstention by any country from exerting pressures on other countries
# Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country
# Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, such as negotiation, conciliation, arbitration or judicial settlement as well as other peaceful means of the parties own choice, in conformity with the charter of the United Nations
# Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation
# Respect for justice and international obligations
The final Communique of the Conference underscored the need for developing countries to loosen their economic dependence on the leading industrialised nations by providing technical assistance to one another through the exchange of experts and technical assistance for developmental projects, as well as the exchange of technological know-how and the establishment of regional training and research institutes.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
==United States involvement==
[[File:Ethel Lois Payne press pin Asian-African Conference 1955.jpg|thumb|Press pin issued to American journalist [[Ethel Lois Payne]] for the conference.]]
For the US, the Conference accentuated a central dilemma of its Cold War policy; by currying favor with Third World nations by claiming opposition to colonialism, it risked alienating its colonialist European allies.<ref>Parker, "Small Victory, Missed Chance" (2006), p. 154. "... Bandung presented Washington with a geopolitical quandary. Holding the Cold War line against communism depended on the crumbling European empires. Yet U.S. support for that ancien régime was sure to earn the resentment of Third World nationalists fighting against colonial rule. The Eastern Bloc, facing no such guilt by association, thus did not face the choice Bandung presented to the United States: side with the rising Third World tide, or side with the shaky imperial structures damming it in."</ref> The US security establishment also feared that the Conference would expand China's regional power.<ref>Parker, "Small Victory, Missed Chance" (2006), p. 155.</ref> In January 1955, the US formed a "Working Group on the Afro-Asian Conference" that included the [[Operations Coordinating Board]] (OCB), the [[Office of Intelligence Research]] (OIR), the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]], the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA), and the [[United States Information Agency]] (USIA).<ref>Parker, "Small Victory, Missed Chance" (2006), pp. 157–158.</ref> The OIR and USIA followed a course of "Image Management" for the US, using overt and covert propaganda to portray the US as friendly and to warn participants of the Communist menace.<ref>Parker, "Small Victory, Missed Chance" (2006), p. 161. "An OCB memorandum of March 28 [...] recounts the efforts by OIR and the working group to distribute intelligence 'on Communist intentions, and [on] suggestions for countering Communist designs.' These were sent to U.S. posts overseas, with instructions to confer with invitee governments, and to brief friendly attendees. Among the latter, 'efforts will be made to exploit [the Bangkok message] through the Thai, Pakistani, and Philippine delegations.' Posts in Japan and Turkey would seek to do likewise. On the media front, the administration briefed members of the American press; '[this] appear[s] to have been instrumental in setting the public tone.' Arrangements had also been made for USIA coverage. In addition, the document refers to budding Anglo-American collaboration in the 'Image Management' effort surrounding Bandung."</ref>
The United States, at the urging of Secretary of State [[John Foster Dulles]], shunned the conference and was not officially represented. However, the administration issued a series of statements during the lead-up to the Conference. These suggested that the US would provide economic aid and attempted to reframe the issue of colonialism as a threat by China and the [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref name="Parker162">Parker, "Small Victory, Missed Chance" (2006), p. 162.</ref>
Representative [[Adam Clayton Powell Jr.]] (D-N.Y.) attended the conference, sponsored by ''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]'' and ''[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]'' magazines instead of the U.S. government.<ref name="Parker162" /> Powell spoke at some length in favor of American foreign policy there which assisted the United States's standing with the Non-Aligned. When Powell returned to the United States, he urged President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and Congress to oppose colonialism and pay attention to the priorities of emerging Third World nations.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/P/POWELL,-Adam-Clayton,-Jr--%28P000477%29/| title = Adam Clayton Powell Jr.| access-date = 1 February 2015
| publisher = United States House of Representatives}}</ref>
