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{{Short description|Welsh journalist and explorer (1841–1904)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox journalist
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Henry Morton Stanley
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB}}
| image = No-nb bldsa 1c051 Henry Morton Stanley.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = John Rowlands
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1841|1|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Denbigh]], Wales
| death_date = {{death date and age|1904|5|10|1841|1|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Westminster]], London, England
| burial_place = [[Pirbright]], Surrey, England
| citizenship = {{ubl|United Kingdom|United States (from 1885)}}
| party = [[Liberal Unionist]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Dorothy Tennant]]|12 July 1890}}
| awards = [[Vega Medal]] (1883)
| signature = Appletons' Stanley Henry Morton signature.png
| module = {{Infobox politician|embed=yes
| parliament = United Kingdom
| constituency_MP = [[Lambeth North (UK Parliament constituency)|Lambeth North]]
| term_start = 15 July 1895
| term_end = 17 September 1900
| predecessor = [[Francis Coldwells]]
| successor = [[Frederick William Horner]]}}
{{Infobox military person
|embed = yes
|embed_title = Military service
|allegiance = {{ubl|[[Confederate States]] (1861–1862)|[[Union (American Civil War)|United States]] (1862–1865)}}
|branch = {{ubl|[[Confederate Army]] (1861–1862)|[[Union Army]] (1862)|[[Union Navy]] (1864–1865)}}
|serviceyears = {{ubl|1861–1862|1864–1865}}
|unit = {{ubl|[[6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment]]|{{USS|Minnesota|1855|6}}}}
|rank = {{ubl|Private|Ship's clerk}}
|battles = {{tree list}}
* [[American Civil War]]
* (With the CS)
**[[Battle of Shiloh]] (POW)
* (With the US)
**[[First Battle of Fort Fisher]]
**[[Second Battle of Fort Fisher]] {{tree list/end}}
}}
}}
'''Sir Henry Morton Stanley''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB}} (born '''John Rowlands'''; 28 January 1841 – 10 May 1904) was a [[Welsh-American]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stanley_sir_henry_morton.shtml|title=Henry Stanley (1841–1904) | access-date=21 October 2014| publisher=bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Morton-Stanley | title=Sir Henry Morton Stanley | access-date=21 October 2016 | publisher=britannica.com}}</ref>{{efn|Stanley was Welsh by birth and upbringing, but assumed an American identity as a young man and consistently represented himself as an American throughout his life. He was naturalised as an American citizen in 1885,<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|294–295}} though he later resumed his British subjecthood in 1892 to run for Parliament.<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|424}}}} explorer, journalist, soldier, colonial administrator, author, and politician famous for his exploration of Central Africa and search for missionary and explorer [[David Livingstone]]. Besides his discovery of Livingstone, he is mainly known for his search for the sources of the [[Nile]] and [[Congo River|Congo]] rivers, the work he undertook as an agent of [[King Leopold II of the Belgians]] that enabled the occupation of the [[Congo Basin]] region, and his command of the [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. He was [[knight]]ed in 1897, and served in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] as a [[Liberal Unionist]] member for [[Lambeth North (UK Parliament constituency)|Lambeth North]] from 1895 to 1900.
More than a century after his death, Stanley's legacy remains the subject of enduring controversy. Although he personally had high regard for many of the native African people who accompanied him on his expeditions,<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|10–11}} the exaggerated accounts of corporal punishment and brutality in his books fostered a public reputation as a hard-driving, cruel leader,<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|201–202}} in contrast to the supposedly more humanitarian Livingstone.<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|472}} His contemporary image in Britain also suffered from the perception that he was American. In the 20th century, his reputation was also seriously damaged by his role in establishing the [[Congo Free State]] for King Leopold II.<ref>{{cite web |title = A plinth for the fallen idol |first = Kevin |last = Rushby |url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/mar/24/history |work = The Guardian |date = 24 March 2007 |quote = And in recent times, Stanley's reputation has only fallen further. Both Adam Hochschild's King Leopold's Ghost (1998) and Frank McLynn's two-volume biography (1989 and 1991) exposed the hard-hearted monster to pitiless scrutiny. Treaties made between Brussels and illiterate chiefs show Stanley as the architect of a shoddy robbery: vast swaths of Congo exchanged for bolts of cheap cloth and bottles of gin.}}</ref><ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|7}} Nevertheless, he is recognised for his important contributions to Western knowledge of the geography of Central Africa and for his resolute opposition to the [[slave trade in East Africa]].<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|16, 474}}
==Early life==
[[File:Portrait of Discoverer of Livingstone (4671166).jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of a young Henry Morton Stanley {{Circa|1870s}}]]
Henry Stanley was born as '''John Rowlands''' in [[Denbigh]], [[Denbighshire]], [[Wales]]. His mother Elizabeth Parry was 18 years old at the time of his birth. She abandoned him as a very young baby and cut off all communication. Stanley never knew his father, who died within a few weeks of his birth.{{sfn|Stanley|1909| p=4 }} There is some doubt as to his true parentage.<ref name="Davies1959">{{cite web | title = Stanley, (Sir) Henry Morton (alias Rowlands, John) (1841–1904), explorer, administrator, and author | last = Davies | first = William Llewelyn | publisher= The National Library of Wales| work = Dictionary of Welsh Biography | date = 1959 | access-date = 9 July 2018 | url = http://wbo.llgc.org.uk/en/s-STAN-MOR-1841.html}}</ref> As his parents were unmarried, his [[birth certificate]] describes him as a [[bastard (Law of England and Wales)|bastard]]; he was baptised in the parish of Denbigh on 19 February 1841, the register recording that he had been born on 28 January of that year. The entry states that he was the bastard son of John Rowland of Llys Llanrhaidr and Elizabeth Parry of Castle. The [[Social stigma|stigma]] associated with [[illegitimacy]] weighed heavily upon him all his life.<ref name="jeal2007">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCSQCjEuU94C | first=Tim | last=Jeal | author-link=Tim Jeal | title=Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-0300126259}}</ref>{{rp|17–19, 356}}
The boy was given his father's surname of Rowlands and brought up by his grandfather Moses Parry, a once-prosperous butcher who was living in reduced circumstances. He died when John was five. Rowlands then stayed with families of cousins and nieces for a short time, but he was eventually sent to the St Asaph Union [[Workhouse]] for the Poor. The overcrowding and lack of supervision resulted in his being frequently abused by older boys. Historian [[Robert Aldrich (historian)|Robert Aldrich]] has alleged that the headmaster of the workhouse raped or sexually assaulted Rowlands, and that the older Rowlands was "incontrovertibly bisexual".<ref name="Aldrich2008">{{cite book|last=Aldrich|first=Robert |title=Colonialism and Homosexuality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tq9UTX5O2CIC&pg=PA136|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64459-9|page=136}}</ref> When Rowlands was 10 years old, his mother and two half-siblings stayed for a short while in this workhouse, but he did not recognise them until the headmaster told him who they were.<ref name="Jeal2011">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrYXdH_WXXgC | title=Explorers of the Nile: The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure | last=Jeal | first=Tim | year=2011 | publisher=Yale University Press | isbn=9780300149357 | page=258|author-link=Tim Jeal }}</ref>
==Life in the United States==
Rowlands emigrated to the United States in 1859 at age 18. He disembarked at [[New Orleans]] and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley, a wealthy trader. He saw Stanley sitting on a chair outside his store and asked him if he had any job openings. He did so in the British style: "Do you need a boy, sir?" The childless man had indeed been wishing he had a son, and the inquiry led to a job and a close relationship between them.<ref name="Severin1974">{{Cite journal | title = The Making of an American Lion | last = Severin | first = Timothy | journal= American Heritage | date = February 1974 |volume=25|issue=2 | access-date = 9 July 2018 | url = http://www.americanheritage.com/content/making-american-lion?page=5 }}</ref> Out of admiration, John took Stanley's name. Later, he wrote that his adoptive parent died two years after their meeting, but in fact the elder Stanley did not die until 1878.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wI8FGYHGs-QC | title=The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo | last=Edgerton | first=Robert | year=2002 | publisher=Macmillan | isbn=0-312-30486-2 | page=35}}</ref> This and other discrepancies led John Bierman to argue that no adoption took place.<ref name="Bierman1993">{{cite book|last=Bierman|first=John |title=Dark Safari: The Life Behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DM1AAAAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-70802-0}}</ref>{{rp|27–28}} [[Tim Jeal]] goes further, and, in his biography, subjects Stanley's account in his posthumously published ''Autobiography'' to detailed analysis. Because Stanley got so many basic facts wrong about his purported adoptive family, Jeal concludes that it is very unlikely that he ever met rich Henry Hope Stanley, and that an ordinary grocer, James Speake, was Rowlands' true benefactor until his (Speake's) sudden death in October 1859.<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|31–41, esp. 34–41}}
