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{{Short description|Company operating railways in Romania}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2013}}
{{update|date=March 2015}}
{{Expand French |Căile Ferate Române |fa=yes|date=April 2015}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Căile Ferate Române
| logo = [[File:Sigla CFR.png]]
| vector_logo =
| type = Group of public companies
| genre =
| foundation = 1 April 1880
| founder =
| location_city =
| location_country =
| ___location = Palatul CFR, Piața Gării de Nord, [[Bucharest]], Romania
| origins =
| key_people =
| area_served =
| industry = Rail transport
| products = Rail transport, cargo transport, services
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| owner = The [[Romania]]n state
| slogan =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Transport in Romania}}
[[File:Railway_map_of_Romania.png|thumb|right|Railway network of Romania]]
'''Căile Ferate Române''' ({{IPA|ro|ˈkə.ile feˈrate roˈmɨne}}; abbreviated as the '''CFR''') was the state railway carrier of [[Romania]]. The company was dissolved on 1 October 1998 by splitting into several successor companies.<ref name="barbulescu">{{Cite web |last=Bărbulescu |first=Adrian |date=2022-10-01 |title=Se împlinesc 24 de ani de la divizarea SNCFR, făcută de Traian Băsescu, și de la înființarea AFER |url=https://clubferoviar.ro/24-de-ani-de-la-divizarea-sncfr/ |access-date=2023-10-16}}</ref> CFR as an entity existed from 1880, even though the first railway on current Romanian territory was opened in 1854. CFR was divided into four autonomous companies:<ref name=barbulescu/>
* ''[[CFR Călători]]'', responsible for passenger services;
* ''[[CFR Marfă]]'', responsible for freight transport;
* ''[[Compania Națională de Căi Ferate CFR]]'', manages the infrastructure on the Romanian railway network; and
* ''Societatea Feroviară de Turism'', or SFT, which manages [[Heritage railway|scenic and tourist railways]].
CFR was headquartered in [[Bucharest]] and had regional divisions centered in Bucharest, [[Brașov]], [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Constanța]], [[Craiova]], [[Galați]], [[Iași]], and [[Timișoara]]. Its [[International Union of Railways]] code is 53-CFR.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The UIC numbering scheme |url=http://www.railfaneurope.net/misc/uicnum.html |access-date=10 July 2005 |publisher=Railfaneurope.net}}</ref>
==History==
===Railways in the nineteenth century===
The first railway line on Romania's present-day territory was opened on 20 August 1854 and ran between [[Oravița]] in [[Banat]] and [[Baziaș]], a port on the [[Danube]]. The line, which had a length of {{cvt|62.5|km}}, was used solely for the transportation of coal. From 12 January 1855, the line was operated by [[Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company]], the Banat province being at that time part of the [[Austrian Empire]]. After several improvements in the following months, the line was opened to passenger traffic from 1 November 1856.
Between 1864 and 1880, several railways were constructed in the area of the [[Kingdom of Romania]]. On 1 September 1865, the English company John Trevor-Barkley began construction on the Bucharest–[[Giurgiu]] line. Commissioned by the King of Romania, the line was opened to traffic on 26 August 1869. The Bucharest-Giurgiu line was the first railway built on Romanian territory at that time (considering that the Oravița-Baziaș line was part of Austria-Hungary, even though it now lies on Romanian territory).
In
On
Meanwhile, during the [[Romanian War of Independence]] in
Hence, by
==
[[File:Sinaia steam engine 230039.jpg|right|thumb|CFR steam engine 230-039 exhibited in [[Sinaia]] railway station. The 230 series were steam engines used for passenger train service.]]
In 1918, the historical regions of [[Transylvania]], [[Banat]], [[Bassarabia]], and [[Bucovina]] united with the [[Kingdom of Romania]] to form [[Greater Romania]]. As a result, all railway lines in these regions, previously under the ownership of [[Austria-Hungary]] or the [[Russian Empire]], were placed under the administration of CFR. This event was significant for Romanian railways because it meant that the large [[Arad, Romania|Arad]] rolling stock and steel factory, previously located on Austro-Hungarian territory, was now part of Romania, and was consequently used to produce a wide range of rolling stock and locomotives for CFR.
During this time, various railway lines were "[[Double-track railway|doubled]]" — a second set of tracks were laid alongside the original tracks to permit trains to run in opposite directions simultaneously — to increase traffic flow on those routes. The first line to be doubled was the Bucharest–[[Ploiești]]–[[Câmpina]] line, where doubling was completed in 1912. In the period between the wars, various other lines were doubled, including:
* Constanța–[[Cernavodă]] (1931)
* [[Adjud]]–[[Tecuci]] (1933)
* [[Teiuș]]–[[Apahida]] (1940)
* Câmpina–Brașov (1941)
* [[Buzău]]–[[Mărășești]] (1942)
During the 1920s and 1930s CFR also bought several new locomotives and cars, embarking on a plan of widespread modernisation. Diesel traction was introduced, and the Malaxa high-speed [[Diesel multiple unit|DMUs]] (a modernised version of which are still in use as commuter trains in [[Banat]]) were built.
A significant event in the history of the railways was the [[Grivița Strike of 1933]], which occurred during the [[Great Depression]] and resulted in violent clashes between railway workers and police.