African American author [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]] attended the conference<ref name=":Gao">{{Cite book |last=Gao |first=Yunxiang |title=Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century |date=2021 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn=9781469664606 |___location=Chapel Hill, NC |pages=38}}</ref> with funding from the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]. Wright spent about three weeks in Indonesia, devoting a week to attending the conference and the rest of his time to interacting with Indonesian artists and intellectuals in preparation to write several articles and a book on his trip to Indonesia and attendance at the conference. Wright's essays on the trip appeared in several Congress for Cultural Freedom magazines, and his book on the trip was published as ''[[The Color Curtain|The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference]]''. Several of the artists and intellectuals with whom Wright interacted (including [[Mochtar Lubis]], [[Asrul Sani]], [[Sitor Situmorang]] and [[Beb Vuyk]]) continued discussing Wright's visit after he left Indonesia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Brian Russell|title=Artistic Ambassadors: Literary and International Representation of the New Negro Era|year=2013|publisher=University of Virginia Press|___location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0813933689|pages=146–172}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Brian Russell|last2= Foulcher| first2= Keith|title=Indonesian Notebook: A Sourcebook on Richard Wright and the Bandung Conference|year=2016|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|___location=Durham|isbn=978-0822360667}}{{page needed|date=April 2022}}</ref>{{page needed|date=April 2022}} Wright extensively praised the conference.<ref name=":Gao" />
==Outcome and legacy==
The conference was later followed by the [[Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Conference, 1957|Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Conference]] held in Cairo<ref>{{cite book|last=Mancall|first=Mark|year=1984|title= China at the Center: 300 Years of Foreign Policy|page=427|publisher=Free Press
}}</ref> in September 1957 and subsequently by the [[1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|Belgrade Summit]] in 1961, which resulted in the formation of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Choucri |first=Nazli |author-link=Nazli Choucri |date=March 1969 |title=The Nonalignment of Afro-Asian States: Policy, Perception, and Behaviour |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1017/S0008423900024574 |s2cid=153424926 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1721.1/141521}}</ref>
In the early 1960s, China sought to mobilize support of the [[Sino-Arab relations|Arab countries]] for a second Bandung Conference, proposed to be held in Algiers.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=xxvi}} The effort failed as a result of events including the [[1965 Algerian coup d'état|1965 Algerian coup d'état]], the [[Transition to the New Order|ouster of Sukarno]] in Indonesia, the [[1966 Ghanaian coup d'état|1966 Ghanaian coup d'état]], and Egypt growing closer to the Soviet Union.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=xxvi}}
===Asian-African Summit of 2005===
To mark the 50th anniversary of The Summit, Heads of State and Government of Asian-African countries attended a new Asian-African Summit from 20 to 24 April 2005 in Bandung and [[Jakarta]] hosted by President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]. Attended by [[Prime Minister of Japan]], [[Junichiro Koizumi]]; [[President of the People's Republic of China|President of China]], [[Hu Jintao]]; [[United Nations Secretary General]], [[Kofi Annan]]; [[President of Pakistan]], [[Pervez Musharraf]]; [[President of Afghanistan]], [[Hamid Karzai]]; [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]], [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]]; [[Sultan of Brunei]], [[Hassanal Bolkiah]] and [[President of South Africa]], [[Thabo Mbeki]], some sessions of the new conference took place in Gedung Merdeka (Independence Building), the venue of the original conference.
Of the 106 nations invited to the historic summit, 89 were represented by their heads of state or government or ministers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/04/23/asian-african-conference-timeline.html|title=Asian-African Conference timeline|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=8 September 2017|language=en|date=23 April 2015}}</ref> The Summit was attended by 54 Asian and 52 African countries.
The 2005 Asian African Summit yielded, inter-alia, the Declaration of the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP),<ref>{{cite web|title=Seniors official meeting|url=http://www.kemlu.go.id/Documents/NAASP/Hyperlink%201.pdf|publisher=MFA of Indonesia|access-date=1 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216185053/http://www.kemlu.go.id/Documents/NAASP/Hyperlink%201.pdf|archive-date=16 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Joint Ministerial Statement on the NAASP Plan of Action, and the Joint Asian African Leaders' Statement on Tsunami, Earthquake and other Natural Disasters. The conclusion of aforementioned declaration of NAASP is the Nawasila (nine principles) supporting political, economic, and socio-cultural cooperation.
