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Richmond, Virginia has a sculpture by him. Also, he lived in Rome, Italy. |
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{{short description|18th and 19th-century French artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Jean-Antoine Houdon
| image = Jean antoine houdon-rembrandt peale.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = 1808 portrait by [[Rembrandt Peale]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1741|03|20}}
| birth_place = [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], France
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1828|07|15|1741|03|25}}
| death_place = Paris, France
| spouse = Marie-Ange-Cecile Langlois
| field = Portrait sculpture
| training = [[Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture]]
| movement =
| works = ''[[Statue of George Washington (Houdon)|Statue of George Washington]]''
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Prix de Rome]]
| elected =
| website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} -->
| bgcolour =
}}
'''Jean-Antoine, chevalier Houdon''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒɑ̃ ɑ̃twan udɔ̃|lang}};<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jean Antoine Houdon pronunciation in French |url=https://forvo.com/word/jean_antoine_houdon/#fr |access-date=July 21, 2020 |website=www.forvo.com}}</ref> 20 March 1741 – 15 July 1828) was a French [[Neoclassicism#Sculpture|neoclassical sculptor]].
Houdon is famous for his portrait busts and statues of philosophers, inventors and political figures of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. Houdon's subjects included [[Denis Diderot]] (1771), [[Benjamin Franklin]] (1778-1809), [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1778), [[Voltaire]] (1781), [[Molière]] (1781), [[George Washington (Houdon)|George Washington]] (1785–1788), [[Thomas Jefferson]] (1789), [[Louis XVI]] (1790), [[Robert Fulton]] (1803–04), and [[Napoléon Bonaparte]] (1806).
==Biography==
[[File:Paris art deco boilly houdon.jpg|thumb|''Jean-Antoine Houdon at work in his atelier'', 1804, by [[Louis-Léopold Boilly]], [[Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris|Musée des Arts Décoratifs]], Paris.]]
Houdon was born in [[Versailles (city)|Versailles]], on 20 March 1741.{{sfn|Hart|Biddle|1911|p=3}}
In 1752, he entered the [[Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture]], where he studied with [[René-Michel Slodtz]], [[Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne (sculptor)|Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne]], and [[Jean-Baptiste Pigalle]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} From 1761 to 1764, he studied at the [[École royale des élèves protégés]].{{sfn|Murray|2004}}
Houdon won the [[Prix de Rome]] in 1761, but was not greatly influenced by ancient and [[Renaissance art]] in [[Rome]]. His stay in the city is marked by two characteristic and important productions: the superb [[écorché]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artcyclopedia.com/feature-2003-06-Houdon-Ecorche.html|title=Jean-Antoine Houdon: l'Ecorche (Flayed Man)|website=artcyclopedia.com}}</ref> (1767), an anatomical model which has served as a guide to all artists since his day, and the statue of [[Bruno of Cologne|Saint Bruno]] in the church of [[Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri]] in Rome.
After four years in [[Italian Peninsula|Italy]], Houdon returned to [[Paris]].{{sfn|Hart|Biddle|1911|pp=7–8}}
He submitted ''Morpheus'' to the Salon of 1771.{{sfn|Herbermann|1913}} He developed his practise of portrait busts.
He became a member of the [[Académie de peinture et de sculpture]] in 1771, and a professor in 1778. In 1778, he modeled [[Voltaire]], producing a portrait bust with wig for the [[Comédie-Française]]; one for the [[Palace of Versailles]], and one for [[Catherine the Great]].{{sfn|Hart|Biddle|1911|p=36}}
In 1778, he joined the masonic lodge [[Les Neuf Sœurs]], where he later met [[Benjamin Franklin]], and [[John Paul Jones]].{{sfn|Marshall|Kaufman|Johnston|2005}}
For Salon of 1781, he submitted a ''Diana'' which was refused without drapery.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
Houdon's portrait sculpture of Washington was the result of a specific invitation by Benjamin Franklin to cross the Atlantic in 1785, specifically to visit [[Mount Vernon (plantation)|Mount Vernon]], so that Washington could model for him. Washington sat for wet clay life models and a plaster life mask.