== The Holocaust ==
[[File:פוגרום יאשי 5.jpg|thumb|right|Pulling dead Jews from a CFR [[Iași pogrom#Pogrom and death train|Holocaust death train in Romania]] after traveling 7 days, July 1941.<ref name="Wiesel_Commission" />]]
{{See also|Holocaust trains|Responsibility for the Holocaust#Romania}}
During [[World War II]], CFR (Romanian Railways) was involved in the transport of Jewish and Romani people from [[Bessarabia]], [[Bukovina]] and [[Romanian Old Kingdom|Regat]] to concentration camps set up in [[Transnistria Governorate|Transnistria]].<ref name="Wiesel_Commission">{{Citation |title=Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania |date=11 November 2004 |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/romaniareport.html |access-date=2017-09-29 |at=pp.20–22 of Ch.5 |chapter=The Iași Death Trains. ''Holocaust in Romania'' (Chapter 5) |chapter-url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Romania/five.pdf |place=Bucharest |publisher=Yad Vashem |id=''Final Report'' (consisting of 19 PDF files)}}</ref> In a notable example, during the [[Iași pogrom]] events, Jews were forcibly loaded onto [[Cattle wagon|freight cars]] with planks hammered in place over the windows and traveled for seven (7) days in unimaginable conditions.<ref name="Wiesel_Commission" /> Many died and were gravely affected by lack of air, blistering heat, lack of water, food or medical attention. These veritable ''death trains'' arrived to their destinations, [[Podu Iloaiei]] and [[Călărași]], with only one-fifth of their passengers alive.<ref name="Wiesel_Commission" /><ref name="Rozen">{{Cite web |last=Marcu Rozen |year=2006 |title=The Holocaust under the Antonescu government |url=http://www.survivors-romania.org/text_doc/the_holocaust_under_the_antonescu_government.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112010/http://www.survivors-romania.org/text_doc/the_holocaust_under_the_antonescu_government.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=2014-02-27 |publisher=Association of Romanian Jews Victims of the Holocaust (A.R.J.V.H.)}}</ref><ref name="Podu Iloaiei">{{Cite web |title=Holocaust in Podu Iloaiei, Romania |url=http://isurvived.org/2Postings/holocaust-Podul_Iloaiei-RO.html}}</ref> No official apology was released yet by CFR for their role in the Holocaust in Romania.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
== Railways in Communist Romania ==
[[File:CFR 050 locomotive.jpg|thumb|left|050 (Prussian G10) class, Romania's standard heavy shunter after World War II]]
[[File:Muncitori reșițeni sărbătoresc cea de a 1 000-a locomotivă produsă de ei, în cadrul primului plan cincinal.jpg|thumb|right|The 1,000th locomotive built in [[Reșița]], 1955]]
After Romania became a [[Communist Romania|Communist]] republic in 1947, there was quite a significant amount of investment in railway infrastructure, often to the detriment of other forms of infrastructure. During this period, railways were seen as the symbol of Romania's rapid industrialisation under Communist leaders [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] and later by [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]. Aside from an increase in train traffic and the construction of various new lines, especially in rural areas, the bulk of electrification and line doubling occurred during the Communist period. Also, the railways in [[Southern Dobruja]] were left to [[Bulgaria]] in 1940 and the ones in [[Northern Bucovina]] and [[Bessarabia]] were ceded to the Soviet Union in 1947.
=== Electrification and track doubling ===
[[File:First romanian gantry.jpg|thumb|left|The first gantry to be ever mounted in Romania, at [[Predeal]] at the end of 1960]]
The first line to be electrified on the Romanian railway network was the
Various lines were also supplemented with double tracks to permit a wider flow of traffic, including:
* [[Făurei]]
* [[Pantelimon, Constanța|Pantelimon]]
* Bucharest–[[Roșiori]]–Craiova (1972)
* [[Chitila]]
* Brașov–Câmpul Libertății (1974)
* [[Adjud]]
* [[Dragalina, Călărași|Dragalina]]–[[Călărași]] (1970s)
By the mid-
==
[[File:Gara in Iasi.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iași railway station]]]]
[[File:CFR electric locomotive 060 EA1 242 at Braşov Gara May 1994.jpg|thumb|right|CFR electric locomotive 060-EA1-242 at [[Brașov railway station]], May 1994]]
After the [[Romanian Revolution]] of 1989, which resulted in the fall of Communism, Romania was left with one of the largest, most dense and most frequently used railway networks in Europe; but at the same time having relatively outdated infrastructure. This, combined with the economic decline that Romania faced in the 1990s due to its transition to a market economy, resulted in CFR entering a period of relative decline. Several little-used routes, especially in rural areas, were cut back, and rolling stock, most of which was acquired in the 1970s, entered a period of disrepair. CFR's image, both domestically and abroad, suffered greatly, due to reports of dilapidated trains, poor service and general disarray of management.
This situation continued until the year 1998, when ''Societatea Națională a Căilor Ferate Române'' (The National Society of Romanian Railways) was split into five independently administered companies : ''Compania Națională de Căi Ferate "CFR" SA'' (National Railway Company "CFR" – dealing with infrastructure), ''CFR Călători'' (CFR Passenger Services – the operator of passenger trains), ''CFR Marfă'' (Freight transport company), ''CFR Gevaro'' (Services linked with restaurant cars) and ''SAAF'' (dealing with excess rolling stock to be sold, leased or scrapped).
Since 1989, a number of small branch lines have been closed— especially those designated for industrial purposes or having a [[narrow-gauge railway|narrow gauge]]. This has been generally done due to greater competition from private bus services as well as generally low passenger numbers on those lines. The narrow gauge line from [[Turda]] to [[Abrud]], for example, could not hope to compete with the private car or bus, the journey time being just short of six and a half hours for the {{convert|93|km|abbr=off}} trip (CFR Timetable 1988, table 309). As of 2022 the Turda–Abrud journey by bus takes 2 hours and 45 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autobuze Abrud ➞ Turda |url=http://www.autogari.ro/Transport/Abrud-Turda |access-date=February 7, 2022 |website=www.autogari.ro |language=ro}}</ref>
==Modernization==
[[File:CFR 96 at Gara de Nord, 2006.jpg|thumb|right|Siemens Desiro train at Bucharest North railway station, 2006]]
In the early 2000s, CFR began a modernization program to improve its image, which had been plagued both nationally and internationally by reports of poor service and outdated rolling stock. The first phases of the upgrade included the refurbishment of InterCity rolling stock, as well as the expansion of InterCity services.