Stanley reluctantly joined<ref name="Gallop2004">{{cite book|last=Gallop|first=Alan |title=Mr. Stanley, I Presume?: The Life and Explorations of Henry Morton Stanley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFyPAwAAQBAJ|year=2004|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-0-7524-9494-4}}</ref>{{rp|50}} in the [[American Civil War]], first enrolling in the [[Confederate States Army]]'s [[6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/filmmore/ps_02.html |title=Primary Sources: Henry Morton Stanley: A Confederate Soldier at Shiloh, (for the 2002 PBS film ''The American Experience: Ulysses S. Grant'') |access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202190124/http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/filmmore/ps_02.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and fighting in the [[Battle of Shiloh]] in 1862.<ref name="Arnold1998">{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=James |title=Shiloh 1862: The death of innocence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3ZJvgAACAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-85532-606-4|page=32}}</ref> After being taken prisoner there, he was recruited at [[Camp Douglas (Chicago)|Camp Douglas, Illinois]], by its commander Colonel [[James A. Mulligan]] as a "[[Galvanized Yankees|Galvanized Yankee]]." He joined the [[Union Army]] on 4 June 1862 but was discharged 18 days later because of severe illness.<ref name="Gallop2004"/>{{rp|61}} After recovering, he served on several merchant ships before joining the [[United States Navy|US Navy]] in July 1864. He became a record keeper on board the {{USS|Minnesota|1855|6}}, and participated in the [[First Battle of Fort Fisher]] and the [[Second Battle of Fort Fisher]], which led him into freelance journalism. Stanley and a junior colleague jumped ship on 10 February 1865 in [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]], in search of greater adventures.<ref name="Gallop2004"/>{{rp|63–65}} Stanley was possibly the only man to serve in the Confederate Army, the Union Army, and the Union Navy.<ref name="Brown1986">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Dee Alexander |title=The Galvanized Yankees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrhBfiB0RsC&pg=PA58|year=1986|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-6075-X|page=58}}</ref>
==British expedition to Abyssinia (1867–1868)==
{{Main|British expedition to Abyssinia}}
[[File:Stanley Persepolis graffiti.JPG|thumb|right|Stanley's graffito at [[Persepolis]], [[Iran]]]]
Following the American Civil War, Stanley became a journalist in the days of frontier expansion in the [[American frontier|American West]]. He then organised an expedition to the [[Ottoman Empire]] that ended catastrophically when he was imprisoned. He eventually talked his way out of jail and received restitution for damaged expedition equipment.<ref name="Gallop2004"/>{{rp|71–73}}
In 1867, the [[emperor of Ethiopia]], [[Tewodros II]], held a British envoy and others hostage, and a force was sent to effect the release of the hostages. Stanley accompanied that force as a special correspondent of the ''[[New York Herald]]''. His report on the [[Battle of Magdala]] in 1868 was the first to be published, as he had bribed a telegraph operator to send his story first, even before the official army report. After his message was sent, the cable broke; British government officials were greatly irritated to learn of the battle from an American newspaper.<ref name ="Severin1974" /> Subsequently, he was assigned to report on Spain's [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Glorious Revolution]] in 1868. In 1870, Stanley undertook several assignments for the ''Herald'' in the [[Middle East]] and the [[Black Sea]] region,<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|90}} visiting Egypt, Jerusalem, Constantinople, the Crimea, the Caucasus, Persia and [[British Raj|India]],<ref>{{cite web |title=How I Found Livingstone, by Henry M. Stanley |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5157/5157-h/5157-h.htm#link2HCH0001 |publisher=The Project Gutenberg EBook}}</ref> during which time he apparently carved his name into a stone of the ancient palace at [[Persepolis]] in [[Persia]].<ref>{{cite web |title = A plinth for the fallen idol |first = Kevin |last = Rushby |url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/mar/24/history |work = The Guardian |date = 24 March 2007}}</ref>
==Finding David Livingstone expedition (1871–1872)==
[[File:Rencontre de Livingstone - How I found Livingstone (fr).png|thumb|''"Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"'', an illustration from Stanley's 1872 book ''How I Found Livingstone'']]
Stanley travelled to [[Zanzibar]] in March 1871, later claiming that he outfitted an expedition with 192 [[Porter (carrier)|porters]].{{sfn|Stanley|1872|p=68}} In his first dispatch to the ''New York Herald'', however, he stated that his expedition numbered only 111. This was in line with figures in his diaries.{{sfn|Stanley|1970|p=13}} [[James Gordon Bennett Jr.]], publisher of the ''[[New York Herald]]'' and funder of the expedition, had delayed sending to Stanley the money he had promised, so Stanley borrowed money from the United States [[Consul (representative)|Consul]].<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|93–94}}
During the {{convert|700|mi|adj=on}} expedition through the tropical forest, his thoroughbred stallion died within a few days after a bite from a [[tsetse fly]], many of his porters deserted, and the rest were decimated by tropical diseases.
[[File:Henry Morton Stanley, 1872.jpg|thumb|upright|1872 [[Carte de visite]] – Stanley and [[Kalulu]]]]
Stanley found [[David Livingstone]] on 10 November 1871 in [[Ujiji]], near [[Lake Tanganyika]] in present-day [[Tanzania]]. He later claimed to have greeted him with the now-famous line, "[[Dr. Livingstone, I presume?]]" However, this line does not appear in his journal from the time—the two pages directly following the recording of his initial spotting of Livingstone were torn out of the journal at some point—and it is likely that Stanley simply invented the pithy line sometime afterwards.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last1=Thorpe|first1=Vanessa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/feb/04/books.booksnews|title=The fibbing Mr Stanley, we presume|date=4 February 2007|work=The Observer|access-date=21 February 2020|last2=arts|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> Neither man mentioned it in any of the letters they wrote at this time,<ref name="jeal2007"/> and Livingstone tended to instead recount the reaction of his servant, Susi, who cried out: "An Englishman coming! I see him!"<ref name=":0" /> The phrase is first quoted in a summary of Stanley's letters published by ''[[The New York Times]]'' on 2 July 1872.<ref name="NYTimes1872">{{Cite news | title = The Search for Livingston | last = Stanley | first = Henry Morton | newspaper= The New York Times | date = 2 July 1872a| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/07/02/79181684.pdf }}</ref> Stanley biographer [[Tim Jeal]] argued that the explorer invented it afterwards to help raise his standing because of "insecurity about his background",<ref name="jeal2007"/>{{rp|117}} though ironically the phrase was mocked in the press for being absurdly formal for the situation.<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|140}}
The ''Herald''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s own first account of the meeting, published 1 July 1872, reports:<ref>''NY Herald'', 1 July 1872.</ref>
{{blockquote|Preserving a calmness of exterior before the Arabs which was hard to simulate as he reached the group, Mr. Stanley said: – "Doctor Livingstone, I presume?" A smile lit up the features of the pale white man as he answered: "Yes, and I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you."<ref>{{cite news | title=David Livingstone letter deciphered at last. Four-page missive composed at the lowest point in his professional life | url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38064893 | agency=Associated Press | date=2 July 2010 | access-date=2 July 2010}}{{dead link|date=August 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>}}
Stanley joined Livingstone in exploring the region, finding that there was no waterway from Lake Tanganyika to the Nile. On his return, he wrote a book about his experiences: ''How I Found Livingstone; travels, adventures, and discoveries in Central Africa'' (1872).{{sfn|Stanley | 1872|p=}}
== First trans-Africa expedition (1874–1877)==
{{Main|Henry Morton Stanley's first trans-Africa expedition}}
In 1874, the ''[[New York Herald]]'' and the ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]]'' financed Stanley on another expedition to Africa. His ambitious objective was to complete the exploration and mapping of the Central [[African Great Lakes]] and rivers, in the process circumnavigating Lakes [[Lake Victoria|Victoria]] and [[Lake Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] and locating the source of the [[Nile]]. Between 1875 and 1876 Stanley succeeded in the first part of his objective, establishing that Lake Victoria had only a single outlet, the one discovered by [[John Hanning Speke]] on 21 July 1862 and named [[Ripon Falls]]. If this was not the Nile's source, then the separate massive northward flowing river called by [[David Livingstone|Livingstone]], the [[Lualaba River|Lualaba]], and mapped by him in its upper reaches, might flow on north to connect with the Nile via [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]] and thus be the river's primary source.<ref name="Jeal2011" />{{rp|301}}
[[File:Stanleyroutes.PNG|thumb|Routes of Stanley's expeditions in Central Africa]]
It was therefore essential that Stanley should trace the course of the Lualaba downstream (northward) from [[Nyangwe]], the point where Livingstone had left it in July 1871.<ref name="Livingstone1874">{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |author-link=David Livingstone|editor=Horace Waller|title=The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi; in Two Volumes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_dgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA141|volume=2|year=1874|publisher=J. Murray|page=141}}</ref> Between November 1876 and August 1877, Stanley and his men navigated the Lualaba up to and beyond the point where it turned sharply westward, away from the Nile, identifying itself as the [[Congo River]].<ref name="Jeal2011" />{{rp|315}} Having succeeded with this second objective, they then traced the river to the sea. During this expedition, Stanley used sectional boats and dug-out canoes to pass the large cataracts that separated the Congo into distinct tracts. These boats were transported around the rapids before being reassembled to travel on the next section of river. In passing the rapids many of his men were drowned, including his last white colleague, Frank Pocock.{{sfn|Stanley|1961|pp=187–}} The expedition was repeatedly attacked by natives in canoes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boyd |first1=James Penny |title=Stanley in Africa |date=1889 |publisher=Stanley Publishing Company |page=397 }}</ref> Stanley and his men reached the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] outpost of [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]], around {{convert|100|km|mi}} from the mouth of the Congo River on the Atlantic Ocean, after 999 days on 9 August 1877. Muster lists and Stanley's diary (12 November 1874) show that he started with 228 people<ref name="jeal2007"/>{{rp|163, 511 note 21}} and reached Boma with 114 survivors, with him the only European left alive out of four. In Stanley's ''Through the Dark Continent'' (1878) (in which he coined the term "Dark Continent" for Africa), Stanley said that his expedition had numbered 356,<ref name="Hall">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bkqAAAAYAAJ | title=Stanley: An Adventurer Explored | last=Hall | first=Richard | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | year=1975 | page=33| isbn=9780395194263 }}</ref>{{sfn|Stanley|1878|p=65}} the exaggeration detracting from his achievement.
