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{{About year|1318}}
[[File:Emperor-Go-Daigo-by-Ogata-Gekko-1904.png|upright=1.35|thumb|March 29: [[Emperor Go-Daigo|Go-Daigo]] becomes the 96th emperor of [[Japan]]]]
{{Year nav|1318}}
{{C14 year in topic}}
Year '''1318''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCCXVIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].
== Events ==
=== January – March ===
* [[January 23]] – [[Pope John XXII]] issues the papal bull ''Gloriosam ecclesiam'', excommunicating the [[Fraticelli]], or Spiritual Franciscans from the Roman Catholic Church. The group is known for pursuing strictly the Franciscan ideal of Apostolic poverty and attempting to force others to do so. The Pope cites as reasons for the excommunication that the adherents are guilty of making accusations of corruption, against the Church, denial of the authority of priests, refusal to take oaths to the church, teaching that priests could not confer sacraments, and claiming to be the only group to be true observers of the Gospel.<ref>"Fraticelli", in ''Historical Dictionary of Radical Christianity'', by William H. Brackney (Scarecrow Press, 2012) p.131</ref>
* [[January 26]] – Sir [[Gilbert Middleton]], an English knight who had rebelled against King Edward II and kidnapped the Bishop of Durham on September 1, is convicted of treason and then executed by being [[hanged, drawn and quartered]].<ref name=Prestwich>"Middleton, Sir Gilbert", by Michael Prestwich, in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004)</ref>
* [[February 12]] – In Italy, [[Cangrande I della Scala]], [[Lords of Verona|Lord of Verona]] successfully takes [[Padua]]. Led by [[Jacopo I da Carrara]], the Paduan Greater Council agrees to cede the territories of [[Monselice]], [[Este, Italy|Este]], [[Castelbaldo]] and [[Montagnana]] to Cangrande for life.<ref>A. M. Allen, ''A History of Verona'' (Methuen & Co., 1910)</ref>
* [[February 14]] – In Germany, [[Henry II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal|Henry II]] becomes the new Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal upon the death of his father [[Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg|Henry Lackland]].
* [[March 27]] – [[Philip V of France|King Philip of France and Navarre]] reaches an agreement with the [[Capetian House of Burgundy]] to settle dissatisfaction over his claim of the crown as the brother of the late [[Louis X of France|Louis X]], ahead of [[Joan II of Navarre|Joan of Burgundy]], the 4-year-old daughter of Louis X. King Philip agrees that Joan will arrange for Joan to eventually become the Queen of Navarre.<ref>Elena Woodacre, ''The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) p.55</ref>
* [[March 29]] – (Bunpō 2, 26th day of 2nd month) Japan's [[Emperor Hanazono]] abdicates the throne after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin, [[Emperor Go-Daigo|Go-Daigo]], who will rule until [[1339]]).<ref>Varley, H. Paul (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns'', p. 240. New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}.</ref>
=== April – June ===
* [[April 1]]
**Pope John XXII creates the [[Archdiocese]] of [[Soltaniyeh]] (now located in northwestern Iran), bringing the Roman Catholic hierarchy to the Ilkhanate in Persia, with the Dominican missionary Francesco da Perugia (Francon de Perouse) as the first Archbishop.<ref>Robin E. Waterfield, ''Christians in Persia: Assyrians, Armenians, Roman Catholics and Protestants'' (Taylor & Francis, 2018) p.53</ref><ref>Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard, ''A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East'' (University of Wisconsin Press, 1985) p.495</ref> Francesco and six bishops arrive on August 1.
