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{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{About|the plant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = צבעונים.JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]''
| image_alt = Red Tulipa gesneriana flowers
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Tulipa
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| type_species = ''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name = "Tropicos">Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-aa). ''Tulipa'' L. Tropicos. Retrieved January 13, 2025, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/40020559</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Tulipa'' L |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:24874-1 |date=2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref>
| synonyms =
{{Genus list
| Orithyia | [[David Don|D.Don]]
| Liriactis | [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]
| Liriopogon | Raf.
| Podonix | Raf.
| Eduardoregelia | [[Mikhail Grigorevich Popov|Popov]]
}}
| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera
| subdivision =
* ''Clusianae''
* ''Orithyia''
* ''Tulipa''
* ''Eriostemones''
| diversity = About 75 species
| diversity_link = Taxonomy of Tulipa#Species
| range_map = Genus tulipa distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of ''Tulipa'': Natural (red) and [[Introduced species|Introduced]] (yellow)
| range_map_alt = Map of the distribution of both naturally occurring and introduced tulips
}}
[[File:Tulipa alberti Regel - PhytoKeys (2024).jpg|thumb|right|''Tulipa alberti'' in Kazakhstan]]
[[File:Tulips in Seoul Forest, South Korea1.jpg|thumb]]
'''Tulips''' are spring-blooming [[perennial]] herbaceous [[bulb]]iferous [[geophytes]] <!-- (having bulbs as storage organs) -->in the '''''Tulipa''''' [[genus]]. Their [[flower]]s are usually large, showy, and brightly coloured, generally red, orange, pink, yellow, or white<!-- (usually in warm colours) -->. They often have a different coloured blotch at the base of the [[tepal]]s<!-- (petals and sepals, collectively) -->, internally. Because of a degree of variability within the populations and a long history of cultivation, [[Taxonomy (biology)|classification]] has been complex and controversial. The tulip is a member of the lily [[family (biology)|family]], [[Liliaceae]],<ref name="POWO"/> along with 14 other genera, where it is most closely related to ''[[Amana (plant)|Amana]]'', ''[[Erythronium]]'', and ''[[Gagea]]'' in the tribe [[Lilieae]].
There are about 75 [[species]], and these are divided among four [[subgenera]]. The name "tulip" is thought to be derived from a [[Persian language|Persian]] word for [[turban]], which it may have been thought to resemble by those who discovered it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-12 |title=The tulip name comes from the Turkish word for turban |url=https://www.tulipmania.art/tulip-name-comes-from-turkish-word-for-turban/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tulips were originally found in a band stretching from Southern Europe to Central Asia, but since the seventeenth century have become widely [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] and cultivated (''see map''). In their natural state, they are adapted to [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|steppes]] and [[mountainous]] areas with [[temperate climate]]s. Flowering in the spring, they become dormant in the summer once the flowers and leaves die back, emerging above ground as a shoot from the underground bulb in early spring.
Growing wild over much of the [[Near East]] and Central Asia, tulips had probably been cultivated in [[Persia]] from the 10th century. By the 15th century, tulips were among the most prized flowers; becoming the symbol of the later Ottomans. Tulips were cultivated in [[Byzantine]] Constantinople as early as 1055 but they did not come to the attention of Northern Europeans until the sixteenth century, when Northern European diplomats to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] court observed and reported on them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/there-never-was-real-tulip-fever-180964915/|title=There Never Was a Real Tulip Fever|last=Boissoneault|first=Lorraine|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> They were rapidly introduced into Northern Europe and became a much-sought-after commodity during [[tulip mania]]. Tulips were frequently depicted in [[Dutch Golden Age painting]]s, and have become associated with the [[Netherlands]], the major producer for world markets, ever since.
In the seventeenth-century Netherlands, during the time of the tulip mania, an infection of tulip bulbs by the [[tulip breaking virus]] created [[variegation|variegated]] patterns in the tulip flowers that were much admired and valued. While truly broken tulips are not cultivated anymore, the closest available specimens today are part of the group known as the Rembrandts – so named because [[Rembrandt]] painted some of the most admired breaks of his time.<ref name=":1" />
Breeding programmes have produced thousands of [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] and [[cultivar]]s in addition to the original species (known in horticulture as botanical tulips). They are popular throughout the world, both as [[ornamental garden plants]] and as [[cut flowers]].
== Description ==
{{multiple image
| header = Tulip [[plant morphology|morphology]]
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 130
| image1 = Tulipa fringed - burgundy lace - bulbs.jpg
| caption1 = '''[[Bulbs]]''', showing [[tunica (biology)|tunic]] and scales
| alt1 = Collection of tulip bulbs, some sliced to show interior scales
| image2 = Tulipa orphanidea 060506.jpg
| caption2 = Cup-shaped flower of ''[[Tulipa orphanidea]]''
| alt2 = Flower of Tulipa orphanidea, showing cup shape
| image3 = Tulip Tulipa clusiana 'Lady Jane' Rock Ledge Flower 2000px.jpg
| caption3 = Star-shaped flower of ''[[Tulipa clusiana]]'' with three [[sepals]] and three [[petals]], forming six identical [[tepals]]
| alt3 = Photograph of Tulipa clusiana, showing six identical tepals (petals and sepals)
}}
Tulips are perennial [[herbaceous]] bulbiferous [[geophytes]] that bloom in spring and die back after flowering to an underground storage [[bulb]]. A bulb can be as much as {{convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} in diameter or as small as {{cvt|1|cm|1}}.<ref name="Wilford">{{cite book |last1=Wilford |first1=Richard |title=Tulips : species and hybrids for the gardener |date=2006 |publisher=Timber Press |___location=Portland, Oregon |isbn=978-0-88192-763-4 |pages=23, 26 |url=https://archive.org/details/tulipsspecieshyb0000wilf/page/26}}</ref>
Tulip stems have few leaves. Larger species tend to have multiple leaves. Plants typically have two to six leaves, some species up to 12. The tulip's leaf is [[glossary of botanical terms#cauline|cauline]] (born on a stem), strap-shaped, with a waxy coating, and the leaves are alternate (alternately arranged on the stem), diminishing in size the further up the stem. These fleshy blades are often bluish-green in colour.{{sfn|King|2005|p=164}}{{sfn|Tenenbaum|2003|p=395}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}} The bulbs are truncated basally and elongated towards the apex. They are covered by a protective tunic (tunicate) which can be [[glabrousness (botany)|glabrous]] or hairy inside.{{sfn|Grey-Wilson|Matthews|1980}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}} Depending on the species, tulip leaves are typically {{convert|10|and|25|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} long, but in some species reach over {{cvt|30|cm|in}}.<ref name="Wilford" />
=== Flowers ===
[[File:Tulip agenensis ZE.jpg|thumb|Levantine mountain tulip ''[[Tulipa agenensis]]'']]
The tulip's flowers are usually large and are [[actinomorphic]] (radially symmetric) and [[Hermaphrodite#Plants|hermaphrodite]] (contain both male ([[androecium]]) and female ([[gynoecium]]) characteristics), generally erect, or more rarely [[pendulous]], and are arranged more usually as a single terminal flower, or when [[pluriflor]] as two to three (e.g. ''[[Tulipa turkestanica]]''), but up to four, flowers on the end of a [[:wikt:floriferous|floriferous]] [[Plant stem|stem]] ([[scape (botany)|scape]]), which is single arising from amongst the basal leaf rosette.
