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{{Short description|none}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Proof that 22/7 exceeds {{pi}}}}
[[File:22 Divided by 7 Circle.png|thumb|This is not a perfect 22/7 circle, because 22/7 is not a perfect representation of pi.]]
{{Pi box}}
[[Mathematical proof|Proofs]] of the mathematical result that the [[rational number]] {{sfrac|22|7}} is greater than [[pi|{{pi}}]] (pi) date back to antiquity. One of these proofs, more recently developed but requiring only elementary techniques from calculus, has attracted attention in modern mathematics due to its [[mathematical elegance]] and its connections to the theory of [[Diophantine approximations]]. Stephen Lucas calls this proof "one of the more beautiful results related to approximating {{pi}}".<ref name="Lucas2005">{{Citation
| last = Lucas
| first = Stephen
| title = Integral proofs that 355/113 > {{pi}}
| journal = Australian Mathematical Society Gazette
| volume = 32
| issue = 4
| pages = 263–266
| year = 2005
| url = http://www.austms.org.au/Publ/Gazette/2005/Sep05/Lucas.pdf
| mr = 2176249
| zbl = 1181.11077}}</ref>
Julian Havil ends a discussion of [[continued fraction]] approximations of {{pi}} with the result, describing it as "impossible to resist mentioning" in that context.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Havil
| first = Julian
| title = Gamma. Exploring Euler's Constant
| place = Princeton, NJ
| publisher = Princeton University Press
| year = 2003
| page = 96
| mr = 1968276
| zbl = 1023.11001
| isbn = 0-691-09983-9}}</ref>
The purpose of the proof is not primarily to convince its readers that {{sfrac|22|7}} {{nowrap|(or {{sfrac|3|1|7}})}} is indeed bigger than {{pi}}. Systematic methods of computing the value of {{pi}} exist. If one knows that {{pi}} is approximately 3.14159, then it trivially follows that {{pi}} < {{sfrac|22|7}}, which is approximately 3.142857. But it takes much less work to show that {{pi}} < {{sfrac|22|7}} by the method used in this proof than to show that {{pi}} is approximately 3.14159.
==
{{sfrac|22|7}} is a widely used [[Diophantine approximation]] of {{pi}}. It is a convergent in the simple [[continued fraction]] expansion of {{pi}}. It is greater than {{pi}}, as can be readily seen in the [[decimal expansion]]s of these values:
:<math>\begin{align}
\frac{22}{7} & = 3. \overline{142\,857}, \\
\pi\, & = 3.141 \,592\,65\ldots
\end{align}</math>
The approximation has been known since antiquity. [[Archimedes]] wrote the first known proof that {{sfrac|22|7}} is an overestimate in the 3rd century BCE, although he may not have been the first to use that approximation. His proof proceeds by showing that {{sfrac|22|7}} is greater than the ratio of the [[perimeter]] of a [[regular polygon]] with 96 sides to the diameter of a circle it circumscribes.{{refn|group=note|Proposition 3: The ratio of the circumference of any circle to its diameter is less than {{sfrac|3|1|7}} but greater than {{sfrac|3|10|71}}.<ref>{{Citation | author=Archimedes | editor-last=Heath | editor-first=T.L. | editor-link=Thomas Little Heath | orig-year=1897 | date=2002 | title=The Works of Archimedes | publisher=Dover Publications | pages=93–96 | chapter=Measurement of a circle | isbn=0-486-42084-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/worksofarchimede029517mbp}}</ref>}}
== Proof ==
The proof first devised by British electrical engineer Donald Percy Dalzell (1898–1988) in 1944<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nahin |first=Paul J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntHtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Inside Interesting Integrals |date=2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-43788-6 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> can be expressed very succinctly:
:<math>
Therefore, {{sfrac|22|7}} > {{pi}}.