=== Other geopolitical impacts ===
During the conference Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] met with Zhou Enlai regarding Egypt obtaining arms from the Soviet Union.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Har-El |first=Shai |title=China and the Palestinian Organizations: 1964–1971 |date=2024 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-3-031-57827-4 |___location=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=xxiv}} Zhou stated that China would intercede with the Soviet Union on this issue, and later in 1955, Egypt obtained Soviet arms via Czechoslovakia.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=xxiv}} This was a milestone of the Soviet Union's increased diplomatic presence in the Middle East.<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=xxiv}}
===Other anniversaries===
On the 60th anniversary of the Asian-African Conference and the 10th anniversary of the NAASP, a 3rd summit was held in Bandung and Jakarta from 21 to 25 April 2015, with the theme ''Strengthening South-South Cooperation to Promote World Peace and Prosperity''. Hosted by President [[Joko Widodo]] of Indonesia, delegates from 109 Asian and African countries, 16 observer countries, and 25 international organizations participated,<ref name=":0" /> including [[Prime Minister of Japan]], [[Shinzo Abe]]; [[President of the People's Republic of China|President of China]], [[Xi Jinping]]; [[Prime Minister of Singapore]], [[Lee Hsien Loong]]; [[King Abdullah II of Jordan]]; [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]], [[Najib Tun Razak]]; [[President of Myanmar]], [[Thein Sein]]; [[King of Swaziland|King]] [[Mswati III of Swaziland]] and [[Prime Minister of Nepal]], [[Sushil Koirala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xi Jinping Attends Activities Commemorating the 60th Anniversary of the Bandung Conference_Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China |url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/zy/jj/2015zt/xjpdbjstjxgsfwbfydnxycxyfldrhyhwlhy60znjnhd/202406/t20240606_11381332.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.mfa.gov.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-24 |title=In Bandung, Leaders Slam Imperialist West |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/at-bandung-commemoration-leaders-condemn-western-imperialism/2732775.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref>
On the 70th anniversary of the first African-Asian (Bandung) conference, Bharat Summit was organized by the [[Government of Telangana|Telangana government]] from April 24–26, 2025 in Hyderabad, India. Theme of the summit was ‘Delivering Global Justice’.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Manda Ravinder |date=2025-04-15 |title=Telangana to host Bharat Summit-2025 on April 25 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Apr/15/telangana-to-host-bharat-summit-2025-on-april-25 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
==Participants==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* {{flagdeco|Afghanistan|1930}} [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]
* {{flagdeco|Myanmar|1948}} [[History of Burma (1948–1962)|Union of Burma]]
* {{flagdeco|Cambodia|1953}} [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Kingdom of Cambodia]]
* {{flagdeco|Ceylon|1951}} [[Dominion of Ceylon]]
* {{flagdeco|China}} [[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|People's Republic of China]]<sup>1</sup>
* {{flagdeco|Cyprus|colonial}} [[British Cyprus|Cyprus]]<sup>2</sup>
* {{flagdeco|Egypt|1922}} [[Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)|Republic of Egypt]]
* {{flagdeco|Ethiopia|1897}} [[Ethiopian Empire]]
* {{flagdeco|Gold Coast}} [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]]
* {{flagdeco|India}} [[Republic of India]]
* {{flagdeco|Indonesia}} [[Liberal democracy period in Indonesia|Republic of Indonesia]]
* {{flagicon image|Naval ensign of Iran (1964–1979).svg}} [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]
* {{flagdeco|Iraq|1924}} [[Kingdom of Iraq]]
* {{flagdeco|Japan|1947}} [[Japan]]
* {{flagdeco|Jordan}} [[Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]]
* {{flagdeco|Laos|1952}} [[Kingdom of Laos]]
* {{flagdeco|Lebanon|1943}} [[Lebanese Republic]]
* {{flagdeco|Liberia}} [[Liberia]]
* {{flagdeco|Libya|1951}} [[Kingdom of Libya]]
* {{flagdeco|Nepal|old}} [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
* {{flagdeco|Pakistan}} [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
* {{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} [[History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|Republic of the Philippines]]
* {{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia|1938}} [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]]