To strengthen the growth of the Romanian InterCity network, CFR acquired in early 2003 several new [[Siemens Desiro]] train sets, some of which were assembled in [[Arad, Romania|Arad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Săgeata Albastră revine pe "drumul de fier" |url=http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0301/debut.htm#b |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515012042/http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0301/debut.htm#b |archive-date=2011-05-15 |access-date=10 July 2005 |language=ro}}</ref> Nicknamed "Săgeata Albastră" ("Blue Arrow"), they are used for short and medium distances. The Desiro DMUs were used as icons of the CFR's modernization, despite criticism that the CFR should not have used them on mainline express services, as they were designed for short-distance [[commuter rail]], as seen by their hard seating, low speed and poor noise insulation. CFR responded to these criticisms by introducing a number of new Desiro trainsets in late 2004, which had better insulation and 70 seats instead of 110, thereby increasing the width and pitch of the seats. To this date, CFR continues to use Desiro trains on short and medium-distance routes, even though it has replaced them on several long-distance routes with other rolling stock.
In addition to the Desiro DMUs, CFR has purchased 80 new [[sleeping car]]s, couchettes and first and second class cars in recent years. The new sleeping cars are now some of the most modern in Europe, with air conditioning, LCD screens and modern showers in every compartment.
In addition to the improvements made to the railways, CFR has modernized several diesel and electric locomotives.
Part of CFR's modernization program is the XSELL project, which aims to introduce a Romania-wide electronic ticketing system. It was introduced at Bucharest North railway station in November 2004, and was later implemented at all major railway stations in Romania.
As of 1 September 2006, smoking is banned in all CFR trains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fumătorii, jos din tren! |url=http://www.fumat.ro/stiri_ro.php?id_stire_ro=33 |access-date=4 October 2006 |language=ro}}</ref>
CFR services continue to improve. However, some people expressed concern that CFR, which has yet to reach profitability, does not have the financial means to support an infrastructure upgrade.
Between 2001 and 2004, the Bucharest-Ploiești West-Câmpina section was rehabilitated, followed by the Câmpina-Sinaia-Predeal section between 2008/2009 and the end of 2011.
CFR initiated a major infrastructure project in April 2006 - the modernization of the Bucharest - Constanta line, in order to improve the maximum speed that can be reached on this line (from 140 km/h now, to 160 km/h in 2008). The completion date of this project was originally the second half of 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |title=București - Constanța |url=http://www.cfr.ro/cfr_new/buccta.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611161755/http://www.cfr.ro/cfr_new/buccta.htm |archive-date=2011-06-11 |access-date=9 August 2006 |language=ro}}</ref> but the project had long delays, to be finally completed in the winter of 2011, although Ciulnița and Fetești railway stations were only partially modernized. The immediate consequence was the difficulty of moving on this route due to the works, the duration of a trip increasing by at least an hour and a half and leading to the dissatisfaction of travelers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cireașă |first=Doru |date=17 May 2010 |title=Trenul București-Constanța întârzie doi ani |url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/actualitate/economie/trenul-bucuresti-constanta-intarzie-doi-ani-186764.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522002009/http://www.romanialibera.ro/actualitate/economie/trenul-bucuresti-constanta-intarzie-doi-ani-186764.html |archive-date=2010-05-22 |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=[[România liberă]]}}</ref> But since 2012, when the works were officially completed, trains could run very fast, reducing journey times, reaching 160 km/h. Today, the only CFR railway where trains can run at 160 km/h is between Bucharest and Constanța in two hours.
==Passenger services==
[[File:Gara Burdujeni.jpg|thumb|Burdujeni train station in [[Suceava]]]]
CFR Călători, the passenger service division of CFR, operates seven ''types'' of [[passenger train]], both on Romania's territory, with rolling stock and [[locomotive]]s, or internationally, with rolling stock. Also, CFR operates international trains on Romanian territory with its own locomotives. The train types vary in terms of speed and type of rolling stock.
In 2015, approximately 55 million passenger journeys were made with the company. In the same time 12 million further journeys were made using the private operators.
The CFR train types are:
* '''Regio''' (R) – the trains have assigned numbers from 2000 to 9999.
* '''InterRegio''' (IR) – the trains have assigned numbers from 200 to 499, 600 to 999, 1000 to 1999 and 10000 to 16999.
* '''InterCity''' (IC) – numbered from 500 to 599, discontinued in December 2014 but reintroduced on 10 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2015 |title=România, fără trenuri Intercity după 20 de ani |url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/social/romania-fara-trenuri-intercity-dupa-20-de-ani-361867 |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=www.digi24.ro |language=ro}}</ref>
===Regio trains===
[[File:Căile Ferate Române - personal train.jpg|thumb|left|Regio train in [[Prejmer]]]]
'''Regio trains (regional)''', formerly Local (Romanian: "Personal") trains (until December 2011), also termed [[commuter train]]s (''navete'' or ''trenuri de navetiști''), are the most abundant type of trains on the CFR passenger network. They are used for two main purposes, as shuttle, or commuter, trains, linking towns with neighbouring villages, and linking neighbouring cities with each other.[[File:50 53 20-54 048-5-BucN-001.jpg|thumb|Series 20–54 wagon used for regional trains]]
[[File:Cars from regional.jpeg|thumb|Interior from series 26/36/84–16 bilevel wagon for regional trains]]
Local trains (now Regio), have the lowest average speed (34.3 km/h in 2004) and the least comfortable (usually oldest) rolling stock, and have a reputation for being very slow, crowded and generally unkempt which is only gradually changing. Regio trains operate mostly on local routes and stop at every station. Train fares for this type are the cheapest, since no supplement is paid, only the base fare, based on distance. Seats are not reservable. The rolling stock on Regio trains differs widely. On routes that link neighbouring cities with each other (such as Bucharest and [[Pitești]]), the quality of the rolling stock is much better than those services which provide a shuttle link between cities and rural areas (such as the Timișoara-[[Berzovia]] line).