Stanley attributed his success to his leading African porters, saying that his success was "all due to the pluck and intrinsic goodness of 20 men ... take the 20 out and I could not have proceeded beyond a few days' journey".<ref>Stanley to Edward King, 2 October 1877, RMCA.</ref> Professor James Newman has written that "establishing the connection between the Lualaba and Congo Rivers and locating the source of the Victoria Nile" justified him (Newman) in stating that: "In terms of exploration and discovery as defined in nineteenth-century Europe, he (Stanley) clearly stands at the top."<ref name="Newman2004">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L. |title=Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRVD5uW9dIwC&pg=PA335|year=2004|publisher=Potomac Books|___location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1-57488-597-2|pages=335–336}}</ref>
==International Upper Congo Expedition (1879–1884)==
[[File:Henry Morton Stanley Reutlinger BNF Gallica cropped.jpg|thumb|Henry M. Stanley in 1884]]
{{Main|International Association of the Congo|Berlin Conference|Congo Free State}}
On 15 April 1877, [[Leopold II of the Belgians|King Leopold II of the Belgians]] sent his first expedition to Central Africa, then still under the flag of the [[International African Association]]. The members of the expedition, four Belgians, departing from [[Zanzibar]], had the goal of establishing a scientific post in [[Karema, Tanzania|Karema]], in today's [[Tanzania]], but even before the group entered [[Central Africa]], two of them had already died, one from a sun stroke, the other from a severe fever, upon which the other members of the expedition resigned. Because of these difficulties, Leopold realised how important it was to find experienced men to lead his expeditions. He first tried to persuade [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]], but he had already entered French service; his eye now fell on Stanley.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Struye | first1=Lieven | last2=De Gueldre | first2=Alain | last3=Bernaerts | first3=Bruno | last4=Adriaenssens | first4=Ivo | title=Kroniek van België | publisher=Standaard | publication-place=Antwerpen | date=1987 | isbn=90-02-16042-9 | oclc=781941957 | language=nl | chapter = Belgische Expiditie zwaar getroffen in Afrika | page = 707}}</ref>{{sfn|Stanley|1885|p=20}} Stanley had first hoped to continue his pioneering work in Africa under the British flag. But neither the Foreign Office nor Edward, the Prince of Wales, felt called to receive Stanley after the many rumours of his looting and killing in the interior of the African continent.<ref name="Hannes Vanhauwaert">{{cite book|last=Hannes|first=Vanhauwaert |title=All the King's Men: A search for the colonial ideas of some advisers and "accomplices" of Leopold II (1853-1892) | chapter= 8. The short colonial careers of Jules Greindl, Eugène père Beyens, Eugène Napoléon Beyens and Maximilien Strauch; section: A skeptical Jules Greindl (1835–1917)|language=nl |url=http://www.ethesis.net/leopold_II/leopold_II.htm|year=2005|publisher=Catholic University of Leuven}}</ref> Leopold eagerly received a disenchanted Stanley at his palace in June 1878, and signed a five-year contract with him in November.<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|236}}
Stanley persuaded Leopold that the first step should be the construction of a wagon trail around the Congo rapids and a chain of trading stations on the river. To avoid discovery, materials and workers were shipped in by various roundabout routes, and communications between Stanley and Leopold were entrusted to Colonel [[Maximilien Strauch]].<ref name="Hochschild2005">{{cite magazine | title = In the Heart of Darkness | last = Hochschild | first = Adam | magazine = The New York Review of Books | date = 6 October 2005 | access-date = 10 July 2018 | url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2005/10/06/in-the-heart-of-darkness/ }}</ref>
=== Stanley as Leopold's agent ===
[[File:Henry M Stanley 1890.jpg|thumb|Henry Morton Stanley, 1890]]
[[File:Wr Studio Portrait of Henry Morton Stanley, ca. 1890, published by L Herbst.jpg|thumb|Studio Portrait of Henry Morton Stanley, ca. 1890, published by L Herbst, Sydney]]
In 1879, Stanley left for Africa for his first mission, ostensibly working for the [[Comité d'études du Haut-Congo]], under Leopold's orders. King Leopold gave Stanley clear instructions: "It is not about Belgian colonies. It is about establishing a new state that is as large as possible and about its governance. It should be clear that in this project there can be no question of granting the Negroes the slightest form of political power. That would be ridiculous. The whites, who lead the posts, have all the power."<ref name="Leopold II, The whole story, Episode 6">{{cite book|last=Op de Beeck|first=Johan |title=Leopold II, the whole story|url=https://klara.be/leopold-ii-aflevering-6|year=2020|publisher=Horizon|isbn=9789463962094}}</ref>
Stanley described in writings his dismay with the terrible scenes taking place in Congo. At the same time, his "findings" conveyed an idea that the Dark Continent must submit, willingly or otherwise. Stanley's writings show that he, too, held this view. "Only by proving that we are superior to the savages, not only through our power to kill them but through our entire way of life, can we control them as they are now, in their present stage; it is necessary for their own well-being, even more than ours."<ref name="Leopold II, The whole story, Episode 6"/>
Unexpectedly, France had sent its own expedition to the [[Congo Basin]]. [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] had undermined Stanley's mission by concluding contracts himself with native heads of state. The creation of a station that would later be called [[Brazzaville]] could not be prevented. Leopold was furious, writing angrily to Strauch: "The terms of the treaties Stanley has made with native chiefs do not satisfy me. There must at least be an added article to the effect that they delegate to us their sovereign rights ... the treaties must be as brief as possible and in a couple of articles must grant us everything."<ref>{{Cite book|title=H.M. Stanley Unpublished Letters|last=Maurice|first=Albert|year=1957|publisher = W. & R. Chambers | ___location=London|page=161}}</ref>
Since everything in Central Africa was about the balance of power between the [[Great Powers]], Leopold considered his next moves and sent an envoy to Berlin to press for a [[Berlin Conference|conference]]. Leopold wanted the [[International Association of the Congo]] boundaries drawn by Stanley to be officially confirmed, thus giving the Association an official status.<ref name="Leopold II, The whole story, Episode 6"/>
On 26 February 1885, the Berlin Act was signed. The Act regulated an immense free trade zone in the Congo Basin and made it a neutral territory. Furthermore, the Act declared war on slavery. The act contained only one article that Leopold disliked: Article 17 gave the superpowers the right to establish an international commission to supervise the freedom of trade and navigation in Congo. As a result, Leopold would not be able to collect customs duties on the Congo River <ref name="Leopold II, The whole story, Episode 6"/>
In 1890, on the 25th anniversary of Leopold's reign as Belgian monarch, Stanley was taken from one banquet hall to another, proclaimed a hero. Leopold honoured him with the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]]. Together they examined the entire Congolese situation. The key question was how the Free State could become profitable. Stanley pointed out to the monarch, among other things, the potential of rubber production. Stanley wrote: "You can find it on almost any tree. As we made our way through the forest, it was literally raining rubber juice. Our clothes were full of it. The Congo has so many tributaries that a well-organized company can easily extract a few tons of rubber per year here. You only have to sail up such a river and the branches with rubber hang almost up to your ship."<ref name="Leopold II, The whole story, Episode 8">{{cite book|last=Op de Beeck|first=Johan |title=The History of Congo|url=https://klara.be/leopold-ii-aflevering-8-0|year=2020|publisher=Horizon|isbn=9789463962094}}</ref>
In 1891, rubber extraction was divided among concessionaires. This soon led to abuses, when the switch was made to "forced labour".<ref name="Leopold II, The whole story, Episode 8"/>
=== Founding of Leopoldville (Kinshasa) ===
{{Main|History of Kinshasa|Timeline of Kinshasa|Kinshasa (commune)#History}}
Stanley, who had left from a post at [[Vivi, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Vivi]] near [[Matadi]] on 21 February 1880, arrived at [[Pool Malebo|Stanley pool]] on 3 December 1882. Building a road from Vivi to [[Isangila]], Stanley took almost 2 years to traverse the [[rapids]] towing with him 50 tonnes of equipment, including 2 dismantled steamboats and a barge. After he arrived at Stanley pool, a local king, Makoko of the [[Anziku Kingdom]], gave him a site near [[Kintambo]] to build a city. Despite hostilities from another nearby king, [[Ngaliema]], he decided to start the construction of [[Kinshasa|Léopoldville]] on the hillside of [[Khonzo Izulu]]. Today [[Kinshasa]]'s population is 17,000,000, and it is one of the world's fastest growing [[megacities]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Struye | first1=Lieven | last2=De Gueldre | first2=Alain | last3=Bernaerts | first3=Bruno | last4=Adriaenssens | first4=Ivo | title=Kroniek van België | publisher=Standaard | publication-place=Antwerpen | date=1987 | isbn=90-02-16042-9 | oclc=781941957 | language=nl | chapter = Stanley sticht Leopoldstad na heroïsche tocht | page = 713}}</ref>
