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{{Short description|Spanish politician (born 1942)}}
[[Image:Javiersolana.jpg|150px|frame|right|Javier Solana]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
Dr '''Javier Solana Madariaga''' (born [[July 14]] [[1942]] in [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]) is the High Representative of the [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]] (CFSP) and the [[Secretary-General]] of both the [[Council of the European Union|Council]] of the [[European Union]] (EU) and the [[Western European Union]] (WEU). He was a [[Physics|physicist]] who became a [[political minister]] for 13 years before serving as [[NATO]] Secretary-General [[1995]]–[[1999|99]]. Dr. Solana was designated to become EU [[Union Minister for Foreign Affairs|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] in [[2006]].
{{family name hatnote|Solana|de Madariaga|lang=Spanish}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Most Excellent]]
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG}} [[Order of Isabella the Catholic|CYC]]
| name = Javier Solana
| image = Javier Solana 1999.jpg
| caption = Solana in 1999
| office = [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy]]
| term_start = 18 October 1999
| term_end = 1 December 2009
| predecessor = [[Jürgen Trumpf]]
| successor = [[Catherine Ashton|Cathy Ashton]] {{small|(Foreign Affairs and Security Policy)}}
| office1 = [[Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union|Secretary General of the Council of the European Union]]
| term_start1 = 18 October 1999
| term_end1 = 1 December 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Jürgen Trumpf]]
| successor1 = [[Pierre de Boissieu]]
| office2 = [[List of Secretaries General of the Western European Union|Secretary General of the Western European Union]]
| term_start2 = 20 November 1999
| term_end2 = 1 December 2009
| predecessor2 = [[José Cutileiro]]
| successor2 = [[Arnaud Jacomet]]
| office3 = 9th [[Secretary General of NATO]]
| term_start3 = 5 December 1995
| term_end3 = 14 October 1999
| predecessor3 = [[Sergio Balanzino]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br />[[Willy Claes]]
| successor3 = [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|The Lord Robertson of Port Ellen]]
| office4 = [[List of Foreign Ministers of Spain|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| primeminister4 = [[Felipe González]]
| term_start4 = 16 June 1992
| term_end4 = 18 December 1995
| predecessor4 = [[Francisco Fernández Ordóñez]]
| successor4 = [[Carlos Westendorp]]
| birth_name = Francisco Javier Solana de Madariaga
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|7|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madrid]], Spain
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]]
| spouse = María de la Concepción Giménez Díaz-Oyuelos
| education = [[Complutense University of Madrid|Complutense University]]<br />[[University of Virginia]]
| signature = Firma de Javier Solana.svg
| children = 2
}}
'''Francisco Javier Solana de Madariaga''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG}} [[Order of Isabella the Catholic|CYC]] ({{IPA|es|fɾanˈθisko xaˈβjeɾ soˈlana ðe maðaˈɾjaɣa|lang}}; born 14 July 1942) is a Spanish [[physicist]] and [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] politician. After serving in the Spanish government as [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Spain)|Foreign Affairs Minister]] under [[Felipe González]] (1992–1995) and as the [[Secretary General of NATO]] (1995–1999), leading the alliance during [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|Operation Allied Force]], he was appointed the [[European Union]]'s [[High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy]], [[Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union|Secretary General of the Council of the European Union]] and [[Secretary-General]] of the [[Western European Union]] and held these posts from October 1999 until December 2009.
 
==Background and career as a physicist==
Solana was born in [[Madrid]], Spain. He comes from a prominent Spanish family, being a first cousin, twice removed, of diplomat, writer, historian, and pacifist [[Salvador de Madariaga]]<ref>[http://www.luissolana.com/?page_id=2 Biography of Luis Solana (brother of Javier Solana) at his blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612104540/http://www.luissolana.com/?page_id=2 |date=12 June 2007 }} (in Spanish):{{blockquote|Heredó de su abuelo materno [Rogelio de Madariaga y Castro] la revista "España Económica", publicación que dio cabida a jóvenes economistas críticos con el régimen de Franco. Sobrino nieto de D. Salvador de Madariaga.<br /> He inherited from his maternal grandfather [Rogelio de Madariaga y Castro] the magazine "España Económica", which accommodated young economists critical of the Franco regime. (He's) the grand nephew of D. Salvador de Madariaga}}</ref> (Javier's grandfather, Rogelio de Madariaga, and Salvador de Madariaga were cousins). His father was a chemistry professor, Luis Solana San Martín, who died when Javier was nineteen. His mother, Obdulia de Madariaga Pérez, died in 2005.<ref name="obdulia">{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/2005/04/17/086.html|title=ABC (Madrid) - 17/04/2005, p. 86 - ABC.es Hemeroteca|website=hemeroteca.abc.es|date=3 September 2019}}</ref><ref>[http://www.insde.es/ramhg/textos%20heraldica/MOVIMIENTO%20NOBILIARIO%201934.pdf Movimiento nobiliario 1934] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025012712/http://www.insde.es/ramhg/textos%20heraldica/movimiento%20nobiliario%201934.pdf |date=25 October 2009 }}, page 167. News about the marriage between Luis Solana San Martín and Obdulia Madariaga.</ref><ref>[http://www.luissolana.com/?p=276 ¡Feliz Navidad, Maribel!], post in Luis Solana's blog (Luis Solana is Javier's brother) and the post accounts mentions the five brothers.</ref><ref>[http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1945/06/10/042.html Death notice of Enrique de Madariaga y Pérez-Gros]. It mentions Obdulia as sister and Luis Solana San Martín as brother-in-law.</ref><ref>[http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1949/11/17/029.html Death notice of Juana San Martín Yoldi, widow of Ezequiel Solana]. It mentions all her sibling, including Luis.</ref> Javier is the third of five children.<ref name="obdulia"/> His older brother [[Luis Solana|Luis]] was once imprisoned for his political activities opposing the dictatorship of [[Francisco Franco]], subsequently became a distinguished leader in the Spanish telecommunications industry<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.luissolana.com/?page_id=2|title=Biografia|work=Luis Solana|access-date=23 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612104540/http://www.luissolana.com/?page_id=2|archive-date=12 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was one of the first socialist members of the [[Trilateral Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trilateral.org/AnnMtgs/trialog/trlglist.htm |title=Trilateral Commission Annual Meeting Publications |access-date=2007-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806205328/http://www.trilateral.org/annmtgs/trialog/trlglist.htm |archive-date= 6 August 2007 }}</ref>
Solana comes from a well-known Spanish family and is the grandson of Spanish [[League of Nations]] [[Arms control|disarmament]] chief, diplomat, writer and [[Europe|European]] integrationist [[Salvador de Madariaga]] and Scottish [[scholarly method|scholar]] and [[economic history|economic historian]] Constance Archibald de Madariaga.
His father was a chemistry professor, and his mother the writer [[Nieves de Madariaga|Nieves Mathews]].
His older brother Luis was imprisoned for his political activities opposing the [[dictatorship]] of [[Francisco Franco]].
 