Most Regio rolling stock consist of compartment single level and open-plan double-decker cars. As of 2007, most Regio trains, especially on rural routes, have only 2nd class cars. The livery of most Regio cars is painted in the color scheme of CFR Calatori (blue and grey), with the rolling stock built in the 1970s and 1980s. Some very short rural routes in Romania's [[Bukovina]] region use rolling stock from the 1940s and 1950s, refitted with bus seats and operating like [[railbus]]es. CFR is refurbishing a range of double-decker Local (Regio) cars, that will be used on Local and Accelerat trains. The refurbished cars, painted in the same livery as the old ones, have been introduced since 2003, and are cleaner, although they still use most of the old fittings. Exceptions to this widespread use of older rolling stock for Local trains is found on some routes (such as [[Sibiu]]–Craiova) that are operated using Desiro trainsets, and some others are operated using modernized electric trainsets.
The new private operators also use the term ''Regio'' using mainly (refurbished) railbuses.
===InterRegio trains===
'''InterRegional trains (IR)''', formerly Accelerat and Rapid trains (until December 2011), are used for medium and long-distance services that stop only in towns or cities. InterRegional trains have higher speeds. They are also more expensive, requiring the payment of a supplement alongside the base fee. Some services of the InterRegional type require a reservation. InterRegional trains are also used for cross-regional long-distance routes (for example, [[Timișoara]] to Bucharest). Despite the long distances, InterRegional trains tend to stop in every town (even though they bypass villages) and hence are very popular, though they are seldom used for express travel between two large cities.
[[File:Sleeping car utilised to interregio, international trains.jpeg|thumb|Sleeping car of the Romanian Railways, seen at [[Budapest Keleti]] in 2004]]
Since 2009, the InterRegio 1821/1822 from [[Arad, Romania|Arad]] to Constanța via [[Deva, Romania|Deva]], [[Tîrgu Jiu]], Craiova and Bucharest also travels to [[Constanța]] with an extra sleeperette car and sleeper car. The InterRegio rolling stock is formed of both single-decker cars painted in the painting scheme of CFR Calatori (blue and gray). Single-decker cars are all corridor-type, with the old cars having 8 seats per compartment in second class and 6 in first class whereas the new cars have 6 seats per compartment regardless of class (this type of coaches are used now for Regio Trains and rarely on InterRegio Trains). Double-decker cars have 4 seats per row in an open plan.
In early 2005, CFR introduced a new double-decker car for medium-distance, highly used Interregional routes such as Bucharest–[[Predeal]]. [[Siemens Desiro]] trainsets have also been introduced on medium-distance InterRegional routes in [[Transylvania]] and [[Moldavia]] (Iași–[[Vatra Dornei]]). Longer-distance InterRegional trains often have couchettes, and sleepers started to be added again to consists after a lengthy absence. Dining cars are never used on these trains. In the 2010 schedule, many short and medium distance routes (such as Bucharest–Craiova, Bucharest–[[Râmnicu Vâlcea]]–[[Sibiu]], Bucharest–[[Tulcea]], Craiova–Sibiu, Timișoara–Sibiu, Cluj-Napoca–Timișoara) were served by modernized double-decker cars or Desiro trainsets. Some long-distance trains (Bucharest–Timișoara, Bucharest–[[Târgu Jiu]]–[[Arad, Romania|Arad]], Bucharest–Cluj-Napoca–[[Satu Mare]], Bucharest–Iași, Bucharest–Vatra Dornei, Iași–Timișoara, [[Sighetu Marmației]]–Bucharest) also use modernized Rapid-style cars.
[[File:50 53 21-86 033-8-BucN-001.jpg|thumb|Series 21–86 wagon, used for InterRegio trains]]
[[File:50 53 20-76 022-4 Blee-Ic531-BucN-001.jpg|thumb|Series 20–76 wagon, used for Regio and InterRegio trains]]
[[File:BucN-004.jpg|thumb|InterRegio train in Bucharest North Station (2010)]]
[[File:-IR-BucN-001.jpeg|thumb|The interior of a coach used for InterRegio trains]]
Rolling stock on InterRegional trains has recently been the object of CFR's modernisation plan. Various series of cars have been refurbished, and fitted with air-conditioning, ecological toilets, etc. However, a small and rapidly declining number of Rapid rolling stock, mainly on lesser-used routes, remains fairly aged and outdated. As of 2004, [[Siemens Desiro]] DMUs have been introduced on medium-distance Rapid routes. Most Rapid rolling stocks are painted in the painting scheme of CFR Călători (blue and gray). All cars are uncompartmented and are usually air-conditioned. Sleepers, couchettes and dining-cars are available on most long routes.
*From Sighetu Marmației the Rapid train needs over 21 hours to complete the {{cvt|850|km}} trip.
*From Satu Mare nearly 22 hours to complete the {{cvt|928|km}} trip.
*From Oradea over 19 hours to complete the {{cvt|913|km}} trip
*From Timișoara Nord over 15 hours to complete the {{cvt|795|km}} trip.
In the case of travelling such a long distance as mentioned above, it is recommended to book a sleeperette (the passenger can choose between 4–6 passengers in a compartment). The 6 passenger-compartment is the cheapest option for a higher comfort. Fares and timetables can be checked on www.cfrcalatori.ro.
===InterCity ===
'''[[InterCity]]''' (IC) is CFR's premier train type and is used for daytime express services between major cities, as well as shuttle services between Bucharest and the [[Black Sea]] coast and the Carpathian mountain resorts. InterCity trains typically only stop in large cities (generally of over 100,000 inhabitants). InterCity trains are the fastest out of all the train types, having an average speed of {{cvt|87|km/h}} in 2004, and also use the most modern and comfortable rolling stock, rivaling the premier services of other European carriers. Due to this, InterCity prices include a significant supplement alongside the base fee.
