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{{short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India and Bangladesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kokborok, Tiprakok
| altname = Tripuri, Tripura, Tipra, Tippera
| nativename = {{langx|trp|Kokborok|label=none}}
| image =
| states = [[Languages of India|India]],
[[Languages of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
| region =
*[[Northeast India]]
**[[Tripura]]
**[[Assam]]
**[[Mizoram]]
*[[Myanmar]]
*[[Bangladesh]]
**[[Chittagong Division]]
***[[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]
***[[Chandpur District]]
***[[Feni District]]
***[[Noakhali District]]
**[[Meghna Division]]
***[[Comilla District]]
**[[Sylhet Division]]
***[[Sylhet District]]
**[[Dhaka Division]]
***[[Rajbari District]]
| ethnicity = [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|1,267,872|2}} (2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| date =
| ref = e27
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Sal languages|Sal]]
| fam5 = [[Boro–Garo languages|Boro–Garo]]
| ancestor = Early Tipra
| script = *Koloma (''original'')
*[[Bengali–Assamese script]]
*[[Latin script]]
*Kokmari script (''Unofficial'')
| nation = [[Official languages of India|India]]
* [[Tripura]]
| lc1 = trp
| ld1 = Kokborok
| lc2 = ria
| ld2 = Riang
| lc3 = tpe
| ld3 = Tippera
| lc4 = usi
| ld4 = Usui
| lc5 = xtr
| ld5 = Early Tripuri
| linglist = xtr
| lingname = Early Tripuri
| glotto = tipp1238
| glottorefname = Tipperic
| map = File:Kokborok.map.png
| mapcaption = {{center|Kokborok speaking area}}
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Kokborok is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}<ref>{{Cite UNESCO Atlas|pages=46–47}}</ref>}}
}}
'''Kokborok '''(or '''Tripuri''') is a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language of the Indian state of [[Tripura]] and neighbouring areas of [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sorosoro.org/en/kokborok/ |title=Kokborok |publisher=Sorosoro.org |access-date=2021-12-13}}</ref> Its name comes from ''kók'' meaning "verbal" or "language" and ''borok'' meaning "people" or "human".{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} It is one of the ancient languages of [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Verghese |first=B. G. |author-link=B. G. Verghese |editor1-last=Sarangi |editor1-first=Asha |editor2-last=Pai |editor2-first=Sudha |year=2020 |orig-year=First published 2011 |chapter=Foreword |title=Interrogating reorganisation of states : culture, identity and politics in India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=xiv |isbn=978-1-000-08407-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOYJEAAAQBAJ |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref>
== History ==
Kokborok was formerly known as '''Tripuri''' and '''Tipra kok''', with its name being changed in the 20th century. The names also refer to the inhabitants of the former [[Twipra kingdom]], as well as the ethnicity of its speakers.
