Bagpipes: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Woodwind instrument}}

[[Image:Bagpipe performer.jpg|right|thumb|150px|A bagpipe performer in [[Amsterdam]].]]

{{About |the general form of bagpipes|other uses}}

{{more citations needed |date = November 2017}}

{{Infobox instrument

| name = Bagpipe

| names =

| image = Gaiteros Galicia.jpg

| image_capt = Bagpipers from Asturias

| background = woodwind

| classification = *[[Aerophone]]

*Wind

*Woodwind

| hornbostel_sachs = 422.112

| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Reed aerophone]] with conical bore

| developed =

| range =

| related = *[[Oboe]]

*[[Shawm]]

*[[Bassoon]]

| musicians = *[[List of bagpipers]]

| articles =

}}

'''Bagpipes''' are a class of [[musicalwoodwind instrument]], [[aerophone]]s using enclosed [[reed (music)|reedreeds]]s. fed Thefrom terma isconstant equallyreservoir correctof air in the singularform of a bag. The [[Great Highland bagpipe]]s are orwell pluralknown, althoughbut piperspeople mosthave commonlyplayed talkbagpipes for centuries throughout large parts of "pipes"[[Europe]], and[[Northern Africa]], [[Western Asia]], around "the bagpipe".[[Persian Gulf]] and northern parts of [[South Asia]].

The term ''bagpipe'' is equally correct in the singular or the plural, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as "the pipes", "a set of pipes" or "a stand of pipes".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNARAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22stand+of+bagpipes%22&pg=PA561|title=The English dialect dictionary|first=J.|last=Wright|publisher=Рипол Классик|isbn=9785878652940 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebagpipemuseum.com/unknown-makers/unknown-33/|title=Unknown #33}}</ref>

==Overview==

[[Image:annotated_stand.jpg|right|thumb|A set of Scottish Great Highland bagpipes.<br>

1) Chanter<br>

2) Bag<br>

3) Stock<br>

4) Blowstick or blowpipe<br>

5) Tenor drones<br>

6) Bass drone<br>

7) Tuning Slide<br>

8) Cords]]

Bagpipes are part of the aerophone group because to play the instrument you must blow air into it to produce a sound.

A bagpipe consists of an airtight bag, which can supply a continuous stream of air. Air is supplied either by a blowpipe or a set of bellows; the inlet to the bag normally has a one-way [[valve]] which prevents air from returning via the supply. Every bagpipe has a [[chanter]], upon which the [[melody]] is played, and most have at least one drone [[harmony]], although there are relatively many important exceptions to this rule. All these pipes are attached to the bag by a stock, a small, usually wooden, cylinder which is tied into the bag and which the pipe itself plugs into. The bag usually consists of leather, but in more recent times many other materials, such as [[rubber]] and [[Gore-Tex]] have become popular amongst many pipers, particularly Highland pipers. In the Middle east, and the Balkans, a whole goatskin is used, cured with salt and alum.

== Construction ==

The melody pipe, or chanter, can have a single or double [[reed (music)|reed]] and a cylindrical or conical bore. The drone(s) usually have single tongue reeds but there are a number of important exceptions, including the Italian Zampogna, the French Musette du Cour, and several varieties of Scottish Small Pipes which all have double reeds (in conical bores for the Zampogna, and cylindrical bores for the Musette and Scottish Small Pipes). In general, chanters with a cylindrical bore will produce a very mellow [[oboe]]-like sound, while chanters with a conical bore will produce a louder and brighter sound.

{|align=right

|{{Listen|filename=Skye Boat Song.ogg|title=Skye Boat Song|description=An adaptation of "[[The Skye Boat Song]]" for Great Highland bagpipes played by the Clan Stewart Pipe Band.}}

|}

[[File:Cantiga bagpipes 1.jpg|thumb|right|A detail from the [[Cantigas de Santa Maria]] showing bagpipes with one chanter and a parallel drone (Spain, 13th century).]]

[[File:Bagpipe en.PNG|thumb|On this Bulgarian gaida, the chanter is the short gray pipe at the top, while the drone is the long three-section pipe.]]

[[File:Hieronymus Bosch 068.jpg|thumb|right|A detail from a painting by [[Hieronymus Bosch]] showing two bagpipers (15th century).]]

A set of bagpipes minimally consists of an air supply, a bag, a [[chanter]], and usually at least one [[Drone (music)|drone]]. Many bagpipes have more than one drone (and, sometimes, more than one chanter) in various combinations, held in place in stocks—sockets that fasten the various pipes to the bag.

=== Air supply ===

'''Skirl''' is a term used by pipers to describe an unintended shrill sound made by the chanter, and is usually produced when the chanter reed is too easy and thus the chanter is overblown. Sometimes the term is also somewhat mistakenly used to describe the general sound produced by a bagpipe.

The most common method of supplying air to the bag is through blowing into a blowpipe or blowstick. In some pipes the player must cover the tip of the blowpipe with the tongue while inhaling, in order to prevent unwanted deflation of the bag, but most blowpipes have a non-return valve that eliminates this need. In recent times, there are many instruments that assist in creating a clean air flow to the pipes and assist the collection of condensation.

The use of a [[bellows]] to supply air is an innovation dating from the [[16th century|16th]] or [[17th century|17th]] century. In these pipes, sometimes called "[[cauld wind pipes (disambiguation)|cauld wind pipes]]", air is not heated or moistened by the player's breathing, so bellows-driven bagpipes can use more refined or delicate reeds. Such pipes include the Irish [[uilleann pipes]]; the [[border pipes|border or Lowland pipes]], [[Scottish smallpipes]], [[Northumbrian smallpipes]] and [[pastoral pipes]] in Britain; the [[musette de cour]], the [[musette bechonnet]] and the [[cabrette]] in France; and the {{ill|Dudy|pl}}, [[Kozioł (bagpipe)|koziol bialy]], and [[koziol czarny]] in Poland.

==History==

The history of the bagpipe is very unclear, and worse, many of the secondary sources from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are misleading or verging on fantasy (the works of Grattan Flood are particularly bad in this respect, but continue to be quoted and referenced to the present day). For example, an oft-repeated claim is that the [[Great Highland Bagpipe]] was banned after the [[Jacobite Rising|'45 Rising]]. This claim is untrue; there is no mention of the bagpipe in the [[Act of Proscription]], and the entire myth seems to stem from the letterpress of Donald MacDonald's Martial Music of Caledonia, written by an unknown Romantic. However, it seems likely they were first invented in pre-Christian times. [[Nero]] is generally accepted to have been a player; there are Greek depictions of pipers, and the Roman legions are thought to have marched to bagpipes. The idea of taking a leather bag and combining it with a chanter and inflation device seems to have originated with various ethnic groups in the Roman empire.

=== Bag ===

Where they were first introduced to [[Britain]] and [[Ireland]] is debatable, though Ireland has references going back to the [[Dark Ages]]. An explosion of popularity seems to have occurred from around the year 1000; the tune used by [[Robert Burns]] for "[[Scots Wha Hae]]", "Hey Tutti Taiti", is traditionally said to have been the tune played as [[Robert the Bruce]]'s troops marched to [[Bannockburn]] in [[1314]].