In structure, the flower is generally cup or star-shaped. As with other members of [[Liliaceae]] the [[perianth]] is undifferentiated ([[perigonium]]) and biseriate (two [[Whorl (botany)|whorled]]), formed from six free (i.e. [[perianth#Flowering plants|apotepalous]]) [[caducous]] [[tepals]] arranged into two separate whorls of three parts ([[Merosity|trimerous]]) each. The two whorls represent three [[petal]]s and three [[sepals]] but are termed tepals because they are nearly identical. The tepals are usually petaloid (petal-like), being brightly coloured, but each whorl may be different, or have different coloured blotches at their bases, forming darker colouration on the interior surface. The inner petals have a small, delicate cleft at the top, while the sturdier outer ones form uninterrupted ovals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesire00poll/page/95 |title=The Botany of Desire |publisher=Random House |year=2002 |isbn=0-375-76039-3 |___location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesire00poll/page/95 95]}}</ref>
The flowers have six distinct, basifixed [[introrse]] [[stamen]]s arranged in two whorls of three, which vary in length and may be glabrous or hairy. The filaments are shorter than the tepals and dilated towards their base.{{sfn|Grey-Wilson|Matthews|1980}} The style is short or absent and each [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] has three distinct lobes, and the [[Ovary (botany)|ovaries]] are superior, with three chambers.{{sfn|Grey-Wilson|Matthews|1980}}
====Colours====
Tulip flowers come in a wide variety of colours - reds, yellows, purples, white - except pure blue (several tulips with "blue" in the name have a faint violet hue), and do not have [[nectaries]].{{sfn|King|2005|p=164}}{{sfn|Tenenbaum|2003|p=395}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}{{sfn|Grey-Wilson|Matthews|1980}} The colour of a tulip is formed from two pigments working in concert; a base colour that is always yellow or white, and a second anthocyanin colour. The mix of these two hues determines the visible unitary colour. The breaking of flowers occurs when a virus suppresses anthocyanin production and the base colour is exposed as a streak.<ref name=":1" />
While tulips can be bred for many of colours, black tulips have historically been difficult to achieve. The Queen of the Night tulip is close to black, though it is a dark and glossy maroonish purple.<ref name=":1" /> The first truly black tulip was bred in 1986 by a Dutch flower grower in [[Bovenkarspel|Bovenkarspel, Netherlands]]. It was created by cross-breeding two deep purple tulips, the Queen of the Night and Wienerwald tulips.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/20/Worlds-first-black-tulip-grown-in-Holland/4964509259600/|title=World's first black tulip grown in Holland|website=United Press International Archives|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref>
The "Semper Augustus" was the most expensive tulip during the 17th-century [[tulip mania]]. After seeing the tulip in the garden of Dr. Adriaen Pauw, a director of the new [[East India Company]], Nicolas van Wassenaer wrote in 1624 that "The colour is white, with Carmine on a blue base, and with an unbroken flame right to the top". With limited specimens in existence at the time and most owned by Pauw, his refusal to sell any flowers, despite wildly escalating offers, is believed by some to have sparked the mania.<ref name=":1" />
===Fruit===
The tulip's fruit is a [[globose]] or [[ellipsoid]] [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] with a leathery covering and an ellipsoid to globe shape. Each capsule contains numerous flat, disc-shaped [[seeds]] in two rows per chamber.{{sfn|Straley|Utech|2003}} These light to dark brown seeds have very thin seed coats and [[endosperm]] that do not normally fill the entire seed.{{sfn|Botschantzeva|1982}}{{sfn|Grey-Wilson|Matthews|1980}}
===Phytochemistry===
[[Tulipanin]] is an [[anthocyanin]] found in tulips. It is the 3-rutinoside of [[delphinidin]]. Tuliposides and tulipalins can also be found in tulips and are responsible for allergies.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10385332 |year=1999 |last1=Christensen |first1=L. P. |last2=Kristiansen |first2=K. |title=Isolation and quantification of tuliposides and tulipalins in tulips (''Tulipa'') by high-performance liquid chromatography |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=300–9 |journal=Contact Dermatitis |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06080.x|s2cid=19973741 }}</ref> [[Tulipalin A]], or α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone, is a common [[allergen]], generated by hydrolysis of the glucoside tuliposide A. It induces a [[dermatitis]] that is mostly occupational and affects tulip bulb sorters and [[Floristry|florists]] who cut the stems and leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1684/ejd.2009.0714 |journal=European Journal of Dermatology | volume= 19|pages= 423–30 |year= 2009| issue= 5 |pmid=19487175 |last1=Sasseville |first1=D |title=Dermatitis from plants of the new world}}</ref> Tulipanin A and B are toxic to horses, cats and dogs.<ref name="aspca">{{cite web |title=Tulip |url=http://www.aspca.org/Pet-care/poison-control/Plants/tulip.aspx |publisher=[[ASPCA]] |access-date=2013-04-01}}</ref>
===Fragrance===
The great majority of tulips, both species and cultivars, have no discernable scent, but a few of both are scented to a degree, and [[Anna Pavord]] describes ''T. hungarica'' as "strongly scented",<ref>Pavord (2019 revd. edn), 301</ref> and among cultivars, some such as "Monte Carlo" and "Brown Sugar" are "scented", and "Creme Upstar" "fragrant".<ref>Pavord (2019 revd. edn), 374, 379, 405</ref>
==Taxonomy==
{{main|Taxonomy of Tulipa}}
It was published by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753 with ''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]'' {{small|L.}} as the type species.<ref name = "Tropicos" /> ''Tulipa'' is a [[genus]] of the lily family, [[Liliaceae]], once one of the largest families of [[monocots]], but which [[molecular phylogenetics]] has reduced to a [[monophyletic]] grouping with only 15 genera. Within Liliaceae, ''Tulipa'' is placed within [[Lilioideae]], one of three subfamilies, with two [[tribe (biology)|tribes]]. Tribe [[Lilieae]] includes seven other genera in addition to ''Tulipa''.
=== Subdivision ===
The genus, which includes about 75 [[species]], is divided into four [[subgenera]].{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}
* ''Clusianae'' (4 species)
* ''Orithyia'' (4 species)
* ''Tulipa'' (52 species)
* ''Eriostemones'' (16 species)
===Etymology===
The word ''tulip'', first mentioned in western Europe in or around 1554 and seemingly derived from the "Turkish Letters" of diplomat [[Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq]], first appeared in English as ''tulipa'' or ''tulipant'', entering the language by way of {{langx|fr|link=no|tulipe}} and its obsolete form ''tulipan'' or by way of Modern Latin ''tulipa'', from [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] ''tülbend'' ("[[muslin]]" or "[[gauze]]"), and may be ultimately derived from the {{langx|fa|دلبند}} ''delband'' ("[[Turban]]"), this name being applied because of a perceived resemblance of the shape of a tulip flower to that of a turban.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tulip&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Tulip |website=Etymplogy Online |access-date=July 24, 2017}}</ref> This may have been due to a translation error in early times when it was fashionable in the Ottoman Empire to wear tulips on turbans. The translator possibly confused the flower for the turban.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}
Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq stated that the "Turks" used the word ''tulipan'' to describe the flower. Extensive speculation has tried to understand why he would state this, given that the Turkish word for tulip is ''lale''. It is from this speculation that ''tulipan'' being a translation error referring to turbans is derived. This etymology has been challenged and makes no assumptions about possible errors. At no point does Busbecq state this was the word used in [[Turkey]], he simply states it was used by the "Turks". On his way to Constantinople Busbecq states he travelled through [[Hungary]] and used Hungarian guides. Until recent times "Turk" was a common term when referring to Hungarians. The word ''tulipan'' is in fact the Hungarian word for tulip. As long as one recognizes "Turk" as a reference to Hungarians, no amount of speculation is required to reconcile the word's origin or form. Busbecq may have been simply repeating the word used by his "Turk/Hungarian" guides.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Sandor |first1=Frank |title=An indic-hungarian reconstruction |journal=International Journal of Sanskrit Research |date=2018 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=94–100 |url=https://www.anantaajournal.com/archives/2018/vol4issue1/PartB/4-1-21-957.pdf |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>
The Hungarian word ''tulipan'' may be adopted from an Indo-Aryan reference to the tulip as a symbol of resurrection, ''tala'' meaning "bottom or underworld" and ''pAna'' meaning "defence".<ref name="auto"/> Prior to arriving in Europe the Hungarians, and other Finno-Ugrians, embraced the Indo-Iranian cult of the dead, Yima/Yama, and would have been familiar with all of its symbols including the tulip.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuzʹmina |first1=E. E. |title=The origin of the Indo-Iranians |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |___location=Leiden, the Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-16054-5}}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Seidenstrasse GMT Ausschnitt Zentralasien.jpg|thumb|Eastern end of the tulip range from [[Turkmenistan]] on the eastern shore of the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Pamir-Alai]] and [[Tien-Shan]] mountains|alt=Map from Turkmenistan to Tien-Shan]]
Tulips are mainly distributed along a band corresponding to [[latitude]] 40° north, from southeast of Europe ([[Greece]], [[Albania]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Kosovo]], Southern [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]], most part of [[Romania]], [[Ukraine]], Russia) and [[Turkey]] in the west, through the [[Levant]] (Syria, Israel, [[Palestinian Territories]], Lebanon and Jordan) and the [[Sinai Peninsula]]. From there it extends eastwards through [[Jerevan]] (Armenia), and [[Baku]] ([[Azerbaijan]]) and on the eastern shore of the [[Caspian Sea]] through [[Turkmenistan]], [[Bukhara]], [[Samarkand]] and [[Tashkent]] (Uzbekistan), to the eastern end of the range in the [[Pamir-Alai]] and [[Tien-Shan]] mountains in Central Asia, which form the [[centre of diversity]].<ref name=pavord6/> Further to the east, ''Tulipa'' is found in the western [[Himalayas]], southern [[Siberia]], Inner Mongolia, and as far as the northwest of China.