According to an oral history, Kókborok has been attested since at least the 1st century AD, when the historical record of Tripuri kings began to be written down in a book called the ''Rajratnakar'' or ''Rajmala'', using a script for Kókborok called "Koloma",<ref name="SIL2011" /><ref name="Jamatia_Gundimeda_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Jamatia |first1=Fancy |last2=Gundimeda |first2=Nagaraju |title=Ethnic identity and curriculum construction: critical reflection on school curriculum in Tripura |journal=Asian Ethnicity |date=3 July 2019 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=312–329 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2019.1568861 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fancy-Jamatia/publication/332543108_Ethnic_identity_and_curriculum_construction_critical_reflection_on_school_curriculum_in_Tripura/links/5cbb2dda299bf12097735538/Ethnic-identity-and-curriculum-construction-critical-reflection-on-school-curriculum-in-Tripura.pdf |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> by the scholar and priest Durlabendra Chantai (also spelled Durlobendra Chontai).<ref name="ManuscriptHistory_2016">{{cite book |editor1-last=Poddar |editor1-first=Satyadeo |title=History of Tripura: as reflected in the manuscripts |date=2016 |publisher=National Mission for Manuscripts : Dev Publishers & Distributors |___location=New Delhi |isbn=9789380829395}}</ref> In the early 15th century, under the reign of [[Dharma Manikya I]], two [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], Sukreswar and Vaneswar, compiled a ''Rajmala'', translating it into [[Sanskrit]] and into [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="ManuscriptHistory_2016" /><ref name="Jamatia_Gundimeda_2019" /> However, post-independence, the Kokborok records were outlawed and subsequently lost;<ref name="Jamatia_Gundimeda_2019" /> the main sources for Tripura history are the Sanskrit and Bengali manuscripts.<ref name="ManuscriptHistory_2016" />
Kokborok was relegated to a common people's dialect during the rule of the Tripuri kings in the Kingdom of Tipra from the 19th century till the 20th century. Kokborok was declared an official language of the state of Tripura, India by the state government in the year 1979.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/in-tripura-a-musicians-bid-to-preserve-the-language-of-the-tribes/ |title=In Tripura, a musician's bid to preserve the language of the tribes |date=22 May 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 November 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deb Barma |first=Aloy |date=2024-07-01 |title=Talking Back through Peripheral Visions and Negotiating Identity: Kokborok and Bengali Films and Music Videos in Tripura |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19346018.76.2.05 |journal=Journal of Film and Video |language=en |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=33–48 |doi=10.5406/19346018.76.2.05 |issn=0742-4671|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Debroy |first=Prajapita |date=2024 |title=Tripuriness Endangered? Identity Politics and the Aesthetics of Indigeneity in Post-Globalization Kokborok Cinema |url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v10n1/debroy.pdf |journal=Mizoram University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=244-245 |issn=2395-7352 |eissn=2581-6780}}</ref> Consequently, the language has been taught in schools of Tripura from the primary level to the higher secondary stage since the 1980s. A certificate course in Kokborok started from 1994 at [[Tripura University]]<ref name="Tribal Language">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=61 |title=Tribal Language |website=tripurauniv.in |language=en-gb |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924022722/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=61 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a post graduate diploma in Kokborok was started in 2001 by the Tripura University. Kokborok was introduced in the Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in the colleges affiliated to the Tripura University from the year 2012, and a Master of Arts (MA) degree in Kokborok was started by Tripura University from the year 2015.<ref name="Department of Kokborok">{{cite web |url=http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=400 |title=Department of Kokborok |website=tripurauniv.in |language=en-gb |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225012637/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/departments?id=400 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
There is currently a demand for giving the language recognition as one of the recognized official languages of India as per the 8th schedule of the Constitution. The official form is the dialect spoken in [[Agartala]], the state capital of Tripura.<ref name=":0" />
== Classification and related languages ==
Kokborok is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language of the [[Bodo–Garo languages|Bodo–Garo branch]].
It is related to the [[Bodo language|Bodo]] and [[Dimasa language|Dimasa]] languages of neighboring [[Assam]]. The [[Garo language]] is also a related language spoken in the state of [[Meghalaya]] and neighboring [[Bangladesh]].