HeSolana studied inat the [[ElColegio del Pilar (Madrid)|Nuestra Señora del Pilar CollegeSchool]], an exclusive Catholic [[Society of Mary (Marianists)|Marianist]] secondary school, before going to [[Complutense University]] (UCM). There as a student in [[1963]] he wassuffered sanctionedsanctions imposed by the authorities for having organised an opposition forum at the so-called called Week of University Renovation. In 1964 he clandestinely joined the [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE), which had been illegal under Franco since the end of the [[Spanish Civil War]] in 1939. In the same year he graduated and then spent a year furthering his studies at [[Spain's Higher Council for Scientific Research]] (CSIC) and in the United Kingdom.
In [[1964]] he clandestinely joined the [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE), which had been illegal under Franco since the end of the [[Spanish Civil War]] in [[1939]]. In the same year he graduated and then spent a year furthering his studies at [[Spain's Higher Council for Scientific Research]] (CSIC) and in the [[United Kingdom]]. In [[1965]] he went to the [[United States of America]], where he spent six years studying at various universities on a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholarship]].
He taught physics for a time at the [[University of Chicago]] and at [[La Jolla, California|La Jolla]], [[California]], and joined in the [[protests]] against the [[Vietnam War]].Physics Ph.D.
He received his doctorate in physics with a dissertation on [[Superfluid|superfluidity]] called ''Elementary Excitations in [[Helium]] 2'', in [[1968]] from the from the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences of the [[University of Virginia|University]] of [[Notable Alumni of the University of Virginia|Virginia]], where he taught and researched until [[1971]], extending his planned stay in the US by a year in order to continue his investigations as well as being President of the Association of foreign students.
 
In 1965 he went to the United States, where he spent six years studying at various universities on a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholarship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/espana/javier_solana_madariaga|title=CIDOB|access-date=4 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905204601/http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/espana/javier_solana_madariaga|archive-date=5 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> He visited the [[University of Chicago]] and the [[University of California, San Diego]], and then enrolled in the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences of the [[University of Virginia]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]]. There, he taught physics classes as a teaching assistant and carried on independent research; he also joined in the [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|protests]] against the [[Vietnam War]] and was president of the Association of Foreign Students. He received his doctorate in physics from Virginia in 1971 with a thesis on ''Theory of the Elementary Excitation Spectrum of [[Superfluid]] [[Helium]]: the [[Roton]] Lifetime'', extending his planned stay in the US by a year in order to continue his research. Returning to Spain he became a lecturer in [[solid-state physics]] at the [[Autonomous University of Madrid]], UAM, and then in [[1975]] he became a [[Professor]]professor at Complutense University. During these years he published more than 30 articles. For a time he worked as assistant to [[Nicolás Cabrera (physicist)|Nicolás Cabrera]], whom he had met when Cabrera was Professorprofessor at Virginiathe University of Virginia. The last [[PhD]] [[dissertation]]s that he directed were in the early [[1990s]].
 
== Spanish politics ==
On returning to Spain in [[1971]] Solana joined the Democratic Co-ordination of Madrid as the [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] (PSOE) representative.
 
In [[1976]], during PSOE's first national congress inside Spain since the [[Spanish civilCivil warWar|civil war]], he was elected Secretary of the party's Federal Executive Commission, and also Secretary for Information and Press, remaining in the post for five years. He was a close personal friend of the party's leader [[Felipe González]], and is considered one of the PSOE leaders responsible for the transformation of the party in the post-Franco era. In 1976 he represented the PSOE at a [[Socialist International]] congress held in [[Suresnes]], France, and again when it was held in Spain in 1977. On 20 May 1977 he accompanied González in visiting [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|King Juan Carlos]] at the Zarzuela Palace.
He was a close personal friend of the party's leader [[Felipe González]], and is considered one of the PSOE leaders responsible for the transformation of the party in the post-Franco era. In [[1976]] he represented the PSOE at a [[Socialist international]] congress held in [[Suresnes]], [[France]], and again when it was held in Spain in [[1977]]. On [[May 20]] [[1977]] he accompanied González in visiting [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|King Juan Carlos]] at the Zarzuela Palace.
He became a representative of a teacher's union in the Complutense University, and in this role won a [[Spanish Congress of Deputies|parliamentary]] seat for PSOE on [[June 15]], [[1977]]. On [[February 23]] [[1981]] he was in the [[Cortes Generales|parliament]] when was it was taken over for 18 hours in an attempted [[23-F|coup]] by armed gunmen led by [[Antonio Tejero]].
 
He became a representative of a teachers' union in the Complutense University, and in this role won a [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|parliamentary]] seat for PSOE on 15 June 1977 and represented the [[Madrid (Congress of Deputies constituency)|Madrid region]] until December 1995. On 23 February 1981 he was in the [[Cortes Generales|parliament]] when it was taken over for 18 hours in an attempted [[23-F|coup]] by gunmen led by [[Antonio Tejero]].
On [[October 28]] [[1982]] PSOE won an historic victory with 202 out of 350 seats in the [[Spanish Congress of Deputies|lower house]]. On [[December 3]], along with the other members of González's first cabinet, Solana was sworn in as Minister for Culture, where he remained until moving to the Ministry of Education in [[1988]]. On [[5 July]] [[1985]] he was also made the Official Spokesman for the Government for three years.
 
On 28 October 1982 PSOE won a historic victory with 202 out of 350 seats in the [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|lower house]]. On 3 December, along with the other members of González's first cabinet, Solana was sworn in as Minister for Culture, where he remained until moving to the Ministry of Education in 1988. In July 1983 he adhered to the position of [[Alfonso Guerra]] calling for an exit of Spain from [[NATO]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1983/07/20/espana/427500002_850215.html|journal=[[El País]]|title=Los ministros Solana, Maravall, Lluch y Campo coinciden con Guerra en que España no debe permanecer en la OTAN|date=20 July 1983|first=Juan|last=Roldán}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4847684.pdf|page=298|title= España en democracia: Actas del IV Congreso de Historia de Nuestro Tiempo|editor=Carlos Navajas Zubeldía & Diego Iturriaga Barco (Coords.)|year=2014|isbn=978-84-617-1203-8 <!--págs. 293-305-->|chapter=OTAN de entrada No. El PSOE y el uso político de la integración española en el Pacto Atlántico o cómo hacer de la necesidad virtud, 1980-1986|first=Carlos Ángel|last=Ordás}}</ref> On 5 July 1985 he was made the Spokesman for the Government for three years.
He was made Minister for Foreign Affairs on [[July 22]] [[1992]], the day before the opening of the II [[Organization of Ibero-American States|Ibero-American]] conference of [[Head of State|heads of state]] in Madrid, replacing the terminally ill [[Francisco Fernández Ordóñez]]. On [[November 27]]&ndash;[[November 28|28]] [[1995]], while Spain held the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|Presidency of the Council of the EU]], Solana convened and chaired the [[Barcelona]] [[Barcelona Conference|Conference]]. A treaty was achieved between the twenty-seven nations in attendance with Solana gaining credit for what he called "a process to foster cultural and economic unity in the [[Mediterranean]] region".
 