**After the appointment of Guglielmo di Balaeto as rector by Pope John XXII with broad powers before the city of Benevento, the inhabitants rise against the Pope and demand some political autonomy. Finally, the rebellion is crushed by papal forces.<ref>''Le Pergamene di Sezze (1181–1347): Documenti'' (Società romana di storia patria, 1989) p.371</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Uginet|first=F.|title=La vie à l'abbaye de Sainte-Sophie de Bénévent dans la première moitié du XIVe siècle|journal=Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire|year=1968|series=80|volume=80|issue=2|pages=681–704|doi=10.3406/mefr.1968.7564}}</ref>
* [[April 2]] – After a two-day battle, Scottish forces under [[James Douglas, Lord of Douglas|James the Black]] retake [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]]. The fall of Berwick is a severe blow for King [[Edward II of England|Edward II]], and its loss is compounded by the fall of the Northumbrian castles of [[Wark on Tweed Castle|Wark-on-Tweed]] (Carham Castle), [[Harbottle Castle|Harbottle]] and [[Mitford Castle|Mitford]].<ref>Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: ''Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory'', p. 83. {{ISBN|1-85532-609-4}}.</ref>
* [[April 16]] – An agreement with [[Birger, King of Sweden]] is made to release his two brothers [[Valdemar, Duke of Finland]] and [[Eric Magnusson (duke)|Eric Magnusson, Duke of Södermanland]], who had been imprisoned at [[Nyköping Castle]] since December 10. The treaty is brokered by Valdemar's wife [[Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway]] and Eric's wife, Princess [[Ingeborg of Norway]], who pledge for Valdemar and Eric to renounce all claims to the Swedish throne. However, Valdemar and Eric have already died inside the prison, and the discovery leads to a rebellion against King Birger.
* [[April 30]] – The coronation ceremony of [[Emperor Go-Daigo|Go-Daigo]] as [[Emperor of Japan]] is held.
* [[May 7]] – At the marketplace in the French city of [[Marseille]], four of the most defiant members of the [[Fraticelli]] (or Spiritual Franciscans) are found guilty of heresy and burned at the stake.<ref>David Burr, ''Olivi and Franciscan Poverty: The Origins of the Usus Pauper Controversy'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017) p. ix</ref><ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 157. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* [[May 10]] – [[Battle of Dysert O'Dea]]: An Irish confederation defeats the [[Hiberno-Normans]] under [[Richard de Clare, Steward of Forest of Essex|Richard de Clare]]. During the battle, some 500 men are killed, along with 80 English nobles.
* [[May]] – Having captured Berwick-upon-Tweed, Scottish forces under King [[Robert the Bruce]] raid [[Yorkshire]] and burn [[Northallerton]], [[Boroughbridge]] and [[Knaresborough]] (where some 140 houses are destroyed). They also terrorize the citizens of [[Ripon]], who are spared destruction, on payment of 1,000 marks.<ref>Armstrong, Pete (2002). Osprey: ''Bannockburn 1314 – Robert Bruce's great victory'', p. 86. {{ISBN|1-85532-609-4}}.</ref>
* [[June 11]] – [[John Hotham (bishop)|John Hotham]] is appointed as the [[Lord Chancellor|Lord Chancellor of England]], the highest ranking office for a member of parliament, by King Edward II.<ref>E. B. Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' (Cambridge University Press, 1996) p. 86</ref>
* [[June 12]] – Russians destroy areas of Finland and burn Kuusisto castle in 1318. They rob Turku on the 12th of June.
* [[June 13]] – [[Robert, King of Naples]] delivers an ultimatum to [[Matilda of Hainaut]], ruler of the Greek [[Principality of Achaea]], to accept marriage to [[John of Gravina]] or to lose her right to rule.<ref>"The Morea, 1311–1364", by Peter Topping, in ''A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries'', ed. by Kenneth M. Setton and Harry W. Hazard (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975) p.115</ref>
* [[June 18]] – The arranged marriage of 6-year-old [[Joan II of Navarre|Joan of Burgundy]] and 12-year-old [[Philip III of Navarre|Philip of Navarre]] is held as part of a contract for Joan and Philip to eventually become the co-monarchs of Navarre. The two will succeed to the monarchy in [[1328]].
* [[June 27]] – The reign of King Birger of Sweden ends as supporters of his late brothers, Valdemar and Eric, storm the [[Nyköping Castle]]. Birger and his wife flee to [[Stegeborg Castle]], then flee again when the rebels capture the stronghold in August.