Kókborok consists of several dialects spoken in Tripura. ''Ethnologue'' lists Usoi (Kau Brung), Riang (Kau Bru), and Khagrachari ("Trippera") as separate languages; Mukchak (Barbakpur), though not listed, is also distinct, and the language of many Tripuri clans has not been investigated. The greatest variety is within Khagrachari, though speakers of different Khagrachari varieties can "often" understand each other. Khagrachari literature is being produced in the Naitong and Dendak varieties.<ref name="SIL2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.sil.org/silesr/2011/silesr2011-038.pdf |title=The Tripura of Bangladesh: A Sociolinquistic Survey |website=SIL International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710191617/http://www.sil.org/silesr/2011/silesr2011-038.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref>
== Phonology ==
Kókborok has the phonology of a typical Sino-Tibetan language.{{Clarification needed|date=October 2022}}
=== Vowels ===
Kokborok has six (monophthong) vowel phonemes: {{IPA|/i u e ə o a/}}. Orthography differing from the phonetic transcription is indicated using angle brackets:
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Vowels'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veikho |first1=Sahiinii Lemaina |last2=Mushahary |first2=Jitamoni |title=A preliminary acoustic study of vowels and tones in Kokborok |journal=Nepalese Linguistics |year=2015 |volume=30 |pages=161–166 |url=https://www.academia.edu/19308035}}</ref>
|-
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}}|| ||{{IPA link|u}}
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}} {{angbr|w}}||{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- style="text-align:center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| ||{{IPA link|a}}||
|}
Early scholars of Kokborok decided to use the letter '''w''' as a symbol for a vowel that does not exist in English. In some localities, it is pronounced closer to {{IPA|[ɨ]}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacquesson |first=François |title=A Kokborok Grammar (Agartala dialect) |publisher=Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) |year=2008}}</ref> and in others, it is pronounced closer to {{IPA|[o]}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jacquesson |first=François |year=2003 |chapter=Kókborok, a short analysis |chapter-url=http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00008042/en/ |title=Hukumu, 10th anniversary volume |publisher=[[Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission]] |pages=109–122 |oclc=801647829}}</ref>
=== Consonants ===
Orthography differing from the phonetic transcription is indicated using angle brackets:
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Consonants'''
! colspan="2"| ||[[Labial consonant|Labial]]||[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]||[[Laminal consonant|Lamino-<br />Postalveolar]]||[[Velar consonant|Velar]]||[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Stops]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricates]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|ch}} || IPA |{{IPA link|k}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>[[Aspiration (linguistics)|aspirated]]</small>
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angbr|ph}} || {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angbr|th}} || {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} {{angbr|chh}} || {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{angbr|kh}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} {{Angbr|j}}|| {{IPA link|ɡ}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
| || {{IPA link|s}} || || || {{IPA link|h}}
|- style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2"|[[Nasal stop|Nasals]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n}} || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}} ||
|- style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || {{IPA link|l}} || || ||
|- style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximants]]
| {{IPA link|w}} || || {{IPA link|j}} {{Angbr|y}}|| ||
|}
=== Diphthongs ===
A [[diphthong]] is a group of two vowels. The '''wi''' diphthong is pronounced '''ui''' after {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/p/}}. Two examples are '''chumui''' (''cloud'') and '''thampui''' (''mosquito''). The '''ui''' diphthong is a variation of the '''wi''' diphthong. Other less frequent diphthongs, such as '''oi''' and '''ai''', are [[diphthong#Closing, opening, and centering|closing diphthongs]]. In Kokborok spelling, '''u''' is used for the sound {{IPA|/w/}} in the diphthongs {{IPA|/wa/}} (used initially, spelled '''ua''') and {{IPA|/wo/}} (used finally, spelled '''uo'''). It is also used for the diphthong {{IPA|/ɔi/}} (spelled '''wi''') after '''m''' and '''p'''.
=== Syllables ===
Most words are formed by combining the root with an [[affix]]:
* '''kuchuk''' is formed from the root '''chuk''' (''to be high''), with the prefix, '''ku'''.
* '''phaidi''' (''come'') is formed from the root '''phai''' (''to come''), with the suffix '''di'''.
There are no Kókborok words beginning with '''ng'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kokborokorg.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/kokborok-english-dictionary.pdf |title=Concise Kokborok-English-Dictionary}}</ref> At the end of a syllable, any vowel except ''w'' can be found, along with a limited number of consonants: ''p'', ''k'', ''m'', ''n'', ''ng'', ''r'' and ''l''. {{IPA|/j/}} is found only in closing diphthongs like ''ai'' and ''wi''.
===
"Clusters" are a group of consonants at the beginning of a syllable, like ''phl'', ''ph'' + ''l'', in '''phlat phlat''' (''very fast''), or ''sl'' in '''kungsluk kungsluk''' (''foolish man''). Clusters are quite impossible at the end of a syllable. There are some "false clusters" such as '''phran''' (''to dry'') which is actually '''phw-ran'''. These are very common in echo words: phlat phlat, phre phre, prai prai, prom prom, etc.