While authorities have stated that no tulips west of the Balkans are native,{{sfn|Marais|1984}} subsequent identification of ''[[Tulipa sylvestris]]'' subsp. ''australis'' as a native of the [[Iberian peninsula]] and adjacent North Africa shows that this may be a simplification. In addition to these regions in the west tulips have been identified in Greece, Cyprus and the [[Balkans]]. In the south, Iran marks its furthest extent, while the northern limit is Ukraine.{{sfn|King|2005|p=16}} Although tulips are also throughout most of the Mediterranean and Europe, these regions do not form part of the natural distribution. Tulips were brought to Europe by travellers and merchants from [[Anatolia]] and Central Asia for cultivation, from where they escaped and naturalised (''see map''). For instance, less than half of those species found in Turkey are actually native.{{sfn|Marais|1984}} These have been referred to as neo-tulipae.{{sfn|Hall|1940}}{{sfn|Eker et al|2014}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}
Tulips are indigenous to [[mountainous]] areas with [[temperate climate]]s, where they are a common element of [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|steppe]] and winter-rain [[Mediterranean vegetation]]. They thrive in climates with long, cool springs and dry summers. Tulips are most commonly found in [[meadow]]s, [[steppes]] and [[chaparral]], but also introduced in fields, orchards, roadsides and abandoned gardens.{{sfn|Hall|1940}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}
==Ecology==
[[File:Tulip with variegated colors.jpg|thumb|upright|Variegation produced by the tulip breaking virus]]
''[[Botryotinia|Botrytis tulipae]]'' is a major [[fungal disease]] affecting tulips, causing cell death and eventually the rotting of the plant.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=A. Leon |last1=Reyes |first2=T. P. |last2=Prins |first3=J.-P. |last3=van Empel |first4=J. M. |last4=van Tuyl |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=673|issue=673 |title=Differences in Epicuticular Wax Layer in Tulip Can Influence Resistance to ''Botrytis Tulipae'' |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.673.59 |pages=457–46|year=2005 |url=http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/372937 }}</ref> Other pathogens include [[anthracnose]], [[bacterial soft rot]], [[blight]] caused by ''[[Sclerotium rolfsii]]'', bulb [[nematode]]s, other [[Decomposition|rots]] including [[blue mold]]s, [[Stachybotrys|black molds]] and mushy rot.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Westcott |first1=Cynthia |first2=R. Kenneth |last2=Horst |year=1979 |title=Westcott's Plant disease handbook |___location=New York |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |isbn=978-0-442-23543-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westcottsplantdi00west/page/709 709] |url=https://archive.org/details/westcottsplantdi00west/page/709 }}</ref>
The fungus ''[[Trichoderma viride]]'' can infect tulips, producing dried leaf tips and reduced growth,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=P.J. |date=1986 |title=LEAF-TIP NECROSIS IN FORCED TULIPS AS A RESULT OF A ROOT DECAY CAUSED BY TRICHODERMA VIRIDE |url=https://www.actahort.org/books/177/177_71.htm |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=177 |pages=492–492 |doi=10.17660/actahortic.1986.177.71 |issn=0567-7572}}</ref> although symptoms are usually mild and only present on bulbs growing in [[Greenhouse|glasshouses]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
[[variegation|Variegated]] tulips admired during the Dutch [[tulip mania|tulipomania]] gained their delicately feathered patterns from an infection with the [[tulip breaking virus]], a [[mosaic virus]] that was carried by the [[green peach aphid]], ''Myzus persicae''. While the virus produces fantastically streaked flowers, it also weakens plants and reduces the number of offsets produced. Dutch growers would go to extraordinary lengths during tulipomania to make tulips break, borrowing alchemists' techniques and resorting to sprinkling paint powders of the desired hue or pigeon droppings onto flower roots.<ref name=":1" /> Tulips affected by the mosaic virus are called "broken"; while such plants can occasionally revert to a plain or solid colouring, they will remain infected and have to be destroyed. Today the virus is almost eradicated from tulip growers' fields. The multicoloured patterns of modern varieties result from breeding; they normally have solid, un-feathered borders between the colours.
Tulip growth is also dependent on temperature conditions. Slightly germinated plants show greater growth if subjected to a period of cool dormancy, known as [[vernalization|vernalisation]]. Furthermore, although flower development is induced at warmer temperatures ({{convert|20|-|25|C|F|disp=or}}), elongation of the flower stalk and proper flowering is dependent on an extended period of low temperature (< {{convert|10|C|F|disp=or}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rietveld|first1=Patrick L.|last2=Wilkinson|first2=Clare|date=March 2000|title=Low temperature sensing in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) is mediated through an increased response to auxin|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=51|issue=344|pages=587–594|doi=10.1093/jexbot/51.344.587|pmid=10938815|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tulip bulbs imported to warm-winter areas are often planted in autumn to be treated as annuals. The colour of tulip flowers also varies with growing conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Le Nard|first1=M.|last2=Biot|first2=E.|title=Measurement of Colour Variation of Tulip Flowers Grown in Different Conditions|date=1997|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.430.133|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=10|issue=430|pages=837–842}}</ref>
==Cultivation==
===History===
====Islamic World====
[[File:Curtis's botanical magazine (No. 717) (8447528823).jpg|thumb|upright|''Tulipa sylvestris'' subsp. ''australis''{{efn|1=Illustration of ''Tulipa sylvestris'' subsp. ''australis'', identified as Tulipa breyniana}} with seedpod by [[Sydenham Edwards]] (1804)<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Curtis's Botanical Magazine]] |volume=19 |at=plate 717 |url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/471019 |editor-last=Sims |editor-first=John |others=Drawn by [[Sydenham Edwards]]; Engraved by F. Sansom |date=1804 |title=Tulipa Breyntiana. Cape Tulip. |publisher=T. Curtis}}</ref>]]
Cultivation of the tulip began in [[Iran]] ([[Name of Iran|Persia]]), probably in the 10th century.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}} Early cultivars must have emerged from hybridisation in gardens from wild collected plants, which were then favoured, possibly due to flower size or growth vigour. The tulip is not mentioned by any writer from antiquity,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |first1=Brian |last1=Mathew |first2=Turhan |last2=Baytop |year=1984 |title=The Bulbous Plants of Turkey |___location=Frome |publisher=Batsford |page=100 |isbn=978-0713445176}}</ref> therefore it seems probable that tulips were introduced into Anatolia only with the advance of the [[Seljuks]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the [[Ottoman Empire]], numerous types of tulips were cultivated and bred,<ref>Eken, Ahmet (2002). ''Artık Göremediğimiz Bir Çiçek'' İstanbul Lâlesi, Hedef, Nisan p. 83</ref> and today, 14 species can still be found in Turkey.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Tulips are mentioned by [[Omar Kayam]] and [[Rumi|Jalāl ad-Dīn Rûmi]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Species of tulips in Turkey typically come in red, less commonly in white or yellow. The Ottoman Turks had discovered that these wild tulips were great changelings, freely hybridizing (though it takes 7 years to show colour) but also subject to mutations that produced spontaneous changes in form and colour.<ref name=":1" />