=== July – September ===
* [[July 13]] – [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani]], the Grand Vizier of the Ilkhanate in Iran during the reign of the Mongol Ilkhan [[Öljaitü]], is convicted of the 1316 murder of the Ilkhan, and is executed (along with his son Ibrahim Izzaddin).<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''The Jews of Islam'' (Princeton University Press, 2014) p.101</ref>
* [[July 22]] – (22 Jumada I 718) In what is now northwestern Algeria, [[Abu Tashufin I]] assassinates his father, [[Abu Hammu I]], [[Kingdom of Tlemcen|Sultan of Tlemcen]], and becomes the new monarch.<ref>[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/abu-hammu-i-SIM_0192 "Abū Ḥammu I"], by A. Bel, in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', 2nd. Edition, ed. by C.E. Bosworth, et al. (Brill, 1960) p.122</ref>
* [[July 25]] – In Italy, [[Jacopo I da Carrara]] becomes the first [[Lord of Padua]], founding the [[Carraresi]] dynasty that will rule the independent city state for almost 90 years before its conquest and annexation by the Republic of Venice following a war in [[1405]].
* [[August 9]] – [[Treaty of Leake]]: Edward II signs an agreement with the "Middle Party" led by his cousin, Earl [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster|Thomas of Lancaster]], and his court followers at [[East Leake]] in [[Nottinghamshire]].
* [[September 13]] – [[Pope John XXII]] appoints a commission of three members (Uberto d'Ormont, Bishop of Naples; Angelo Tignosi, Bishop of Viterbo; and notary Pandulpho de Sabbello) to take evidence on the matter of the [[canonization of Thomas Aquinas]]. Testimony is taken of 42 witnesses between July 21 and September 18, 1319.<ref name=Gerulaitis>"The Canonization of Saint Thomas Aquinas", by Leonardas Gerulaitis, ''Vivarium'' 5:25–46 (1967)</ref>
* [[September 22]] – [[Otto the Mild]], becomes ruler over the [[Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] in [[Lower Saxony]], after the death of his father [[Albert II, Duke of Brunswick|Albert the Fat]]
=== October – December ===
* [[October 14]] – [[Battle of Faughart]]: A Hibernian and Norman force defeats a Scotch-Irish army commanded by [[Edward Bruce]], who had proclaimed himself [[High King of Ireland]]. Edward Bruce is killed in the battle, ending the [[Bruce campaign in Ireland]].
* [[November 22]] – Grand Prince [[Mikhail of Tver]] is summoned by [[Özbeg Khan]] at [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]], the capital of the [[Golden Horde]]. After his arrival, he is executed.
* [[December 3]] – The [[Parliament of Scotland]] meets at [[Scone]] and votes to designate [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert Stewart]], grandson of King [[Robert the Bruce]] as the heir presumptive. Robert Stewart is the son of Robert the Bruce's late daughter [[Marjorie Bruce]] and of [[Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland|Walter Stewart]]. On the birth of [[David II of Scotland|David]] as Robert the Bruce's son in 1324, Robert Stewart will become second in line for the throne, eventually becoming King Robert II in [[1371]].
== Births ==
* [[June 18]] – [[Eleanor of Woodstock]], English princess and [[regent]] (d. [[1355]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panton |first1=James |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy |date=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7497-8 |page=173 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiyyueBTpaMC&pg=PA173 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 29]] – [[Yusuf I of Granada|Yusuf I al-Muyyad billah]], Nasrid ruler of [[Emirate of Granada|Granada]] (d. [[1354]])
* [[September 11]] – [[Eleanor of Lancaster]], English noblewoman (d. [[1372]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg|Albert II]], German [[Nobility|nobleman]] ([[House of Mecklenburg]]) (d. [[1379]])