The bag is an airtight reservoir that holds air and regulates its flow via arm pressure, allowing the player to maintain continuous, even sound. The player keeps the bag inflated by blowing air into it through a blowpipe or by pumping air into it with a bellows. Materials used for bags vary widely, but the most common are the skins of local animals such as goats, dogs, sheep, and cows. More recently, bags made of synthetic materials including [[Gore-Tex]] have become much more common. Some synthetic bags have [[Zipper|zips]] that allow the player to fit a more effective moisture trap to the inside of the bag. However, synthetic bags still carry a risk of colonisation by fungal spores, and the associated danger of lung infection if they are not kept clean, even if they otherwise require less cleaning than do bags made from natural substances.

Bags cut from larger materials are usually [[saddle stitch|saddle-stitched]] with an extra strip folded over the seam and stitched (for skin bags) or glued (for synthetic bags) to reduce leaks. Holes are then cut to accommodate the stocks. In the case of bags made from largely intact animal skins, the stocks are typically tied into the points where the limbs and the head joined the body of the whole animal, a construction technique common in [[Central Europe]]. Different regions have different ways of treating the hide. The simplest methods involve just the use of salt, while more complex treatments involve [[milk]], [[flour]], and the removal of fur. The hide is normally turned inside out so that the fur is on the inside of the bag, as this helps to reduce the effect of moisture buildup within the bag.

In the modern era the use of bagpipes has become a common tradition for military funerals and memorials in the [[anglophone]] world, and they are often used at the funerals of high-ranking civilian public officials as well.

==Types= Chanter ===

{{Main|Chanter}}

There are many kinds of bagpipes; the following is an overview of some of the most common:

[[File:Thechanter.jpg|thumb|A Great Highland bagpipe [[practice chanter]]]]

The chanter is the [[melody]] pipe, played with two hands. All bagpipes have at least one chanter; some pipes have two chanters, particularly those in North Africa, in the Balkans, and in Southwest Asia. A chanter can be bored internally so that the inside walls are parallel (or "cylindrical") for its full length, or it can be bored in a conical shape. Popular woods include [[Buxus|boxwood]], [[cornus mas|cornel]], plum or other fruit wood.

The chanter is usually open-ended, so there is no easy way for the player to stop the pipe from sounding. Thus most bagpipes share a constant [[legato]] sound with no [[Rest (music)|rests]] in the music. Primarily because of this inability to stop playing, technical movements are made to break up notes and to create the illusion of articulation and accents. Because of their importance, these embellishments (or "ornaments") are often highly technical systems specific to each bagpipe, and take many years of study to master. A few bagpipes (such as the musette de cour, the [[uilleann pipes]], the Northumbrian smallpipes, the [[Piva (bagpipe)|piva]] and the left chanter of the [[surdelina]]) have closed ends or stop the end on the player's leg, so that when the player "closes" (covers all the holes), the chanter becomes silent.

===The Great Highland Bagpipe===

Probably the most well known are the [[Great Highland Bagpipe]]s (commonly abbreviated GHBs), which were developed in [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]. The picture above shows a set of Great Highland Bagpipes.

A [[practice chanter]] is a chanter without bag or drones and has a much quieter reed, allowing a player to practice the instrument quietly and with no variables other than playing the chanter.

A modern set has a bag, a chanter, a blowpipe, two tenor drones, and one bass drone. The scale on the chanter is [[Mixolydian_mode|mixolydian]] with a range from one degree lower than the tonic to one octave above it (in piper's parlance: Low G, Low A, B, C, D, E, F, High G, High A ). The two tenor drones are an [[octave]] below the [[keynote]] (Low A) of the chanter) and the bass drone two octaves below. In the 1990s, there were a few new developments, namely, reliable synthetic drone reeds, and synthetic bags that deal with moisture arguably better than hide or older synthetic bags.

The term ''chanter'' is derived from the Latin ''cantare'', or "to sing", much like the modern French verb meaning "to sing", ''[[wikt:chanter#French|chanter]]''.

====Regional Usage====

The GHB is widely used by both soloists and [[pipe band]]s (civilian and military), and is now played in countries around the world, particularly countries with large Scottish (and often Irish) emigrant populations, namely [[Canada]], [[United States|America]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[South Africa]].

A distinctive feature of the gaida's chanter (which it shares with a number of other Eastern European bagpipes) is the "flea-hole" (also known as a ''mumbler'' or ''voicer'', ''marmorka'') which is covered by the index finger of the left hand. The flea-hole is smaller than the rest and usually consists of a small tube that is made out of metal or a chicken or duck feather. Uncovering the flea-hole raises any note played by a half step, and it is used in creating the [[musical ornamentation]] that gives [[Balkan music]] its unique character.

[[Pollig Monjarret]] introduced the GHB to Brittany during the "Celtic" revival of the 1920s Breton folk music scene, inventing the [[bagad]], a pipe band incorporating the GHB, the Scottish pipe band drum section, the bombarde and latterly almost any instruments, from model elephants,to small jazz orchestras. Well known bagads include Bagad Brieg, Bagad Kemper, and Bagad Cap Caval. In Brittany, the GHB is known as the [[Biniou Brahz]], meaning Great Biniou, in contrast to the [[biniou]], the small traditional Breton bagpipe.

Some types of gaida can have a double bored chanter, such as the Serbian three-voiced gajde. It has eight fingerholes: the top four are covered by the thumb and the first three fingers of the left hand, then the four fingers of the right hand cover the remaining four holes.

In Ireland, a presumably related instrument is seen in a woodcutting from the 1500s showing a piper leading a group of soldiers and playing a two drone instrument with a long chanter. The instrument largely died out in Ireland before the [[1700]]s, but in the late [[1800]]s a number of Irish pipers revived it in Ireland with the Brian Boru pipe (see below). The revived instrument was essentially a GHB with a keyed chanter, having a greater range than the GHB, a bass drone, and a single tenor and was often termed the [[Irish Warpipes]]. This configuration can also be found having been played in Scotland in the [[1700]]s. In all other respects the Brian Boru pipe was identical with the Great Highland Bagpipe. The two-drone pipe is now an extreme rarity even in Ireland, having been replaced by the GHB.

====Music Chanter reed ====

The note from the chanter is produced by a [[Reed (instrument)|reed]] installed at its top. The reed may be a [[Single-reed instrument|single]] (a reed with one vibrating tongue) or [[double reed]] (of two pieces that vibrate against each other). Double reeds are used with both conical- and parallel-bored chanters while single reeds are generally (although not exclusively) limited to parallel-bored chanters. In general, double-reed chanters are found in pipes of Western Europe while single-reed chanters appear in most other regions.

As with most other types of bagpipe, the fact that the air flow is continuous means that two notes cannot be separated by simply stopping blowing or tonguing or the like. The gracenote is therefore used for this purpose. A number of more complicated ornaments using a series of grace notes are also used, such as doublings, taorluaths, grips and birls. These are used for emphasis on, say, the first beat of a bar, or just as a more musical way to get from one note to the next.