The InterCity rolling stock is either new or refurbished (all IC rolling stock was built after 1995), with air-conditioning, power-plugs (in both 1st and 2nd class carriages) and plush bucket armchairs, as well as complimentary newspapers, free meals and airplane-like service in first class. These trains generally have a reputation for their high levels of comfort, cleanliness and service. The InterCity standard livery was usually grey and blue, especially in the case of the C160-class rolling stock, which is the newest type. Most InterCity rolling stock is open plan (no compartments). When CFR bought the Desiro DMUs, they were mostly used for InterCity trains, but due to complaints related to their comfort levels, they were replaced with standard cars for most routes and now the Desiro DMUs are used for the Regio trains.
Express passenger and international IC services, such as the Bucharest-Constanța route, use the Romanian-built Astra AVA-200 cars, which have a maximum speed of {{cvt|200|km/h}} and are the most comfortable rolling stock in the CFR fleet. In fact, according to Friends of CFR, a Romanian railway journal, there was a considerable downgrading in quality when the Bucharest–[[Vienna]] IC service switched from being operated by CFR to being run by Austrian Railways ([[ÖBB]]) in 2003, leading to numerous complaints that the route should revert to CFR cars instead of Austrian ÖBB cars.
Beginning with December 2006, the company introduced the business service on certain IC routes (București Nord–Timișoara Nord, București Nord–Oradea). These wagons were refurbished by CFR Grivița and they provided two classes: standard and standard exclusive. According to class, these rail cars provide leather or fabric-covered armchairs, monitors, individual displays for every seat, 4 channel audio system with earphones, wireless internet access, bar, air conditioning, and they were equipped with an elevator for disabled travellers. As of 1 June 2014, InterCity trains used to operate on the following routes:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Route
!colspan=2|Rolling stock
|-
!Classic
![[Siemens Desiro]]
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Yes
|
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Yes
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Yes
|
|-
|Bucharest – Brașov – [[Alba Iulia]] – [[Arad, Romania|Arad]](EuroCity with InterRegio fares to Budapest-346 Dacia train or 472 Ister train)
| style="text-align:center;"|Yes
|
|-
|Bucharest – Brașov – Cluj-Napoca (Branch of the Trains which run to Budapest)
| style="text-align:center;"|Yes
|
|-
|Bucharest – Brașov – [[Miercurea Ciuc]] – [[Târgu Mureș]] (Now InterRegio)
| style="text-align:center;"|Yes
|
|-
|Timișoara - Cluj Napoca (Now InterRegio)
|
| style="text-align:center;"|Yes
|}
Before early 2003, there was also a train type known as InterCityExpress (ICE), which ran from Bucharest to Constanța, but these have been discontinued and transformed into IC and later into IR, while maintaining the same rolling stock.
Because of the bad infrastructure as of 2015 InterCity trains are not in use anymore because the fare was too high. There are some trains which are running like InterCity but with InterRegio cost. Now the rolling stock used before 2015 for Intercity trains is used now for the InterRegio trains.
===
The speed limit for express passenger trains in Romania is {{cvt|160|km/h}}. All other trains have a general speed limit of {{cvt|120|km/h}}. Average operating speeds (including all stops in stations) according to CFR, are in 2018:
* 39 km/h for Regio trains
* 55 km/h for InterRegio trains<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barza |first=Vlad |date=21 May 2018 |title=Câte restricții de viteză sunt în rețeaua CFR și care este viteza medie a trenurilor |url=https://monitorizari.hotnews.ro/stiri-infrastructura_articole-22462608-cte-restric-vitez-sunt-eaua-cfr-care-este-viteza-medie-trenurilor.htm |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=HotNewsRo |language=ro}}</ref>
The longest train route, as of 2005, is the one between [[Iași]], in the north-east, and [[Timișoara]], in the west, which takes 18 hours with an Interregio train to complete. For example, the journey between Suceava Burdujeni and Bucharest is 447 km, and takes approximately 5–6 hours to complete at an average speed of 80 km/h.
==Freight services==
[[File:2018-06-19 (143) 33 53 5301 485-5 at Bahnhof Herzogenburg.jpg|thumb|Freight wagon 33 53 5301 485–5 at Bahnhof Herzogenburg in Austria.]]
Freight services in Romania are operated mostly by CFR Marfă, the freight division of CFR, as well as by 28 other private companies who operate on lines leased from CFR Infrastructură. The CFR Marfă fleet is made up of 987 locomotives,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parcul de locomotive CFR Marfă |url=http://www.cfrmarfa.cfr.ro/dreapta31.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509043134/http://www.cfrmarfa.cfr.ro/dreapta31.html |archive-date=9 May 2007 |access-date=30 October 2005 |publisher=CFR Marfă |language=ro}}</ref> most of which were built in Romania or the [[former Yugoslavia]]. The fact that rail freight remains maintains a strong market share in Romania, as well as a number of efficiency reforms, has led CFR Marfă to perform quite well financially in recent years, even though it remains loss-making. In 2003, the CFR Marfă's net loss was 8.8 million [[Romanian leu|new lei]] (approximately US$3 million), reduced from 141.5 million new lei in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consolidated financial statements (2003) |url=http://www.cfrmarfa.cfr.ro/images/bilant%20eng.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213222553/http://www.cfrmarfa.cfr.ro/images/bilant%20eng.htm |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=10 July 2005 |publisher=CFR Marfă |df=dmy}}</ref>
[[File:CFR Marfă freight train contains diesel product.JPG|thumb|CFR Marfă freight train contains diesel product]]
{| border="1" class="toccolours" style="width:320px; font-size:95%; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0;" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"
|+ style="font-size: 115%; font-weight: bold;" |Main groups of goods carried on CFR Marfă services (2004)
!Type of goods
!%
|-
|Coal
| style="text-align:center;"|39.5
|-
|Oil products
| style="text-align:center;"|10.9
|-
|Quarry and ballast products
| style="text-align:center;"|3.8
|-
|Common metals and common metal articles
| style="text-align:center;"|12.4
|-
|Cement
| style="text-align:center;"|2.7
|-
|Ore
| style="text-align:center;"|4.0
|-
|Agricultural products
| style="text-align:center;"|3.6
|-
|Chemicals
| style="text-align:center;"|4.2
|-
|Other
| style="text-align:center;"|18.9
|-
|colspan=2 style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"|Source: {{Cite web |title=Statistici |url=http://www.cfrmarfa.cfr.ro/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=69&lang=ro |publisher=CFR Marfă}}
|}
Freight trains follow the same speed limits to those issued for passenger trains, although hazardous materials, explosive, nuclear, flammable, chemical or otherwise dangerous trains have a special regime. Most locomotives have a physical speed limit of 160 or 120 km/h, but freight trains are not usually running at speeds exceeding 100 km/h.