He was made Minister for Foreign Affairs on 22 July 1992, the day before the opening of the II [[Organization of Ibero-American States|Ibero-American]] conference of [[head of state|heads of state]] in Madrid, replacing the terminally ill [[Francisco Fernández Ordóñez]]. On 27–28 November 1995, while Spain held the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|Presidency of the Council of the EU]], Solana convened and chaired the [[Barcelona Conference]]. A treaty was achieved between the twenty-seven nations in attendance with Solana gaining credit for what he called "a process to foster cultural and economic unity in the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean region]]".
It was during these thirteen years as a cabinet minister that Solana's reputation as a discreet and diplomatic politician grew. By going to the foreign Ministry in the later years of González administration he avoided the political scandals of corruption, and of the [[Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación|dirty war]] allegedly being fought against [[ETA]], that characterised its last years. towards the end of [[1995]] Solana, the only surviving member of González original cabinet, was talked about in the press as a possible candidate to replace him and lead the PSOE in the following March elections. Instead, he made the leap to international politics.
 
It was during these thirteen years as a cabinet minister that Solana's reputation as a discreet and diplomatic politician grew. By going to the foreign ministry in the later years of the González administration, he avoided the political scandals of corruption, and of the [[GAL (paramilitary group)|dirty war]] allegedly being fought against [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]], that characterised its last years. Towards the end of 1995, Solana – the only surviving member of González's original cabinet – was talked about in the press as a possible candidate to replace him and lead the PSOE in the following March elections. Instead, he made the leap to international politics.
During and after his spell as NATO secretary general (see below) Solana continues to play an active role in PSOE and Spanish politics. In June [[1997]], at the XXXIV PSOE Congress, Solana left their Executive Commission and joined their Federal Committee, being re-elected in second place three years later. By supporting [[Colin Powell]]'s [[February 5]] [[2003]] speech to the UN Security council which claimed that Iraq had [[Weapons of mass destruction|WMD's]] Solana contradicted the position of his party leader [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]], who opposed the [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] government of [[José María Aznar]]'s support for the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]]. Solana is seen, along with González, as representing the older wing of the party. On [[February 15]] [[2005]] he criticised the [[Juan José Ibarretxe|Plan Ibarretxe]] for its position on [[Basque Country]] independence, saying that its call for separate Basque representation within the EU had no place within the proposed EU constitution.
 
During and after his spell as NATO secretary general (see below) Solana continued to play an active role in PSOE and Spanish politics. In June 1997, at the 34th PSOE Congress, Solana left their Executive Commission and joined their Federal Committee, being re-elected in second place three years later. By supporting [[Colin Powell]]'s 5 February 2003 speech to the UN Security Council which claimed that Iraq had [[Weapon of mass destruction|WMDs]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Solana contradicted the position of his party leader [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]], who opposed the [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] government of [[José María Aznar]]'s support for the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]]. Solana is seen, along with González, as representing the older wing of the party. On 15 February 2005 he criticised the [[Juan José Ibarretxe|Plan Ibarretxe]] for its position on [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] independence, saying that its call for separate Basque representation within the EU had no place within the proposed EU constitution.
== NATO ==
 
==Secretary General of NATO==
On [[December 5]], 1995, Solana became the new Secretary-General of [[NATO]], replacing [[Willy Claes]] who had been forced to resign in a [[corruption]] scandal.
His appointment created controversy as he had been an opponent of NATO in his past.
He had written a pamphlet called ''50 Reasons to say no to NATO'', and had been on a US subversives list.
On [[May 30]], [[1982]] Spain joined NATO. When PSOE came to power later that year the party and Solana changed their previous anti-NATO attitude into a [[Atlanticism|atlanticist]], pro-NATO, pro-USA stance.
On [[March 12]], [[1986]] Spain held a [[referendum]] on whether to remain in NATO, with the government and Solana successfully campaigning in favour.
When criticised about his anti NATO past Solana argued that he was happy to be its representative as it had become disassociated from its [[Cold War|cold war]] origins.
 
On 5 December 1995, Solana became the new [[Secretary General of NATO|Secretary-General]] of [[NATO]], replacing [[Willy Claes]] who had been forced to resign in a corruption scandal. His appointment created controversy as, in the past, he had been an opponent of NATO. He had written a pamphlet called ''50 Reasons to say no to NATO'', and had been on a US subversives list.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} On 30 May 1982 Spain joined NATO. When PSOE came to power later that year, Solana and the party changed their previous anti-NATO positions into an [[Atlanticism|atlanticist]], pro-NATO stance. On 12 March 1986 Spain held a [[1986 Spanish NATO membership referendum|referendum]] on whether to remain in NATO, with the government and Solana successfully campaigning in favour. When criticised about his anti-NATO past, Solana argued that he was happy to be its representative as it had become disassociated from its [[Cold War]] origins.
Solana immediately had to take command of the [[Balkans]] NATO mission Operation ''Joint Endeavour'' that consisted of a multinational [[peacekeeping]] Implementation Force (IFOR) of 60,000 soldiers which took over from a [[United Nations]] mission on [[December 20]].
[[Image:Javier Solana Clinton.jpg|thumb|Solana with [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Madeleine Albright]], 1999]]
This came about through the [[Dayton agreement]], after NATO had bombed selected targets in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] the previous August and September. He did this by deploying the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC).
In December [[1996]] the ARRC was again activated, with IFOR being replaced by a 32,000 strong Stabilisation Force (SFOR) under first ''Joint Guard'' and then (in June [[1998]]) under ''Joint Forge''.
 
Former Dutch Prime Minister [[Ruud Lubbers]] had been the leading candidate to replace Claes. According to the then-director
Under Solana's guidance, and in response to a new post cold war era, NATO reorganised its political and military structure and changed its basic strategies.
of policy planning at the State Department, [[James Steinberg]], Lubbers' disagreement with the United States regarding NATO expansion caused concern in Washington: “we decided afterward that we weren’t going to let” Lubbers have the job.<ref> Not One Inch, M.E. Sarotte, p 278-238</ref> The United States worked behind the scenes so as not to appear domineering in what is supposed to be an alliance-wide decision. In an attempt to play on French insecurities, Washington highlighted the French-language skills of Solana in comparison to Lubbers, who did not speak French. Sensing American opposition, Lubbers withdrew his candidacy in November 1995, and Solana became Secretary General in December of that year.
He gained the reputation of being a very successful, diplomatic Secretary General who was capable of negotiating between the differing needs both of the members of NATO and those with whom they were negotiating.
In December 1995 [[France]] returned to the military structure of NATO, while in November 1996 [[Spain]] joined it.
On [[May 27]], [[1997]], after 5 months of long and complex negotiations with [[Russia|Russian]] foreign minister [[Yevgeny Primakov]], an agreement was reached resulting in the [[Paris]] [http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/fndact-a.htm Foundation Act]. This was considered a considerable diplomatic achivement as it formally ended hostilities between Russia and the NATO axis.
On the same day he set up the [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] to improve relations between European NATO and non-NATO coutries.
In July in Madrid the former [[Eastern bloc]] nations of [[Czech Republic]], [[Hungary]] and [[Poland]] were invited to begin talks to enter NATO, which they did on [[March 12]], [[1999]].
 