They are made from reed (''[[arundo donax]]'' or [[Phragmites]]), [[bamboo]], or [[elderberry|elder]]. A more modern variant for the reed is a combination of a cotton phenolic (Hgw2082) material from which the body of the reed is made and a clarinet reed cut to size in order to fit the body. These types of reeds produce a louder sound and are not so sensitive to humidity and temperature changes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = gaida (bagpipe) in Greece : γκάιντα στην Ελλάδα : gaida (Dudelsack) in Griecheland : gaida Yunanistan'da|url = http://www.gaida.gr|website = www.gaida.gr|access-date = 2016-01-24}}</ref>

Beginning in the late Middle Ages we have the first evidence of [[piobaireachd]] (also written [[pibroch]]). This form of music is often called the "big music" of the GHB (in Gaelic '''Ceol Mhor'''), and has something of a scholarly circle devoted to it. It consists of a slow '''ground''' movement (Gaelic '''urlar''') which is a simple theme, then a series of somewhat minimalist variations on this theme, and ends with a return to the ground. The other music for the GHB, sometimes called "light music" (Gaelic '''Ceol Beag'''), includes marches (2/4, 4/4, 6/8, 3/4, etc), dance tunes (particularly strathspeys, reels, hornpipes, and jigs), slow airs, and more. It dates largely from the last two centuries, being either Scottish or Irish folk music played on the pipes, tunes written by pipers in the British Army during this time, or, increasingly, tunes composed by pipers in civilian pipe bands.

====Related Instruments=Drone ===

Most bagpipes have at least one [[drone (music)|drone]], a pipe that generally is not fingered but rather produces a constant harmonizing note throughout play (usually the [[Tonic (music)|tonic]] note of the chanter). Exceptions are generally those pipes that have a double-chanter instead. A drone is most commonly a cylindrically bored tube with a single reed, although drones with double reeds exist. The drone is generally designed in two or more parts with a sliding joint so that the pitch of the drone can be adjusted.

A smaller, quieter instrument, the practice chanter, with a smaller reed than the GHB chanter reed, and lacking a bag or drones, is suitable for practice in settings where a great volume of sound would be inappropriate or unappreciated. Another practice instrument, called a goose, has a bag but lacks drones, and allows a student to practice "winding" the pipe with the proper mix of breath and bag pressure.

Depending on the type of pipes, the drones may lie over the shoulder, across the arm opposite the bag, or may run parallel to the chanter. Some drones have a tuning screw, which effectively alters the length of the drone by opening a hole, allowing the drone to be tuned to two or more distinct pitches. The tuning screw may also shut off the drone altogether. In most types of pipes with one drone, it is pitched two octaves below the tonic of the chanter. Additional drones often add the octave below and then a drone consonant with the fifth of the chanter.

===The Irish Uilleann Bagpipe===

The next most common type is the Irish or ''[[Uilleann]]'' (pronounced illin) bagpipe; this vies with the [[Northumbrian smallpipe]] for the title of most developed bagpipe in existence. This Irish bellows-blown pipe plays a two octave [[diatonic]] scale in D major and a cross-fingered C natural is used to play a huge number of G major tunes (indeed, tunes in G major probably outnumber those in D in the Irish traditional music canon) Also tunes in E minor, A minor, and D mixolydian. The second octave is produced by [[overblowing]], and extra keys and/or [[cross-fingering]] can be used to produce other tones than those in a diatonic D major scale. The most commonly added keys are a C natural,B flat,G sharp, and an F natural key. Although the chanter does not have a completely closed end, like the Northumbrian smallpipes, the player can press the end of the chanter against a leather pad on his/her knee while closing all fingerholes, producing complete silence. This is used to play short staccato passages. The leather pad is sometimes replaced by an air-tight key at the end of the chanter bore, which supposedly makes it easier to close the pipe completely with the knee. The Uilleann pipes also have three drones (although there are a few examples of sets with four drones, these are non-standard), set in a common stock, all tuned to three different octaves of D, and up to three (or in rare cases four and five) regulators which are effectively a kind of plugged chanter with keys, designed to be played by the wrist. Accomplished players can use these to provide a limited but powerfully impressive chordal [[accompaniment]], while playing the chanter at the same time, and with/with out the drones, which have their own on/off switch. Often Uillean pipes are found without any drones or regulators; these sets are called somewhat misleadingly "practice sets". In fact, many pipers use these sets for their entire piping careers. Another common choice is to have only the drones, without regulators. This is known as a half-set. A final occasional variant, the three-quarter set, omits the bass regulator. A "full set" is a chanter, 3 drones (tenor,baritone,and bass)3 regulators (treble, baritone, and "G"bass) The pitch that the Irish pipes can be in different keys: E flat, D, C, B, and B flat. The lower pitch sets are very quiet.

== History ==

===The Northumbrian Smallpipe===

The Northumbrian smallpipe is a bellows-blown pipe which, as noted above, shares the unusual characteristic with the Uilleann pipes of being able to stop the sound of the chanter. This is done by giving the chanter a completely closed end. This combined with the unusually tight fingering (each note is played by lifting only one finger) means that much [[Northumberland|Northumbrian]] piping tends to be very [[staccato]] in style. The chanter has a number of keys, most commonly seven, but chanters with a two octave range can be made which require seventeen keys, all played with either the right hand thumb and left hand pinkie. There is no [[overblowing]] to get this two octave range, due to the cylindrical bore, the keys are integral, along with the length of the chanter, to obtain the two octaves. The oridginal (18th century) short keyless chanters only had the range of one octave. In practice, few players find they require anything more complex than an seven key chanter.

Traditionally, the chanter is pitched in what Northumbrian pipers refer to as F+, a pitch approximately twenty [[cents]] sharp of F natural. The music, however, is always written in G. Nowadays, chanters are available anywhere from D to G, G and true F natural being the most popular for playing ensemble. There are usually four drones on the Northumbrian pipes, which can be tuned to several different combinations of pitch for playing in different keys.

=== Possible ancient origins ===

===The Scottish Smallpipe===

The evidence for bagpipes prior to the 13th century AD is still uncertain, but several textual and visual clues have been suggested. The ''[[Oxford History of Music]]'' posits that a sculpture of bagpipes has been found on a [[Hittites|Hittite]] slab at [[Euyuk]] in Anatolia, dated to 1000 BC. Another interpretation of this sculpture suggests that it instead depicts a [[pan flute]] played along with a [[friction drum]].<ref name="vereno">Vereno, Michael Peter. 2021. The Voice of the Wind. Lincoln: International Bagpipe Organisation. pp 14–15</ref>

The [[Scottish smallpipe]] is a bellows-blown bagpipe developed from the Northumbrian smallpipe by Colin Ross (1970s), to be playable according to the Great Highland Bagpipe fingering system. Historical antecedents do exist, but modern designs are not based on these and there is no unbroken line of traditional playing. Most modern players use any comfortable open fingering or are trained GHB players. It has a cylindrical bore chanter, most commonly pitched in A, although any key is feasible; D, C, and B flat are the next most common keys. They are most commonly unkeyed, but occasionally G sharp, F natural, and C natural keys are added. It is possible to add enough keys to produce a two-octave chromatic scale, but this is rarely done. The present writer cannot think of any prominent piper using such a set, and the most keys witnessed on a chanter is 6, giving an range of low G to high C in G major on an A chanter. The drones are set in a common stock and are tuned an octave below the tonic, either the fifth or an octave below the fifth (a few players choose to tune this to the fourth instead), and two octaves below the tonic. It is perhaps the youngest bagpipe with any popularity, having only existed since its invention in the early 1980s. It is however extremely popular, particularly with Highland pipers, many of whom keep it or a [[Border pipe]] as a second instrument. Mouth-blown versions are available, but it is difficult to produce quality tone from these instruments due to the reed's delicate construction.