* {{flagdeco|Syria|1932}} [[Syrian Republic (1946–63)|Syrian Republic]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Sudan (Bandung Conference).svg}} [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]]<sup>3</sup>
* {{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Kingdom of Thailand]]
* {{flagdeco|Turkey}} [[Republic of Turkey]]
* {{flagdeco|North Vietnam|1945}} [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] (North)
* {{flagdeco|South Vietnam|1945}} [[State of Vietnam]] (South)
* {{flagdeco|Yemen|1927}} [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]]
}}
{{blockquote|<sup>1</sup> Partially recognized state. The [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] was [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505|internationally recognized]] as the legitimate government of China by most of the international community at the time.}}
{{blockquote|<sup>2</sup> A pre-independent colonial Cyprus was represented by [the] eventual [[President of Cyprus|first president]], [[Makarios III]].<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/11E2EC1C0EE098C6C225727C002A04A8?OpenDocument Cyprus and the Non–Aligned Movement]
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222630/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/11E2EC1C0EE098C6C225727C002A04A8?OpenDocument |date=2016-03-03 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (April 2008)</ref>|}}
{{blockquote|<sup>3</sup> Pre-independence [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] was represented by [[Prime Minister of Sudan|Chief Minister]] [[Ismail al-Azhari]] and used a provisional [[Flag of Sudan#Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|flag]].}}
Some nations were given "observer status". Such was the case of [[Fourth Brazilian Republic|Brazil]], who sent Ambassador Bezerra de Menezes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Historia general de América Latina. |date=1999 |publisher=Editorial Trotta |isbn=9789233031579 |editor1-last=Palacios |editor1-first=Marco |___location=Madrid |pages=341–2 |language=es |editor2-last=Weinberg |editor2-first=Gregorio}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Seibert |first1=Gerhard |title=Brazil-Africa relations : historical dimensions and contemporary engagements, from the 1960s to the present |date=2019 |publisher=James Currey |isbn=9781847011954 |editor1-last=Visentini |editor1-first=Paulo Fagundes |___location=Oxford |page=18 |editor2-last=Seibert |editor2-first=Gerhard}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Conference, 1957|Cairo Conference]]
* [[Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation]]
* [[Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization]]
* [[Conference of the New Emerging Forces]]
* [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]]
* [[Jakarta–Peking Axis]]
* [[Non-Aligned Movement]]
* [[Sino-Third World relations|Sino–Third World relations]]
* [[Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty]]
* [[Third World]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* Acharya, Amitav. "Studying the Bandung conference from a Global IR perspective." ''Australian Journal of International Affairs'' 70.4 (2016): 342–357. [http://hi.unpar.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/11/Studying-the-Bandung-Conference-from-a-Global-IR-Perspective-Acharya.pdf Online] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401011751/http://hi.unpar.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/11/Studying-the-Bandung-Conference-from-a-Global-IR-Perspective-Acharya.pdf |date=1 April 2019 }}
* Acharya, Amitav. "Who are the norm makers? The Asian-African conference in Bandung and the evolution of norms." ''Global Governance'' 20.3 (2014): 405–417. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amitav_Acharya/publication/283525453_Who_Are_the_Norm_Makers_The_Asian-African_Conference_in_Bandung_and_the_Evolution_of_Norms/links/5975359b458515e26d09cc6a/Who-Are-the-Norm-Makers-The-Asian-African-Conference-in-Bandung-and-the-Evolution-of-Norms.pdf Online]
* ''Asia-Africa Speaks From Bandung.'' Jakarta: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia, 1955.
* Ampiah, Kweku. ''The Political and Moral Imperatives of the Bandung Conference of 1955 : the Reactions of the US, UK and Japan.'' Folkestone, UK : Global Oriental, 2007. {{ISBN|1-905246-40-4}}
* Brown, Colin. 2012. "The Bandung Conference and Indonesian Foreign Policy", Ch 9 in Anne Booth, Chris Manning and [[Thee Kian Wie]], 2012, ''Essays in Honour of Joan Hardjono'', Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
* Burke, Roland. "The compelling dialogue of freedom: Human rights at the Bandung Conference." ''Human Rights Quarterly'' 28 (2006): 947+.