A paper by Arthur Baker<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baker |first=A. |title=The Cult of the Tulip in Turkey |journal=Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society |volume=LVI |issue=1 |pages=240ff |date=1931}}</ref> reports that in 1574, Sultan [[Selim II]] ordered the Kadi of [[Azaz|A'azāz]] in Syria to send him 50,000 tulip bulbs. However, John Harvey<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=24}}</ref> points out several problems with this source, and there is also the possibility that tulips and [[Hyacinth (plant)|hyacinth]] (''sümbüll''), originally Indian [[Nardostachys jatamansi|spikenard]] (''Nardostachys jatamansi'') have been confused. Sultan Selim also imported 300,000 bulbs of ''Kefe Lale'' (also known as Cafe-Lale, from the medieval name Kaffa, probably ''[[Tulipa suaveolens]]'', syn. ''Tulipa schrenkii'') from [[Feodossija|Kefe]] in [[Crimea]], for his gardens in the [[Topkapı Palace|Topkapı Sarayı]] in [[Istanbul]].<ref name=pavord32/>
It is also reported that shortly after arriving in Constantinople in 1554, Ogier Ghislain de Busbecq, ambassador of the Austrian Habsburgs to the court of Suleyman the Magnificent, claimed to have introduced the tulip to Europe by sending a consignment of bulbs west. The fact that the tulip's first official trip west took it from one court to the other could have contributed to its ascendency.<ref name=":1" />
Sultan [[Ahmet III]] maintained famous tulip gardens in the summer highland pastures (''Yayla'') at [[Spil Dağı]] above the town of [[Manisa]].<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|pp=21-42}}</ref> They seem to have consisted of wild tulips. However, of the 14 tulip species known from Turkey, only four are considered to be of local origin,<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Wilford |title=Tulips. Species and hybrids for the gardener |___location=Portland |publisher=Timber Press |page=53}}</ref> so wild tulips from Iran and Central Asia may have been brought into Turkey during the Seljuk and especially Ottoman periods. Also, Sultan Ahmet imported domestic tulip bulbs from the Netherlands.
The gardening book ''Revnak'ı Bostan'' (Beauty of the Garden) by Sahibül Reis [[Hajji|ülhaç]] Ibrahim Ibn ülhaç Mehmet, written in 1660 does not mention the tulip at all, but contains advice on growing hyacinths and [[Lilium|lilies]].<ref name="jstor.org">{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=26}}</ref> However, there is considerable confusion of terminology, and tulips may have been subsumed under hyacinth, a mistake several European botanists were to perpetuate. In 1515, the scholar [[Qasim (Afghan scholar)|Qasim]] from [[Herat]] in contrast had identified both wild and garden tulips (lale) as [[anemone]]s (''shaqayq al-nu'man'') but described the [[Fritillaria imperialis|crown imperial]] as ''laleh kakli''.<ref name="jstor.org"/>
In a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] text written before 1495, the [[Chagatai people|Chagatay]] [[Husayn Bayqarah]] mentions tulips (''lale'').<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=25}}</ref> [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], also names tulips in the [[Baburnama]].<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=22}}</ref> He may actually have introduced them from [[Afghanistan]] to the plains of India, as he did with other plants like melons and grapes.<ref>Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in einem Band, {{ISBN|81-85395-07-1}}, 686</ref> The tulip represents the official symbol of Turkey.<ref name="black tulip">{{cite web |<!-- I cannot confirm: last=kenan |first=kahya | --> title=Black Tulip Meaning and Care |url=https://homewerkss.com/black-tulip-meaning-and-care/ |website=homewerkss|date=2024-01-30 |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref> In Moorish [[Al-Andalus|Andalus]], a "Makedonian bulb" (''basal al-maqdunis'') or "bucket-[[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]]" (''naryis qadusi'') was cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens. It was supposed to have come from [[Alexandria]] and may have been [[Tulipa sylvestris]], but the identification is not wholly secure.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. Esteban |last1=Hernández Bermejo |first2=Expiración |last2=García Sánchez |s2cid=25071279 |year=2009 |title=Tulips: An Ornamental Crop in the Andalusian Middle Ages |journal=Economic Botany |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=60–66 |jstor=40390435 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9070-3|bibcode=2009EcBot..63...60H }}</ref>
====Introduction to Western Europe====
[[File:Holland tulips.jpg|thumb|Tulip cultivation in the Netherlands]]
[[File:Keukenhof Holanda 003.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Keukenhof]] in [[Lisse]], Netherlands]]
Although it is unknown who first brought the tulip to Northwestern Europe, the most widely accepted story is that it was [[Oghier Ghislain de Busbecq]], an ambassador for [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Ferdinand I]] to [[Suleyman the Magnificent]]. According to a letter, he saw "an abundance of flowers everywhere; [[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]], [[hyacinth (plant)|hyacinths]] and those in Turkish called Lale, much to our astonishment because it was almost midwinter, a season unfriendly to flowers."<ref>{{cite book|last=Blunt|first=Wilfrid |others=Illustrated by [[Alexander Marshal]] |title=Tulipomania |page=7 |publisher=Penguin Books |___location=London |year=1950}}</ref><ref>Forster, E. S. (trans. et ed.) (1927). ''The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq''. Oxford.</ref> However, in 1559, an account by [[Conrad Gessner]] describes tulips flowering in [[Augsburg]], [[Swabia]] in the garden of Councillor Heinrich Herwart.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Tulip: The Story of a Flower That Has Made Men Mad|last=Pavord|first=Anna|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781408859032|___location=London|pages=Introduction p.4}}</ref> In Central and Northern Europe, tulip bulbs are generally removed from the ground in June and must be replanted by September for the winter.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} It is doubtful that Busbecq could have had the tulip bulbs harvested, shipped to Germany and replanted between March 1558 and Gessner's description the following year. [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli]] illustrated a tulip in 1565 but identified it as a narcissus.
[[Carolus Clusius]] is largely responsible for the spread of tulip bulbs in the final years of the 16th century; he planted tulips at the Vienna Imperial Botanical Gardens in 1573. He finished the first major work on tulips in 1592 and made note of the colour variations. After he was appointed the director of the [[Leiden University]]'s newly established [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden|Hortus Botanicus]], he planted both a teaching garden and his private garden with tulips in late 1593. Thus, 1594 is considered the date of the tulip's first flowering in the Netherlands, despite reports of the cultivation of tulips in private gardens in [[Antwerp]] and [[Amsterdam]] two or three decades earlier. These tulips at Leiden would eventually lead to both the [[tulip mania]] and the tulip industry in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/04/magazine/how-a-turkish-blossom-enflamed-the-dutch-landscape.html |title=How A Turkish Blossom Enflamed the Dutch Landscape |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2001-03-04 |access-date=2012-03-14}}</ref> Over two raids, in 1596 and in 1598, more than one hundred bulbs were stolen from his garden.