Several authors identify the [[ancient Greek]] {{transliteration|grc|askaulos}} (ἀσκός ''askos'' – [[wine-skin]], αὐλός ''[[aulos]]'' – reed pipe) with the bagpipe.<ref name="google15">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOfuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|title=The story of the bagpipe|first=William Henry Grattan|last=Flood|publisher=Рипол Классик|isbn=9781176344228 |via=Google Books}}</ref> In the 2nd century AD, [[Suetonius]] described the Roman emperor [[Nero]] as a player of the ''tibia utricularis''.<ref>{{Citation

===The Biniou===

| title = ''Life of Nero'', 54

The ''[[Biniou]]'' is a mouth blown bagpipe from [[Brittany]], a region of [[France]]. It has a one octave scale, and is very high pitched; an octave higher than the Scots Great Highland Bagpipe. It has a single drone two octaves below the tonic. Traditionally it was played as a duet with the [[bombarde]], for [[Breton]] folk dancing. It is the most famous bagpipe of France, but not the most played due to the revival of other French bagpipes in other regions, Bourbonais, Limousin, Auvergne, etc.

| url = https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Nero*.html#54

| publisher = [[Loeb Classical Library]]

| work = Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars

| page = 185

| access-date = 2013-01-02

}}</ref> [[Dio Chrysostom]] wrote in the 1st century of a contemporary sovereign (possibly Nero) who could play a pipe ([[Tibia (instrument)|tibia]], Roman reedpipes similar to Greek and Etruscan instruments) with his mouth as well as by tucking a bladder beneath his armpit.<ref>{{Citation

| title = Discourses by Dio Chrysostom (Or.&nbsp;71.9)

| url = https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/71*.html#9

| publisher = [[Loeb Classical Library]]

| work = The Seventy-first Discourse: On the Philosopher (Volume V)

| volume = V

| page = 173

| access-date = 2013-01-02

}}</ref> Vereno{{who|date=November 2022}} suggests that such instruments, rather than being seen as an independent class, were understood as variants on mouth-blown instruments that used a bag as an alternative blowing aid and that it was not until drones were added in the European Medieval era that bagpipes were seen as a distinct class.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Spread and development in Europe ===

===Center-France bagpipe===

[[File:Santes Creus Bagpiper.JPG|thumb|left|Medieval bagpiper at the [[Cistercian]] monastery of [[Santes Creus]], Catalonia, Spain]]

The Center-France bagpipe is another bagpipe rebuilt in the 1970s from older specimens. It is identical to the modern Flemish bagpipe, apart from the positioning of the drones. It has been successfully revived in [[France]], where there are a number of schools, and is played for [[Bal folk]], traditional French set dancing.

[[File:The Image of Irelande - plate02.jpg|right|thumb|''Image of Irelande'', Military use of the bagpipe dated 1581]]

In the early part of the second millennium, representation of bagpipes began to appear with frequency in Western European art and iconography. The [[Cantigas de Santa Maria]], written in [[Galician-Portuguese]] and compiled in [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] in the mid-13th century, depicts several types of bagpipes.<ref>{{Citation

===The Border Pipe===

| first = Elizabeth

The [[Border pipe]] is a close cousin of the Highland bagpipe, and commonly confused with the [[Scottish smallpipe]], although it is a quite different and much older instrument. With a conical chanter, three drones in a common stock, tuned as per Highland pipes or Scottish smallpipes, this bagpipe combines the Highland pipe tone with the more manageable key of A, and lower volume, suitable for playing in folk bands and at informal folk [[sessions]]. Other names for this pipe are Scots lowland pipes, the Cauld (cold) Wind Pipes (due to the air from the bellows), and the Northumbrian Half-Long pipes.

| last = Aubrey

| title = The Music of the Troubadours

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1nqgFob3uV0C&pg=PA257

| publisher = [[Indiana University Press]]

| isbn = 978-0-253-21389-1

| year = 1996

| access-date = 2013-01-02}}</ref> Several illustrations of bagpipes also appear in the ''Chronique dite de Baudoin d’Avesnes'', a 13th-century manuscript of northern French origin.<ref>Chronique dite de Baudoin d'Avesnes, Arras, BM, ms. 0863, f. 007, 126v, 149v</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Hybride jouant de la cornemuse | publisher=Sorbonne, Paris | url=http://musiconis.paris-sorbonne.fr/fiche/429/Hybride+jouant+de+la+cornemuse | access-date=2017-01-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110030957/http://musiconis.paris-sorbonne.fr/fiche/429/Hybride+jouant+de+la+cornemuse | archive-date=2017-01-10 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Although evidence of bagpipes in the British Isles prior to the 14th century is contested, they are explicitly mentioned in ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' (written around 1380):<ref>{{Citation

| first = Geoffrey

| last = Chaucer

| title = The Canterbury Tales: Prologue to "The Miller's Tale" (line 565)

| url = http://www.bartleby.com/40/0103.html

| access-date = 2013-01-02

}}</ref>

{{blockquote|A baggepype wel coude he blowe and sowne, /And ther-with-al he broghte us out of towne.|Canterbury Tales}}

Bagpipes were also frequent subjects for carvers of wooden choir stalls in the late 15th and early 16th century throughout Europe, sometimes with animal musicians.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cochon jouant de la cornemuse | publisher=Sorbonne, Paris | url=http://musiconis.paris-sorbonne.fr/fiche/233/Cochon+jouant+de+la+cornemuse | access-date=2017-01-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110023950/http://musiconis.paris-sorbonne.fr/fiche/233/Cochon+jouant+de+la+cornemuse | archive-date=2017-01-10 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===The Gaita===

''[[Gaita]]'' is the [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] name for the bagpipe used in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Asturias]] and northern region of [[Portugal]]. It has a conical chanter with a partial second octave, obtained by [[overblowing]]. Pipe bands and folk groups playing these instruments have become popular in recent years.

Actual specimens of bagpipes from before the 18th century are extremely rare; however, a substantial number of paintings, carvings, engravings, and manuscript illuminations survive. These artefacts are clear evidence that bagpipes varied widely throughout Europe, and even within individual regions. Many examples of early folk bagpipes in continental Europe can be found in the paintings of Brueghel, Teniers, Jordaens, and Durer.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Great Highland Bagpipes (an piob-mhor) |url=http://www.northport-bagpipes.org/bagpipes.htm |publisher=The Northport Pipe Band, NY |access-date=2013-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211205152/http://www.northport-bagpipes.org/bagpipes.htm |archive-date=February 11, 2013 }}</ref>

Gaitas can be found in the keys of G,A, B flat,B, C, C sharp (Do brillante), and D, with some groups using a combination of keys. For example: there may be several sets in C and a set in G acting as a bass, or A and D together and so on for a bagpipe "choir" (different ranges played together).

For many years the playing of close harmony (thirds and sixths) with two gaitas of the same key was/is the normal style, and this influenced the French pipers, starting in the 1970s, who began the bagpipe "ensemble des cornemuses", or bagpipe choirs. Bulgaria also had similar choirs starting in the 1950s, with gaidas in different keys. (Gaida= goat,the bag is a whole, case-skinned goat hide.)

Gaitas have various drone arrangements. All will have a bass drone(roncon= snorer), which sits horizontally over the player's shoulder. Some will also have a tenor drone, pitched an octave higher than the bass, and a few have a 'screamer' (ronquito or roncón). This last is in unison with the fifth of the chanter scale, and has a plug to close it off, if it becomes too irritating!