Solana immediately had to deal with the [[Balkans]] NATO mission Operation ''Joint Endeavour'' that consisted of a multinational peacekeeping ''[[Implementation Force]]'' (IFOR) of 60,000 soldiers which took over from a United Nations mission on 20 December.
===Kosovo war===
This came about through the [[Dayton Agreement]], after NATO had [[Operation Deliberate Force|bombed]] selected targets in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (positions held by [[Army of Republika Srpska|VRS]]) the previous August and September. He did this by deploying the [[Allied Rapid Reaction Corps]] (ARRC). In December 1996 the ARRC was again activated, with IFOR being replaced by a 32,000-strong [[Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Stabilisation Force]] (SFOR) operating under codenames ''Joint Guard'' and later ''Joint Forge''.
Keeping the peace in the former [[Yugoslavia]] continued to be both difficult and controversial.
IFOR and SFOR had received a lot of criticism for their inability to capture the [[Serbia|Serbian]] and [[Bosnia|Bosnian]] leaders [[Radovan Karadzic]] and [[Ratko Mladic]].
In late [[1998]] the conflict in the [[Serbian]] province of [[Kosovo]] between the Serbian authorities and the [[Kosovo Liberation Army]] (KLA) deteriorated, culminating in the [[Racak]] [[Racak incident|incident]], a massacre of 45 [[Albania|Albanians]] on [[January 15]], [[1999]]. NATO decided that the conflict could only be settled by introducing a proper military peacekeeping force under their auspices, to forcibly restrain the two sides.
On [[January 30]], [[1999]] NATO announced that it was prepared to launch air strikes against Yugoslav targets, which was seen as a threat to both sides in the conflict.
On [[February 6]] Solana met both sides for negotiations at the [[Château de Rambouillet]], but they were unsuccessful.
On [[March 24]], Solana launched air attacks on military and civilian targets in both Serbia and Kosovo province.
These attacks were made without the authorisation of the [[United Nations]] (UN) [[UN Security Council|Security Council]] because of the opposition of Russia.
Solana [[Legitimacy of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|justified the attacks]] on humanitarian grounds, and on the responsibility of NATO to keep peace in the [[Europe|European]] region.
He said he wanted to avoid the [[ethnic cleansing]] seen in Bosnia. Solana and NATO were criticised for the civilian casualties their bombings caused.
On [[April 23]] and [[April 24|24]], the [[North Atlantic Council]] met in [[Washington D.C.]] where the [[Heads of State]] of the member nations agreed to the ''New Strategic Concept'', which changed and amplified the basic defensive nature of the organisation. This allowed for [[humanitarian]] intervention in a greater range of crisis situations than before, also allowing NATO to prevent and control the development of crises. NATO was given greater military control.
On [[June 10]], Serbia withdrew from Kosovo, and Solana stopped the attacks, which ended the [[Kosovo War]].
The same day UN Security Council [[Resolution 1244]] authorised NATO to active the ARRc with the Kosovo Force (KFOR) launching Joint Guardian and occupy the province on [[June 12]].
Solana left NATO on [[6 October]], two months ahead of schedule, and was replaced by [[George Robertson]].
 
During Solana's term, NATO reorganised its political and military structure and changed its basic strategies. He gained the reputation of being a successful, diplomatic Secretary General who was capable of negotiating between the differing NATO members and between NATO and non-NATO States. In December 1995 France partially returned to the military structure of NATO, while in November 1996 Spain joined it. On 27 May 1997, after five months of negotiations with Russian foreign minister [[Yevgeny Primakov]], an agreement was reached resulting in the Paris NATO–Russia Founding Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_25468.htm|title=NATO - Official text: Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation signed in Paris, France, 27-May.-1997|publisher=NATO}}</ref> On the same day, Solana presided over the establishment of the [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] to improve relations between European NATO and non-NATO countries.
==EU foreign policy chief==
{{Clear}}
On [[June 3]]&ndash;[[June 4|4]] [[1999]] Solana was appointed by the [[Cologne European Council]] as foreign policy chief of the newly-created [[Common Foreign and Security Policy|CFSP]], which had been established as the second of the three [[Three pillars of the European Union|pillars]] of the [[European Union|EU]] in the [[Maastricht Treaty]]. It has a budget of [[Euro|&#8364;]]40 million, most of which goes to Balkan operations.
He also became Secretary-General of the Council of the EU, presiding over their Political and Security Committee (PSC) and giving a continuity between the rotating [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|presidents]].
 
Keeping the peace in the former [[Yugoslavia]] continued to be both difficult and controversial. IFOR and SFOR had received a lot of criticism for their inability to capture the [[Bosnian Serb]] leaders [[Radovan Karadžić]] and [[Ratko Mladić]]. In late 1998 the [[Kosovo War|conflict]] in [[Kosovo]], between the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] authorities and the [[Kosovar Albanian]] guerilla [[Kosovo Liberation Army]] deteriorated, culminating in the [[Račak massacre]] on 15 January 1999, in which 45 [[Albanians]] were killed. NATO decided that the conflict could only be settled by introducing a proper military peacekeeping force under their auspices, to forcibly restrain the two sides.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} On 30 January 1999, NATO announced that it was prepared to launch air strikes against Yugoslav targets. On 6 February, Solana met both sides for negotiations at the [[Château de Rambouillet]], but they were unsuccessful.
He helps both construct and actualise the decisions of the Council. He is also empowered to negotiate on the EU's behalf with other countries, always with the permission of the current president. These posts began on [[October 18]].
[[File:Pentagon meeting March 15 1999, 990315-D-9880W-016.jpg|thumb|Solana meets with Secretary of Defense [[William Cohen]] at the Pentagon on 15 March 1999]]
On 24 March, NATO forces launched [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|air attacks]] on military and civilian targets in [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. Solana [[Legitimacy of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|justified the attacks]] on humanitarian grounds, and on the responsibility of NATO to keep peace in Europe and to prevent recurrences of [[ethnic cleansing]] and [[genocide]] similar to those which [[Bosnian genocide|occurred]] during the [[Bosnian War]] (1992–1995).
 
Solana and NATO were criticised for the civilian casualties caused by the bombings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/press/2000/02/nato207.htm|title=New Figures on Civilian Deaths in Kosovo War(Human Rights Watch Press Release, Feb. 7, 2000)|website=Hrw.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-Current%20News176.htm|title=Human Rights Watch Letter to NATO Secretary General Concerning Allaged Violations of the Laws of War. (13 May 1999)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224230203/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/Kosovo-Current%20News176.htm |access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=24 February 2012 }}</ref>
A major element of the CFSP is the [[European Security and Defence Policy]] (ESDP) and initiated by the [[Amsterdam Treaty]]. At the [[Cologne]] and [[Helsinki]] (December, 1999) [[European Council]] meetings it was agreed to set up a 60,000 strong [[European Rapid Reaction Force]] in order to fulfil the Petersberg tasks.
On 23–24 April, the [[North Atlantic Council]] met in Washington D.C. where the [[Heads of State]] of the member nations agreed with the ''New Strategic Concept'', which changed the basic defensive nature of the organisation and allowed for NATO intervention in a greater range of situations than before.
On [[November 20]] he also became Secretary-General of the [[Western European Union|WEU]], a partially dormant European defence and security organisation. He thus oversees the ongoing transfer of functions from the WEU to the EU, with this latter appointment being a part of the partial merger of the WEU into the CFSP, though some have claimed that the WEU is now more active under Solana's leadership. Both the [[European Union Institute for Security Studies]] (EUISS) and the [[European Union Satellite Centre]] (EUSC) are organisations that were under the WEU but are now under the CFSP.
 