==Main lines==
{{Main|Căile Ferate Române main lines}}
{| border="1" class="toccolours" style="font-size:95%; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0;" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"
|-
!Line
!Route
|-
|Line 200
|[[Brașov]]–[[Sibiu]]–[[Vințu de Jos]]–[[Deva, Romania|Deva]]–[[Arad, Romania|Arad]]–[[Curtici]]
|-
|Line 300
|[[Bucharest]]–[[Ploiești]]–[[Brașov]]–[[Sighișoara]]–[[Câmpia Turzii]]–[[Cluj-Napoca]]–[[Oradea]]–[[Episcopia Bihor]]
|-
|Line 400
|[[Brașov]]–[[Sfântu Gheorghe]]–[[Toplița]]–[[Deda, Mureș|Deda]]–[[Șieu-Măgheruș|Saratel]]–[[Dej]]–[[Jibou]]–[[Baia Mare]]–[[Satu Mare]]–[[Halmeu]]
|-
|Line 500
|[[Bucharest]]–[[Ploiești]]–[[Buzău]]–[[Focșani]]–[[Bacău]]–[[Roman, Romania|Roman]]–[[Suceava]]–[[Mușenița|Vicșani]]
|-
|Line 600
|[[Făurei]]–[[Tecuci]]–[[Bârlad]]–[[Vaslui]]–[[Iași]]–[[Ungheni]]
|-
|Line 700
|[[Bucharest]]–[[Urziceni]]–[[Făurei]]–[[Brăila]]–[[Galați]]
|-
|Line 800
|[[Bucharest]]–[[Fetești]]–[[Cernavodă]]–[[Constanța]]–[[Mangalia]]
|-
|Line 900
|[[Bucharest]]–[[Craiova]]–[[Drobeta-Turnu Severin]]–[[Caransebeș]]–[[Lugoj]]–[[Timișoara]]–Stamora Moravița
|}
==Locomotives and stock==
{{Main|Rolling stock of the Romanian Railways}}
[[File:CFR conductor 01.jpg|thumb|right|A CFR [[Conductor (rail)|conductor]] ("ceferist") helping a passenger at Gara de Nord, February 2008.]]
CFR Călători (passenger services) and CFR Marfă (freight services) use a range of electric (known as LE), diesel electric (LDE), diesel hydraulic (LDH) and diesel mechanical (LDM/LDMM) locomotives. SFT (tourist railways division) uses steam locomotives (both narrow gauge and standard gauge) and diesel mechanical locomotives.
Each of the four CFR divisions have their own locomotives, and these are generally not interchanged. For example, a CFR Marfă locomotive should not be used to pull a CFR Călători train. In practice however, this rule does not hold, and frequently the companies use other rolling stock through informal lease agreements. Moreover, private companies' rolling stock is used at times, usually because of emergencies (such as a locomotive breaking down and requiring a replacement to keep the line open, and an unused private locomotive being closer).
===Electric locomotives===
Most of the electric locomotives employed by CFR were built by [[Electroputere]] Craiova (known as EA-type) and [[Rade Končar]] [[Zagreb]] (known as EC-type). All are built for {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}} and run using a catenary wire at {{25 kV 50 Hz}}. All trains have electric heating. CFR owns 1,066 electric locomotives, 933 of which were built by Electroputere (Class 40, 41, 42) and 133 built by Končar (Class 43, 44, 46).
{| border="1" class="toccolours" style="margin:auto; font-size:95%; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; margin:10px 10px 10px 0; padding:0;" cellpadding="6"
|-
!Name
!Builder
!Specifications and
!Maximum speed
!Years built
|-
|[[CFR Class 40/41/42|Class 40]]
|[[Electroputere]]
|5100 kW
|120
|1965–1991
|-
|[[CFR Class 40/41/42|Class 41]]
|Electroputere
|5100
|160
|1966–1991
|-
|[[CFR Class 40/41/42|Class 42]]
|Electroputere
|5100
|200
|1977
|-
|[[JŽ class 441|Class 43]]
|
|3400 kW
|120
|1973–1984
|-
|[[JŽ class 441|Class 44]]
|
|3400
|160
|1973–1984
|-
|Class 45
|Electroputere – [[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]]
|5100
|160
|1999–2000
|-
|[[JŽ class 441|Class 46]]
|
|3840
|160
|1999–2001
2007–2011
|-
|[[CFR Class 47|Class 47]]
|Electroputere – [[Softronic]] (subclasses 476 and 477 - "Delfin" and 473 - Softronic Phoenix, for passengers)
– Promat (subclasses 470, 474, for freight)
|6600 kW Co'Co' axle formula, modernized from class 40 and 41 for heavy loads.
|120 km/h (subclasses 470, 474); 160 km/h (subclasses 473, 476, 477)
|2006–present
|-
|[[Softronic Transmontana|Class 48]]
|Softronic
|8200 kW Co'Co' axle formula Softronic Transmontana locomotive.
|160 km/h
|2010–present
|-
|[[CFR Class 50|Class 50]]
|Unknown
|2900 kW Co'Co' axle formula
Ex. CFR Class 70/71 built for freight traffic. Only 1 was made, called 50-001-3
|120 km/h
|1994
|}
===Diesel locomotives===
[[File:Sibiu railway station, 2014 (13).jpg|thumb|Train driver of Class 60 in Sibiu]]
CFR's diesel locomotives have been built by [[Electroputere Craiova]] (classes 60 to 68) and [[FAUR|FAUR Bucharest]] (classes 69 to 95).