The earliest known artefact identified as a part of a bagpipe is a chanter found in 1985 at [[Rostock]], Germany, that has been dated to the late 14th century or the first quarter of the 15th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rostock Chanter|url=http://www.bagpipesociety.org.uk/articles/2014/chanter/winter/the-rostock-chanter/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.bagpipesociety.org.uk}}</ref>

===The Brian Boru Bagpipe===

The '''Brian Boru''' bagpipe was invented in 1910 by Henry Starck, an instrument maker in London, in consultation with some Irish pipers. The name was chosen in honour of the Irish king [[Brian_Boru]], though the pipe is not a recreation of any pipes that were played at that time. The Brian Boru pipe is related to the Great Highland Bagpipe but with a chanter that adds four to ten keys to extend both the upper and lower ends of the scale, and optionally adds chromatic notes. His original pipes changed the drone configuration to a single tenor drone pitched one octave below the chanter, a baritone drone pitched one fifth below the tenor drone, and a bass drone pitched two octaves below the chanter. Some later designs of these pipes reverted back to the Great Highland Bagpipe configuration of two tenor drones and one bass drone. The Brian Boru bagpipe was played for a number of years by the pipe band in the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, as well as a number of civilian pipe bands. It is still played in Northern Ireland but has lost most of its former popularity. Bagpipe makers in Pakistan still make the chanters.

[[File:Hendrick ter Brugghen - Bagpipe Player - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|''De doedelzakspeler'' ("Bagpipe Player"), [[Hendrick ter Brugghen]], 1624]]

===Categories===

Regardless of origin of the instrument, bagpipes can be classified into several broad categories.

The first clear reference to the use of the Scottish [[Highland bagpipes]] is from a French history that mentions their use at the [[Battle of Pinkie]] in 1547. [[George Buchanan]] (1506–82) claimed that bagpipes had replaced the trumpet on the battlefield. This period saw the creation of the ''ceòl mór'' (great music) of the bagpipe, which reflected its martial origins, with battle tunes, marches, gatherings, salutes and laments.<ref>J. E. A. Dawson, ''Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), {{ISBN|0-7486-1455-9}}, p. 169.</ref> The Highlands of the early 17th century saw the development of piping families including the [[MacCrimmon (piping family)|MacCrimmonds]], MacArthurs, [[Clan Gregor|MacGregors]], and the Mackays of [[Gairloch]].<ref name="Porterp35">J. Porter, "Introduction" in J. Porter, ed., ''Defining Strains: The Musical Life of Scots in the Seventeenth Century'' (Peter Lang, 2007), {{ISBN|3-03910-948-0}}, p. 35.</ref>

*Is the instrument mouth blown or bellows driven?

*Has the chanter a conical bore or cylindrical?

*Are the chanter reeds single or double?

The earliest Irish mention of the bagpipe is in 1206, approximately thirty years after the Anglo-Norman invasion;<ref>"The Concise History of the Bagpipe by Frank J. Timoney | Ireland".</ref> another mention attributes their use to Irish troops in Henry VIII's [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–46)|siege of Boulogne]].<ref>Donnelly, Seán, The Early History of Piping in Ireland (2001), p. 9</ref> Illustrations in the 1581 book ''[[The Image of Irelande]]'' by [[John Derricke]] clearly depict a bagpiper. Derricke's illustrations are considered to be reasonably faithful depictions of the attire and equipment of the English and Irish population of the 16th century.<ref>{{Citation

| first = John

| last = Derrick

| title = The Image of Irelande

| url = http://www.lib.ed.ac.uk/about/bgallery/Gallery/researchcoll/ireland.html

| place = London

| year = 1581

}}</ref>

The "Battell" sequence from ''[[My Ladye Nevells Booke]]'' (1591) by [[William Byrd]], which probably alludes to the Irish wars of 1578, contains a piece entitled ''The bagpipe: & the drone''. In 1760, the first serious study of the Scottish Highland bagpipe and its music was attempted in Joseph MacDonald's ''Compleat Theory''. A manuscript from the 1730s by a [[William Dixon manuscript|William Dixon]] of [[Northumberland]] contains music that fits the [[border pipes]], a nine-note bellows-blown bagpipe with a chanter similar to that of the modern [[Great Highland bagpipe]]. However, the music in Dixon's manuscript varied greatly from modern Highland bagpipe tunes, consisting mostly of extended variation sets of common dance tunes. Some of the tunes in the Dixon manuscript correspond to those found in the early 19th century manuscript sources of [[Northumbrian smallpipe]] tunes, notably the rare book of 50 tunes, many with variations, by [[John Peacock (piper)|John Peacock]].

===Other types===

[[Image:Traditional Swedish bagpipes.jpg|thumb|Traditional Swedish bagpipes, [[säckpipa]], made by Leif Eriksson]]

There are literally hundreds of types of bagpipe; what follows is not by any means an exhaustive list.

[[File:Merry brothers 1887.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Happy Brothers]]'' by [[Uroš Predić]] (1887)]]

*Bock : Czech bellows-blown bagpipe with a long, crooked drone and chanter that curves up at the end

*Cornemuse : French bagpipe featuring a bass drone and a tenor drone that emerges from a common stock with the chanter.

*Cornish pipes : extinct English bagpipe undergoing revival

*Duda : Hungarian Bagpipe with one drone and one chanter

*Dudelsack : German bagpipe with two drones and one chanter

*[[Gaida]] : Bulgarian & Macedonian bagpipe with one drone and one chanter

*Lancashire Great-pipe : another extinct English bagpipe undergoing revival

*[[Musette]] : French Ancestor of the Northumbrian pipes. The shuttle design for the drones was recently revived and added to a mouth blown Scottish smallpipe.

*Pastoral bagpipe : Ancestor of the Irish bagpipe, played by the Scots and N.E. English as well!

*Sac de gemecs : Used in Catalonia.

*[[Tulum]] : Turkish bagpipe featuring two parallel chanters, (and no drone) usually played by the [[Laz]] and [[Hem&#351;in]] people.

*Zampogna : An [[Italy|Italian]] bagpipe, with an unusual arrangements of multiple chanters that act as drones when not being played. The word "tzimpounas, tsimponas" still used for bagpipe in [[Pontic Greek]] and [[Turkish]] ([[Trebizond]] region of northeast [Anatolia]])

*[[Dankiyo]]: An ancient word for bagpipe in Trebizond are in the text of [[Evliya Çelebi]] (17. century, Ottoman Era)"''The Laz's of Trebizond invent bagpipe called dankiyo''..." '''Etymology''': < Ancient Greek To ankiyo, angion(&#940;&#947;&#947;&#949;&#943;&#959;&#957;) "skin, bagpipe" Source: Öztürk, Özhan (2005). Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yay&#305;nc&#305;l&#305;k. &#304;stanbul. p. 300 ISBN 975-6121-00-9.

*[[Säckpipa]] : Also the Swedish word for 'bagpipe' in general, this instrument was on the brink of extinction in the first half of the 20th century. It has a cylindrical bore and a single reed, as well as a single drone at the same pitch as the bottom note of the chanter.

*[http://www.tritonus.ch/Schweizer%20Sackpfeifen/sackpfeifen.htm Schweizer Sackpfeife] (Swiss bagpipe): In Switzerland, the "Sackpfiffe" was a common instrument in the folkmusic from the middle-age to the early 18th century &#8211; documented by iconography and in written sources (one or two drones and one chanter with double reeds).

As Western classical music developed, both in terms of musical sophistication and instrumental technology, bagpipes in many regions fell out of favour because of their limited range and function. This triggered a long, slow decline that continued, in most cases, into the 20th century.