Tulips spread rapidly across Europe, and more opulent varieties such as double tulips were already known in Europe by the early 17th century. These curiosities fitted well in an age when natural oddities were cherished especially in the Netherlands, France, Germany and England, where the spice trade with the East Indies had made many people wealthy. ''Nouveaux riches'' seeking wealthy displays embraced the exotic plant market, especially in the Low Countries where gardens had become fashionable. A craze for bulbs soon grew in France, where in the early 17th century, entire properties were exchanged as payment for a single tulip bulb. The value of the flower gave it an aura of mystique, and numerous publications describing varieties in lavish garden manuals were published, cashing in on the value of the flower. An export business was built up in France, supplying Dutch, Flemish, German and English buyers. The trade drifted slowly from the French to the Dutch.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Christenhusz|first=Maarten J. M.|date=June 2013|title=Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae)|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=172|issue=3|pages=280–328|doi=10.1111/boj.12061|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Between 1634 and 1637, the enthusiasm for the new flowers in Holland triggered a [[speculation|speculative]] frenzy now known as the [[tulip mania]] that eventually led to the collapse of the market three years later. Tulip bulbs had become so expensive that they were treated as a form of currency, or rather, as futures, forcing the Dutch government to introduce trading restrictions on the bulbs.<ref name=":0" /> Around this time, the [[ceramic]] [[tulipiere]] was devised for the display of cut flowers stem by stem. Vases and bouquets, usually including tulips, often appeared in [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lives|Dutch still-life painting]]. To this day, tulips are associated with the Netherlands, and the cultivated forms of the tulip are often called "Dutch tulips". The Netherlands has the world's largest permanent display of tulips at the [[Keukenhof]]. The majority of tulip cultivars are classified in the taxon ''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]''. They have usually several species in their direct background, but most have been derived from ''[[Tulipa suaveolens]]''. ''Tulipa gesneriana'' is in itself an early hybrid of complex origin and is probably not the same taxon as was described by Conrad Gessner in the 16th century.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oanh |first=Tú |date=2025-03-30 |title=Điện Hoa |url=https://shophoatuoanh.com/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website= |language=vi}}</ref> The UK's [[National Plant Collection|National Collection]] of English florists' tulips and Dutch historic tulips, dating from the early 17th century to c. 1960, is held by Polly Nicholson at [[Blackland, Wiltshire|Blackland House]], near [[Calne]] in Wiltshire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulipa (historic tulips) |url=https://www.plantheritage.org.uk/national-plant-collections/search-the-national-plant-collections/collection/5994/tulipa-historic-tulips |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=[[Plant Heritage]]}}</ref>
====Introduction to the United States====
[[File:The_Dallas_Arboretum_and_Botanical_Garden.jpg|thumb|The [[Dallas]] Arboretum and Botanical Garden]]
It is believed the first tulips in the United States were grown near [[Spring Pond]] at the Fay Estate in [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] and [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]], Massachusetts. From 1847 to 1865, Richard Sullivan Fay, Esq., one of Lynn's wealthiest men, settled on {{convert|500|acre|km2 ha|0}} located partly in present-day Lynn and partly in present-day Salem. Mr. Fay imported many different trees and plants from all parts of the world and planted them among the meadows of the Fay Estate.<ref>The Daily Item, Lynn, Mass. ''Independent Newspaper'', January 24, 1952</ref>
===Propagation===
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The [[Netherlands]] is the world's main producer of commercial tulip plants, producing as many as 3 billion bulbs annually, the majority for export.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/T/tulip_spp.cfm |title=''Tulipa'' spp |publisher=Floridata |access-date=2009-12-07}}</ref>
"Unlike many flower species, tulips do not produce nectar to entice insect pollination. Instead, tulips rely on wind and land animals to move their pollen between reproductive organs. Because they are self-pollinating, they do not need the pollen to move several feet to another plant but only within their blossoms."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://homeguides.sfgate.com/can-pollinate-tulips-63272.html |title=''Can You Pollinate Tulips?'' spp |work=Home Guides | SF Gate |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=2022-04-30}}</ref>
Tulips can be propagated through bulb [[offset (botany)|offsets]], [[seed]]s or [[micropropagation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nishiuchi |first=Y. |year=1986 |title=Multiplication of Tulip Bulb by Tissue Culture ''in vitro'' |journal=ISHS Acta Horticulturae |volume=177 |issue=177 |pages=279–284 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.177.40}}</ref> Offsets and [[plant tissue culture|tissue culture]] methods are means of [[asexual reproduction|asexual]] propagation for producing [[gene]]tic [[cloning|clones]] of the parent plant, which maintains [[cultivar]] genetic integrity. Seeds are most often used to propagate [[species]] and [[subspecies]] or to create new [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]]. Many tulip species can [[cross-pollination|cross-pollinate]] with each other, and when wild tulip populations overlap geographically with other tulip species or subspecies, they often hybridise and create mixed populations. Most commercial tulip cultivars are complex hybrids, and often [[sterility (physiology)|sterile]].
Offsets require a year or more of growth before plants are large enough to flower. Tulips grown from seeds often need five to eight years before plants are of flowering size. To prevent cross-pollination, increase the growth rate of bulbs and increase the vigour and size of offsets, the flower and stems of a field of commercial tulips are usually [[Topping (agriculture)|topped]] using large tractor-mounted mowing heads. The same goals can be achieved by a private gardener by clipping the stem and flower of an individual specimen. Commercial growers usually harvest the tulip bulbs in late summer and grade them into sizes; bulbs large enough to flower are sorted and sold, while smaller bulbs are sorted into sizes and replanted for sale in the future.
Because tulip bulbs do not reliably come back every year, tulip varieties that fall out of favour with present aesthetic values have traditionally gone extinct. Unlike other flowers that do not suffer this same limitation, the tulip's historical forms do not survive alongside their modern incarnations.<ref name=":1" />
===Horticultural classification===
[[File:Tulip Gavota.jpg|thumb|'Gavota', a division 3 cultivar]]
[[File:Yonina Tulip.jpg|thumb|'Yonina', a division 6 cultivar]]
[[File:Kvetoucí tulipán.jpg|thumb|'Texas Flame', a division 10 cultivar]]
[[File:Tulpe "Dance Line" im botanschen Garten München 02.jpg|alt=Flower and buds of a white tulip with small dark purple spots at the outer rim of the leaves. The blossom is very full and looks similar to a paeonia flower.|thumb|'Dance Line', a division 11 cultivar]]
In horticulture, tulips are divided into fifteen groups (Divisions) mostly based on flower morphology and plant size.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brickell |first1=Christopher |first2=Judith D. |last2=Zuk |year=1997 |title=The American Horticultural Society A–Z encyclopedia of garden plants |___location=New York, N.Y. |publisher=DK Pub. |isbn=978-0-7894-1943-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanhorticul00chri/page/1028 1028] |url=https://archive.org/details/americanhorticul00chri/page/1028 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/TulipIntro.html |title=Tulips |publisher=The Plant Expert |date=2008-10-15 |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930105325/http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/TulipIntro.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''Div. 1: Single early''' – with cup-shaped single flowers, no larger than {{convert|8|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} across. They bloom early to mid-season. Growing {{convert|15|to|45|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} tall.
* '''Div. 2: Double early''' – with fully double flowers, bowl shaped to {{convert|8|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} across. Plants typically grow from {{convert|30|-|40|cm|in|abbr=in}} tall.
* '''Div. 3: Triumph''' – single, cup shaped flowers up to {{convert|6|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=in}} wide. Plants grow {{convert|35|-|60|cm|in|abbr=in}} tall and bloom mid to late season.
* '''Div. 4: Darwin hybrid''' – single flowers are ovoid in shape and up to {{convert|6|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=in}} wide. Plants grow {{convert|50|-|70|cm|in|abbr=in}} tall and bloom mid to late season. This group should not be confused with older Darwin tulips, which belong in the Single Late Group below.
* '''Div. 5: Single late''' – cup or goblet-shaped flowers up to {{convert|8|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} wide, some plants produce multi-flowering stems. Plants grow {{convert|45|-|75|cm|in|abbr=in}} tall and bloom late season.
* '''Div. 6: Lily-flowered''' – the flowers possess a distinct narrow 'waist' with pointed and reflexed petals. Previously included with the old Darwins, only became a group in their own right in 1958.{{sfn|Pavord|1999|p=352}}
* '''Div. 7: Fringed (Crispa)''' – cup or goblet-shaped blossoms edged with spiked or crystal-like fringes, sometimes called "tulips for touch" because of the temptation to "test" the fringes to see if they are real or made of glass. Perennials with a tendency to naturalize in woodland areas, growing {{convert|45|-|65|cm|in|abbr=in}} tall and blooming in late season.