Classes 60 and 62 have as prime mover a twin-bank cylinder [[Sulzer (manufacturer)|Sulzer]] 12LDA28 diesel engine rated at 2100 hp@750rpm, being derated from its nominal power by a smaller turbocharger and a lower max rpm. The difference between classes 60 and 62 is that the class 62 features traction motors certified and capable of pulling passenger coaches at 120 km/h instead of the 100 km/h allowed for class 60.
Classes 63 and 65 are modified by replacing Sulzer engines with 2 stroke 8 cylinders [[EMD 710|EMD 8-710G]] which develop 2150 hp at crankshaft at 900 rpm, the generators were replaced with alternators and DC traction motors were replaced with new ones. Class 63 has a max speed of 120 km/h while class 65 is limited to 100 km/h. 63 and 65 are in service for CFR Călători only for passenger coaches' traction. 63 and 65 do not feature Dynamic Braking Systems available in North America.
The following classes are in service:
{| border="1" class="toccolours" style="margin:auto; font-size:95%; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; margin:10px 10px 10px 0; padding:0;" cellpadding="6"
|-
!Name
!Type
!Specifications and notes
!Maximum speed
!Years built
Line 352 ⟶ 419:
|Class 60
|Diesel electric
|1546 kW and 1700 kW (Remarul Carpathia 2300 DE-M) Co'Co' axle formula
|100 km/h
|1959–1981
|-
|Class 62
|Diesel electric
|1546 kW Co'Co' axle formula
|120 km/h
|1966–1981
|-
|Class 63
|Diesel electric
|1582 kW Co'Co' axle formula. Modernised version of class 62 (includes electrical train heating and turbocharged 2 stroke, V8 EMD 8-710G diesel engine). Ca. 60 (including Class 65) in service.
|120 km/h
|2000–2007
|-
|Class 65
|Diesel electric
|1582 kW Co'Co' axle formula. Modernised version of class 60 (includes Electrical Train Heating and turbocharged 2, V8, EMD 8-710G diesel engine).
|100 km/h
|2004–2007
|-
|Class 67/68
|Diesel electric
|1546 kW Co'Co' axle formula. Same as class 60, but uses broad gauge ({{RailGauge|1520mm}}) for railways near the [[Moldova]]n and [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] borders.
|100 km/h
|1959–1988
|-
|Class 69
|Diesel electric
|920 kW, Bo'Bo' axle formula
|100 km/h
|1975–1977
|-
|Class 73
|Diesel electric
|920 kW, Bo'Bo' axle formula. Same as class 69 but with two air compressors.
|100 km/h
|1975–1977
|-
|Class 80
|Diesel hydraulic
|920 kW, B'B' axle formula. Uses steam heating.
|100 km/h
|1966–1985
|-
|Class 81
|Diesel hydraulic
|920 kW, B'B' axle formula. Same as class 80, but has no train heating.
|100 km/h
|1966–1985
|-
|Class 82
|Diesel hydraulic
|1104 kW, B'B' axle formula. Based on class 80/81 overhauled by [[Alstom]] with new control systems, rebuilt body, electrical train heating and [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] engine. Also 1000 kW B'B' axle formula modernized by [[Remarul 16 Februarie|Remarul]].
|100 km/h
|1999–200x
2008-2011
|-
|Class 83
|Diesel hydraulic
|1104 kW, B'B' axle formula. Same as class 82 but uses MTU engine.
|100 km/h
|1998
|-
|Class 84
|Diesel hydraulic
|920 kW, B'B' axle formula. Same as class 80 but is used on broad-gauge railways.
|100 km/h
|1998
|-
|Subclass 841
|Diesel hydraulic
|1000 kW, B'B' axle formula, modernized by Remarul (Carpathia 1300 DH-M)
|100 km/h
|2009
|-
|Class 87
|Diesel hydraulic
|B'B' axle formula. Used for narrow gauge services.
|40 km/h
|1979–1984
|-
|Class 88
|Diesel mechanical shunter
|184 kW B axle formula. 81 were built originally, though a significant amount have been replaced by newer types.
|40 km/h
|1981–1984
|-
|Class 95
|Diesel mechanical shunter
|88 kW B axle formula.
|55 km/h
|1935–1950
|}
===Diesel multiple units===
CFR Călători uses [[diesel multiple units]] (DMUs) mainly for passenger services on shorter and little-used lines, even though the Siemens Desiro DMUs have also been used for InterRegio and InterCity services on longer distances.
{| border="1" class="toccolours" style="margin:auto; font-size:95%; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; margin:10px 10px 10px 0; padding:0;" cellpadding="6"
|-
!Name
!Builder
!Specifications and notes
!Maximum speed
!Years built
|-
|Class 77
|[[FAUR|Malaxa]]
|88 kW power. Archaic [[railbus]] used mainly on rural routes in [[Banat]] and [[Bukovina]]. Some of them were phased out but the last ones left in service have been refurbished multiple times.
|70 km/h
|1935–1942
|-
|Class 78
|Malaxa
|162 kW power. Most were used as official government trains or by company officials when travelling (some have beds, showers, luxury fittings and press rooms).
|100/120 km/h
|1939–1954
|-
|Class 79
|[[Bombardier Transportation|Waggonbau Görlitz]]
|132 kW power. Formerly used by [[Deutsche Bahn]] as class 772 railbus and comprehensively modernised by MARUB Brașov. 12 units were bought in 1993–1996 by CFR for use on rural Personal services. Some were rented to private operators. In 2017, these railcars were withdrawn and abandoned in various locations.
|90 km/h
|1960–1977
|-
|Class 92
|[[MARUB]] Brașov
|153/208 kW power. Diesel hydraulic railbuses. Only 2 have been used. Contain 56 second-class seats.
|80 km/h
|1995
|-
|Class 96 ([[Siemens Desiro|Desiro]])
|[[Siemens Mobility|Siemens]]
|550 kW. Diesel mechanical DMUs. Also known as ''Săgeata Albastră'' (Blue Arrow). Used on Regio and InterRegio services.