==Pieces with bagpipes==

*''Ur Og and Aji, for 4 bagpipes, bass clarinet & tabla'' by Canadian [[composer]] [[Michael O'Neill]].

*"Orkney Wedding, With Sunrise" by Sir Peter Maxwell Davies

*On an interesting note, [[nu-metal]] band [[KoRn]] often uses bagpipes in their songs (played by [[vocalist]] [[Jonathan Davis]]).

*Heavy metal band, [[AC/DC]] are regarded as the instigators of the marriage of bagpipes and rock and roll. Irish-American punk rock stalwarts, the [[Dropkick Murphys]] also incorporate bagpipes into their sound, as does [[Germany|German]] [[heavy metal]] band [[In Extremo]]

*[http://www.theshipbuilders.com/catalogue/breakfast_in_balquhidder.php Orchestra Macaroon - Breakfast In Balquhidder] -Scottish Latin-American jazz folk-rock with the apposite "''Warning: This product may contain traces of bagpipes''".

*''Sinfonia Concertante for Six Solo Instruments and Orchestra'' by [[P.D.Q. Bach]] features bagpipes as one of the six instruments.

*Originally a hymn, "[[Amazing Grace]]" is often thought of as a bagpipes tune since it is particularly powerful on the pipes and is commonly heard at funerals when the pipes are present.

*In the video game [[Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME]], the song '''bag''' is composed of synthesized bagpipe sounds.

*Part of [[Orbital (the band)|Orbital]]'s single, "Style", includes a remix with (probably synthesized) bag pipes called "Big Pipe Style". The original was played with a [[Stylophone]].

Extensive and documented collections of traditional bagpipes may be found at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York City, the [[International Bagpipe Museum]] in [[Gijón]], Spain, the [[Pitt Rivers Museum]] in [[Oxford]], England and the [[Morpeth Chantry Bagpipe Museum]] in Northumberland, and the [[Musical Instrument Museum (Phoenix)|Musical Instrument Museum]] in Phoenix, [[Arizona]].

==Bagpipe humour==

Even among aficionados, it is recognized that bagpipes, bagpipers, and bagpipe music can all be legitimate sources of humour. A typical gentle-jab at the field is exemplified by the following jokes:

[[File:MDF Strakonice, 2018, 09 Anglie 02.jpg|thumb|left|International Bagpipe Festival, Strakonice, 2018]]

:''The music of the pipes is best appreciated when heard over a body of water.''

:''The width of the Atlantic Ocean is usually considered to be sufficient.''

The {{ill|International Bagpipe Festival|cs|Mezinárodní dudácký festival ve Strakonicích}} is held every two years in [[Strakonice]], [[Czech Republic]].

and

=== Recent history ===

:''Q. Why do bagpipers walk as they play?''

[[File:Afghanistan bagpiper.jpg|thumb|right| A Canadian soldier plays the bagpipes during the war in Afghanistan. Bagpipes are frequently used during funerals and memorials, especially among fire department, military and police forces in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Commonwealth realms, and the U.S.]]

:''A. They're trying to get away from the noise.''

During the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of the participation of [[Scottish regiment]]s in the expansion of the [[British Empire]], the bagpipes became well known worldwide. This surge in the bagpipes' popularity was boosted by large numbers of Allied pipers which served in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]]. This coincided with a decline in the popularity of many traditional forms of bagpipe throughout Europe, which began to be displaced by instruments from the classical tradition and later by gramophone and radio.

==External links==

* [http://www.carolinamemorial.org/ Carolina Memorial Pipes & Drums - Honoring Military and Law Enforcement.]

* [http://www.bagpipejourney.com/ Andrew Lenz's Bagpipe Journey - Reference information.]

* [http://www.bobdunsire.com/bagpipeweb Bagpipe Web Directory - Exhaustive link directory.]

* [http://www.hotpipes.com/main.html The Universe of Bagpipes - Lots of different examples of bagpipes.]

* [http://www.prydein.com/pipes/ Bagpipe iconography - Paintings and images of the pipes.]

* [http://www.tritonus.ch/Schweizer%20Sackpfeifen/sackpfeifen.htm Swiss Bagpipe]

* [http://www.viperpiper.org ViperPiper's Bagpipe Tunes - Bagpipe Tunes]

As pipers were easily identifiable, combat losses were high, estimated at one thousand in World War I. A front line role was prohibited following high losses in the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] in 1943, though a few later instances occurred.

[[Category:Musical instruments]]

[[Category:Scottish music]]

[[Category:British cultural icons]]

In the United Kingdom and [[Commonwealth Nations]] such as [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]], the [[Great Highland bagpipe]] is commonly used in the military and is often played during formal ceremonies. Foreign militaries patterned after the British army have also adopted the Highland bagpipe, including those of [[Uganda]], [[Sudan]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Jordan]], and [[Oman]]. Many police and fire services in [[Scotland]], Canada, Australia, New Zealand, [[Hong Kong]], and the [[United States]] have also adopted the tradition of fielding pipe bands.

[[bg:&#1043;&#1072;&#1081;&#1076;&#1072;]]

[[de:Dudelsack]]

[[File:Bagpiper in Edinburgh 001.jpg|thumb|right|A bagpiper [[busking]] with the Great Highland bagpipe on the street in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]]]

[[es:Gaita]]

[[gl:gaita galega]]

In recent years, often driven by revivals of native folk music and dance, many types of bagpipes have enjoyed a resurgence in popularity and, in many cases, instruments that had fallen into obscurity have become extremely popular. In [[Brittany]], the Great Highland bagpipe and concept of the [[pipe band]] were appropriated to create a Breton interpretation known as the [[bagad]]. The pipe-band idiom has also been adopted and applied to the [[Galician bagpipe|Galician gaita]] as well. Bagpipes have often been used in various films depicting moments from Scottish and Irish history; the film ''[[Braveheart]]'' and the theatrical show ''[[Riverdance]]'' have served to make the uilleann pipes more commonly known.

[[fr:Cornemuse]]

[[nl:Doedelzak]]

Bagpipes are sometimes played at formal events at Commonwealth universities, particularly in Canada. Because of Scottish influences on the sport of [[curling]], bagpipes are also the official instrument of the [[World Curling Federation]] and are commonly played during a ceremonial procession of teams before major curling championships.

[[ja:&#12496;&#12464;&#12497;&#12452;&#12503;]]

[[pt:gaita de Foles]]

Bagpipe making was once a craft that produced instruments in many distinctive, local and traditional styles. Today, the world's largest producer of the instrument is [[Pakistan]], where the industry was worth $6.8 million in 2010.<ref>{{Citation

[[sl:Dude]]

| first = Caroline

[[sv:Säckpipa]]

| last = Jaine

[[wa:Pupsak]]

| title = Doing business with Pakistan

[[sv:Säckpipa]]

| url = http://www.dawn.com/news/663807/doing-business-with-pakistan

| publisher = [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]

| date = 2011-10-04

| access-date = 2013-02-02

}}</ref><ref>{{cite news

| last = Abbas

| first = Nosheen

| title = The thriving bagpipe business of Pakistan

| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20876096

| work = [[BBC News Online]]

| ___location = [[Pakistan]]

| date = 2012-12-31

| access-date = 2013-01-02

}}</ref> In the late 20th century, various models of [[electronic bagpipes]] were invented. The first custom-built [[MIDI]] bagpipes were developed by the Asturian piper known as [[Hevia]] (José Ángel Hevia Velasco).<ref>{{Citation

| first = Susana

| last = Roza-Vigil

| title = Bagpipes resonate through rugged coastline of... Spain

| url = http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9911/05/wb.galicia/

| publisher = CNN

| series = WorldBeat

| ___location = Spain

| date = 1999-11-05

| access-date = 2013-01-02

}}</ref>[[File:FIL 2016 - The City Of Auckland Pipe Band - 4780.webm|thumb|Bagpipes players from ''The City Of Auckland Pipe Band''.]]