=== Dealings with Zanzibari slave traders ===
[[File:The contract signed by Henry Morton Stanley with slave trader Tippu Tip on behalf of King Leopold II at the British consulate in Zanzibar in 1887.jpg|thumb|The contract signed between Henry Morton Stanley and Tippu Tip on behalf of [[King Leopold II]] at the British consulate in [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] in 1887, in which Leopold appoints [[Tippu Tip]] as governor of the [[Stanley Falls District]]]]
{{Main|Tippu Tip|Indian Ocean slave trade|Congo Arab war}}
[[Tippu Tip]], the most powerful of [[Zanzibar]]'s [[slavery|slave]] traders of the 19th century, was well known to Stanley, as was the social chaos and devastation brought by [[Slave raiding|slave-hunting]]. It had only been through Tippu Tip's help that Stanley had found Livingstone, who had survived years on the [[Lualaba River|Lualaba]] under Tippu Tip's friendship. Now, Stanley discovered that Tippu Tip's men had reached still further west in search of fresh populations to enslave.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
Four years earlier, the Zanzibaris had thought the Congo deadly and impassable and warned Stanley not to attempt to go there, but when Tippu Tip learned that Stanley had survived, he was quick to act. Villages throughout the region were burned and depopulated. Tippu Tip had raided 118 villages, killed 4,000 Africans, and, when Stanley reached his camp, had 2,300 slaves, mostly young women and children, in chains ready to transport halfway across the continent to the markets of Zanzibar. {{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
Having found the new ruler of the Upper Congo, Stanley had no choice but to negotiate an agreement with him, to stop Tip coming further downstream and attacking [[Kinshasa|Leopoldville]] and other stations. To achieve this, he had to allow Tip to build his final river station just below [[Boyoma Falls|Stanley Falls]], which prevented vessels from sailing further upstream.<ref name="Bennett1986">{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Norman R. |title=Arab Versus European: Diplomacy and War in Nineteenth-Century East Central Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfdyAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Africana Publishing Company|___location=New York|isbn=978-0-8419-0861-1}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} At the end of his physical resources, Stanley returned home, to be replaced by Lieutenant Colonel [[Francis de Winton]], a former [[British Army]] officer.
==Emin Pasha Relief Expedition (1887–1890)==
{{Main|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition}}
[[File:Advance Column of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1890.jpg|thumb|Henry M Stanley with the officers of the Advance Column, Cairo, 1890. From the left: Dr. [[Thomas Heazle Parke]], [[Robert H. Nelson (explorer)|Robert H. Nelson]], [[Henry M. Stanley]], [[William G. Stairs]], and [[Arthur J. M. Jephson]]]]
In 1886, Stanley led the [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]] to "rescue" [[Emin Pasha]], the governor of [[Equatoria]] in the southern [[Sudan]], who was threatened by [[Mahdist State|Mahdist]] forces. King Leopold II demanded that Stanley take the longer route via the Congo River, hoping to acquire more territory and perhaps even Equatoria.{{sfn|Stanley|1890|p=}} After immense hardships and great loss of life, Stanley met Emin in 1888, mapped the [[Ruwenzori Range]] and [[Lake Edward]], and emerged from the interior with Emin and his surviving followers at the end of 1890.<ref>(Turnbull, 1983)</ref> Despite its success, this expedition tarnished Stanley's name because of the conduct of the other Europeans on the expedition. Army Major [[Edmund Musgrave Barttelot]] was killed by an African porter after behaving with extreme cruelty. [[James Sligo Jameson]], heir to [[Irish whiskey]] manufacturer [[Jameson Irish Whiskey|Jameson's]], allegedly bought a 10-year-old girl and offered her to cannibals to document and sketch how she was cooked and eaten. Stanley found out only when Jameson had died of fever.<ref name="jeal2007" />
[[File:The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition emerging out of the dense Wellcome L0034830.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[Emin Pasha]] Relief Expedition emerging out of the [[Ituri Rainforest]]]]
[[File:Henry Morton Stanley's meeting with Emin Pasha in 1888 durin Wellcome V0018825.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Stanley's meeting with Emin Pasha in 1888]]
The spread of [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]] across areas of central and eastern Africa that were previously free of the disease has been attributed to this expedition,<ref>{{cite book | last=Scott | first=H. Harold | date=1939 | title=A History of Tropical Medicine | url=https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2048325/1/0046_3013A.pdf | ___location=London | publisher=Edward Arnold & Co. | page=458 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Sleeping disorder">{{cite journal | first=Alastair |last=Compston | title=Editorial | journal=Brain | year=2008 | volume=131 | issue=5 | pages=1163–64 |doi=10.1093/brain/awn070 |pmid=18450785| doi-access=free }}</ref> but this hypothesis has been disputed. Sleeping sickness had been endemic in these regions for generations and then flared into epidemics as colonial trade increased trade throughout Africa during the ensuing decades.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n70eAQAAIAAJ | last1=Wilkinson | first1=Lisa | last2=Hardy | first2=Anne | date=2001 | title=Prevention and Cure: The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: a 20th Century Quest for Global Public Health | ___location=London | publisher=Kegan Paul | isbn=978-0-7103-0624-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Headrick | first=Daniel R. | date=April 2014 | title=Sleeping Sickness Epidemics and Colonial Responses in East and Central Africa 1900–1940 | volume=8 | issue=4 | page=e2772 | journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002772 | pmc=3998934 | pmid=24763309 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
In a number of publications made after the expedition, Stanley asserts that the purpose of the effort was singular; to offer relief to Emin Pasha. For example, he writes the following while explaining the final route decision.
{{blockquote|The advantages of the Congo route were about five hundred miles shorter land journey, and less opportunities for deserting. It also quieted the fears of the French and Germans that, behind this professedly humanitarian quest, we might have annexation projects.{{sfn|Stanley|1909|p=355}}}}
However, Stanley's other writings point to a secondary goal which was precisely territorial annexation. He writes in his book on the expedition about his meeting with the Sultan of Zanzibar, when he arrived there at the start of the expedition, and a certain matter that was discussed at that meeting. At first, he is not explicit on the agenda but it is clear enough:
{{blockquote|We then entered heartily into our business; how absolutely necessary it was that he should promptly enter into an agreement with the English within the limits assigned by Anglo-German treaty. It would take too long to describe the details of the conversation, but I obtained from him the answer needed.{{sfn|Stanley|1890|p=62}}}}
A few pages further in the same book, Stanley explains what the matter was about and this time, he makes it clear that indeed, it had to do with annexation.
{{blockquote|I have settled several little commissions at Zanzibar satisfactorily. One was to get the Sultan to sign the concessions which Mackinnon tried to obtain a long time ago. As the Germans have magnificent territory east of Zanzibar, it was but fair that England should have some portion for the protection she has accorded to Zanzibar since 1841 ... The concession that we wished to obtain embraced a portion of East African coast, of which [[Mombasa]] and [[Malindi]] were the principal towns. For eight years, to my knowledge, the matter had been placed before His Highness, but the Sultan's signature was difficult to obtain.{{sfn|Stanley|1890|p=69}}}}
[[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913, showing the ‘[[Scramble for Africa]]’ by the European powers.]]
The records at the [[National Archives, Kew|National Archives]] at Kew, London, offer an even deeper insight and show that annexation was a purpose he had been aware of for the expedition. This is because there are a number of treaties curated there (and gathered by Stanley himself from what is present-day [[Uganda]] during the Emin Pasha Expedition), ostensibly gaining British protection for a number of African chiefs. Amongst these were a number that have long been identified as possible frauds.<ref name="Gray1948">{{cite journal|first=J. M. |last=Gray|title=Early Treaties in Uganda, 1888–1891|journal=The Uganda Journal|publisher= The Journal of the Uganda Society|volume= 2|issue=1 |date=1948|page= 30}}</ref> A good example is treaty number 56, supposedly agreed upon between Stanley and the people of "Mazamboni, Katto, and Kalenge". These people had signed over to Stanley, "the Sovereign Right and Right of Government over our country for ever in consideration of value received and for the protection he has accorded us and our Neighbours against KabbaRega and his Warasura."<ref>British National Archives, Kew (BNA) FO 2/139 (Treaty number 56, undated).</ref>
==Later years==
[[File:Stanley receives the Freedom of the City of London in 1890.ogg|thumb|Stanley receives the Freedom of the City of London in 1890.]]