=== Tone ===
There are two tones in Kókborok: high tone and low tone. To mark the high tone, the letter ''h'' is written after the vowel with the high tone. These examples have low tone preceding high tone to show that tone changes the meaning:
==
{{main|Kokborok grammar}}
There is a clear-cut difference between nouns and verbs. All true verbs are made with a verbal root followed by a number of suffixes, which are placed not randomly but according to definite rules.
=== Morphology ===
Morphologically Kókborok words can be divided into five categories. They are the following.
# '''Compound words''', that is, words made of more than one original words: ''nai''-see; ''thok''-tasty; ''naithok''-beautiful; ''mwtai''-God; ''nok''-house; ''tongthar''-religion; ''bwkha''-heart; ''bwkhakotor''-brave; etc.
# '''Words with suffixes''': ''swrwng''-learn; ''swrwngnai''-learner; ''nukjak''-seen; ''kaham''-good; ''hamya''- bad; etc.
# '''Naturalized loan words''': ''gerogo''-to roll; ''gwdna''-neck; ''tebil''- table; ''poitu''-faith; etc.
# '''Loan words''': ''kiching''-friend; etc.
== Numbers ==
Counting in Kókborok is called ''lekhamung''.
{| class=wikitable
|-
|1|| sa (one)
|-
|2|| nwi (two)
|-
|3|| tham
|-
|4|| brwi
|-
|5|| ba
|-
|6|| dok
|-
|7|| sni
|-
|8.|| char
|-
|9|| chuku
|-
|10|| chi
|-
|20|| nwichi (khol)
|-
|100|| ra
|-
|101|| ra sa
|-
|200|| nwira
|-
|1000|| sai
|-
|1001|| sai sa
|-
|2000|| nwi sai
|-
|10,000|| chisai
|-
|20,000|| nwichi sai
|-
|100,000|| rasai
|-
|200,000|| nwi rasai
|-
|1,000,000|| chirasai
|-
|2,000,000|| nwichi rasai
|-
|10,000,000|| rwjak
|-
|20,000,000|| nwi rwjak
|-
|1,000,000,000|| rarwjak
|-
|1,000,000,000,000|| sai rarwjak
|-
|100,000,000,000,000,000,000|| rasaisai rarwjak
|}
== Dialects ==
There are many Kokborok-speaking people in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, and Mizoram. But, there are also speakers in the neighboring provinces in the country of Bangladesh, mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
There are three main dialects of Kokborok, which are mutually intelligible.<ref name="Bradley2002" /> The standard one is Debbarma (Puratan Tripuri), which is spoken by the royal family and is understood by all the dialect groups.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karapurkar |first1=Pushpa |title=Kokborok Grammar |year=1976 |___location=Mysore |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages |oclc=5750101 |page=1}}</ref> It is the medium of instruction up to class five and is taught as a subject up to graduate level.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} The two other major dialects are Riang (or Reang) and Noatia. Smaller dialects are Jamatia, Koloi and Rupini.<ref name="Bradley2002">{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=David |author-link1=David Bradley (linguist) |editor1-last=Beckwith |editor1-first=Christopher I. |editor1-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |title=Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages |year=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-0130-8 |page=83 |chapter=The subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman}}</ref>
== Literature ==
{{Main|Kokborok literature}}
The first efforts of writing Kokborok were made by Radhamohan Thakur. He wrote the grammar of Kokborok named "Kókborokma" published in 1900, as well as two other books: "Tripur Kothamala" and "Tripur Bhasabidhan". Tripur Kothamala was the Kokborok-Bengali-English translation book published in 1906. The "Tripur Bhasabidhan" was published in 1907.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
Daulot Ahmed was a contemporary of Radhamohan Thakur and was a pioneer of writing Kókborok Grammar jointly with Mohammad Omar. The Amar jantra, Comilla published his Kókborok grammar book "KOKBOKMA" in 1897.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
On 27 December 1945 the "Tripura Janasiksha Samiti" came into being, and it established many schools in different areas of Tripura.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
The first Kókborok magazine "Kwtal Kothoma" was edited and published in 1954 by [[Sudhanwa Debbarma|Sudhanya Deb Barma]], who was a founder of the Samiti. "Hachuk Khurio" (In the lap of Hills) by [[Sudhanwa Debbarma|Sudhanya Deb Barma]] is the first modern Kókborok novel. It was published by the Kókborok Sahitya Sabha and Sanskriti Samsad in 1987. One major translation of the 20th century was the "Smai Kwtal", the New Testament of the Bible in Kókborok language, published in 1976 by the Bible Society of India.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
The 21st century began for Kókborok literature with the monumental work, the Anglo-Kókborok-Bengali Dictionary compiled by Binoy Deb Barma and published in 2002 A.D. by the Kókborok tei Hukumu Mission. This is the 2nd edition of his previous groundbreaking dictionary published in 1996 and is a trilingual dictionary. Twiprani Laihbuma (The Rajmala – History of Tripura) translated by R. K. Debbarma and published in 2002 by KOHM.