* '''Div. 8: Viridiflora'''
* '''Div. 9: Rembrandt'''
* '''Div. 10: Parrot'''
* '''Div. 11: Double late''' – Large, heavy blooms. They range from {{convert|18|to|22|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} tall.
* '''Div. 12: [[Tulipa kaufmanniana|Kaufmanniana]]''' – Waterlily tulip. Medium-large creamy yellow flowers marked red on the outside and yellow at the centre. Stems {{convert|6|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} tall.
* '''Div. 13: [[Tulipa fosteriana|Fosteriana (Emperor)]]'''
* '''Div. 14: [[Tulipa greigii|Greigii]]''' – Scarlet flowers {{convert|6|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} across, on {{convert|6|in|cm|adj=on|order=flip}} stems. Foliage mottled with brown.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Western Garden Book |edition=Third |___location=Menlo Park, CA |publisher=Lane Magazine & Book Company |year=1972 |page=448}}</ref>
* '''Div. 15: Species or Botanical''' – The terms "species tulips" and "botanical tulips" refer to wild species in contrast to hybridised varieties.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eyster|first1=William H.|title=The 'Species' Tulips |journal=Organic Gardening|date=1950|volume=16–17|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy4SAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Species+Tulips%22|access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> As a group they have been described as being less ostentatious but more reliably vigorous as they age.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bales|first1=Suzanne F.|title=Bulbs|date=1992|publisher=Macmillan General Reference|isbn=9780671863920|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOGq3zYxE5oC&q=%22Species+Tulips%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Fell|first1=Derek|author-link1=Derek Fell|title=The Easiest Flowers to Grow|date=1990|publisher=Ortho Books|isbn=9780897212205|page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DU6JOMG6XpEC&q=%22Species+Tulips%22}}</ref>
* '''Div. 16: Multiflowering''' – not an official division, these tulips belong in the first 15 divisions but are often listed separately because they have multiple blooms per bulb.
They may also be classified by their flowering season:<ref>{{cite web|last=Jauron |first=Richard |url=http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1998/9-4-1998/tulipclasses.html |website=Iowa State University |title=Tulip Classes |access-date=2012-03-14}}</ref>
* Early flowering: Single Early Tulips, Double Early Tulips, Greigii Tulips, Kaufmanniana Tulips, Fosteriana Tulips, {{See section||Species tulips}}
* Mid-season flowering: Darwin Hybrid Tulips, Triumph Tulips, [[Parrot tulip|Parrot Tulips]]
* Late season flowering: Single Late Tulips, Double Late Tulips, Viridiflora Tulips, Lily-flowering Tulips, Fringed (Crispa) Tulips, Rembrandt Tulips
====Neo-tulipae====
[[File:Tulip-Bulb-Deapth.jpg|alt=Tulip Bulb Depth|thumb|upright|Tulip bulb planting depth {{convert|6|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}}]]<!-- Moved this image up for better layout—if content expands, move down to Horticulture section again. -->
A number of names are based on naturalised garden tulips and are usually referred to as neo-tulipae. These are often difficult to trace back to their original cultivar, and in some cases have been occurring in the wild for many centuries. The history of naturalisation is unknown, but populations are usually associated with agricultural practices and are possibly linked to [[saffron]] cultivation{{Clarify|date=January 2014}}. Some neo-tulipae have been brought into cultivation, and are often offered as botanical tulips. These cultivated plants can be classified into two Cultivar Groups: 'Grengiolensis Group', with picotee tepals, and the 'Didieri Group' with unicolorous tepals.
===Horticulture===
Tulip bulbs are typically planted around late summer and fall, in well-drained soils. Tulips should be planted {{convert|4|to|6|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} apart from each other. The recommended hole depth is {{convert|4|to|8|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} deep and is measured from the top of the bulb to the surface. Therefore, larger tulip bulbs would require deeper holes. Species of tulips are normally planted deeper.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
== Consumption and toxicity ==
As with other plants of the lily family, tulips are poisonous to domestic animals including horses, cats, and dogs.<ref name="aspca" /> In cats, ingestion of small amounts of tulips can cause vomiting, depression, diarrhoea, hypersalivation, and irritation of the mouth and throat, and larger amounts can cause abdominal pain, tremors, tachycardia, convulsions, tachypnea, difficulty breathing, cardiac arrhythmia, and coma. All parts of the tulip plant are poisonous to cats, while the bulb is especially dangerous. A veterinarian should be contacted immediately if a cat has ingested tulip.<ref>{{cite web |title=Are Tulips Poisonous to Cats? What to Do Next |url=https://www.purina.co.uk/articles/cats/feeding/what-cats-eat/are-tulips-poisonous-to-cats |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=Purina |language=en-gb}}</ref> In the American East, [[white-tailed deer]] eat tulips<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conover |first1=Michael R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvdVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT270 |title=Human-Wildlife Interactions: From Conflict to Coexistence |last2=Conover |first2=Denise O. |date=2022-01-05 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-68571-2 |language=en}}</ref> with no apparent ill effects.
Humans generally do not eat tulip bulbs, as they are slow to cultivate and safe preparation practices are not widely known. Although they resemble onions and are occasionally cooked as such, this has led to illness.<ref name="toxicity">{{cite web |title=Tulip Bulb Toxicity |url=https://www.poison.org/articles/tulip-bulb-toxicity-191 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=poison.org |publisher=National Capital Poison Center |language=en}}</ref> In the Netherlands they were used as an [[ersatz]] ingredient during the [[Dutch famine of 1944–45|famine of 1944–45]], and some chefs continue to offer them as a delicacy. Removal of the germ (the young stem) is an important part of these preparations.<ref>{{cite web |author=Katherine Beck |date=24 Oct 2022 |title=The Humble Dutch Soup That Saved Lives During WWII |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1068271/the-humble-dutch-soup-that-saved-lives-during-wwii/ |website=Tasting Table}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 September 2017 |title=Eating Tulip Bulbs During World War II |url=https://amsterdamtulipmuseumonline.com/blogs/tulip-facts/eating-tulip-bulbs-during-world-war-ii |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Amsterdam Tulip Museum |language=en}}</ref> People who handle tulip bulbs extensively can develop [[contact dermatitis]], known as "tulip fingers", caused by the defensive chemical [[tulipalin A]].<ref name="toxicity"/> The petals are [[List of edible flowers|edible]] to humans, as are the leaves, although some people are allergic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bellamy |first1=Lucy |title=Tasty tulips |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gardening-blog/2013/oct/04/tulips-edible-flowers |access-date=15 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Creasy |first1=Rosalind |title=The Edible Flower Garden |date=2012 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0617-8 |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAHQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156 |access-date=15 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
== In culture ==
===Iran===
The celebration of Persian New Year, or [[Nowruz]], dating back over 3,000 years, marks the advent of spring, and tulips are used as a decorative feature during the festivities.<ref name="primer">{{cite web |last=Nada |first=Garrett |date=23 April 2013 |title=Politics and Art of Iran's Revolutionary Tulips |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2013/apr/23/politics-and-art-iran%E2%80%99s-revolutionary-tulips |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250314180500/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2013/apr/23/politics-and-art-iran%E2%80%99s-revolutionary-tulips |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2025 |website=The Iran Primer |publisher=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |access-date=30 January 2021 }}</ref>
The 12th century Persian tragic romance, ''[[Khosrow and Shirin]]'', similar to the tale of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', tells of tulips sprouting where the blood of the young prince Farhad spilt after he killed himself upon hearing the (deliberately false) story that his true love had died.<ref name="primer" />