Astronaut [[Kjell N. Lindgren]] is thought to be the first person to play the bagpipes in [[outer space]], having played "[[Amazing Grace]]" in tribute to late research scientist Victor Hurst aboard the [[International Space Station]] in November 2015.<ref name="BBC2015">{{cite news|title=Astronaut plays bagpipes on International Space Station|work=BBC News|date=7 November 2015|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-34757254|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>

Traditionally, one of the purposes of the bagpipe was to provide music for dancing. This has declined with the growth of dance bands, recordings, and the decline of traditional dance. In turn, this has led to many types of pipes developing a performance-led tradition, and indeed much modern music based on the dance music tradition played on bagpipes is suitable for use as dance music.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Modern usage ==

=== Types of bagpipes ===

{{Main|List of bagpipes}}

Numerous types of bagpipes today are widely spread across Europe, the Middle East and North Africa as well as through much of the former [[British Empire]]. The name bagpipe has almost become synonymous with its best-known form, the [[Great Highland bagpipe]], overshadowing the great number and variety of traditional forms of bagpipe. Despite the decline of these other types of pipes over the last few centuries, in recent years many of these pipes have seen a resurgence or revival as musicians have sought them out; for example, the [[Uilleann pipes|Irish piping tradition]], which by the mid 20th century had declined to a handful of master players is today alive, well, and flourishing, a situation similar to that of the [[gaita asturiana|Asturian gaita]], the [[Galician gaita]], the Portuguese [[gaita transmontana]], the [[Aragon]]ese [[gaita de boto]], [[Northumbrian smallpipe]]s, the [[Breton people|Breton]] [[biniou]], the [[Balkan]] [[gaida]], the [[Romanians|Romanian]] [[cimpoi]], the Black Sea [[Tulum (bagpipe)|tulum]], the [[Scottish smallpipes]] and [[pastoral pipes]], as well as other varieties. Bulgaria has the [[Kaba gaida]], a large bagpipe of the [[Rhodope mountains]] with a hexagonal and rounded drone, often described as a deep-sounding gaida and the Dzhura gaida with a straight conical drone and of a higher [[pitch (music)|pitch]]. The [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] gaida is structurally between a kaba and dzhura gaida and described as a medium pitched gaida.

In [[Southeast Europe|Southeastern Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe]] bagpipes known as '''''gaida''''' include: the {{Langx|sq|gajde, mishnica, bishnica}}, {{Langx|rup|gaidã}}, {{Langx|bg|гайда}} ({{Lang|bg-Latn|gaida}}), {{Langx|el|γκάιντα}} ({{Lang|el-Latn|gáida}}) {{Lang|el|τσαμπούνα}} ({{Lang|el-Latn|tsaboúna}}) or {{lang|el|ασκομαντουρα}} ({{lang|el-Latn|askomandoura}}), {{Langx|mk|гајда}} (''{{Lang|mk-Latn|gajda}}''), {{Langx|sh|gajda/гајда}}, {{Langx|tr|gayda}} also {{Lang|tr|tulum}} and {{Langx |uk| gayda / ґайда}}.

In Tunisia, it is known by the name "[[Mizwad|mezwed]]". It is used in the Tunisian pop music genre, also called [[mezwed]], that is named after the instrument.

{{Clear left}}

==== Gallery ====

{{Too many photos|section|date=May 2025}}

[[File:Mezoued.gif|thumb|Tunisian [[Mizwad]]]]

<gallery>

File:Mmexport1647183006419.jpg|Piper in Petrash, Jordan

File:BulgarianKabaGaidaPlayer.jpg|Bulgarian [[Kaba gaida]] player

File:Bag piper, Padre, Currie Hall, Royal Military College of Canada, fall 2011.jpg|The Scottish Great Highland bagpipe played at a Canadian military function.

File:Baghet suonatore.jpg|A musician with a Northern Italian [[Baghèt]] wearing traditional dress

File:A modern model of Baghèt.png|Modern Baghèt (made 2000 by Valter Biella) in G

File:Zampogna.jpg|Central and southern Italian [[zampogna]]

File:Tulumcu.jpg|[[Laz people|Laz]] man from Turkey playing a [[Tulum (bagpipe)|tulum]]

File:Cillian Vallely on Uilleann Pipes.jpg|[[Cillian Vallely]] playing Irish Uilleann pipes

File:Tickell 2004.jpg|[[Kathryn Tickell]] playing [[Northumbrian smallpipes]]

File:Gaida.jpg|Man from Skopje, North Macedonia playing the [[Gaida]]

File:Seivane1.jpg|[[Galician gaita]]

File:Sruti upanga.jpg|[[Sruti upanga]], a Southern Indian bagpipe

File:Duda Bagpipe 001.jpg|Hungarian [[Duda (bagpipe)|duda]]

File:Serbian bagpiper.jpg|Serbian piper

File:DudyWielkopolskie.jpg|Polish pipers

File:Bagad.JPG|[[Bagad]] of Lann Bihoué from the French Navy

File:Ollegallmo.jpg|Swedish [[säckpipa]]

File:Pastoral pipes removable foot joint.JPG|[[Pastoral pipes]] with removable footjoint and bellows

File:Street-piper.jpg|Street piper from Sofia, Bulgaria

File:Torupillimängija.jpg|Estonian [[torupill]] player

File:Lithuanian bagpipes.png|Lithuanian piper

File:Modern huemmelchen.jpg|Modern German [[huemmelchen]]

File:Baltarusių dūdmaišis Lietuvos nacionaliniame muziejuje (LNM).jpg|Belarusian bagpipes in Lithuanian museum

File:Bagad Brest.jpg|A [[bagad]] in [[Brest, France]]

File:Al son de la gaita.jpg|[[Gaita asturiana]]

File:Pibecwd.jpg|[[Welsh bagpipes]] (double-reed type)

File:Gaiteroscantabria.jpg|Cantabrian pipe band

File:Bagpipe player damascus.jpg|Syrian piper in Damascus, Syria

File:Tsambouna.jpg|Various forms of the [[Tsampouna]], found in the Greek islands

File:Селянін грае на дудзе.jpg|Belarusian piper.

File:A żaqq (bagpipe), made from calf pelt, cane, and animal horn.jpg|Maltese [[Żaqq]].