[[File:Henry M. Stanley 1891.jpg|thumb|Henry Stanley and party standing on the back of an [[observation car]] at [[Monterey, California]], 19 March 1891]]
On his return to Europe, Stanley married English artist [[Dorothy Tennant]]. They adopted a child named Denzil, who was the son of one of Stanley's first cousins, though Stanley concealed this fact from the public and possibly even from Dorothy.<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|438}} Denzil later donated around 300 items to the Stanley archives at the [[Royal Museum of Central Africa]] in [[Tervuren]], Belgium in 1954. He died in 1959.<ref name="DaerdenWynants2005">{{citation | title = Inventory of the Henry M. Stanley Archives|edition=Revised | last1 = Daerden | first1 = Peter | last2 = Wynants | first2 = Maurits | publisher= Royal Museum for Central Africa|___location=Tervuren | date = 2005| url = http://www.africamuseum.be/docs/research/collections/archives/henry-morton-stanley.pdf }}</ref>
Mainly at his wife's behest,<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|425}} Stanley took up British citizenship and entered [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] as a [[Liberal Unionist]] member for [[Lambeth North (UK Parliament constituency)|Lambeth North]], serving from 1895 to 1900. He disliked politics and made little impression on Parliament.<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|437}} He became Sir Henry Morton Stanley when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] in the [[1899 Birthday Honours]], in recognition of his service to the British Empire in Africa.<ref>{{London Gazette | city=e | issue=11101 |page=589 | date=13 June 1899 }}</ref> In 1890, he was given the Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] by King Leopold II.<ref>''Handelsblad (Het)'', 9 March 1890.</ref>
Stanley died at his home at 2 Richmond Terrace, [[Whitehall]], London on 10 May 1904.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/henry-morton-stanley/ |title=STANLEY, Sir Henry Morton (1841-1904) |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[English Heritage]] |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref> At his funeral, he was eulogised by Daniel P. Virmar. His grave is in the churchyard of St Michael and All Angels' Church in [[Pirbright]], [[Surrey]], marked by a large piece of granite inscribed with the words "Henry Morton Stanley, Bula Matari, 1841–1904, Africa". Bula Matari translates as "Breaker of Rocks" or "Breakstones" in [[Kongo language|Kongo]] and was Stanley's name among locals in Congo. It can be translated as a term of endearment for, as the leader of Leopold's expedition, he commonly worked with the labourers breaking rocks with which they built the first modern road along the [[Congo River]].<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|241–242}} Author [[Adam Hochschild]] suggested that Stanley understood it as a heroic epithet,<ref name="Hochschild1998">{{cite book | last=Hochschild | first=Adam | date=1998 | title=King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYo-DO4tr-gC&pg=PA68 | ___location=New York | publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | isbn=0547525737}}</ref>{{rp|68}} but there is evidence that Nsakala, the man who coined it, had meant it humorously.<ref>Stanley's Congo Diaries, 1–3 December 1879, RMCA.</ref><ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|242}}
==Controversies==
===Overview===
Having survived for ten years of his childhood in the [[workhouse]] at [[St Asaph]], it is postulated that he needed as a young man to be thought of as harder and more formidable than other explorers. This made him exaggerate punishments and hostile encounters. It was a serious error of judgement for which his reputation continues to pay a heavy price.<ref name="jeal2007" /> In the conclusion to his account of a fight with a fellow boy while in the workhouse, Stanley remarked, "Often since have I learned how necessary is the application of force for the establishment of order. There comes a time when pleading is of no avail."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Stanley|first1=Henry M. (Henry Morton)|url=http://archive.org/details/autobiographyofs00stanrich|title=The autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley|last2=Stanley|first2=Dorothy|date=1911|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|language=en |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> He was accused of indiscriminate cruelty against Africans by contemporaries, which included men who served under him or otherwise had first-hand information.<ref name=":1" /> Stanley himself acknowledged, "Many people have called me hard, but they are always those whose presence a field of work could best dispense with, and whose nobility is too nice to be stained with toil."<ref name="Glave1892">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoELAAAAIAAJ | last=Glave | first=E. J. | year=1892 | title=In Savage Africa; or, Six Years of Adventure in Congo-Land | ___location=New York | publisher=R. H. Russell & Son}}</ref>
About society women, Stanley wrote that they were "toys to while slow time" and "trifling human beings."<ref name="Zabus2013"/> When he met the American journalist and traveller [[May French Sheldon|May Sheldon]], he was attracted because she was a modern woman who insisted on serious conversation and not social chit-chat. "She soon lets you know that chaff won't do," he wrote.<ref name="Reddall1890">{{cite book|last=Reddall|first=Henry Frederic |title=Henry M. Stanley: A Record of His Early Life and Struggles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPmmGAAACAAJ|year=1890|publisher=R. Bonner's Sons|page=21}}</ref><ref name="Middleton1965">{{cite book|last=Middleton|first=Dorothy|title=Victorian Lady Travellers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ8SAQAAIAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Academy |___location=Chicago|isbn=9780897330633|chapter=Ch IV |author-link=Dorothy Middleton}}</ref> The authors of the book ''The Congo: Plunder and Resistance'' tried to argue that Stanley had "a pathological fear of women, an inability to work with talented co-workers, and an obsequious love of the aristocratic rich,"<ref name="Plunder">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuPjmBB-gmsC | first1=David | last1=Renton | first2=David | last2=Seddon | first3=Leo | last3=Zeilig | title=The Congo: Plunder and Resistance | publisher=Zed Books | ___location=London | year=2007 | isbn=978-1842774854}}</ref> This is not only at odds with his opinions about society women, but Stanley's intimate correspondence in the [[Royal Museum for Central Africa|Royal Museum of Central Africa]], between him and his two fiancées, Katie Gough Roberts and [[Alice Pike Barney|Alice Pike]], as well as between him and the American journalist [[May Sheldon]], and between him and his wife [[Dorothy Tennant]], shows that he enjoyed close relationships with those women,<ref name="jeal2007"/><ref name="Imperial">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qKyxaJMVF0C | title=Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys | last=Newman | first=James L. | publisher=Potomac Books, Inc. | date=2004 | ___location=Washington, D. C.| isbn=9781574885972 }}</ref> but both Roberts and [[Alice Pike Barney|Pike]] ultimately rejected him when he refused to abandon his protracted travels.<ref name="Zabus2013">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GPlAgAAQBAJ | title=Out in Africa: Same-Sex Desire in Sub-Saharan Literatures & Cultures | last=Zabus | first=Chantal | publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd. | date=2013 | isbn=9781847010827 }}</ref><ref>Alice Pike to Stanley 17 November 1877; also 28, 13 Oct Nov and 4 December 1874; for Katie Gough Roberts see Jeal, 87–88.</ref>
When Stanley married [[Dorothy Tennant|Dorothy]], he invited his friend, [[Arthur Jephson|Arthur Mounteney Jephson]], to visit while they were on their honeymoon. Dr. Thomas Parke also came because Stanley was seriously ill at the time. Stanley's good relations with these two colleagues from the [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition|Emin Pasha Expedition]] could possibly be seen as demonstrating that he could get along with colleagues.<ref name="Zabus2013" /><ref name="jeal2007" />
===General opinion about African people===
[[File:The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition under attack Wellcome L0034831.jpg|thumb|Stanley's expedition under attack]]
In ''Through the Dark Continent'', Stanley observed the peoples of the region, and wrote that "the savage only respects force, power, boldness, and decision".{{sfn|Stanley|1878|p=216}} Stanley further wrote: "If Europeans will only ... study human nature in the vicinity of Stanley Pool (Kinshasa), they will go home thoughtful men, and may return again to this land to put to good use the wisdom they should have gained ... during their peaceful sojourn."{{sfn|Stanley|1885|p=394}}
In ''How I Found Livingstone'' (1872), he wrote that he was "prepared to admit any black man possessing the attributes of true manhood, or any good qualities ... to a brotherhood with myself."{{sfn|Stanley | 1872|p=10}}
Stanley insulted and shouted at [[William Grant Stairs]] and [[Arthur Jephson]] for mistreating the Wangwana.<ref name="jeal2007" /> He described the history of [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]] as "two centuries of pitiless persecution of black men by sordid whites".<ref name="jeal2007" /> He also wrote about what he thought was the superior beauty of black people in comparison with whites.<ref name="jeal2007" />{{sfn|Stanley|1885|pp=80, 96}} According to Jeal, Stanley was not a racist, unlike his contemporaries [[Sir Richard Burton]] and [[Sir Samuel Baker]].<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|10–11}}
===Opinion about mixed African-Arab peoples===
The Wangwana of Zanzibar were of [[Afro-Arab|mixed Arabian and African ancestry]]: "Africanized Arabs", in Stanley's words. They became the backbone of all his major expeditions and were referred to as "his dear pets" by sceptical young officers on the Emin Pasha Expedition, who resented their leader for favouring the Wangwana above themselves. "All are dear to me", Stanley told William Grant Stairs and Arthur Jephson, "who do their duty and the Zanzibaris have quite satisfied me on this and on previous expeditions."<ref name="jeal2007" />{{rp|331}} Stanley came to think of an individual Wangwana as "superior in proportion to his wages to ten Europeans".<ref>Stanley to Strauch, 20 September 1880, RMCA.</ref> When Stanley first met a group of his Wangwana assistants, he was surprised: "They were an exceedingly fine looking body of men, far more intelligent in appearance than I could ever have believed African barbarians could be".{{sfn|Stanley|1872|p=30}}