The tulip was a topic for Persian poets from the thirteenth century. The poem ''[[Gulistan of Sa'di|Gulistan]]'' by [[Sa'di (poet)|Musharrifu'd-din Saadi]], described a visionary garden paradise with "The murmur of a cool stream / bird song, ripe fruit in plenty / bright multicoloured tulips and fragrant roses...".{{sfn|Pavord|1999|p=31}} In recent times, tulips have featured in the poems of [[Simin Behbahani]].{{cn|date=January 2021}}
The tulip is the [[national symbol]] for [[martyr]]dom in Iran<ref name="tt">{{cite web |date=15 January 2012 |title=Beauty unbound: Flowers in Iranian culture |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/395819/Beauty-unbound-Flowers-in-Iranian-culture |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=Tehran Times}}</ref> (and [[Shi'ite Islam]] generally), and has been used on postage stamps and [[coin]]s. It was common as a symbol used in the [[1979 Islamic Revolution]], and a red tulip adorns the [[Iranian flag|flag redesigned in 1980]]. The [[sword]] in the centre, with four [[crescent]]-shaped petals around it, create the word "[[Allah]]" as well as symbolising the [[five pillars of Islam]]. The tomb of [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]] is decorated with 72 [[stained glass]] tulips, representing 72 martyrs who died at the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680CE. It was also used as a symbol on [[billboard]]s celebrating casualties of the [[Iran–Iraq War|1980–1988 war with Iraq]].<ref name="primer" />
The tulip also became a symbol of protest against the [[Iranian government]] after the [[2009 Iranian presidential election|presidential election in June 2009]], when millions turned out on the streets to protest the re-election of [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]. After the protests were harshly suppressed, the [[Iranian Green Movement]] adopted the tulip as a symbol of their struggle.<ref name="primer" />
The word for tulip in [[Persian language|Persian]] is "laleh" (لاله), and this has become popular as a girl's name.<ref name="tt" /> The name has been used for commercial enterprises, such as the Laleh International Hotel, as well as public facilities, such as [[Laleh Park]]<ref name="primer" /> and Laleh Hospital,<ref>{{cite web |title=Laleh Hospital |url=http://medandtrip.com/laleh-hospital/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |publisher=Medical Tourism Management in IRAN}}</ref> and the tulip [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]] remains common in Iranian culture.<ref name="primer" />
<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" class="center" caption="Iranian 20 rial coin">
File:Obverse of Iranian 20 Rials coin - monument of 3rd anniversary of Islamic revolution (cropped square).jpg|Obverse with 22 tulips
File:Reverse of Iranian 20 Rials coin - monument of 3rd anniversary of Islamic revolution (cropped square).jpg|Reverse with three tulips
</gallery>
===Other cultures===
[[File:Lhr20101219010 (5282772890).jpg|thumb|[[Turkish Airlines]] uses a grey tulip emblem on its aircraft]]
Tulips are called {{lang|tr|lale}} in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] (from the {{langx|fa|لاله|laleh}} from {{lang|fa|{{wikt-lang|fa|لال}}}} ''lal'' 'red').<ref>{{cite newspaper |author=Alizeh Ahmad<!-- xct nm --> |date=April 21, 2019 |title=History: From Lale to Tulip |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1477374 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] }}</ref> When written in Arabic letters, {{lang|tr|lale}} has the same letters as ''[[Allah]]'', which is why the flower became a holy symbol. It was also associated with the House of [[Ottoman dynasty|Osman]], resulting in tulips being widely used in decorative motifs on tiles, mosques, fabrics, crockery, etc. in the [[Ottoman Empire]].{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}} The tulip was seen as a symbol of abundance and indulgence. The era during which the Ottoman Empire was wealthiest is often called the [[Tulip era]] or {{lang|tr|Lale Devri}} in [[Turkish language|Turkish]].
Tulips became popular garden plants in the east and west, but, whereas the tulip in Turkish culture was a [[symbol]] of [[paradise]] on earth and had almost a divine status, in the Netherlands it represented the briefness of life.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}
In Christianity, tulips symbolise passion, belief and love. White tulips represent forgiveness while purple tulips represent royalty, both important aspects of Easter.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} In [[Calvinism]], the five points of the doctrines of grace have been summarized under the [[acrostic]] TULIP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawson |first=Steven |date=March 18, 2019 |title=TULIP and The Doctrines of Grace |url=https://www.ligonier.org/blog/tulip-and-doctrines-grace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121090553/https://www.ligonier.org/blog/tulip-and-doctrines-grace/ |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |access-date=August 5, 2021 |website=Ligonier Ministries |quote=In reality, these five doctrines of grace form one comprehensive body of truth concerning salvation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |title=What Is Reformed Theology?: Understanding the Basics |publisher=Baker Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8010-1846-6 |___location=Grand Rapids, MI |pages=32}}</ref>
By contrast to other flowers such as the [[coneflower]] or [[lotus flower]], tulips have historically been capable of genetically reinventing themselves to suit changes in aesthetic values. In his 1597 herbal, John Gerard says of the tulip that "nature seems to play more with this flower than with any other that I do know". When in the Netherlands, beauty was defined by marbled swirls of vivid contrasting colours, the petals of tulips were able to become "feathered" and "flamed". However, in the 19th century, when the English desired tulips for carpet bedding and massing, the tulips were able to once again accommodate this by evolving into "paint-filled boxes with the brightest, fattest dabs of pure pigment". This inherent mutability of the tulip even led the Ottoman Turks to believe that nature cherished this flower above all others.<ref name=":1" />
The Dutch regarded the flower's lack of scent as a virtue, representing chasteness.<ref name=":1" /> ''[[The Black Tulip]]'' (1850) is a historical romance by [[Alexandre Dumas, père]]. The story takes place in the Dutch city of [[Haarlem]], where a reward is offered to the first grower who can produce a truly black tulip.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=5 Great Books by Alexandre Dumas |url=https://www.thecollector.com/books-alexandre-dumas/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=TheCollector |language=en}}</ref>
The tulip occurs on a number of the [[Major Arcana]] cards of occultist [[Oswald Wirth]]'s deck of [[Tarot cards]], specifically the Magician, Emperor, Temperance and the Fool, described in his 1927 work {{lang|fr|Le Tarot, des Imagiers du Moyen Âge}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wirth |first=Oswald |author1-link=Oswald Wirth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_cRXkTMhDEC&pg=PT253 |title=Tarot of the Magicians: The Occult Symbols of the Major Arcana that Inspired Modern Tarot |publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser |others=Introduction by Mary K. Greer |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-57863-531-3 |page=253 |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wirth |first=Oswald |url=https://archive.org/stream/TarotOfTheMagiciansByOswaldWirth/Tarot_of_the_Magicians_by_Oswald_Wirth_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Tarot Of The Magicians By Oswald Wirth" |date=1985 |publisher=S. Weiser |isbn=0-87728-656-6 |quote=First published in English in 1985 by Samuel Weiser, Inc. ...First published in Paris in 1927 under the original title: ''Le Tarot, des Imagiers du Moyen Âge'' |access-date=30 January 2021 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
===Tulip festivals===
{{more citations|section|date=December 2022}}
[[Tulip festival]]s are held around the world, for example in the [[Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-02-14 |title=TULIP FESTIVAL AMSTERDAM |url=https://tulipfestivalamsterdam.com/amsterdam-tulip-season-2019/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=Tulip Festival Amsterdam}}</ref> and [[Spalding, Lincolnshire|Spalding]], England. There is also a popular festival in [[Morges]], Switzerland. Every spring, there are tulip festivals in North America, including the [[Tulip Time Festival]] in [[Holland, Michigan|Holland]], Michigan, the [[Skagit Valley Tulip Festival]] in [[Skagit Valley]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], the Tulip Time Festival in [[Orange City, Iowa|Orange City]] and [[Pella, Iowa|Pella]], Iowa, and the [[Canadian Tulip Festival]] in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], Canada. Tulips are also popular in Australia and several festivals are held in September and October, during the [[Southern Hemisphere]]'s spring. The Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden hosts an annual tulip festival which draws huge attention and has an attendance of over 200,000.