These models served for many commissions of Washington, including the [[George Washington (Houdon)|standing figure]] commissioned by the [[Virginia General Assembly]], for the [[Virginia State Capitol]] in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
Numerous variations of the Washington bust were produced, portraying him variously as a general in uniform, in the classical manner showing chest musculature, and as Roman Consul [[Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus]] clad in a toga.
In the 1780s, Houdon produced two semi-nude sculptures, [[Winter (sculpture)|''Winter'']] and ''Bather''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jahd/hd_jahd.htm|title=Jean Antoine Houdon (1741–1828)|website=metmuseum.org|date=October 2008 |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref>
Perceived as bourgeois for his connections to the court of Louis XVI, he fell out of favour during the [[French Revolution]], although he escaped imprisonment.
Houdon returned to favor during the [[French Consulate]] and [[First French Empire|Empire]], being taken on as one of the original artistic team for what became the [[Column of the Grande Armée]] at Wimille.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
He was made a Chevalier de la [[Légion d'honneur]], on 17 December 1804.{{sfn|Hart|Biddle|1911|p= 264}} He was created a ''Chevalier de l'Empire'' in 1809, which was made hereditary by letters patent in 1816.[[Image:George Washington 1890 Issue Lake-2c.jpg|thumb|179px|{{center|American Bank Note Co}}{{center|Issue of 1890}}]]Houdon died in Paris on 15 July 1828,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} and was interred at the [[Montparnasse Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite book|title=La sculpture dans les cimetières de Paris|author=Jouin, Henry|___location=[[Mâcon]]|page=223|language=fr|date=1898|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9730153t}}</ref>
==Family==
On 1 July 1786, he married Marie-Ange-Cecile Langlois;{{sfn|Hart|Biddle|1911|p=274}} they had three daughters: Sabine, Anne-Ange, and Claudine.{{sfn|Hart|Biddle|1911|p=256}}
==Legacy and influence==
Houdon's sculptures were used as models for the engravings used on [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps#1880s|various U.S. postage stamps]] of the late 19th and early 20th centuries which depict Washington in profile.<ref>[http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2032672 Smithsonian National Postal Museum]</ref>
==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="7">
File:Bust of the Marquis de Miromesnil, 1775 CE. From Paris, France. By Jean-Antoine Houdon. The Victoria and Albert Museum, London.jpg|Bust of [[Armand Thomas Hue de Miromesnil]], 1775, [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]
File:HoudonWashingtonNPG.jpg|Bust of [[George Washington|Washington]] based on a life mask cast in 1786, [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]]
File:P1020216 Musée Angers Houdon marbre Voltaire rwk.JPG|Bust of [[Voltaire]], 1778, [[Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers]]
File:Jean-Antoine Houdon, Voltaire, 1778, NGA 1266.jpg|''Voltaire'', 1778, [[National Gallery of Art]]
File:Juliette Récamier. Buste de Houdon, d'après Chinard. Vue de face.jpg|Bust of [[Madame Récamier]] after [[Joseph Chinard]]
File:Jean-Antoine Houdon's George Washington.jpg |''[[George Washington (Houdon)|George Washington]],'' Virginia State Capitol complex
File:Houdon Jean Antoine, Voltaire assis, terre cuite, Musée Fabre, Montpellier.jpg|''Seated Voltaire'', [[Musée Fabre]]
File:Houdon Jean Antoine, L'écorché bras levé, Musée Fabre, Montpellier.jpg|Skinned Man, [[Musée Fabre]]
File:Houdon Jean Antoine, La frileuse 2.jpg|''[[Winter (sculpture)|Winter]]'', 1783, [[Musée Fabre]]
File:SculpturesMuséeFabre26a Houdon Eté.jpg|''The Summer'', 1785, [[Fabre Museum]]
File:The Gulbenkian Museum (42416563422).jpg|''[[Diana (mythology)|Diana]]'', 1780, [[Calouste Gulbenkian Museum]]
File:Bust of Anne-Marie-Louise Thomas de Domangeville de Sérilly, Comtesse de Pange (1780).jpg|Bust of Anne-Marie-Louise Thomas de Domangeville de Sérilly, Comtesse de Pange (1780), [[Art Institute of Chicago]]