File:Bagpipe player Dam.jpg|Piper playing by the [[Royal Palace of Amsterdam]]

File:Cimpoi.png|Romanian [[cimpoi]] player

File:Ľubomír Párička gra na dudach.webm|Ľubomír Párička playing bagpipes, Slovakia

File:Associação Gaita-de-Fole.jpg|Portuguese pipers

File:نی انبان ساخته شده در آبپخش.jpg|Bagpipes made in [[Ab Pakhsh]], Iran

File:شکل قرار گرغتن نی های نی انبان ساخته شده در آبپخش.jpg|Chanter of bagpipes from Ab Pakhsh

File:Sac de gemecs.png|[[Sac de gemecs]], from [[Catalonia]]

File:Xeremies de Mallorca.jpg|[[Xeremia|Xeremies]], from [[Mallorca]]

File:Greek Gaida Player.jpg|Greek [[shepherd]] playing gaida

File:BASA-2072K-1-361-19-Gaida, Bulgaria.JPG|Bulgarian gaida player, a pre-1945 photo. Central State Archive, Sofia

File:A reconstruction of an "askaulos", Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology.jpg|A modern reconstruction of an "askaulos" (bagpipe) in [[Museum of Ancient Greek Technology|Kotsanas Museum of Ancient Greek Technology]], [[Athens]], Greece

</gallery>

=== Usage in non-traditional music ===

[[File:Enter The Haggis Bagpipe.jpg|thumb|right|Celtic rock band [[Enter the Haggis]] featuring Highland bagpipes]]

Since the 1960s, bagpipes have also made appearances in other forms of music, including rock, metal, jazz, hip-hop, punk, and classical music, for example with [[Paul McCartney]]'s "[[Mull of Kintyre (song)|Mull of Kintyre]]", [[AC/DC]]'s "[[It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)]]",<ref name="liming">{{cite journal |last1=Liming |first1=Sheila |title=Bagpipes: a rock-and-roll history |journal=Atlantic Monthly |date=July 9, 2016 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/07/the-bagpipes-legacy-of-noise/490217/|access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref> and [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]'s composition ''[[An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise]]''. <!--STRONGLY RECOMMEND NO MORE THAN THREE EXAMPLES TO BE PLACED IN THIS PARAGRAPH, PARTICULARLY AS THERE IS A LINK TO A COMPREHENSIVE LIST. IF ADDING ONE, PLEASE THINK CAREFULLY ABOUT WHY IT IS A BETTER EXAMPLE THAN WHAT YOU ARE REMOVING. TA.-->

[[File:20160409 Oberhausen Zirkus Zeitgeist Saltatio Mortis 0139.jpg|thumb|right|Bagpiper from German band Saltatio Mortis.]]

== Publications ==

<!--

Note: only put in this section books or journals covering bagpipes in general. If it is for a specific type of bagpipe (Uilleann, GHB &c) place it in a specific article.-->

=== Periodicals ===

''Periodicals covering specific types of bagpipes are addressed in the article for that bagpipe''

* {{Citation | title = An Píobaire | publisher = Na Píobairí Uilleann | place = Dublin | url = http://pipers.ie/}}.

* {{Citation | title = Chanter | publisher = [[The Bagpipe Society]]}}.

* {{Citation | title = The Piping Times | publisher = The [[College of Piping]] | place = Glasgow}}.

* {{Citation | title = Piping Today | publisher = The National Piping Centre | place = Glasgow}}.

* {{Citation | title = Utriculus | publisher = [[Circolo della Zampogna]] | place = Italy}}.

* {{Citation | title = The Voice | publisher = The Eastern United States Pipe Band Association | place = Newark, [[Delaware|DL]]}}.

=== Books ===

* {{Citation | first = Anthony | last = Baines | date = Nov 1991 | title = Woodwind Instruments and Their History | isbn = 0-486-26885-3 | publisher = Dover Pub | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/woodwindinstrume00bain }}.

* {{Citation | first = Anthony | last = Baines | year = 1995 | title = Bagpipes | isbn = 0-902793-10-1 | publisher = Pitt Rivers Museum, Univ. of Oxford | edition = 3rd | author-mask = 3}}, 147 pp. with plates.

* {{Citation | title = The Book of the Bagpipe | first = Hugh | last = Cheape}}.

* {{Citation | title = The Bagpipe, The History of a Musical Instrument | first = Francis | last = Collinson | year = 1975}}.

* {{Citation | title = The Voice of the Wind: A Linguistic History of Bagpipes | first = Michael Peter | last = Vereno | year = 2021 | publisher = International Bagpipe Organisation | isbn = 978-1838369804 }}.

== See also ==

* [[List of bagpipes]]

* [[List of bagpipers]]

* [[List of pipe makers]]

* [[List of pipe bands]]

* [[Glossary of bagpipe terms]]

* [[Practice chanter]]

* [[Glen (music company)]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

*{{cite book|last=Garaj|first=Bernard|title=Gajdy a gajdošská tradícia na Slovensku. Bagpipe and Bagpipers´ Tradition in Slovakia|year=1995|publisher=ASCO Ústav hudobnej vedy SAV Bratislava}}

*{{cite book|last=Dzimrevski|first=Borivoje|title=Gajdata vo Makedonija: Instrument-instrumentalist-muzika|year=1996|publisher=Institut za folklor Marko Cepenkov|isbn=978-9989642098}}

*Lommel, Arle. "The Hungarian Duda and Contra-Chanter Bagpipes of the Carpathian Basin." ''The Galpin Society Journal'' (2008): 305–321.

*{{cite book|last=Rice|first=Timothy|title=May It Fill Your Soul: Experiencing Bulgarian Music|url=https://archive.org/details/mayitfillyoursou00rice|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226711225}}

*{{cite book|last=Atanasov|first=Vergilij|title=The Bulgarian GAIDA/BAGPIPE|year=2002|publisher=Gaida Studies|___location=Massachusetts|isbn=0-9724898-0-0}}

*{{cite book|last=Širola|first=Božidar|title=Sviraljke s udarnim jezičkom|year=1937|publisher=JAZU|___location=Zagreb}}

*{{cite book|last=Leibman|first=Robert|title=Traditional Songs and Dances from the Soko Banja Area|publisher=Selo Records|___location=LP}}

*{{cite book|last=Levy|first=Mark|title=The Bagpipe in the Rhodope Mountains of Bulgaria|year=1985|publisher=University of California}}

*{{cite thesis|last=Jakovljević|first=Rastko|title=Marginality and Cultural Identities: Locating the Bagpipe Music of Serbia|year=2012|publisher=PhD Thesis, Durham University|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3544/}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Bagpipes}}

{{EB1911 poster|Bag-pipe}}

* [http://www.prydein.com/pipes/ Bagpipe iconography – Paintings and images of the pipes.]

* [http://musiconis.huma-num.fr/fr/results.html?query=bagpipe Musiconis Database of Medieval Musical Iconography: Bagpipe.]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091112123617/http://www.researchchannel.org/prog/displayevent.aspx?rID=3365&fID=345 A demonstration of rare instruments including bagpipes] (archived 12 November 2009)

* [http://www.bagpipehistory.info/ ''The Concise History of the Bagpipe'' by Frank J. Timoney]

* [http://www.bagpipesociety.org.uk/ The Bagpipe Society], dedicated to promoting the study, playing, and making of bagpipes and pipes from around the world

* [http://ludowe.instrumenty.edu.pl/en/instruments-/categories/category/343 Bagpipes from polish collections (''Polish folk musical instruments'')]

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TO8ZRZYB16c&list=PL-vEE7TX3aIfca1edpfKRz3Vt6HURNAMf&index=2 Bagpipes (local polish name "Koza") played by Jan Karpiel-Bułecka] (English subtitles)

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170709134521/http://www.baghet.info/ Official site of Baghet (bagpipe from North Italy) players.] (archived 9 July 2017)

* [http://turn.do.am/index/obratnaja_svjaz/0-43# Celtic Music : Scottish Military Bagpipes.]

* [http://www.gaida.gr The presence of the gaida in Greece]

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[[Category:Bagpipes| ]]

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