==See also==
* [[List of Award of Garden Merit tulips]]
* [[Tulip period]]
== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== Citations ==
<!--Place multiple citations with URLs here to avoid cluttering wikitext -->
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<!--Pavord -->
<ref name=pavord6>{{harvnb|Pavord|1999|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LeMRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 p. 6]}}</ref>
<ref name=pavord32>{{harvnb|Pavord|1999|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LeMRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 p. 32]}}</ref>
}}
== General and cited works ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
=== Books ===
* {{Cite book | last1 = Botschantzeva | first1 = Z. P.|author-link1=Zinaida Botschantzeva | title = Tulips: taxonomy, morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1S8aoPCftE0C&pg=PA120 | year = 1982 | publisher = CRC Press| isbn = 978-90-6191-029-9 | page = 120}}
* {{cite book|last=Clusius|first=Carolus|author-link=Carolus Clusius|title=A Treatise on Tulips|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPylGAAACAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Associated Bulb Growers of Holland|___location = Haarlem|others=Translated by W. van Dijk}} (Translation of a section from the ''Rariorum plantarum historia'', 1601: see {{harvtxt|Clusius|1601}})
* {{cite book|last1=Clusius|first1=Carolus|author-link=Carolus Clusius|title=Rariorum plantarum historia: quae accesserint, proxima pagina docebit|date=1601|publisher=Ioannem Moretum|___location=Antwerp|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/724#/summary}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dash|first1=Mike|title=Tulipomania: The Story Of The World's Most Coveted Flower & The Extraordinary Passions It Aroused|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVs6AgAAQBAJ|date=1999|publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group]]|___location=London |isbn=978-1-78022-057-4}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Davis|editor-first1=PH|editor-link=Peter Hadland Davis|title=Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands volume 8|date=1984|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0852244944}}
* {{cite book|last=Everett|first=Diana|year=2013|title=The Genus Tulipa: Tulips of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GA60NAEACAAJ|publisher=[[Kew Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84246-481-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Goldgar|first1=Anne|title=Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age|date=2007|publisher=University of Chicago Press|___location=Chicago|isbn=9780226301303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gViwLbCJ7X0C |access-date=21 February 2015}}
* {{harvc|last1=Grey-Wilson|first1=C.|last2=Matthews|first2=V. A.| c=Tulipa L.|pp=28–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC&pg=PA28|in=Tutin et al|year=1980}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=A. Daniel|author-link=Alfred Daniel Hall|year=1940|title=The genus Tulipa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SU1JAAAAMAAJ|publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |___location=London}}
* {{cite book| last=King| first=Michael| title=Gardening with Tulips|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QmBPwAACAAJ| year=2005| publisher=[[Timber Press]]| ___location=Portland, OR| isbn= 978-0-88192-744-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Linnaeus|first1=Carl|author-link=Carl Linnaeus|title=Species Plantarum|series=Vol. 1 |chapter=Tulipa|date=1753|volume=1|pages=305–306|publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358106#page/317/mode/1up}} see also [[Species Plantarum]]
* {{harvc|last1=Marais|first1=W.|c=Tulipa|pp=302–311|in=Davis|year=1984}}
* {{cite book |last=Pavord| first=Anna |author-link=Anna Pavord|year=1999|title=The Tulip |___location=London |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LeMRBAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-7475-4296-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pollan|first1=Michael|author-link=Michael Pollan|title=The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesirepl00poll|url-access=registration|date=2001 |publisher=Random House |___location=New York |isbn=9780375501296}}
* {{cite book|last1=Papiomitoglou|first1=Vangelis|title=Wild flowers of Greece |date=2006 |publisher=Mediterraneo Editions |isbn=9789608227743}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Tutin|editor1-first=T. G.|display-editors=etal|title=Flora Europaea. Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (monocotyledones)|date=1980|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |___location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0521201087|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC |access-date=4 October 2014|ref={{harvid|Tutin et al|1980}}}}
* {{cite book| editor-last=Tenenbaum| editor-first=Frances| title=Taylor's Encyclopedia of Garden Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=557KJL0TC48C| year=2003| publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]| isbn=978-0-618-22644-3}}
=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal|display-authors=4|last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten J.M.|first2=Rafaël |last2=Govaerts |first3=John C. |last3=David |first4=Tony |last4=Hall |first5=Katherine |last5=Borland |first6=Penelope S. |last6=Roberts |first7=Anne |last7=Tuomisto |first8=Sven |last8=Buerki |first9=Mark W. |last9=Chase |first10=Michael F. |last10=Fay|author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=Rafael Govaerts|author-link9=Mark W Chase|author-link10=Michael F Fay |title=Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of ''Tulipa'' (Liliaceae)|year=2013|issue=3 |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=172|pages=280–328 |doi=10.1111/boj.12061|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2013}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|display-authors=4|last1=Clennett|first1=John C. B.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|last3=Forest |first3=Félix|last4=Maurin|first4=Olivier|last5=Wilkin|first5=Paul|author-link2=Mark Chase |title=Phylogenetic systematics of ''Erythronium'' (Liliaceae): morphological and molecular analyses |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=December 2012|volume=170|issue=4|pages=504–528 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01302.x |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Clennett et al|2012}}}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Eker|first1=İsmail|last2=Babaç|first2=Mehmet Tekin|last3=Koyuncu|first3=Mehmet |title=Revision of the genus Tulipa L. (Liliaceae) in Turkey|journal=Phytotaxa|date=29 January 2014 |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=001 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.157.1.1|ref={{harvid|Eker et al|2014}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Harvey|first=John H.|year=1976 |title=Turkey as a Source of Garden Plants |journal=Garden History |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=24–42 |doi=10.2307/1586521 |jstor=1586521}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Tan|first1=Dun-Yan|last2=Zhang|first2=Zhen|last3=Li|first3=Xin-Rong|last4=Hong |first4=De-Yuan|title=Restoration of the genus ''Amana'' Honda (Liliaceae) based on a cladistic analysis of morphological characters |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|date=2005|volume=43|issue=3|pages=262–270 |doi=10.1360/aps040106|url=http://www.jse.ac.cn/wenzhang/f04-0106.pdf|access-date=14 September 2015 |language=zh |ref={{harvid|Tan et al|2005}} |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024}}
* {{cite journal|display-authors=4|last1=Turktas|first1=Mine|last2=Metin|first2=Özge Karakaş|last3=Baştuğ |first3=Berk|last4=Ertuğrul|first4=Fahriye|last5=Saraç|first5=Yasemin Izgi|last6=Kaya|first6=Erdal |title=Molecular phylogenetic analysis of ''Tulipa'' (Liliaceae) based on noncoding plastid and nuclear DNA sequences with an emphasis on Turkey|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|date=July 2013|volume=172|issue=3|pages=270–279 |doi=10.1111/boj.12040 |doi-access=}}
* {{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00606-011-0525-0|title=The infrageneric nomenclature of ''Tulipa'' (Liliaceae) |year=2011|last1=Veldkamp|first1=J. F.|author2-link=Ben Zonneveld|last2=Zonneveld|first2=B. J. M.|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=298|pages=87–92|doi-access=free}}
=== Websites ===
* {{cite web|last1=Straley|first1=Gerald B. |last2=Utech|first2=Frederick H. |year=2003|title=Tulipa |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133974|work=[[Flora of North America]] Volume 26|page=199|access-date=10 September 2014}}
* {{cite web|title=Tulipa|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Liliaceae/Tulipa/|website=The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1.|access-date=30 August 2017|date=2013|ref={{harvid|The Plant List|2013}}}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Tulipa}}
{{Wikispecies|Tulipa}}
* [http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/celebrate/tulips Canadian National Capital Commission: The Gift of Tulips] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514042606/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/celebrate/tulips |date=14 May 2012 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121120114938/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/introduction/Tulip.xml Bulb flower production » Tulip, International Flower Bulb Centre]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203154945/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/photos/Tulip-book.xml Tulip Picture Book, International Flower Bulb Centre]
{{Liliaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q93201}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Tulipa| ]]
[[Category:Bulbous plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Liliaceae genera]]
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