On the other hand, in one of his books, Stanley said about mixed Afro-Arab people: "For the half-castes I have great contempt. They are neither black nor white, neither good nor bad, neither to be admired nor hated. They are all things, at all times ... If I saw a miserable, half-starved negro, I was always sure to be told, he belonged to a half-caste. Cringing and hypocritical, cowardly and debased, treacherous and mean ... this syphilitic, blear-eyed, pallid-skinned, abortion of an Africanized Arab."{{sfn|Stanley|1872|p=6}}
===Accounts of cruel treatment toward African people===
The [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|British House of Commons]] appointed a committee to investigate missionary reports of Stanley's mistreatment of native populations in 1871, which was likely secured by [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]], a member on the committee of the [[Anti-Slavery International|Anti-slavery Society]] and fellow of the [[Royal Geographical Society]]. The British vice consul in Zanzibar, [[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]] (Waller's brother-in-law) conducted the investigation. Stanley was charged with excessive violence, wanton destruction, the selling of labourers into slavery, the sexual exploitation of native women and the plundering of villages for ivory and canoes. Kirk's report to the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] was never published, but in it, he claimed: "If the story of this expedition were known it would stand in the annals of African discovery unequalled for the reckless use of power that modern weapons placed in his hands over natives who never before heard a gun fired."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Waweru|first=Daniel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/aug/31/stanley-doesnt-merit-statue|title=Stanley doesn't merit a statue {{!}} Daniel Waweru|date=31 August 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=21 February 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> When Kirk was appointed to investigate reports of brutality against Stanley, he was delighted because he had hated Stanley for almost a decade. Firstly, for having publicly exposed him (Kirk) for having failed to send provisions to Livingstone from Zanzibar during the late 1860s; secondly, because Stanley had revealed in the press that Kirk had sent slaves to David Livingstone as porters, rather than the free men Livingstone had made very plain he wanted.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|title=Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=2007|___location=London|pages=98–99}}</ref> Kirk was related to Horace Waller by marriage; and so Waller also hated Stanley on Kirk's behalf.<ref>Waller to Livingstone, 12 August 1872, Rhodes House, Oxford.</ref> He used his membership of the executive committee of the Universities Mission to Central Africa to persuade [[John Farler|J. P. Farler]] (a missionary in East Africa) to name Stanley's assistants who might provide evidence against the explorer and be prepared to be interviewed by Kirk in Zanzibar.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|title=Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=2007|___location=London|pages=227}}</ref> An American merchant in Zanzibar, Augustus Sparhawk, wrote that several of Stanley's African assistants, including Manwa Sera, "a big rascal and too fond of money", had been bribed to tell Kirk what he wanted to hear.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Richard|title=Stanley:An Adventurer Explored|publisher=Collins|year=1974|___location=London|pages=245–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bierman|first=John|title=Dark Safari: The Life Behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley|publisher=Knopf|year=1990|___location=New York|pages=223}}</ref> Stanley was accused, in Kirk's report, of cruelty to his Wangwana carriers and guards whom he idolised and who re-enlisted with him again and again. He wrote to the owner of the ''Daily Telegraph'', insisting that he (Lawson) force the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] to send a warship to take the Wangwana home to Zanzibar and to pay all their back wages. If a ship was not sent, they would die on their overland journey home. The ship was sent.<ref>Stanley to Edward Levy-Lawson 17 August 1877 Russell Train Collection.</ref> Stanley's hatred of the promiscuity that had caused his illegitimacy and his legendary shyness with women, made the Kirk report's claim that he had accepted an African mistress offered to him by [[Muteesa I of Buganda|Kabaka Mutesa]] exceedingly implausible.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|title=Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=2007|___location=London|pages=228}}</ref> Both Stanley and his colleague, Frank Pocock, loathed slavery and the slave trade and wrote about this loathing in letters and diaries at this time, which speaks against the likelihood that they sold their own men.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bennett|first=Norman R.|title=Stanley's Despatches to the New York Herald 1871-77|publisher=Boston University Press|year=1970|___location=Boston|pages=317ff, 477ff}}</ref> The report was never shown to Stanley, so he had been unable to defend himself.<ref>J. Kirk to Lord Derby, 1 May 1878, F.O. 84/1514.</ref>
In a letter to the Secretary of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] in the 1870s, Conservative [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] and treasurer of the [[Aborigines' Protection Society]], [[Sir Robert Fowler, 1st Baronet|Sir Robert Fowler]], who believed Kirk's report and refused to "whitewash Stanley", insisted that his "heartless butchery of unfortunate natives has brought dishonour on the British flag and must have rendered the course of future travellers more perilous and difficult."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Driver|first=Felix|title=Henry Morton Stanley and His Critics: Geography, Exploration and Empire|date=1 November 1991|url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/133/1/134/1545461|journal=Past & Present|language=en|issue=133|pages=134–166|doi=10.1093/past/133.1.134|issn=0031-2746|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
General [[Charles George Gordon]] remarked in a letter to [[Richard Francis Burton]] that Stanley shared [[Samuel Baker]]'s tendency to write openly about deploying firearms against Africans in self-defense: "These things may be done, but not advertised",<ref name="Burton1897">{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Lady Isabel |author-link=Isabel Burton|editor-first=W. H. |editor-last=Wilkins|title=The Romance of Isabel, Lady Burton: The Story of Her Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA661|volume=2|year=1897|publisher=Dodd, Mead|___location=New York|page=661}}</ref> Burton himself wrote that Stanley "shoots negros as if they were monkeys"<ref name="Hochschild1998" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lefort|first=Rebecca|date=25 July 2010|title=Row over statue of 'cruel' explorer Henry Morton Stanley|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group |___location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/7908247/Row-over-statue-of-cruel-explorer-Henry-Morton-Stanley.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/7908247/Row-over-statue-of-cruel-explorer-Henry-Morton-Stanley.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Bierman1993" /> in an October 1876 letter to Kirk. He also loathed Stanley for disproving his long-held theory that Lake Tanganyika, which he was the first European to discover, was the true source of the Nile, which may have influenced Burton to misrepresent Stanley's activities in Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Dane|title=The Highly Civilised Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press |___location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=133}}</ref>
In 1877, not long after one of Stanley's expeditions, Farler met with African porters who had been part of the expedition and wrote, "Stanley's followers give dreadful accounts to their friends of the killing of inoffensive natives, stealing their ivory and goods, selling their captives, and so on. I do think a commission ought to inquire into these charges, because if they are true, it will do untold harm to the great cause of emancipating Africa ... I cannot understand all the killing that Stanley has found necessary".<ref>Extract from a letter of the Rev. J. P. Farler, Magila, Zanzibar, 28 December 1877. FO 84/1527.</ref> Stanley, when reporting the [[American Indian Wars]] as a young reporter, had been encouraged by his editors to exaggerate the number of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indians]] killed by the [[United States Army|US Army]]. The legacy for Stanley, of being a helpless illegitimate boy, deserted by both parents, was a deep sense of inferiority that could only be kept at bay by claims of being much more powerful and feared than he was.<ref name="Jeal 2007 195–202">{{Cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|title=Stanley: The impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=2007|___location=London|pages=195–202}}</ref> Tim Jeal, in his biography of Stanley, has shown by a study of Stanley's diary and his colleague Frank Pocock's diary that on almost every occasion when there was conflict with Africans on the Congo in 1875–76, Stanley exaggerated the scale of the conflict and the deaths on both sides. On 14 February 1877, according to his colleague, Frank Pocock's diary, Stanley's nine canoes, and his sectional boat the ''Lady Alice'', were attacked and followed by eight canoes, crewed by Africans with firearms. In Stanley's book, ''Through the Dark Continent'', Stanley inflated this incident into a major battle, by increasing the number of hostile canoes to 60 and adjusting the casualties accordingly.<ref name="Jeal 2007 195–202"/>
Stanley wrote with some measure of satisfaction when describing how Captain [[John Hanning Speke]], the first European to visit Uganda, had been punched in the teeth for disobedience to [[Sidi Mubarak Bombay]], a caravan leader also employed by Stanley, which made Stanley claim that he would never allow Bombay to have the audacity to stand up for a boxing match with him.{{sfn|Stanley|1872|p=28}} In the same paragraph, Stanley described how he several months later administered punishment to the African.{{sfn|Stanley|1872|p=28}}<ref name="Jeal 2007 195–202"/>