On 10 June, Serbian forces withdrew from Kosovo, and NATO stopped its attacks, which ended the Kosovo War. The same day [[UN Security Council Resolution 1244]] authorised NATO to activate the [[Allied Rapid Reaction Corps|ARRC]], with the [[Kosovo Force]] launching Operation ''Joint Guardian'' and occupying the province on 12 June. Solana left NATO on 6 October 1999, two months ahead of schedule, and was replaced by [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]].
The [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] administration claimed in May [[2000]] that Solana was the fulfillment of [[Henry Kissinger]]'s desire to have a phone number to talk to Europe. In [[December 2003]] Solana released the European Security Strategy which sets out the main priorities and identifying the main threats to the security of the EU, including [[terrorism]]. On [[March 25]] [[2004]] Solana appointed [[Gijs de Vries]] as the anti-terrorist co-ordinator for the CFSP, and outlined his duties as being to streamline, organise and co-ordinate the EU and its members fight against terrorism.
 
==EU foreign policy chief==
Solana's posts were extended on [[June 29]] [[2004]] when he was also designated the EU's first [[Union Minister for Foreign Affairs|Minister for Foreign Affairs]], a job combining the head of the CFSP with the [[European Commission|European Commissioner]] for Foreign Relations (in May [[2000]] [[Chris Patten]], then Commissioner for Foreign Relations claimed that Solana was encroaching on his activities) and Vice President of the Council of the EU in [[2006]] (if the new [[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe|EU constitution]] is ratified).
[[File:Vladimir Putin, Silvio Berlusconi and Javier Solana.jpg|thumb|Italian Prime Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]], Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] and Solana at the EU-Russia summit in Rome, 2003]]
On [[July 12]] [[2004]] he was named head of a new [[European Defence Agency]] that provides political guidance to ensure greater efficiency in EU members military spending.
[[File:Hassan Rouhani -Brussels Agreement (TCA) - December 14, 2004.png|thumb|Solana with [[Hassan Rouhani]], 2004]]
After leaving NATO, Solana took up a role in the [[European Union]]. Earlier in the year, on 4 June 1999, he was appointed by the [[List of European Councils#Cologne 1999|Cologne European Council]] as Secretary-General of the [[Council of the European Union]]. An administrative position but it was decided that the Secretary-General would also be appointed [[High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy]] (CFSP). In this role he represented the EU abroad where there was an agreed common policy. He took up the post on 18 October 1999, shortly after standing down from NATO. The post has a budget of €40 million, most of which went to Balkan operations. From 25 November 1999 he was also appointed Secretary-General of [[Western European Union]] (WEU), overseeing the transfer of responsibilities from that organisation to the CFSP. In 2004 his 5-year mandate was renewed. He also became president of the [[European Defence Agency]].
 
The [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] administration claimed in May 2000 that Solana was the fulfilment of [[Henry Kissinger]]'s famous desire to have a phone number to talk to Europe.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} In December 2003 Solana released the [[European Security Strategy]], which sets out the main priorities and identifies the main threats to the security of the EU, including terrorism. On 25 March 2004 Solana appointed [[Gijs de Vries]] as the anti-terrorist co-ordinator for the CFSP, and outlined his duties as being to streamline, organise and co-ordinate the EU's fight against terrorism.
Solana has received both criticism and praise for the extent of the new powers outlined in the new Constitution.
 
He has said that even under the new constitution the minister can only act when there is unanimity amongst member states.
On 29 June 2004 he was designated to become the EU's first "Union Minister for Foreign Affairs", a position created by the [[Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe|European Constitutional Treaty]] combining the head of the [[CFSP]] with that of the [[European Commissioner for External Relations]]. It would give a single voice to foreign policy and combine the powers and influence of the two posts with a larger budget, more staff and a coherent diplomatic corps. The position (colloquially known as "Mr. Europe") has been partly maintained in the [[Treaty of Lisbon|Reform Treaty]] as ''[[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]]'', but Solana is not going to take the post as he announced that he would step down at the end of his term.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.today/20120914043812/http://www.rnw.nl/ar/node/10170 | title=EU's Solana to step down &#124; Radio Netherlands Worldwide }}</ref>
 
In late 2004, Solana held secret negotiations with [[Hamas]] leaders, saying that he met them at a time when there seemed to be an opportunity for progress, and were to "pass a clear message of what the international community wants", and said that the meetings occurred "months" before.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4040571.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Middle East - EU denies secret talks with Hamas|website=Bbc.co.uk|date=25 November 2004}}</ref>
 
On [[April 18]], [[2005]] he told French students while electioneering for the [[May 29]] referendum held there over ratifying the constitution that there is hostility towards the EU constitution from some American neoconservatives because they believe it represents a new rise in Europe's power. On [[May 4]] he said the constitution would not undermine NATO. He has emphasised how important the ratification is to the security of the EU members. Ratification depends upon the complete assent of all constituent countries. On [[May 29]], [[2005]], the French voters clearly rejected ratification. Javier Solana has said that despite this the EU will remain an actor on the world stage and would forge ahead with plans for a new diplomatic service which Solana would still lead, and will take a very careful, detailed look at the situation.
===Foreign affairs===
[[File:Javier Solana Colin Powell.jpg|thumb|Solana with [[Colin Powell]] in April 2003]]
He has negotiated numerous Treaties of Association between the European Union and various [[Middle East|Middle Eastern]] and [[Latin American]] countries, including [[Bolivia]] and [[Colombia]]. Solana played a pivotal role in unifying the remainder of the former Yugoslavian federation. He proposed that [[Montenegro]] formed a union with [[Serbia]] instead of having full independence, stating that this was done to avoid a domino effect from [[Kosovo]] and [[Vojvodina]] independence demands. Local media sarcastically named the new country "Solania".
He negotiated a number of Treaties of Association between the European Union and various Middle Eastern and [[Latin American]] countries, including [[Bolivia]] and [[Colombia]]. Solana played a pivotal role in unifying the remainder of the former Yugoslavian federation. He proposed that [[Montenegro]] form a union with [[Serbia]] instead of having full independence, stating that this was done to avoid a [[domino effect]] from [[Kosovo]] and [[Vojvodina]] independence demands. Local media sarcastically named the new country "Solania".{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
 
On [[21 January 21]] [[2002]] Solana said that the detainees at [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp|Guantanamo Bay]] should be treated as prisoners of war under the [[Geneva Convention]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Solana urges POW status for Afghan captives|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/solana-urges-pow-status-for-afghan-captives-1.411034|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> The EU has stated that it hopes to avoid another war like the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraqi invasion]] through this and future negotiations, and Solana has said the most difficult moments of his job were when the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]], the two permanent EU [[Security Council]] members, were in [[Iraq disarmament crisis|disagreement]].
 