The full [[Holy Bible]] in Kokborok language was finally published for the first time in the year 2013 by the [[Bible Society of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tranzsend.org.nz/index.php/world-reach/773-2013-07-31-21-09-11 |title=Baibel Kwthar – Release of the Bible in Kokborok |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104092156/http://www.tranzsend.org.nz/index.php/world-reach/773-2013-07-31-21-09-11 |archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> The Baibel Kwthar is currently the largest work and biggest book published in the language with more than 1,300 pages and is now the benchmark for publications in the language.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
The present trend of development of the Kokborok literary works show that Kokborok literature is moving forward slowly but steadily with its vivacity and distinctive originality to touch the rich literature of the rich languages.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
==Educational institutions==
There are two universities in Tripura which provide Kokborok language courses as part of Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate degrees. There are more than 20 colleges in Tripura state where Kokborok is taught as part of the undergraduate courses. Also, there are more than 30 Government schools where Kokborok is taught in the higher secondary school level under the [[Tripura Board of Secondary Education]].<ref>[https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in/kokborok Directorate of Kokborok, School list]</ref>
=== Department of Kokborok, Tripura University ===
The Department of Kokborok in [[Tripura University]], Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature and started functioning in 2015.
It runs an M.A (Master of Arts) in Kokborok language, a one-year PG Diploma and a 6-month Certificate course.<ref name="Department of Kokborok" /><ref name="Tribal Language" />
The university grants Bachelor of Arts (B.A) degrees with Kokborok as an elective subject<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/student-syllabus |title=Syllabus, Tripura University |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195422/http://www.tripurauniv.in/index.php/student-syllabus |url-status=dead }}</ref> in its various constituent colleges since 2012. The colleges affiliated to the university where Kokborok is taught in the B.A degree are:
* [[Holy Cross College, Agartala]]
* [[Ramthakur College]], Agartala<ref>[http://www.ramthakurcollege.nic.in/department_kokborok.html Dept of Kokborok, Ramthakur College, Agartala]</ref>
* Government Degree College, Khumulwng<ref>[http://gdckhumulwng.in/kok.html Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree College, Khumulwng]</ref>
* [[Netaji Subhash Mahavidyalaya|NS Mahavidyalaya]], Udaipur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsmahavidyalaya.nic.in/kokborok.html |title=Dept of Kokborok, NS Mahavidyala, Udaipur |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913045207/http://nsmahavidyalaya.nic.in/kokborok.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Government Degree College, Dharmanagar|Government Degree College]], Dharmanagar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gdcdharmanagar.in/kokborok.php |title=Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree College, Dharmanagar |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222115408/http://www.gdcdharmanagar.in/kokborok.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* RS Mahavidyala, Kailasahar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rkmahavidyalaya.org/new/RKMDept.php?id=17 |title=Dept of Kokborok, RS Mahavidyala, Kailasahar |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111034/http://rkmahavidyalaya.org/new/RKMDept.php?id=17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Government Degree College, Kamalpur|Government Degree College]], Kamalpur<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gdcktripura.nic.in/pages/kok.html |title=Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree College, Kamalpur |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514123403/http://gdcktripura.nic.in/pages/kok.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Government Degree College, Teliamura<ref>[http://www.gdcteliamura.in/images/pdf/Kokborok_Subject.pdf Kokborok, Govt degree college, Teliamura]</ref>