[[William Grant Stairs]] found Stanley during the [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition|Emin Pasha expedition]] to be cruel, secretive and selfish.<ref>{{Cite book|last=MacLaren|first=Roy D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=925cbmVY-QUC|title=African Exploits: The Diaries of William Stairs, 1887–1892|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|year=1998|page=i|isbn=9780773516403}}</ref> John Rose Troup, in his book about the Emin Pasha expedition, said that he saw Stanley's self-serving and vindictive side: "In the forgoing letter he brings forward disgraceful charges, that really do not refer to me at all, although he blames me for what happened. The injustice of his accusations, made as they are without documentary or, as far as I can learn, any evidence, can hardly be made clear to the public, but they must be aware, when they read what has preceded this correspondence, that he has acted as no one in his position should have acted".<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVUMAAAAYAAJ | title=With Stanley's Rear Column | last=Troup | first=John Rose | year=1890 | page=302 | publisher=Chapman and Hall}}</ref><ref name="Jeal 2007 195–202"/>
By way of counterpoint, it may be noted that, in later in life, Stanley rebuked subordinates for inflicting needless corporal punishment. For beating one of his most trusted African servants, he told Lieutenant Carlos Branconnier "that cruelty was not permissible" and that he would dismiss him for a future offence, and he did.<ref>Stanley's Congo Diaries, 16 March 6 July 1881, RMCA.</ref><ref name="jeal2007" /> Stanley was admired by [[Arthur Jephson]], whom William Bonny, the acerbic medical assistant, described as the "most honourable" officer on the expedition.<ref>William Bonny Diary, 29 September 1888, RMCA.</ref> [[Arthur Jephson|Jephson]] wrote, "Stanley never fights where there is the smallest chance of making friends with the natives and he is wonderfully patient & long suffering with them".<ref name="Middleton2017">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0ZBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA386|title=The Diary of A.J. Mounteney Jephson: Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, 1887–1889|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|isbn=978-1-351-89161-5|editor-last=Middleton|editor-first=Dorothy|page=386}}</ref> Writer [[Tim Jeal]] has argued that during Stanley's 1871 expedition, he treated his indigenous porters well under "contemporary standards."<ref name="Tim Jeal">{{cite news|author=[[John Carey (critic)|John Carey]]|date=18 March 2007|title=A good man in Africa?|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|publisher=Times Media Limited |___location=London|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/biography/article1513215.ece|access-date=15 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517111609/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/non-fiction/article1513215.ece|archive-date=17 May 2011}}</ref>
===Possible inspiration for ''Heart of Darkness''===
The legacy of death and destruction in the Congo region during the Free State period and the fact that Stanley had worked for [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold]] are considered by author [[Norman Sherry]] to have made him an inspiration for [[Joseph Conrad]]'s ''[[Heart of Darkness]].''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOvD_m5mLnwC&pg=PA119|page=340|title=Conrad's Western World | first=Norman | last=Sherry | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1980 | isbn=0-521-29808-3}}</ref>
Conrad, however, had spent six months of 1890 as a steamship captain on the Congo, years after Stanley had been there (1879–1884) and five years after Stanley had been recalled to Europe and ceased to be Leopold's chief agent in Africa.<ref name="jeal2007"/>
==Works by Stanley==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton |title=How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa: Including an Account of Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4u0MAAAAIAAJ|year=1872|publisher=Scribner, Armstrong |isbn=9780524087862|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry Morton|last=Stanley|display-authors=0 |___location=London |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Co. |title=Coomassie and Magdala: The Story of Two British Campaigns in Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/coomassiemagdala00stan |date=1874}}
* {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton |title=Through the Dark Continent; Or, The Sources of the Nile: Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqQ4AQAAMAAJ|year=1878|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, Rivington|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton |title=The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State: A Story of Work and Exploration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGzBns6tMvwC|year=1885|publisher=Harper & Brothers|isbn=9780403002887|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton |title=In Darkest Africa; Or, The Quest, Rescue, and Retreat of Emin, Governor of Equatoria|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFYMAAAAYAAJ|year=1890|publisher=Scribner|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Stanley|display-authors=0 |___location=New York |publisher=Scribner |url=https://archive.org/details/mydarkcompanions00stan |title=My Dark Companions and Their Strange Stories|date=1893}}
* {{cite book|first=Henry|last=Stanley|display-authors=0|___location= New York|publisher= Harper & Brothers|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryslavetrad00stan |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa|date=1893}}
* {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton |title=The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrdpAAAAMAAJ|year=1909|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=9780837119632 |display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton|editor1-last=Stanley|editor1-first= Richard|editor2-last= Neame|editor2-first= Alan |title=The Exploration Diaries: Of H. M. Stanley. Now First Published from the Original Manuscripts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2UMAQAAIAAJ|year=1961|publisher=Kimber|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton|editor-last=Bennett|editor-first= Norman Robert|title=Stanley's Despatches to the New York Herald: 1871–1872, 1874–1877|url=https://archive.org/details/stanleysdespatch0000stan|url-access=registration|year=1970 |___location=Boston |publisher=Boston University Press|isbn=978-0-8419-8706-7|display-authors=0|hdl=2144/23144}}
{{refend}}
==Works depicting Stanley==
[[File:Henry Morton Stanley grave.jpg|thumb|upright|Henry Morton Stanley's grave in [[Pirbright]], [[Surrey]]]]
* ''[[Stanley and Livingstone]]'', a 1939 film, stars [[Spencer Tracy]] as Stanley and [[Cedric Hardwicke]] as Livingstone.<ref>{{cite news |title=THE SCREEN; Stanley and Livingstone,' a Film Record of History's Toughest News Assignment, Comes to the Roxy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/08/05/archives/the-screen-stanley-and-livingstone-a-film-record-of-historys.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 August 1939}}</ref>
* The 1949 comedy film ''[[Africa Screams]]'' is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington, played by [[Lou Costello]]. He is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt.<ref name=Furmanek>Furmanek, Bob; Ron Palumbo (1991). ''Abbott and Costello in Hollywood''. New York: Perigee Books. {{ISBN|0-399-51605-0}}, p. 187.</ref>
* Stanley was portrayed by [[Ed Kemmer]] in a 1962 episode, "The Truth Teller", on the [[Television syndication|syndicated television]] [[anthology series]], ''[[Death Valley Days]]'', hosted by [[Stanley Andrews]]. [[Barney Phillips]] was cast as [[General]] [[Winfield Scott Hancock]]. In the story line, investigative reporter Stanley arrives at [[Fort Larned]], Kansas to assess Hancock's success in avoiding war on the frontier. Charles Carlson filled the role of [[Wild Bill Hickok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0556889/?ref_=ttep_ep1|title=The Truth Teller on ''Death Valley Days''|publisher=Internet Movie Database|access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref>
* Stanley Livingston, played by [[Mort Marshall]], whose name invokes both Stanley and David Livingtone, was the zoo director on ''[[Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales]]'', a 1963-66 animated series.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}
* In 1971, the [[BBC]] produced a six-part dramatised documentary series entitled ''Search for the Nile''. Much of the series was shot on ___location, with Stanley played by [[Keith Buckley (actor)|Keith Buckley]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/778542 | title=The Search for the Nile: Find Livingstone | work=Film & TV Database | publisher=[[British Film Institute]] | access-date=26 December 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906114537/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/778542 | archive-date=6 September 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Stanley appears as a character in [[Simon Gray]]'s 1978 play ''[[The Rear Column]]''. The play tells the story of the men left behind to wait for [[Tippu Tib]] while Stanley went on to relieve [[Emin Pasha]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Poore |first1=Benjamin |title=Heritage, Nostalgia and Modern British Theatre: Staging the Victorians |date=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-36014-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUt9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |page=56 |language=en}}</ref>
* Stanley was portrayed by [[Aidan Quinn]] in the TV movie ''Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone'' (1997).<ref>{{IMDb title|id=tt0132972|title=Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone (1997)}}</ref>
* A [[Nintendo Entertainment System|Nintendo]] video game based on his life was released in 1992 called ''[[Stanley: The Search for Dr. Livingston]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.somethingawful.com/index.php?a=4027 |title=Stanley: The Search for Dr. Livingston |access-date=28 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111202223/http://www.somethingawful.com/index.php?a=4027 |archive-date=11 November 2006 |url-status=dead|work=[[Something Awful]] }}</ref>