The so-called [[Vilnius letter]], a declaration of support by eastern europeanEuropean countries for the United States' aim of régime change in Iraq, and [[The letter of the eight|the letter of the eight]], a similar letter from predominantlythe westernUK, europeanItaly, and six second-tier countries, are generally seen {{By whom|date=December 2010}} as a low-water mark of the CFSP. Solana has played an important role working with the [[UN]], [[Russia]], and the [[United States|USA]] quartet in the Middle East and continues to be a primary architect of "The Roadmap" to work towards peaceful end to the conflict in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].
 
[[File:Ukrainian Round Table 2004.jpg|thumb|Round table talks with Ukrainian and foreign representatives during the [[Orange Revolution]] in [[Ukraine]], on 1 December 2004]]
On [[July 22]] [[2004]] he met [[Ariel Sharon]] in [[Israel]]. Sharon had originally refused to meet Solana, but eventually accepted that, whether he liked it or not, the EU was involved in the Roadmap. He criticised Israel for obstructing the [[Palestinian presidential election, 2005|Palestinian presidential election]] of [[January 9]], [[2005]], but then met Sharon again on [[January 13]]. In [[November 2004]] he assisted the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], and [[Germany]] in negotiating a nuclear material enrichment freeze with [[Iran]].
Solana has played an important role working toward a resolution to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], and continues to be a primary architect of the "[[Road Map for Peace]]," along with the UN, Russia, and the United States in the [[Quartet on the Middle East]]. On 22 July 2004 he met [[Ariel Sharon]] in Israel. Sharon had originally refused to meet Solana, but eventually accepted that, whether he liked it or not, the EU was involved in the Road Map. He criticised Israel for obstructing the [[2005 Palestinian presidential election|Palestinian presidential election]] of 9 January 2005, but then met Sharon again on 13 January.
In the same month he was involved in mediating between the two presidential candidates in the [[Post-election developments in Ukraine, 2004|post-election developments]] in [[Ukraine]], and on [[21 January]] [[2005]] he invited Ukraine's new [[President of Ukraine|President]] [[Viktor Yushchenko]] to discuss future EU membership.
 
In November 2004 Solana assisted the United Kingdom, France and Germany in negotiating a nuclear material enrichment freeze with [[Iran]]. In the same month he was involved in mediating between the two presidential candidates in the [[Post-election developments in Ukraine, 2004|post-election developments]] in Ukraine, and on 21 January 2005 he invited Ukraine's new President [[Viktor Yushchenko]] to discuss future EU membership.<ref name=Waging>Clark, Wesley K. ''Waging Modern War''. New York: Perseus Books Group, 2001–2002, p. 15</ref>
==Other==
[[File:Manmohan Singh at the family photograph of India –EU summit with the President of the European Commission Mr. Barroso, the Prime Minister of Finland, Mr. Matti Vanhanen and the Secretary General of the European Union.jpg|thumb|President of the European Commission [[José Manuel Barroso]], Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], Finnish Prime Minister [[Matti Vanhanen]] and Solana at the EU-India summit in Helsinki, 2006]]
Solana is married to Concepción Solana, and they have two adult children, Diego and Vega, but he lives alone in [[Brussels]], where his apartment has a reputation of being a focal point for Spanish politicians in or visiting this capital. He speaks fluent [[French language|French]], as well as [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. He has admitted that his family life has suffered as a result of his work.
In 2010, after he had left office, Solana signed a petition along with 25 other EU leaders directed at his successor, [[Catherine Ashton]], calling for EU sanctions on [[Israel]] in response to continued [[Israeli settlement|settlement construction]] in the [[West Bank]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11968304|title=Former EU leaders urge sanctions for Israel settlements|date=10 December 2010|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
 
==Other activities==
He describes himself as an Atlanticist and a [[Europeanist|European]]. He has been said to eat little and sleep less, surviving on a diet of fish and fruit. He is a [[gun]] collector. He enjoys doing a little [[sport]] every day, and particularly [[swimming]], [[cycling]] and [[running]].
* Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Member of the Board of Trustees<ref>[https://www.isglobal.org/en/governance Governance] Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal).</ref>
* [[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR), Member of the Global Board of Advisors<ref>[https://www.cfr.org/global-board-advisors Global Board of Advisors] [[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR).</ref>
* [[Elcano Royal Institute|Elcano Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies]], Member of the Board of Trustees<ref>[http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/about-elcano/board-of-trustees Board of Trustees] [[Elcano Royal Institute|Elcano Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies]].</ref>
* [[Global Leadership Foundation]] (GLF), Member<ref>[https://www.g-l-f.org/index.cfm?pagepath=Members/Members_by_Region&id=82634 Membership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306055817/https://www.g-l-f.org/index.cfm?pagepath=Members%2FMembers_by_Region&id=82634 |date=6 March 2019 }} [[Global Leadership Foundation]] (GLF).</ref>
* [[International Crisis Group]] (ICG), Board of Trustees (since 2010)<ref>[https://www.crisisgroup.org/who-we-are/crisis-group-updates/crisis-group-announces-new-board-members-01-07-2010 Crisis Group Announces New Board Members] [[International Crisis Group]] (ICG), press release of 1 July 2010.</ref>
* [[Munich Security Conference]], Member of the Advisory Council<ref>[https://www.securityconference.de/en/about/advisory-council/ Advisory Council] [[Munich Security Conference]]</ref>
* [[Project Syndicate]], Contributor (since 2004)
* [[European Leadership Network]] (ELN), Senior Network Member<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Network|url=https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/networks/network-members/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Europeanleadershipnetwork.org|language=en-GB}}</ref>
 
==Personal life==
General [[Wesley Clark]] once asked Solana the secret of his diplomatic success. He answered: "Make no enemies, and never ask a question to which you do not know or like the answer." He has been described as a "squarer of circles".
Solana is married to Concepción Giménez, and they have two adult children, Diego and Vega. He lives in [[Brussels]], where his apartment has a reputation of being a focal point for Spanish politicians in or visiting the European capital. Apart from his native Spanish, he also speaks fluent French, as well as English.
 
General [[Wesley Clark]] once asked Solana the secret of his diplomatic success. He answered: "Make no enemies, and never ask a question to which you do not know or like the answer."<ref name=Waging/> He has been described as a "[[squaring the circle|squarer of circles]]."{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}
U.S. [[ambassador]] to NATO [[Alexander Vershbow]] said of him: "He is an extraordinary consensus-builder who works behind the scenes with leaders on both sides of the Atlantic to ensure that NATO is united when it counts." He is a frequent speaker at the prestigious U.S. based [[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR). He is likewise active in the Foreign Policy Association (FPA) as well as the New York City based East West Institute.
 