* Government Degree College, Santirbazar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.santirbazarcollege.ac.in/pages/Kokborok.html |title=Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree. College, Santirbazar |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110844/http://www.santirbazarcollege.ac.in/pages/Kokborok.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Government Degree College, Longtharai Valley<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gdcltv.ac.in/kokborok |title=Dept of Kokborok, Govt Degree. College, Longtharai Valley |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811103001/http://gdcltv.ac.in/kokborok |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* SV Mahavidyalaya, Mohanpur<ref>[http://www.svmmohanpur.nic.in/about.html# Dept of Kokborok, SV Mahavidyalaya, Mohanpur]</ref>
* MMD Government Degree College, Sabroom<ref>[https://southtripura.nic.in/26743-2/ Dept of Kokborok, MMD GDC, Sabroom]</ref>
* RT Mahavidyalaya, Bishalgarh<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rtmbishalgarh.ac.in/teachers.php |title=Dept of Kokborok, RT Mahavidyalaya, Bishalgarh |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225151907/http://www.rtmbishalgarh.ac.in/teachers.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Dasaratha Deb Memorial College|Dasarath Deb Memorial College]], Khowai<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ddmctripura.edu.in/department_kokborok |title=Dept of Kokborok, Dasarath Deb Memorial College, Khowai |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809045136/http://ddmctripura.edu.in/department_kokborok |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Department of Kokborok, Maharaja Bir Bikram (MBB) University ===
The Department of Kokborok in [[Maharaja Bir Bikram University]], Agartala is responsible for the teaching of Kokborok language and literature.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mbbuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/Advertisement-for-Recruitment-of-Assistant-Professor-in-Department-of-Kokborok.pdf |title=Department of Kokborok, MBB University advertisement |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331155901/http://www.mbbuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/Advertisement-for-Recruitment-of-Assistant-Professor-in-Department-of-Kokborok.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was made a State University in 2015.
[[Maharaja Bir Bikram University|MBB university]] has two affiliated colleges where Kokborok courses are available:
* [[Bir Bikram Memorial College|BBM College]], Agartala<ref>[http://www.bbmc.nic.in/departments.html Dept of Kokborok, BBM College, Agartala]</ref>
* [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College|MBB College]], Agartala<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mbbcollege.in/academic/kokb.htm |title=Dept of Kokborok, MBB College |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110248/http://mbbcollege.in/academic/kokb.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Statistics ==
=== 2011 Census of India ===
The details as per the Census of India, 2011 regarding Tripuri language is given as follows:<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf Census of India 2011: Language]</ref>
Tripuri '''1,011,294'''
# ''Kokborok 917,900''
# ''Reang 58,539''
# ''Tripuri 33,138''
# ''Others 1,717''
===2001 Census of India===
Tripuri '''854,023'''
# ''Kokborok 761,964''
# ''Reang 76,450''
# ''Tripuri 15,002''
# ''Others 607''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm ''Census of India 2001 language report'']</ref>
== Script ==
{{Main|Script issues of Kokborok}}
Kokborok had a script known as ''Koloma'', developed in the [[1st century|1st century CE]] and used by the Royal Family of Tripura.{{cn|date=June 2022}} The Rajratnakar is believed to have originally been written in Koloma.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} This script fell out of use after the 14th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bonhams : TRIPURA [The "Rajratnakar", Chronicle of Borok Kings of Tripura], in Sanskrit |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/18061/lot/48/ |website=www.bonhams.com |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> and is widely considered to have been lost.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Debbarma |first1=Khapang |title=How The Tripuris Lost Their Ancient Script To A Goat: Myth Or Reality? |url=https://www.adivasilivesmatter.com/post/how-the-tripuris-lost-their-ancient-script-to-a-goat-myth-or-reality |website=Adivasi Lives Matter |access-date=17 April 2022 |language=en |date=22 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Minahan |first1=James |title=Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific : an encyclopedia |date=2012 |___location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781598846607 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref>