File:Madame Houdon - Jean-Antoine Houdon - musée du Louvre.jpg|Madame Houdon, [[Louvre]]
File:Jean-Antoine Houdon - Portrait of Christoph Willibald Gluck - 1988.59 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Bust of [[Christoph Willibald Gluck]], [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]
</gallery>
==See also==
* [[Neoclassicism in France]]
* [[Washington-Franklin Issues]]
* [[Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* {{citation|first=Arnason H. |last=Harvard|title=The Sculptures of Houdon|___location=London|publisher=Phaidon|year=1975}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Houdon, Jean Antoine}}
* {{Catholic|no-icon=1|prescript=|wstitle=Jean-Antoine Houdon}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Murray |editor-first=Christopher John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXnMs-YDEF4C&q=houdon |title=Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850: A-K |volume=1 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2004 |isbn=9781579584238}}
* {{cite book|last1=Poulet|first1=Ann L.|last2=Scherf|first2=Guilhem|name-list-style=and|title=Jean-Antoine Houdon: Sculptor of the Enlightenment|type=exhibition catalogue|___location=Washington, D.C.; Chicago, IL|publisher=National Gallery of Art, in association with the University of Chicago Press|year=2003|isbn=0-226-67647-1|lccn=2003-2220|oclc=1015315163|url=https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/jean-antoine-houdon.pdf}}
* {{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avec_fQkUnAC&q=houdon|title= Memoirs of the Life and Works of Jean Antoine Houdon: The Sculptor of Voltaire and of Washington|first1=Charles Henry|last1=Hart|first2=Edward|last2=Biddle|publisher=Princeton University|year=1911|isbn= 9781425499891}}; Kessinger Publishing, 2006, {{ISBN|9781425499891}}
* {{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C&pg=PA579|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, And History
|editor1-first=Bill|editor1-last=Marshall|editor2-first=Will|editor2-last=Kaufman|editor3-first=Cristina|editor3-last=Johnston|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=9781851094110}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Jean-Antoine Houdon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060516233920/http://www.scultura-italiana.com/Galleria_Estero/Houdon%20Jean-Antoine/index.html Virtual Gallery]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/jahd/hd_jahd.htm Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741–1828)] (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History)
* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/56268/rec/16 ''Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861''], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Houdon (see index)
* {{FrenchSculptureCensus}}
* [https://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/jean-antoine-houdon-1741-1828 Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741-1828)] an exhibition organized and exhibited by the National Gallery of Art, Washington (exhibited May 4 - September 7, 2003), the [[J. Paul Getty Museum]], Los Angeles (November 4, 2003 - January 25, 2004), and the Réunion des musées nationaux and l'Etablissement public du musée et du domaine national de Versailles, France (March 1 - May 30, 2004). The exhibit was curated by [[Anne Poulet]], curator emerita of European sculpture and decorative arts, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
{{Authority control (arts)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Houdon, Jean Antoine}}
[[Category:1741 births]]
[[Category:1828 deaths]]
[[Category:Artists from Versailles]]
[[Category:18th-century French sculptors]]
[[Category:French male sculptors]]
[[Category:19th-century French sculptors]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie des beaux-arts]]
[[Category:Prix de Rome for sculpture]]
[[Category:People of the French Revolution]]
[[Category:Les Neuf Sœurs]]
[[Category:French Freemasons]]
[[Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery]]
[[Category:19th-century French male artists]]
[[Category:18th-century French male artists]]
[[Category:Knights of the First French Empire]]
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