U.S. ambassador to NATO [[Alexander Vershbow]] said of him: "He is an extraordinary consensus-builder who works behind the scenes with leaders on both sides of the Atlantic to ensure that NATO is united when it counts."{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} He is a frequent speaker at the prestigious U.S. based [[Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR). He is likewise active in the Foreign Policy Association (FPA) as well as the New York City based East West Institute. In March 2010, Solana became honorary president of the [[Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue]], and in 2011 became a Member of the [[Global Leadership Foundation]], an organization which works to promote good governance around the world. He also became a member of [[Human Rights Watch]] board of directors the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-01-27|title=Solana, Jilani, and Matsumoto Join Human Rights Watch Board|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/01/27/solana-jilani-and-matsumoto-join-human-rights-watch-board|access-date=2020-10-26|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref>
He is a [[Knight]] of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]], a member of the Spanish section of the [[Club of Rome]]. He has received the Grand Cross of [[Isabella of Castile|Isabel the Catholic]] in Spain and the [[Manfred Wörner|Manfred Wörner Medal]] from the German Defence Ministry. He received the Vision for Europe Award in [[2003]]. He has been President of the [[Madariaga European Foundation]] since [[1998]].
 
He is an honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]], a member of the Spanish section of the [[Club of Rome]]. He has received the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic|Grand Cross of]] [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabel the Catholic]] in Spain and the [[Manfred Wörner|Manfred Wörner Medal]] from the German defence ministry. He has been President of the [[Madariaga - College of Europe Foundation]] since 1998. He received the [[Vision for Europe Award]] in 2003. Also in 2003, he received the 'Statesman of the Year Award' from the [[EastWest Institute]], a Transatlantic think tank that organizes an annual security conference in Brussels. In 2006 Solana received the [[Wateler Peace Prize|Carnegie-Wateler peace prize]]. He has also been awarded the [[Charlemagne Prize]] for 2007 for his distinguished services on behalf of European unification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karlspreis.de/index.php?id=32&doc=62|title=Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen – News<!-- Bot generated title -->|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105051208/http://www.karlspreis.de/index.php?id=32&doc=62|archive-date=5 January 2007}}</ref> In December 2009, Javier Solana joined ESADE Business School as president of its new Centre for Global Economy and Geopolitics. In January 2010, King [[Juan Carlos I]] appointed Javier Solana the 1,194th [[Knight]] of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] for his career in diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2010/01/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2010-1055.pdf|title=OTRAS DISPOSICIONES : JEFATURA DEL ESTADO|website=Boe.es|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>
<center>
 
<table border="1">
On 11 March 2020 Solana was admitted to the hospital after being infected by [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Spain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-spain-solana/former-nato-chief-javier-solana-has-coronavirus-source-idUSL8N2B67VA|title=Former NATO chief Javier Solana has coronavirus - source|date=13 March 2020|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
<tr>
 
<td width="30%" align="center">'''Preceded by''':<br>
== Awards and honours ==
[[Willy Claes]]</td>
=== Spanish honours ===
<td width="40%" align="center">[[NATO |Secretary General of NATO]]</td>
* [[File:ESP Alfonso X Order GC.svg|60px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise]] (1996)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1996/01/27/pdfs/A02675-02675.pdf|title=Javier Solana's Order of Alfonso X, the Wise appointment. Spanish Official Journal (96/01/27) (PDF)|website=Boe.es|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>
<td width="30%" align="center">'''Succeeded by''':<br>
* [[File:ESP Charles III Order GC.svg|60px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]] (1997)<ref name="ciboc">{{in lang|es}}[http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/espana/javier_solana_madariaga Javier Solana Madariaga, Barcelona Centre for International Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905204601/http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/europa/espana/javier_solana_madariaga |date=5 September 2007 }}.</ref>
[[George Robertson]] </td>
* [[File:ESP Isabella Catholic Order GC.svg|60px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]] (2000)<ref name="ciboc"/>
</tr>
* [[File:Order of the Golden Fleece ribbon bar.svg|60px]] Knight of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] (2010)<ref name="ciboc"/>
</table>
 
</center>
=== Other countries ===
* [[File:CZE Rad Bileho Lva 2 tridy BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Officer of the [[Order of the White Lion]] ([[Czech Republic]], 1998)
* [[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|60px]] Honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] ([[United Kingdom]], 2000)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* [[Manfred Wörner#Manfred Wörner Medal|Manfred Wörner Medal]] of the [[Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)|Federal German Ministry of Defence]] ([[Germany]], 2002)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* [[File:Order for Exceptional Merits (Slovenia).svg|60px]] Recipient of the [[Order for Exceptional Merits (Slovenia)|Order for Exceptional Merits]] ([[Slovenia]], 2004)
* [[File:POL Order Zaslugi RP kl1 BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]] ([[Poland]], 2005)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2005/11/11/catalunya/1131674847_850215.html|title=Pujol glosa la defensa identitaria al recibir la cruz del mérito de Polonia|date=10 November 2005|access-date=1 July 2022|newspaper=El País}}</ref>
* [[File:LTU Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas - Commander's Cross BAR.png|60px]] Commander Cross of the [[Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas]] ([[Lithuania]], 2005)
* [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 6 GrVK Stern Band.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Order of Merit of the Federal Republic]] (Germany, 2007)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* [[File:PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]] ([[Portugal]], 2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.que.es/gente/fotos/secretario-general-otan-espanol-javier-f109169.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219014952/http://www.que.es/gente/fotos/secretario-general-otan-espanol-javier-f109169.html|url-status=dead|title=Javier Solana knight of the Christ Order, Que.es|archive-date=19 December 2013|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[File:GEO Golden Fleece Order BAR.svg|60px]] Knight of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Georgia|Georgian Order of the Golden Fleece]] ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], 2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.que.es/ultimas-noticias/espana/201003301419-saakashvili-condecora-solana-apoyo-intereses.html|title=Saakashvili condecora a Solana por su apoyo a los intereses de Georgia|work=que.es|access-date=18 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219015825/http://www.que.es/ultimas-noticias/espana/201003301419-saakashvili-condecora-solana-apoyo-intereses.html|archive-date=19 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
=== Awards ===
 
* [[Vision for Europe Award]], Edmond Israel Foundation (2003)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* Statesman of the Year Award, EastWest Institute (2003)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* [[Wateler Peace Prize]], [[Carnegie Foundation (Netherlands)|Carnegie Foundation]] (2006)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* Peace Through Dialogue Medal, [[Munich Security Conference]] (2007)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* [[Charlemagne Prize]] (2007)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* Peace Award of the World Children's Parliament (2008)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* Extraordinary Prize of the [[Ministry of Defence (Spain)|Spanish Ministry of Defence]] (2009)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* Convivencia Award, [[Manuel Broseta]] Foundation (2009)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* [[Charles V European Award]], European Academy of Yuste Foundation (2010)<ref name="ciboc"/>
* Ewald-von-Kleist Award, Munich Security Conference (2010)<ref name="ciboc"/>/
* [[Knight of Freedom Award]], the [[The Casimir Pulaski Foundation|Casimir Pulaski Foundation]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pulaski.pl/member/javier-solana/ |title=Javier Solana |website=Pulaski.pl|access-date=2018-01-06}}</ref>
* [[Honorary degree]] ([[political science]]), [[London School of Economics]]<ref name="ciboc"/>
* [[Gold Medal of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe]] (2011)<ref name="ciboc"/>
 