From the 19th century, the [[Kingdom of Twipra]] used the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] to write in Kokborok, but since the independence of India and the merger with India, the Roman script is being promoted by non-governmental organizations. The [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] government made regulations in 1992 and 2000 for adoption of the Roman script in the school education system in its areas.<ref name="thestatesman.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/revival-of-tripuras-ancient-literature-1502902441.html |title=Revival of Tripura's ancient literature |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=22 June 2020}}</ref>
The script issue is highly politicized, with the [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] government advocating usage of the Bengali script and all the regional indigenous parties and student organizations (INPT, IPFT, NCT, [[Twipra Students' Federation|Twipra Students Federation]], etc.) and ethnic nationalist organizations (Kokborok Sahitya Sabha, Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission, Movement for Kokborok etc.) advocating for the Roman script.<ref name="thestatesman.com"/> Both scripts are now used in the state in education as well as in literary and cultural circles.<ref name="thestatesman.com" /> Proposals have previously been made for the adoption of scripts other than the Bengali or Roman scripts, such as [[Ol Chiki]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Debnath |first1=Rupak |title=Kokborok Language Planning and Development |journal=Report of the Seminar on Language Planning for Development of Kokborok [Appendix-C] |date=1 January 2013 |url=https://www.academia.edu/39701598 |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> There have also been scripts created specifically for Kokborok in modern times.<ref name="Omniglot-Aima">{{cite web |title=Aima script |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/aima.htm |website=omniglot.com |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Tripuri literature]]
* [[Tripuri Manipuri language]]
* [[Kokborok drama]]
* [[Kokborok day]]
* [[Kokborok grammar]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[Kokborok Cinema|Kokborok cinema]]
* [[Kokborok tei Hukumu Mission]]
* [[Tribal Research and Cultural Institute]]
* [https://www.netoday.in/basic-kokborok-phrases-used-in-daily-life/ Basic Kokborok phrases used in Daily Life]
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Jacquesson |first=François |year=2003 |chapter=Kókborok, a short analysis |chapter-url=http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00008042/en/ |title=Hukumu, 10th anniversary volume |publisher=[[Kokborok Tei Hukumu Mission]] |pages=109–122 |oclc=801647829}}
* Jacquesson, François (2008). ''A Kokborok Grammar (Agartala dialect)''. Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC)
* Binoy Debbarma. 2002. ''Anglo-Kókborok-Bengali Dictionary''. 2nd edition. Agartala: Kókborok Tei Hukumu Mission (KOHM).
* Barma, Aloy Deb. Reading Contemporary Kokborok, and Bengali Films, and Music Videos: History, Technology, and Infrastructure. 2022. Jadavpur U.
* [https://www.netoday.in/kokborok-kokni-laibuma/ Dongoino Ringdi Kokborok Koklop By Bongshi Thakur]
==External links==
* [https://www.netoday.in/google-translate-add-kokborok-language/ Google Translate App added Kokborok Language]: Google Translate Add Kokborok Language
* [https://youngkokborokwriters.kokborokkokrwbai.in Young Kokborok Writers Association]
* [https://koktipra.com KokTipra], the largest English-to-Kokbork online dictionary
*[https://kokborokoml.tripura.gov.in Directorate of Kokborok], Government of Tripura
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{{Kokborok}}
{{Sal languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}
{{Tripura}}
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[[Category:Kokborok| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Languages of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Languages of Tripura]]
[[Category:Languages of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sal languages]]
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]
[[Category:Tripuri culture]]
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