** [[Anne of Austria, Duchess of Bavaria|Anne of Austria]], German princess ([[House of Habsburg]]) (d. [[1343]])
** [[Baha' al-Din Naqshband]], Persian [[Sufism|Sufi]] religious leader (d. [[1389]])
** [[Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw V the Great]], German nobleman and knight (d. [[1374]])
** [[Constance of Aragon, Queen of Majorca|Contance of Aragon]], Spanish noblewoman and queen (d. [[1346]])
** [[David de la Hay]], Scottish nobleman and [[Lord High Constable of Scotland|High Constable]] (d. 1346)
** [[Kitabatake Akiie]], Japanese nobleman ([[Minamoto clan]]) (d. [[1338]])
** [[Margaret Audley, 2nd Baroness Audley|Margaret Audley]], English noblewoman and landowner (d. [[1349]])
** [[Margaret, Countess of Tyrol|Margaret of Tyrol]], Austrian princess ([[House of Gorizia]]) (d. [[1369]])
** [[Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare|Maurice FitzGerald]], Irish nobleman and [[Lords Justices of Ireland|Lord Justice]] (d. [[1390]])
** [[Wenceslaus I of Legnica|Wenceslaus I]], Polish nobleman, knight and co-ruler (d. [[1364]])
== Deaths ==
* [[January 17]] – [[Erwin von Steinbach]], German architect (b. [[1244]])
* [[February 14]]
** [[Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg|Henry Lackland]], German nobleman and ruler (b. [[1256]])
** [[Margaret of France, Queen of England|Margaret of France]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of England|England]] (b. [[1279]])<ref>Parsons, John Carmi (2004). "Margaret (1279–1318". ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Online ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 15 January 2008.</ref>
* [[March 11]] – [[Amanieu II (archbishop of Auch)|Amanieu II]], French nobleman and archbishop (b. [[1232]])
* [[April 26]] – [[Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg]], German co-ruler (b. [[1276]])
* [[May 10]] – [[Richard de Clare, Steward of Forest of Essex|Richard de Clare]], English nobleman, knight and steward<ref>Lewis Spence (1999). "The Magical Arts in Celtic Britain", p. 81.</ref>
* [[May 26]] – [[Fujiwara no Kishi]], Japanese empress consort (b. [[1252]])<ref>Wispelwey, Berend (2013). ''Japanese Biographical Index''. Walter de Gruyter. {{ISBN|978-3110947984}}.</ref>
* [[June 23]] – [[Gilles I Aycelin de Montaigu]], French counselor (b. 1252)
* [[July 25]] – [[Nicholas I, Duke of Troppau|Nicholas I]], Bohemian nobleman, knight and ruler (b. [[1255]])
* [[August 14]] – [[Giacomo Colonna (cardinal)|Giacomo Colonna]], Italian priest and cardinal (b. [[1250]])
* [[August 20]] – [[Cassone della Torre]], Italian nobleman and patriarch<ref>Cazzani, Eugenio (1996). ''Vescovi e arcivescovi di Milano'' (in Italian), pp. 183–185. Milano: Massimo. {{ISBN|88-7030-891-X}}.</ref>
* [[September 22]] – [[Albert II, Duke of Brunswick|Albert the Fat]], German nobleman (b. [[1268]])
* [[October 14]] – ([[Battle of Faughart]])
** [[Edward Bruce]], Scottish nobleman and [[High King of Ireland|High King]]
** [[Philip Mowbray]], Scottish nobleman and governor
* [[November 22]] – [[Mikhail of Tver]], Kievan Grand Prince (b. [[1271]])
* [[November 25]] – [[Philip of Ibelin (died 1318)|Philip of Ibelin]], Outremer nobleman and knight
* [[November 29]] – [[Heinrich Frauenlob]], German musician and poet
* [[December 16]] – [[Dirk II van Brederode]], Dutch nobleman (b. [[1256]])
* [[December 19]] – [[Husseini Heravi]], Persian poet and writer (b. [[1245]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Abdisho bar Berika|St. Odisho]] (Abdisho bar Berika), Syrian bishop and writer
** [[Eric Magnusson (duke)|Eric Magnusson]], Swedish prince and knight ([[House of Bjälbo]])
** [[Gilbert Middleton]], English nobleman, knight and rebel leader<ref>Maddicott, John (1970). ''Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–1322: A Study in the Reign of Edward II'', p. 205. Oxford University Press.</ref>
** [[Henry, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg|Henry of Hachberg-Sausenberg]], German nobleman (b. [[1300]])
** [[Jamal al-Din al-Watwat]], Egyptian scholar and writer (b. [[1235]])
** [[Jean IV de Beaumont]], French nobleman, knight and marshal
** [[John II Doukas of Thessaly]], Byzantine nobleman and ruler (''[[sebastokrator]]'')
** [[John de Soules (died 1318)|John de Soules]], Scoto-Norman landowner ([[de Soules|House of de Soules]])
** [[Konoe Tsunehira]], Japanese nobleman ([[Fujiwara clan]]) (b. [[1287]])
** [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], Persian historian and writer (b. [[1247]])
** [[Thomas I Komnenos Doukas]], Byzantine nobleman (assassinated) (b. [[1288]])
** [[Valdemar, Duke of Finland|Valdemar Magnusson]], Swedish nobleman and prince (b. [[1283]])
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1318}}
[[Category:1318| ]]
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