* In 2004, Welsh journalist [[Tim Butcher]] wrote his book ''[[Blood River: A Journey to Africa's Broken Heart]]''. The book followed Stanley's journey through the Congo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maclean |first1=Rory |title=Rory recommends: Congo crossing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/jan/09/travelbooks.democraticrepublicofcongo |access-date=28 May 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 January 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
* The 2009 [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]] series ''[[Expedition Africa]]'' documented a group of explorers attempting to traverse the route of Stanley's expedition in search of Livingstone.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carter |first1=Bill |title=Exploring Africa to Find Riches in Ratings |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/24/arts/television/24cart.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 May 2009}}</ref>
* In 2015, [[Oscar Hijuelos]]'s novel ''Twain & Stanley Enter Paradise'' retold the story of Stanley's life through a focus on his friendship with [[Mark Twain]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corrigan |first1=Maureen |title='Twain & Stanley Enter Paradise' Educates But Doesn't Entertain Its Readers |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/11/03/454236770/twain-stanley-enter-paradise-educates-but-doesnt-entertain-its-readers |access-date=28 May 2022 |work=NPR |date=3 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
==Honours and legacy==
[[File:H M Stanley sculpture, St Asaph.JPG|thumb|upright|Memorial to H. M. Stanley in [[St Asaph]]]]
A former hospital in [[St Asaph]], north [[Wales]], was named after Stanley in honour of his birth in the area.<ref name="BBCNews2012">{{cite web | title = HM Stanley Hospital closed and put on market for sale | work = BBC News | date = 21 April 2012 | access-date = 10 July 2018 | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-north-east-wales-17797380 }}</ref> It was formerly the workhouse in which he spent much of his early life. Memorials to Stanley were erected in St Asaph and in [[Denbigh]] (a statue of Stanley with an outstretched hand) in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | title = HM Stanley statue unveiled in his home town of Denbigh | work = BBC News | date = 17 March 2011 | access-date = 16 December 2020 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-east-wales-12775441}}</ref> A working party was set up in 2020 to consider new wording for a plaque on the St Asaph obelisk,<ref>{{cite web | title = St Asaph's HM Stanley obelisk will stay where it is, but 'historical context' will be added to it say councillors |website=Rhyl Journal|first=Jez |last=Hemming| date = 24 June 2020 | access-date = 16 December 2020 | url = https://www.rhyljournal.co.uk/news/18538822.st-asaphs-hm-stanley-obelisk-will-stay-historical-context-will-added-say-councillors/}}</ref> and a public consultation and vote was held in 2021 over a proposal to remove the Denbigh statue, which resulted in an 80 per cent majority for retaining the statue.<ref>{{cite web | title = Denbigh Town Council provide update on town's HM Stanley statue consultation process | work = Denbighshire Free Press | date = 15 September 2020 | access-date = 16 December 2020 |first=Arron |last=Evans|url = https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/news/18722223.denbigh-town-council-provide-update-towns-hm-stanley-statue-consultation-process/}}</ref>
[[Taxa]] named in honour of Stanley include:
* freshwater snail ''[[Gabbiella stanleyi]]'' (E. A. Smith, 1877)<ref name="Smith1877">{{cite journal|last=Smith|first= E. A. |date=1877|title=On the shells of Lake Nyasa, and on a few marine species from Mozambique|journal=[[Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London]]|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen772zool#page/712/mode/2up |pages=712–722|quote=Figures 21–22}}</ref>
* freshwater snail genus ''[[Stanleya (gastropod)|Stanleya]]'' Bourguignat, 1885<ref name="Bourguignat1885">{{cite book|author-link=Jules René Bourguignat|last=Bourguignat|first= J. R.|date=1885|title=Notice prodromique sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. Victor Giraud dans la region méridionale du lac Tanganika|url=https://archive.org/stream/noticeprodromiqu00bour#page/10/mode/2up |pages=11, 86–87|language=fr|trans-title=Prodromic note on terrestrial and fluvial molluscs collected by Mr. Victor Giraud in the southern region of Lake Tanganyika|___location=Paris|publisher=Tremblay}}</ref>
<!--* ''[[Biomphalaria stanleyi]]'' Smith, 1888 PROBABLY NAMED IN HIS HONOR-->
The [[mineral]] [[stanleyite]] is named in his honour, as the describer of the mineral was surnamed Livingstone but a mineral named [[livingstonite]] (named for David Livingstone) already existed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Livingstone |first1=A. |title=Stanleyite, a new vanadium sulfate mineral from Peru |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=1982 |volume=45 |issue=337 |pages=163–166|doi=10.1180/minmag.1982.045.337.19 |bibcode=1982MinM...45..163L |s2cid=53679659 }}</ref>
[[Stanley Electric]], a major Japanese supplier of automotive lighting, was named by founder Takaharu Kitano after Stanley in admiration of his "perseverance and pioneering spirit".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dispatch.com/article/20121111/NEWS/311119847 |title=Auto lightning supplier in London back on beam |publisher=The Columbus dispatch |date=11 November 2012 |access-date=17 November 2019}}</ref>
== List of Stanley's expeditions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Expedition !! Date
|-
| [[British Expedition to Abyssinia]] || 1867–1868
|-
| [[David Livingstone#Stanley meeting|Search for Livingstone]] || 1871–1872
|-
| [[War of the Golden Stool|Third Ashanti war Expedition]] || 1873–1873
|-
| [[Henry Morton Stanley's first trans-Africa expedition|First trans-Africa expedition]] || 1874–1877
|-
| [[International Association of the Congo|International Upper Congo Expedition]] || 1879–1884
|-
| [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]] || 1887–1890
|- class=sortbottom
!scope=row colspan=2| '''Source:'''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/the-expeditions-of-sir-henry-morton-stanley/mode/2up The Expeditions of Sir Henry Morton Stanley]</ref>
|}
==See also==
{{Portal|American Civil War}}
* [[Edmund Musgrave Barttelot]]
* [[H.M. Stanley Hospital]]
* [[Christian manliness]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stanley, Sir Henry Morton | volume= 25 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 779–781 | |short= 1}}
* Dugard, Martin: ''Into Africa: The Epic Adventures of Stanley and Livingstone'', 2003. {{ISBN|0-385-50451-9}}
* Hall, Richard (1974). ''Stanley. An Adventurer Explored'', London.
* Hughes, Nathaniel Jr. ''Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Confederate'' {{ISBN|0-8071-2587-3}}, reprint with introduction, copyright 2000, from original, ''The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley'' (1909)
* Jeal, Tim: ''Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer'', 2007.
* Liebowitz, Daniel; Pearson, Charles: ''The Last Expedition: Stanley's Mad Journey Through the Congo'', 2005. {{ISBN|0-393-05903-0}}
* McLynn, Frank: ''Stanley: The Making of an African Explorer'', 1989 [&] ''Stanley: Sorcerer's Apprentice'', 1991.
* Pakenham, Thomas: ''The Scramble for Africa''. Abacus History, 1991. {{ISBN|0-349-10449-2}}
* Petringa, Maria: ''Brazza, A Life for Africa'', 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-4259-1198-0}}
* ''The British Medical Journal'' 1870–1871 editions have numerous reports of Stanley's progress in trying to track David Livingstone.
* Simpson, J. 2007. ''Not Quite World's End A Traveller's Tales.'' pp. 291–293; 294–296. Pan Books. {{ISBN|978-0-330-43560-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Anonymous|others=Illustrated by [[s:Author:Frederick Waddy|Frederick Waddy]]|title=Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day |chapter=H. M. Stanley | url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/H._M._Stanley |access-date=13 March 2011|year=1873|publisher=Tinsley Brothers|___location=London|pages=124–125}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Appletons' Poster|Stanley, Henry Morton|Henry Morton Stanley|year=1900}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1714 | name=Henry Morton Stanley}}
* {{Gutenberg| no = 5157 | name = How I Found Livingstone}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Henry Morton Stanley |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=4438}}
* [https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/707803 H M Stanley Hospital]
* [https://archive.org/details/howifoundlivings00stanuoft ''How I Found Livingstone''], illustrated. From [[Internet Archive]].
* [https://archive.org/details/indarkestafricao01stanuoft ''In darkest Africa; or, The quest, rescue, and retreat of Emin, governor of Equatoria. Volume 1''] (1890), illustrated. From [[Internet Archive]].
* [https://archive.org/details/darkestafrica02stanuoft ''In darkest Africa; or, The quest, rescue, and retreat of Emin, governor of Equatoria. Volume 2''] (1890), illustrated. From [[Internet Archive]].
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04254 Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904), Explorer and journalist] Sitter associated with 27 portraits
* [https://archive.today/20070505042231/http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/item10/31861 Letters and maps associated with HM Stanley from Gathering the Jewels]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7758250.stm HM Stanley and Knife Crime]
* {{Hansard-contribs | sir-henry-stanley | Sir Henry Stanley}}
* Collected journalism of Henry Stanley at [http://www.historicjournalism.com/henry-stanley.html The Archive of American Journalism]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/016976}}
* [https://archives.africamuseum.be/agents/people/100 Archive Henry Morton Stanley], Royal Museum for Central Africa
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Francis Coldwells|Francis Moses Coldwells]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Lambeth North (UK Parliament constituency)|Lambeth North]]|years = [[1895 United Kingdom general election|1895]] – [[1900 United Kingdom general election|1900]]}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Frederick William Horner]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Authority control}}
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