===Arms===
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|symbolism = The arms of Solana family [[Quartering (heraldry)|quartered]] with the arms of the House of Madariaga.<ref>Ceballos-Escalera Gila, Alfonso de, Marqués de la Floresta; Mayoralgo y Lodo, José Miguel de, Conde de los Acevedos (1950-); Menéndez Pidal, Faustino (1996). ''La Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro y su armorial ecuestre''. Madrid: Patrimonio Nacional and Ed. Toisón {{ISBN|978-84-922198-0-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.albakits.com/SOLANA.htm|title=S O L A N A|date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219004954/http://www.albakits.com/SOLANA.htm |access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.albakits.com/MADARIAGA.htm|title=M A D A R I A G A|date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219004650/http://www.albakits.com/MADARIAGA.htm |access-date=1 July 2022|archive-date=19 December 2013 }}</ref>
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==See also==
*[[ListEnlargement of the European Union-related topics]]
*[[General Affairs and ExternalForeign Affairs Council]]
*[[History of Serbia and Montenegro]]
*[[Peace of Westphalia]]
*[[Politics of Europe]]
*[[History of the European Constitution]]
*[[History of the European Union]]
*[[EnlargementList of the European Union-related topics]]
*[[ItaviaPolitics Flightof 870Europe]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}
 
== External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://ue.eu.int/solana/cv.asp Curriculum Vitae of Javier Solana]
*{{CIDOB|europa/espana/javier_solana_madariaga}} (updated {{As of|2010|alt=to 2010}})
*[http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/infoBios/setimes/resource_centre/bios/solana_javier shorter biography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110605080439/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/diplomacy-solana.1q2 Solana steps down as EU foreign policy chief]
*[http://www.cidob.org/bios/castellano/lideres/s-041.htm Biography in Spanish]
*[http://euobserver.com/18/29069 EU's quiet diplomat steps aside after 10 years]
*[http://www.sispain.org/english/history/fisherie/position/disputes/foreign.html Interview as Spanish foreign minister in conflict with Canada]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040408225131/http://ue.eu.int/solana/cv.asp Curriculum Vitae of Javier Solana]
*[http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/javier/solnato.htm Solana and NATO article]
*[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r104:S08DE5-237: Assessment of next NATO Secretary General] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106201923/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r104:S08DE5-237: |date=6 November 2015 }}
*[http://afa.at/globalview/052000/solana.html Solana's development of a Common Foreign and Security Policy]
*[http://emperors-clothes.com/articles/javier/solnato.htm Spain and Solana's integration into NATO]
*[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r104:S08DE5-237: Assessment of next NATO Secretary General]
*[http://www.statewatch.org/news/jul00/05solana.htm Civil liberties and Solana]
*[http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/med_mideast/intro/index.htm Euro-Mediterranean Partnership for Peace]
*[http://www.newropeans-magazine.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2154&Itemid=85 Interview about EDSP]
*[http://wwwec.madariagaeuropa.coleurop.beeu/ Madariagaworld/enp/policy_en.htm European FoundationNeighbourhood Policy]
*[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_138048.htm NATO Declassified - Javier Solana (biography)]
*[http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:c0RRgAW8cvsJ:ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/sghr_int/84246.pdf+&hl=en&lr=lang_en|lang_es&client=firefox-a Interview with Physics world magazine]
*{{IMDb name|1535528}}
*{{C-SPAN|41863}}
*[http://www.newropeans-magazine.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2154&Itemid=85 Interview about EDSP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716203406/http://www.newropeans-magazine.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2154&Itemid=85 |date=16 July 2015 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050406211058/http://www.sispain.org/english/history/fisherie/position/disputes/foreign.html Interview as Spanish foreign minister in conflict with Canada]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050328011859/http://ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/sghr_int/84246.pdf Interview with Physics world magazine]
*[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141126085324/http://www.exploring-europe.eu/foreignpolicy Online Resource Guide to EU Foreign Policy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050524235505/http://www.madariaga.coleurop.be/ Madariaga European Foundation]
*[http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/infoBios/setimes/resource_centre/bios/solana_javier Shorter biography of Javier Solana]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421171124/http://afa.at/globalview/052000/solana.html Solana's development of a Common Foreign and Security Policy]
*[http://www.pmo.gov.il/NR/exeres/EE42775C-31E8-469B-A76A-57905CC3348E.htm Solana meets Sharon, July 2004]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6460925.stm The puzzle of Solana's power]
*[http://www.globalagendamagazine.com/2005/javiersolana.asp Solana writes in Global agenda magazine]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709033342/http://www.politikwissenschaft.uni-wuerzburg.de/fileadmin/06060030/user_upload/FLYER_engl-dt.pdf Book about Javier Solana, 2011]
 
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{{s-bef|before=[[Soledad Becerril]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Culture (Spain)|Minister of Culture]]|years=1982–1988}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jorge Semprún]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Eduardo Sotillos]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Government of Spain|Spokesman for the Government]]|years=1985–1988}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rosa Conde]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Education (Spain)|Minister of Education]]|years=1988–1992}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Francisco Fernández Ordóñez]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Foreign Ministers of Spain|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1992–1995}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Carlos Westendorp]]}}
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{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Jürgen Trumpf]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy]]|years=1999–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Catherine Ashton]]|as=High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union]]|years=1999–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pierre de Boissieu]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Sergio Balanzino]]<br />{{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary General of NATO]]|years=1995–1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[José Cutileiro]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Secretaries General of the Western European Union|Secretary General of the Western European Union]]|years=1999–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arnaud Jacomet]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[José Manuel Barroso]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Speaker of the [[College of Europe]] Opening Ceremony|years=2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jean-Claude Juncker]]}}
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{{NATOSecGens}}
[[Category:1942 births|Solana, Javier]]
{{High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy of the European Union}}
[[Category:Spanish politicians|Solana, Javier]]
{{Charlemagne Prize recipients}}
[[Category:NATO Secretaries General|Solana]]
{{Members of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece}}
{{Authority control}}
 
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[[Category:Complutense University of Madrid alumni]]
[[simple:Javier Solana]]
[[Category:Academic staff of ESADE]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Spain]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the White Lion]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the constituent Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]
[[Category:Members of the 3rd Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]
[[Category:Members of the 4th Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]
[[Category:Members of the 5th Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Madrid]]
[[Category:Political office-holders of the European Union]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Georgia)]]
[[Category:Secretaries general of NATO]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish physicists]]
[[Category:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians]]
[[Category:University of Virginia alumni]]
[[Category:Western European Union people]]
[[Category:Culture ministers of Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish officials of the European Union]]
[[Category:Center on International Cooperation]]
[[Category:Human Rights Watch people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 3rd class]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish diplomats]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish diplomats]]
[[Category:Secretaries-general of the Council of the European Union]]
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