The evaluation of this integral was the first problem in the 1968 [[William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition|Putnam Competition]].<ref>{{Citation
| editor1-last = Alexanderson
| editor1-first = Gerald L. | editor1-link = Gerald L. Alexanderson
| editor2-last = Klosinski
| editor2-first = Leonard F.
| editor3-last = Larson
| editor3-first = Loren C.
| title = The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition: Problems and Solutions: 1965–1984
| place = Washington, DC
| publisher = The Mathematical Association of America
| year = 1985
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HNLRgSGZrWMC&dq=December-7-1968+Putnam+Mathematical-Competition&pg=PA9
| isbn = 0-88385-463-5
| zbl = 0584.00003}}</ref>
It is easier than most Putnam Competition problems, but the competition often features seemingly obscure problems that turn out to refer to something very familiar. This integral has also been used in the entrance examinations for the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]].<ref>[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxIR7Kj71SMKUmxnUkdhdWJ5NWM/view 2010 IIT Joint Entrance Exam], question 41 on page 12 of the mathematics section.</ref>
==Details of evaluation of the integral==
That the [[integral]] is positive follows from the fact that the [[integrand]] is [[non-negative]]; the denominator is positive and the numerator is a product of nonnegative numbers. One can also easily check that the integrand is strictly positive for at least one point in the range of integration, say at {{sfrac|1|2}}. Since the integrand is continuous at that point and nonnegative elsewhere, the integral from 0 to 1 must be strictly positive.
It remains to show that the integral in fact evaluates to the desired quantity:
: <math>
\begin{align}
0 & < \int_0^1\frac{x^4\left(1-x\right)^4}{1+x^2}\, dx \\[8pt]
& = \int_0^1\frac{x^4-4x^5+6x^6-4x^7+x^8}{1+x^2}\, dx & \text{expansion of terms in the numerator} \\[8pt]
& = \int_0^1 \left(x^6-4x^5+5x^4-4x^2+4-\frac{4}{1+x^2}\right) \, dx & \text{ using polynomial long division} & \\[8pt]
& = \left.\left(\frac{x^7}{7}-\frac{2x^6}{3}+ x^5- \frac{4x^3}{3}+4x-4\arctan{x}\right)\,\right|_0^1 & \text{definite integration} \\[6pt]
& = \frac{1}{7}-\frac{2}{3}+1-\frac{4}{3}+4-\pi\quad & \text{with }\arctan(1) = \frac{\pi}{4} \text{ and } \arctan(0) = 0 \\[8pt]
& = \frac{22}{7}-\pi. & \text{addition}
\end{align}
</math>
(See [[polynomial long division]].)
==Quick upper and lower bounds==
In {{harvtxt|Dalzell|1944}}, it is pointed out that if 1 is substituted for {{math|''x''}} in the denominator, one gets a lower bound on the integral, and if 0 is substituted for {{math|''x''}} in the denominator, one gets an upper bound:<ref>{{citation|last=Dalzell|first=D. P.|year=1944|title=On 22/7|journal=Journal of the London Mathematical Society|volume=19|issue=75 Part 3|pages=133–134|mr=0013425|zbl=0060.15306|doi=10.1112/jlms/19.75_part_3.133}}.</ref>
:<math>\frac{1}{1260} = \int_0^1\frac{x^4 \left(1-x\right)^4}{2}\,dx < \int_0^1\frac{x^4 \left(1-x\right)^4}{1+x^2}\,dx < \int_0^1\frac{x^4 \left(1-x\right)^4}{1}\,dx = {1 \over 630}.</math>
Thus we have
:<math>\frac{22}{7} - \frac{1}{630} < \pi < \frac{22}{7} - \frac{1}{1260},</math>
hence 3.1412 < {{pi}} < 3.1421 in decimal expansion. The bounds deviate by less than 0.015% from {{pi}}. See also {{harvtxt|Dalzell|1971}}.<ref>{{citation|last=Dalzell|first=D. P.|year=1971|title=On 22/7 and 355/113|journal=Eureka; the Archimedeans' Journal|volume=34|pages=10–13|issn=0071-2248}}.</ref>
==Proof that 355/113 exceeds {{pi}}==
As discussed in {{harvtxt|Lucas|2005}}, the well-known Diophantine approximation and far better upper estimate [[355/113|{{sfrac|355|113}}]] for {{pi}} follows from the relation
:<math>0<\int_0^1\frac{x^8\left(1-x\right)^8\left(25+816x^2\right)}{3164\left(1+x^2\right)}\,dx=\frac{355}{113}-\pi.</math>
:<math>\frac{355}{113}= 3.141\,592\,92\ldots,</math>
where the first six digits after the decimal point agree with those of {{pi}}. Substituting 1 for {{math|''x''}} in the denominator, we get the lower bound
:<math>\int_0^1\frac{x^8\left(1-x\right)^8\left(25+816x^2\right)}{6328}\,dx =\frac{911}{5\,261\,111\,856} = 0.000\,000\,173\ldots,</math>
substituting 0 for {{math|''x''}} in the denominator, we get twice this value as an upper bound, hence
:<math>\frac{355}{113}-\frac{911}{2\,630\,555\,928}<\pi<\frac{355}{113}-\frac{911}{5\,261\,111\,856}\,.</math>
In decimal expansion, this means {{nowrap|'''3.141''' '''592''' 57 < {{pi}} < '''3.141''' '''592''' 74}}, where the bold digits of the lower and upper bound are those of {{pi}}.