|120 km/h
|2003–present
|-
|Class 98 (formerly 91/92)
|[[Duewag]]
|485 kW. Bought from [[Deutsche Bahn]] and contain 12 first-class and 112 second-class seats. 2 were in operation, on Regio services between Satu-Mare and Jibou. Stored since 2017.
|120 km/h
|1994
|}
===Electric multiple units===
A [[CFR Class TEA|6-car regional EMU]] built by [[Electroputere]] was used from 1975 to 1997, although they were rare, only 8 being made. By June 2006, there were no [[electric multiple units]] (EMUs) in service. However, CFR bought some second-hand Z-6100 and Z-6300 EMUs from [[SNCF]], and their [[Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois|CFL]] version 250 with 2 cars and 260 with 3 cars, which were modernised by [[Remarul 16 Februarie]] in Cluj-Napoca and were used for commuter trains, as class 58, until 2020 when they were withdrawn. The last one to be used was 58-1007-2 (Z-6316).
{| border="1" class="toccolours" style="margin:auto; font-size:95%; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; margin:10px 10px 10px 0; padding:0;" cellpadding="6"
|-
!Name
!Builder
!Specifications and notes
!Maximum speed
!Years built
|-
|Class 55/56/57
|Electroputere, [[Astra Arad|IVA Arad]]
|1870 kW power. Used on certain lines by the Cluj, Craiova and Bucharest regional divisions. 336 seats
|120 km/h
|1974, 1984–1986
|-
|Class 58
|Carel-Fouche, Alsthom
|690 kW power. Used on local and regional electrified railways. 280 seats.
|120 km/h
|1965–1975
|}
==Rail links with adjacent countries==
Romania is linked by rail with all neighboring countries.
* Same gauge:
** {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarian State Railways|Bulgaria]]
** {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungarian State Railways|Hungary]]
** {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbian Railways|Serbia]]
* [[Break-of-gauge]] {{RailGauge|sg}}/{{RailGauge|1520mm}}:
** {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian Railways|Ukraine]]
** {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Calea Ferată din Moldova|Moldova]]
==Notable people==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
*[[George Cosmovici]] (1857–1920), mechanical engineer and inventor
==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Bucharest North railway station]]
* [[CFR Cluj]] — professional football club
* [[Grup Feroviar Roman]]
* [[Rail transport by country]]
* [[Rail transport in Romania]]
* [[Regiotrans]]
* [[Reșița Steam Locomotive Museum]]
* [[Transportation in Romania]]
{{Div col end}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}
==References==
* {{Cite web |title=Istoria Căilor Ferate din România |url=http://www.cfr.ro/CFR_new/Rom/istoria.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050611085017/http://www.cfr.ro/CFR_new/Rom/istoria.htm |archive-date=11 June 2005 |access-date=10 July 2005 |publisher=CFR Infrastructură |language=ro}}
* {{Cite web |title=Dublări de linii |url=http://www.cfr.ro/CFR_new/Rom/dublari.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427133307/http://www.cfr.ro/CFR_new/Rom/dublari.htm |archive-date=27 April 2005 |access-date=10 July 2005 |publisher=CFR Infrastructură |language=ro |df=dmy}}
* {{Cite web |title=Electrificarea căilor ferate |url=http://www.cfr.ro/CFR_new/Rom/istoria.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050611085017/http://www.cfr.ro/CFR_new/Rom/istoria.htm |archive-date=11 June 2005 |access-date=10 July 2005 |publisher=CFR Infrastructură |language=ro}}
* {{
* {{Cite web |title=Restructurarea și modernizarea infrastructurii |url=http://www.cfr.ro/CFR_new/Rom/restructurare.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427133356/http://www.cfr.ro/CFR_new/Rom/restructurare.htm |archive-date=27 April 2005 |access-date=10 July 2005 |publisher=CFR Infrastructură |language=ro |df=dmy}}
* {{Cite web |title=CFR a desemnat cele șapte firme pentru gestionarea unor secții de circulație neinteroperabilă |url=http://www.business.ro/detaliere_stire.php?idn=166234 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110515011903/http://www.business.ro/detaliere_stire.php?idn=166234 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |access-date=10 July 2005 |publisher=Rompres |language=ro |df=dmy-all}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Căile Ferate Române}}
* [https://cfr.ro/ Official website of the infrastructure company CNCFR]
* [https://www.cfrcalatori.ro/en/ Official website of the CFR Călători]
*[http://www.interrail.eu/ Tickets interrail]
* [http://www.infofer.ro/ Train Timetable for the state railway operator (C.F.R. Călători)]
* [http://tren.transira.ro/ Train Timetable for the private railway operators]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090729233940/http://www.forumtrenuri.com/ All about rail transport from Romania]}}
* [http://www.railfaneurope.net/pix/ro/pix.html Romanian Railways picture gallery at railfaneurope.net]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407122726/http://www.cfrmarfa.cfr.ro/english.html CFR Freight (in English)]
* [http://railnet.ro Railnet.ro – Romanian Trainspotter's Forum]
* [http://cfr.stfp.net/?la=E Photo Gallery of Romanian locomotives (in English)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107234230/http://www.europrail.net/ For Eurail and Romanian Rail Passes]
* [http://www.benbe.hu/categories/trains-romania_eng.php Photos of Romanian trains in scenic landscape]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080415232159/http://pisti91.myfreeforum.org/ Forum about CFR and other Romanian railway-related topics]}}
* [http://www.trenuri.uv.ro/ Photo gallery of Romanian rolling stock, infrastructure and stations]
{{National railway companies of Europe}}
{{Transport in Bucharest}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Caile Ferate Romane}}
[[Category:Căile Ferate Române| ]]
[[Category:Railway companies of Romania]]
[[Category:Passenger rail transport in Romania]]
[[Category:Romanian brands]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Romania]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bucharest]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 1998]]
| |||