* Dinkel, Jürgen, The Non-Aligned Movement. Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992), New Perspectives on the Cold War 5, Brill: Leiden/Boston 2019. {{ISBN|978-90-04-33613-1}}
* [[Antonia Finnane|Finnane, Antonia]], and Derek McDougall, eds, ''Bandung 1955: Little Histories''. Melbourne: Monash Asia Institute, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-876924-73-7}}
* Kahin, George McTurnan. ''The Asian-African Conference: Bandung, Indonesia, April 1955.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956.
* Lee, Christopher J., ed, ''Making a World After Empire: The Bandung Moment and Its Political Afterlives''. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0896802773}}
* Mackie, Jamie. ''Bandung 1955: Non-Alignment and Afro-Asian Solidarity.'' Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 2005. {{ISBN|981-4155-49-7}}
* Parker, Jason C. "Small Victory, Missed Chance: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the Turning of the Cold War." In ''The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War.'' Ed. Kathryn C. Statler & Andrew L. Johns. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. {{ISBN|0742553817}}
* Parker, Jason. "Cold War II: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the reperiodization of the postwar era." ''Diplomatic History'' 30.5 (2006): 867–892.
* [[Naoko Shimazu|Shimazu, Naoko]]. "Diplomacy as theatre: staging the Bandung Conference of 1955." ''Modern Asian Studies'' 48.1 (2014): 225–252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X13000371
* Wood, Sally Percival. "'Chou gags critics in BANDOENG or How the Media Framed Premier Zhou Enlai at the Bandung Conference, 1955" ''Modern Asian Studies'' 44.5 (2010): 1001–1027.
* {{Cite book |last=Pahlefi |first=Riza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TCJEAAAQBAJ&q=Zakaria+&pg=PA158 |title=BENGKALIS: NEGERI JELAPANG PADI |date=2022-08-11 |publisher=CV. DOTPLUS Publisher |isbn=978-623-6428-59-7 |language=id}}{{why|reason=This book is not about Bandung Conference, consider removing this bookdate.|date=January 2025}}
* Utama, Wildan Sena. "A Forgotten Bandung: The Afro-Asian Students’ Conference and the Call for Decolonisation," In Carolien Stolte and Su Lin Lewis (ed.). ''The Lives of Cold War Afro-Asianism.'' Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789400604346
* Utama, Wildan Sena. "Engineering Solidarity: Indonesia, Afro-Asian Networks, and Third World Anti-Imperialism 1950s-1960s," ''Doctoral Thesis.'', University of Bristol, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/1983/37cc4ff7-9e1a-4b8a-a1fc-b625ded3b12e
==External links==
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955nehru-bandung2.html Modern History Sourcebook: Prime Minister Nehru: Speech to Asian-African Conference Political Committee, 1955]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955sukarno-bandong.html Modern History Sourcebook: President Sukarno of Indonesia: Speech at the Opening of the Asian-African Conference, 18 April 1955]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/00Asian_African_Conference%5B1%5D.pdf |title=Asian-African Conference: Communiqué; Excerpts |publisher=Egyptian presidency website |date=24 April 1955 |access-date=23 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014556/http://www.namegypt.org/Relevant%20Documents/00Asian_African_Conference%5B1%5D.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=usurped }}
{{Cold War}}
{{Non-Aligned Movement}}
{{South-South}}
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[[Category:1955 conferences]]
[[Category:1955 in Indonesia]]
[[Category:1955 in international relations]]
[[Category:20th-century diplomatic conferences]]
[[
[[Category:Anti-imperialism]]
[[Category:Bandung]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Liberal democracy period in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Non-Aligned Movement]]
[[Category:Sukarno]]
[[Category:Zhou Enlai]]
[[Category:1950s political conferences]]
[[Category:Makarios III]]
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