==Extensions==
The above ideas can be generalized to get better approximations of {{pi}}; see also {{harvtxt|Backhouse|1995}}<ref>{{citation|last=Backhouse|first=Nigel|date=July 1995|title=Note 79.36, Pancake functions and approximations to {{pi}}|journal=The Mathematical Gazette|volume=79|issue=485|pages=371–374|doi=10.2307/3618318|jstor=3618318|s2cid=126397479 }}</ref> and {{harvtxt|Lucas|2005}} (in both references, however, no calculations are given). For explicit calculations, consider, for every integer {{math|''n'' ≥ 1}},
:<math>
\frac1{2^{2n-1}}\int_0^1 x^{4n}(1-x)^{4n}\,dx
<\frac1{2^{2n-2}}\int_0^1\frac{x^{4n}(1-x)^{4n}}{1+x^2}\,dx
<\frac1{2^{2n-2}}\int_0^1 x^{4n}(1-x)^{4n}\,dx,
</math>
where the middle integral evaluates to
:<math>\begin{align}
\frac1{2^{2n-2}} & \int_0^1\frac{x^{4n}(1-x)^{4n}}{1+x^2}\,dx\\[6pt]
= {} & \sum_{j=0}^{2n-1}\frac{(-1)^j}{2^{2n-j-2}(8n-j-1)\binom{8n-j-2}{4n+j}}
+(-1)^n\left(\pi-4\sum_{j=0}^{3n-1}\frac{(-1)^j}{2j+1}\right)
\end{align}</math>
involving {{pi}}. The last sum also appears in [[Leibniz formula for pi|Leibniz' formula for {{pi}}]]. The correction term and [[error bound]] is given by
:<math>\begin{align}\frac1{2^{2n-1}}\int_0^1 x^{4n}(1-x)^{4n}\,dx
&=\frac{1}{2^{2n-1}(8n+1)\binom{8n}{4n}}\\[6pt]
&\sim\frac{\sqrt{\pi n}}{2^{10n-2}(8n+1)},
\end{align}</math>
where the approximation (the tilde means that the quotient of both sides tends to one for large {{math|''n''}}) of the [[central binomial coefficient]] follows from [[Stirling's formula]] and shows the fast convergence of the integrals to {{pi}}.
Calculation of these integrals: For all integers {{math|''k'' ≥ 0}} and {{math|''ℓ'' ≥ 2}} we have
:<math>\begin{align}
x^k(1-x)^\ell&=(1-2x+x^2)x^k(1-x)^{\ell-2}\\[6pt]
&=(1+x^2)\,x^k(1-x)^{\ell-2}-2x^{k+1}(1-x)^{\ell-2}.
\end{align}</math>
Applying this formula recursively {{math|2''n''}} times yields
:<math>x^{4n}(1-x)^{4n}
=\left(1+x^2\right)\sum_{j=0}^{2n-1}(-2)^jx^{4n+j}(1-x)^{4n-2(j+1)}+(-2)^{2n}x^{6n}.</math>
Furthermore,
:<math>\begin{align}
x^{6n}-(-1)^{3n}
&=\sum_{j=1}^{3n}(-1)^{3n-j}x^{2j}-\sum_{j=0}^{3n-1}(-1)^{3n-j}x^{2j}\\[6pt]
&=\sum_{j=0}^{3n-1}\left((-1)^{3n-(j+1)} x^{2(j+1)}-(-1)^{3n-j}x^{2j}\right)\\[6pt]
&=-(1+x^2)\sum_{j=0}^{3n-1} (-1)^{3n-j}x^{2j},
\end{align}</math>
where the first equality holds, because the terms for {{math|1 ≤ ''j'' ≤ 3''n'' – 1}} cancel, and the second equality arises from the index shift {{math|''j'' → ''j'' + 1}} in the first sum.
Application of these two results gives
:<math>\begin{align}\frac{x^{4n}(1-x)^{4n}}{2^{2n-2}(1+x^2)}
=\sum_{j=0}^{2n-1} & \frac{(-1)^j}{2^{2n-j-2}}x^{4n+j}(1-x)^{4n-2j-2}\\[6pt]
& {} -4\sum_{j=0}^{3n-1}(-1)^{3n-j}x^{2j}+(-1)^{3n}\frac4{1+x^2}.\qquad(1)
\end{align}</math>
For integers {{math|''k'', ''ℓ'' ≥ 0}}, using [[integration by parts]] {{math|''ℓ''}} times, we obtain
:<math>\begin{align}
\int_0^1x^k(1-x)^\ell\,dx
&=\frac \ell{k+1}\int_0^1x^{k+1}(1-x)^{\ell-1}\,dx\\[6pt]
&\,\,\,\vdots\\[6pt]
&=\frac \ell{k+1} \frac{\ell-1}{k+2}\cdots\frac1{k+\ell}\int_0^1x^{k+\ell}\,dx\\[6pt]
&=\frac{1}{(k+\ell+1)\binom{k+\ell}{k}}.\qquad(2)
\end{align}</math>
Setting {{math|''k'' {{=}} ''ℓ'' {{=}} 4''n''}}, we obtain
:<math>\int_0^1 x^{4n} (1-x)^{4n}\,dx = \frac{1}{(8n+1)\binom{8n}{4n}}.</math>
Integrating equation (1) from 0 to 1 using equation (2) and {{math|arctan(1) {{=}} {{sfrac|π|4}}}}, we get the claimed equation involving {{pi}}.
The results for {{math|''n'' {{=}} 1}} are given above. For {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2}} we get
:<math>\frac14\int_0^1\frac{x^8(1-x)^8}{1+x^2}\,dx=\pi -\frac{47\,171}{15\,015}</math>
and
:<math>\frac18\int_0^1 x^8(1-x)^8\,dx=\frac1{1\,750\,320},</math>
hence {{nowrap|'''3.141''' '''592''' 31 < {{pi}} < '''3.141''' '''592''' 89}}, where the bold digits of the lower and upper bound are those of {{pi}}. Similarly for {{math|''n'' {{=}} 3}},
:<math>\frac1{16}\int_0^1\frac{x^{12}\left(1-x\right)^{12}}{1+x^2}\,dx= \frac{431\,302\,721}{137\,287\,920}-\pi</math>
with correction term and error bound
:<math>\frac1{32}\int_0^1 x^{12} (1-x)^{12}\,dx=\frac1{2\,163\,324\,800},</math>
hence {{nowrap|'''3.141''' '''592''' '''653''' 40 < {{pi}} < '''3.141''' '''592''' '''653''' 87}}. The next step for {{math|''n'' {{=}} 4}} is
:<math>\frac1{64}\int_0^1\frac{x^{16} (1-x)^{16}}{1+x^2}\,dx= \pi-\frac{741\,269\,838\,109}{235\,953\,517\,800}</math>
with
:<math>\frac1{128}\int_0^1 x^{16} (1-x)^{16}\,dx=\frac1{2\,538\,963\,567\,360},</math>
which gives {{nowrap|'''3.141''' '''592''' '''653''' '''589''' 55 < {{pi}} < '''3.141''' '''592''' '''653''' '''589''' 96}}.
==See also==
*[[Approximations of π|Approximations of {{pi}}]]
*[[Chronology of computation of π|Chronology of computation of {{pi}}]]
*[[Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem]] (proof that {{pi}} is transcendental)
*[[List of topics related to π|List of topics related to {{pi}}]]
*[[Proof that π is irrational|Proof that {{pi}} is irrational]]
==Footnotes==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070730150749/http://www.kalva.demon.co.uk/putnam/putn68.html The problems of the 1968 Putnam competition], with this proof listed as question A1.
{{Calculus topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Proof that 22 7 exceeds}}
[[Category:Pi]]
[[Category:Article proofs]]
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